Tải bản đầy đủ (.pdf) (126 trang)

Nghiên cứu chế tạo hợp kim fe si cr làm vật liệu anobe bán trở trong hệ thống bảo vệ điện hóa chống ăn mòn các công trình bê tông cốt thép vùng biển

Bạn đang xem bản rút gọn của tài liệu. Xem và tải ngay bản đầy đủ của tài liệu tại đây (13.28 MB, 126 trang )

!
%

" #

$
&

'(

)

%
%%

%$

$

$%

$$
$F

$7

*
!"
7
7
7


@
$C
$
$
$F
$7
$M
$@

+,- . /0 /01-23/ 456
15 /0 81 68 /01-23/ 456
%%
15 /0 81 68 /01-23/ 456 -2,/ 1+6
%%
64 815 /0 81 68 81 3/ 4594 2: + ;+<4 +, =/ >+?/
% % % A 64 B/1 .+?/0 =/ >+?/
% % $ A 64 B/1 ;+:/ 1 +
% % % 15 /0 81 68 81 3/ ;D41 E-> ;5 /0
% % $ 15 /0 81 68 + +, 456/0
% % F 15 /0 81 68 81 3/ ;D41 G /0 81+:
% % 7 A 64 B/1 1 ?> H5 9/0 I- ;J+/0 1 98 E-> K L/0 815 /0 81 68 1+6 1+94
1-2<; KB /01-23/ 456
# $ %
% &
NO
!O
P" N ("
$
412< =/ >+?/ E-> H+ 9$ % 15 /0 ;JQ/1 +,/0 1+94 4
=/ >+?/ -2,/ 1+6

R IR NO
!O
!
)
$%
-2 E-2,/ /1-2,; +,/0 1+94 S ? 4 412< 4 K + S2, 4 ;1+.2
$ % % -23 41 :/ 4 K + S2, 4 ;1+.2
N" !
)
) )
"
#
'
U
!
R( P" V2WI-W J
$F
D/1 41 <; 4 HX6 4 1 98 E-> V2WI$F%
< ;J 64 4 1 98 E-> V2WI$F$
98 E-> V2WI-W J
"
Y
! N!O
R( P" V2WI-W J
$7
+3/0 /012, / < H X2,/

'(
FC
FC

F
F$
F$
FT
"
7
7F
7F
77
7@
MC
MC


$7%

$M
V2WI-W J
$M

1-2<; KB
$7%
0 X23/ HX6 41 /0
$7%%
Z4 -2:>
$7%$
64 ;1-2<; KB H+?
$ 7 % F 12< ; 9+ /+- H+?[ / \8 H+?
"


M
M%
M$
M7
M7
N'R(

!

/0 /+6/0
$M
+<4 +, / /0 /+6/0
$M %
64 . 9/0 4 >+3- ;J5 ?/0 / /0 S 6- E-> H+ 9$ M % -5] /1-2,; S ? H ?> /0 +,-

F

F%
"

F$

FF
F7

)

R
M@
MT

MT
@
@
)*
@%
@
@$
@$
@7

"

'!
(
^! R( P" V2WI-W J
F
1+<- H-2,
F %
98 H-2, S ? / < 41 X
F $
64 /+.2
F F 12< ; 9+ > _ /+.2
A
Y
( [
#
'
"
U
!

R( P" V2WI-W J
@7
F % A 64 B/1 ;1 ?/1 81 / 1+6 1+94
@7
F % % +: 41564 ;2< S@M
F % $ D/1 41 <; -2,/ 1+6
@@
"
N!O
) V2WI-W J R
I
P
!
TC
F$
?- ;+ 6/ G X 1+ 941 ;1594 /01-2,>
T
F $ % 1 ,/ `26;
TM
I I
#
'
U
!
R( P" V2WI-W J
'R
I !P "
"
N!O
T@

(
I' )!(
)
'(
T*
F7
12< ; 9+ /+.2 ;1 ?/1 81 :>
T*
F 7 % I5 . 9/0 /+.2 ;J+/0 ;1594 ;2<
CC
F7%
Z4 -2:> 4+3/0 ;JQ/1 ;15 /01-2,>
CC
F 7 % % 1-2<; E2< S ? H \8 Z; 12, ;1+C
F7%$
,/ 1 ?/1 S ? 6/1 0- 6 1+ 9; +,/0 4 12, ;1+CM
+ &

!!*


!
"

# $%%%

&' ( )


)

+
+

,

*

2 ./ "

)

*

)
.

!

1

.

.

1

0


)

)

( 1

1

*

1 )

))
.

1 )

1

)

!

.

0

.

*


#

,

./

#

*

1

+
:

1

1 )

+

*

*
*

)

#


*

"

1 )

!

&9

)

1

)

#
- 1

!

;

"

# ,

!


,

.

.

) )

"

#

1

*

2 ./ "

*

,

* )

* )

)

0


.

.

" . "

#
*
*

)

!

.

;

0

.

" &

"
.

%&

)

*

/

# $

*

.

#

!"

#

1

.
1

+
*

/ #

.

!


"
1

!

,

!

1

>

.

) *

*

.
#

)

.

.

!


+

<=

.

2 / .

&
<=

0

0

1

.

! "

#

.

*

#

,


*

*

.

*

!

2 1 /

#

&'
)

*
+

*

/

.

#

1


./
/

0

4%56& 7

+

*

1

1

*

! - . (
.

- 1

+

-

1

#

3

.

1 "

!

0

# ,

)

#

.

*
*

8

,

/

/1

*


+

./ ( *

!
*

*

#

" . (

.

!

'

>

,
*

*


$


.
?

"

#

*

"

#

.

#

1
"

/

>

*

( 1"

.


*

"

+

( 1"

/"

#2 *

!
#

$

%

! & '

# $

#

:
! "

!


!"

&

"

*

&@

* -

%&

'


A

B
#

)
1

#

*
*


.

*

1 -

)" D
*

* )

*

.

1/

.

*

1
*
!2

.

*

*


(

1

! &
.

*

0

%F G

,

.

"

.

1

.

.

*


- / !

.

- / !

.

.

*

)

- / !

#

3

*

BC

$%

6
6

!"


*

*
) )

2 ./ "

BC

3% $G

*

&

*

!

)"

.

9 .

(

*


.

BC
. 2

.

1

H

)

*
( E

1/

*

0

1

0

*

BC
BC


# $

0

%&

'

!

*

!

1

!

1/ )

# ,

( )

#

!

)


& BC

-

( 1"

)

1

*

*

1

)

*

1

.

.

.

))


*

#

1

0

.

)

*

)
.

, & @

1

+

*

!

. G%


* - 1

.

.

2 .

2 .

.

#

0

7

.

.

)& 7

,

*

0


0

.

+

.

)( +

*

2 ./ "

.

*

+

0

.

0

( 1"

!


!

( :

1


I

9 +

1

*
G%5

1

.

!

0

*

H
.

.


9 .

*

)

2 ./ "

1

0

!

#

8

%

*&

!"#

$% &'(" )$*"# +,-". &'* +$*"# )$/+ +.'01 234"# &5'6" 5'%+
3J *

1


HK 9 L ./ "

7

6

$% &'(" 8+3$65 +.$9:; " <7
5'(3 =5'%" 7$*5 +,>?4"#
H *

*

D

.

1/

#

. 2

)
7 .

*

(

!


!

)

3M % $G

! 3% $G F $%
?

( *

* -

1

1

1 (

!

G%

G

%

% $%


G%

%

G

$% A%

G%

$% $G

I% G%

G%

G $%

A% I%

G%

G $G

I% G%

N

*


"

@ A$ 2?05
+.5'/+ ='/

.>9) +'/

.

H

0

.

9 .

.

*/:
9

#

1

*

#


*

.

.

*
.

.

.

.

.

1

1

*
*

)
.

) N ,

7

1/

1

4% O%5& K

+

.

) /1
.

1

N

&
.

*

)

) 1

N

&


9
,

6

6

!

1

)

.5'/+ ='/

.
)

)
.

.

+
1

*

1 (
&J


!"

# $

%&

*
#

'

*/
*


G

1

#

)

#

+

*


! 2 1/

*

.

1

#
P

!

1

.

*

:

*

#

.

)

1


/ .

.

.

* - 1
RO& <=

*

. 2

+

!

)K " ( 2 .

.
./

.

.

)

(


.

&S

1

+

)

)

,

JQI$

*

#

*

2 *

( 1 ) !

!

"


) N)

.

0

1

.

# 2

.

N

.

- / !

$F A

/

!

.

.


!

1

&&&

)
.

)

.

.

N

+

(

#

*

/ ! (

8;6 (


-

1

.

3 1/

.

,

N

.

#

9Q$
)K

.

. :(

*

6

+


( 2 .

#
(

)

/ .

!

. 2/

0

?

#

)

+

- / ! 3-

9Q$

#


"

./ )

+

1/

2

,

*

* 3 ,

T 6&
@ *

.

*

)

*

.

.


0

.

1

.
*

1

*

?

*

.

#
.2/

(

*/

,

*


*

8
1 9 3QK6$
*

*

P

# $

*

)&

,

N

#

1

- / !

!"

( *)


!

V

,

1

/

* ,

#

9

9

9 9 $6

1

1

&J

P

./ ,


9 &9

D

1U

!

%&4 & <=
1

*

1

.

*

)& 9

+
1

*-

(

9 3 ':


9

0/ *

.
!

.

1

!

.

"

(

.

"
!

%&

'

!


+


W

*)
.

0

1/

,

*

1

)

.

.

&H

) .

1


)

1/

"N

.

*

*

#
*

./
D

#

. "

.

&9

J
)


.

.

!& <=
&7

*

*
0

+

)

!

.

#
"N

.

#

.

.


# &
./ ,

)
.

*) 2

*) 2

*)
"

3R

.

0

. -

.

*
0

+

# 4


)( +

1/ 1

)K
1 "

#
)

*

!

9 3QK6$

"N

*

*

!

1

/ .

*


#

)"

1 "

#

2

.

D

.
/

"

./

D

/ 2 1/

#

*


.

+

&@ #

!

.

*

" D
.

0

-

1

*/

#

. -

" D
.


,

/ .

/

!

9

.

!

0

.

1

.

+
,

,

A G5

.


.

*

.

)

.

.

1 ( .

*

1

*

N ,

.

6

)

+


1

2 1/

&

-".

5'%" +>?9"# <" 7$4" B$ A>9 ).'*". C'%). "$("# D$% $EF #5>G ) 0) 234"#
=. 0) ". 3 +,'*" &'( 7 H+ +.'01
1

)

N

"

#

P

1

2 .

!

.


. (

!"

# $

3

%&

'

.

.
(

.

*
(

;


4

6


1 (

( )

1/ (

.

"

,

0

!

(

(

*

X
*

*& 7

.
1


! ( 1"

S

1 (

)

)

8

-

*

*

!

.

*

!
*
.

#


N ,

&@ *

*

*

( 1"

(

/

)
*

.

)

*

1

0

)3

0


!

1

*

*
1

*

,

+

.

*

.

.

*
1

1

*


.

*
.

*

"
,

*

* "

N

/

)

1/

* "

)

P )

/


./

/ .

&

*

)

1

,
*

" D
0

!"

*

!2 *
!

"

1/


6

/

,

N

.

.

*

)

" 1

1

.
#

/

)

# "

.

*

0

)

,

)

!"

(

1

*

*

*)

+

.

,

*


*

.

*

( )

*

.

.

*
1/

1

.

1

.

.

*

- 1


#

)

#

*

&9

1 ( )

*

#

*
.

.

*

.

)& @ *
1

1/


( E &

)

( 1"

)

1

*

0

*

.

"

! 2 ./ "

-

.

./

)&


*

*

*
.

K

1

+

0

*
*

" &@ *

7

.

!

*

.


)

.

0

)

1/
#

*/

1/ * -

*

&&&

)

.

1

.

,


;

! &

)

#

!

))

.

1

/

/

!

.

1

*

.


.
!

0

1/

*

)

*
- 1

# $

1

%&

+
1

'

)
,

,
.


N

1

.

./
1/

.
*

0
)


O

/

!

K #9

3

?

" (


+

3

.

( *
0

.

1

.

/(

.
*

*

0

# U0

@ #

.


+

0

7)&

!

+

+

*) G

.

" #
.

.

0

.

#

*


#

)
.

6

/

.

"

.

*

*)

( )

/

!
1

#
( 1

! 3X . "

*

*

)

)
+

#

#

*

*

6& <=

1

!

0

!

2 ./

1


K 1 V

6&

J 1

.

*9 # Y

*

./

.

)

!

-

D &

I

J

KL


M
*

#

0

*

!
1 )

,

)

*

#2

1

.

.
)
1

.


#

.

1

)
!

)

))

.

1

)

0

+

/

Z

!
1


1

*

!(

*

Z( 1"

*

!(
Z

*

#

&@
)

* ,

)

. &

#


.
)

)

)

)

1

&&&&
)

.

.

)
N

)

1

.

8)
.


*
1/

.

!

D

/3
1

*

)

1Z

.

.
)"

/
(

-

1


1

.

*

*

*

!

)

)

( 1

.

@ ( *
)

*

Z( 1"

))


Z

*
.

+

)

.

+

) /+

)

.

,

#

!

1

/

1

(

6& H

3K$Q Q$ 9

!"

*

*

/

0

9Q$;6

# $

1

0

+

(

-


( 2 .
*

%&

'

*)

!


[

/

*

- 1& 7 /
*

1/

*
.

.

1


*

7

+
K

.

1 )

)

!
*
2 .
.

"

!" / 0

0

) 1

,

K


- 1
1

[%5& '

.

0

/
D

0

#

8

*

*

*
*

.

1/

#


1

.

*

)(

) /+

)

1

1
)

*

D:

#

+

,

*


.

*
)

.

.

" D
+

- 1)

# $

# 6&

)
* 3

!"

4%

3A G

1

!


.

1

. "
1

*

1

.

)

2 .

.

,

,

)

1/
.

"

!

)

*

*

!

# &?

: "

+

#

"

*

*

1
#

1

*


&
!

"

( // *

.

1 )

0
"

!

#

,
!

.

( 1"

*

.


"

1

*
+

U 1

1

0

2

,

1

*

.

0

/

,

*


2

1

" #

. ( ) .

#

*

!

*

!

+

!

1

0-

P)

( 1"


+ N ,

1

&

,

&&& @ *

( +

N ,

(

"

*

*

#

0

*

"


#

P

1

)

*

)

)

!

#

#

.

"

&U 1

/

+&


1

.

.
"

!

N)

)

(

#

!

+

)
0

)& 9 8

*

2 ./ "


1

) 1
.

*

.

./
))

! 1

.]

( +)

*

*

*

*

#

.


#
.

N\ 1

,

)

.

(

*" # " #
" D

)

.

%&

;6& U 1
-

)

0
+


'

1

( 1"
/

!

1


%

.

&H

1

*

*

!
0

0


1

/

.

+ &K
1

*

0

.

,

*

.

1

- 1

#

.

*


*

.

.

*

1

3"

)

6& H

) 1

+

#

*

)

1

/


( 1
1

*
!

.

1

+
1

1

!
.

#

+

1

,

.
*


.
1

0

.

"
.

1 (

'

&7 /
)

#

.
.

1&

1
*

)

%&


.

( 1 ) !

/+

# $

&

0
.

1

*

!"

*

)

*) 2

#

*


.

.

.

1

*

&

1

*

!

+

*

" D

)"

0

1


( 1"

.

0

! (
!

!
1

) # 6
.

! "

*

! (

1

)

/

6

,


,
1

!

+

#

1

)

P

*)

*
# "

*)

(

/ .

+

.


.

#

3

)

.

)

.

#

* ,

+

#

*

,

#

,


)
.

.

&&& 1

*

! "

( 1"

!

( 1"

"

.

!

*

!

" ) 1 2 * )


.

+

.

"

1/

) .

3 1

1

7

/

1

*

! (

1

)


1

&
,

)*

/

1 )

1

)

:! "

*

1

"

1

)

#

#


.

*

#

1

*

1

( 1"

1

)

*

# ) 1 2 1 /

&

K

9

.


* /+

):

*

"

*) 2
.

.


@ !
!

*

#

,

*

" D

.


*)

"
*

3

#

.

!

*

/

,

.

*

,

[WO
.

)(


+

.

1

0

.

./

*

" D
!

.

.

+

&

1

1

( 1"


/

"

1

9

*

)

1

1
_

D

" D

)
N

.

/

!:) /


&&&

*
*

2 .

.

.

6

.

&7

^

1

+
"

"

!"

N


.

%&

'

*

.
( *

1

.

3

.

*
)

# $

#

)

1


0

.

+
*

)( 1

" D

#

"

0

)

*

1

"

3`JB6
.

+


/7

#

!

*

"

.

(

/

,

2 * )

#

.
1

#

#


.
!/

.

1

)&

) /

.

1 )

*

_V

+

!
1

0

*

*(


*

+
- 1

.

" F

)

?/+& <= X . L .

"

( " D

+

.

# H(

7

*
"

!


"

*)

+

+

*

&&& Z

.

* 6&

.

1

:( 1"
"

*

!

+

)"


)

)

+

1/

.

+"

2/

T

/

#

1

*

"

/

*


#

1

( 1

)

)

)

"

/

1

)

" D
1 9

*

.

.


()

#

)

#

1 )

[4% 9 -

.

)(

D

/( 1"

^ J&

*

)

.

*


.

)

.

/

,

&V

1

,

#

.

.

1

*)

#

,


!

*

#

! (

"

-

*

)

+


$

1
"

!

&@ *

.


*

0

#

!
)

)

,

"

1

,

a9Y6
.

+

)

#

*


:

II

[OW
%%&%%%
R $%
B

1

:
8

0

8( *
.

) /+

1

)

!" /

- 1

*


3 ( (
*

#

1
P
0

)

1

)

*

)

)

.

!

"

.


1

1 )

)

T

(6

$

$O4

.

!"

# $

.

.

*

( * %[W

1 4[ ) 1 ( 1
(


D

#

(

" "

"

,

1

*

*

+

*

*

)

"

.


1

&

( *

&

.

.

) 1B

+

" D

1

+

1
.

"X

#
*


!

*

(

[[$ ( *

&K

1

"V
)

?"

1

,

1

) "

( 1

'


1 )

)

1

.

"
*

)

.
B

#
* -

.

a9Y

1

1

#

2 / .


+

*

1 ( *

.

&7

.

!

)

1)

/+

)

!

*

,

"


@ !( (

)

) a9Y "

*

#

1

,

)

1

) /

"

)

1

/

1


+

3+

,

)

.

2 1 /

)

& @ ./

*"

( 1

"

0

,
)

)


*

)

"

1

*"

1 )

1

.

)

.

"

+

1

0

&


*

*

)

.

- 1

*

- 1

.

.

0

*

*

* ,

,
!

1


.

*

)

+

"
*

1

%& <= ?/+
0

.

%&

'

.

,
*

)


[[
+


A

1

"

"

- / !

+

.

<=
#

U

@

( )

#

*


+

* - 1

HK9
@KUH K
1

"
.

[[W

,

.

*

*

)& 7 /
#

.

.

.


.
0

.

?

.

*

"

-

.

0

.

( *
.
*

1 )

)


#

.

) /+

1

*

0

3HK9

*

9 #

F

.

1

!

"

/


1

!"
.

! )"

%A %W

X

0

.

.

.

0

.

1

!

"

*

1

1

.

*

#

.
*

1

#
-

!
*

)

# $

*

&

"


#
1

*

"

%&

D

1

&&& U .

:

!"

"

*

*

/"
*

1


" "

#

#

+

.

N

#

)

.

*

.

+

"

+

.


8
#

1 )

*

!
1

$%%$ 1

1

:

( *

*&

.

#

N

1

,


7

"

.

1

)

" #

2

2

*

*

X . "

1

!

.

*


@

;?

)

+

+

*

$%%% " bJ& 7J& V

&H * - 1
)

# &

H9 %A

*

*

&H * - 1
1

0


"

*

#

- . (

.

!9

1

)

H/+

)"

1
,

?

F

+
.


%A $%6

+

.

!;

#

)

1 K

7

*&7
#

*

.

#

*

( 1"


7V& K # 9

b

S . (

1

*
U

HK9

.

"

"

K

.

&
1

1

HKH7c9


"

!

.

.

.

&U 1

'

*) 2


I

.

.

( (

#

0

1 )


)

^ J 9

"

)

.
.

.
*

,

)

)

"
& b ) ) #

"

.

.


*

0

*

/
.

+

1
*

&

# $

.

%&

'

1

*
*

- 1


!"

/

.

"

)
)

&&& 9

1

1
.

"
1
>


G

M
I

K


M

K

K

&

.

( 1 /

& & X/

/ *

&$& X/

/ * ) .

/ *:

,

&
"

!


1

*

,

.

.

*

)

! &
&A&

"

*

&I& 7 !

*

&G& 9 .

*

&W& 9

$&

)

.

$&$& L

N

)
*

^ J 9&

*

1

"

)

^ J 9&

^ J 9&

D

!


*

*

1

^ J 9&
/

)

^ J 9

!
/

*

*

1

( *
1

*

)


&
^ J 9

(

&
( 1"

"

K

*&
K

V

)
/

)

)

) #

$&I& J (

"


&

^ J 9&

/

.

*

$&A&

II

" "

:

$& &

$&G& 9

1
N

.

)

II


)

1

)

/ *

.
#

/

/ *

/

/

*
/ *

)

.

# ,

*


D

^ J 9&
.>?"# 1. 01 "#.5'*" )>03 D5'%" .$0
9

)

)

)

.

,

$

!"

# $

%&

'

:



W

.
7

)

1

.

7
)

!

+

)

) )

1

)

*&J

D
*& 7


#

*

-

0

1/

D

9
.

!

*

)

! 6

#

!
)

*


# )

.

*

*

"/
V

)

.

0

&

*

)

1 -

,

.


D

&
0

,

&

)

)

3

#

&

9
1

)

0:
,

)

1


* -

*

)

.

)

/ *

1

,

*

*

1

) )

+

!

.


1

)

)
.

.

*

#

( *

*

.

*

&7

)
)

!

.

)

*

.

#

1 )

.

,
)

) )-

1

!

#

)

H

1

* 2 .


)

)

1

(

*

*

;

9

1

1

.

#

1

)

& d


*

!

1
1/ *

,

!
*

)

D

*

1

)

)

)

"
-


)

"
.

)
1

)

)

) .

/

/

)

"/

! BJ7? b %[&
.

)

:@

,


2

)

*) 2

!"

# $

%&

'

N
"

"N & V

!


4

*

*

(


)

)

)

)

.

.

,

)

)

./:
@
L

N

L

N

L

.

* ,
*

.

*
N

*

(

L

N

L

N

" / 0 1

-

. 3b

(


6&

F

-

0

1

1
D

*

:J

.

!

/

*

!

1 )

)


* - 1

.
II

)

&'

/)

* )
!

!

*

"

.

!

"

1
"


/

/

# ( *&

! "

)

!

*

.

!

"

)

)-

1

N
*

)


*

N

1

.

,

&H

!
) #

)

1

1

+

.

)

.


!&

+

1

)

)

) .

#

+

+

0

6&

*

U .

&

&


aF

-

. 3V

a

1 a

* -

!

*

>

(
N

L

3 F a6&

# -

0

( (


)

*

* - 1

)

)

*

!

D
.

,

+
,

1

&

0) 1.>?"# 1. 01 1. *" )>9) D'6 D$ +$/) D$% <" 7$4"
5?05 +.5'%3


!"

# $

%&

)

'

N


O

BC
"

-

!

0

.

*

/+


/&

#

*

* /+

" +

*F"

.

&9

1

!

* -

( +

-

,

)


D

#

)

1

*

"

( 1"
&@

+

( 1

,

/

.

D
&

0


!2
"

8

N

F

)

*

1

&

0) "#3F'*" CF0 D5'%" .$0 2 4 D$ 1. *" )>9) +.'/ D$%"#
H
1

D

# 2 1/

N

.

1& 7

.

.
#

D &7

.

"

2
.

2 1/

+

"

H

*) 2
*

1

* ,

/"


N

.

# 2 1/

"N

!

*

.
1

.

#

.

,

D

#

1


*

.

*

( (

6

*
1

-

!

1& <=
*

* )

&

$&

0"

"


.

!

+

1

*

.

*
#

,

,
D

*

!

)

0

.


P

1

!"

#

8 IA%&

* )

U -

)

.
/

,

&H

!
)

*& @
*

B


a

+

1 "
& K0

N

*"

#

N

.

&a

0

*"

+
*

,

* ,


.
.

*

1

) .

0

*

) .

#

.

D &S

"

"

2/

"


"

2/

1& ? D

1- &U

"

0

N ,

D 3(
.

*
"

D

"

.
>

-

.&


!
a &7

1

.

"

"
D

,

# $

*

%&

'

!

# &X
/

/
*



[

(

*) 3a))6

&?
*

)

"

12 *

*)

,

-

"
(

. &?

& <=


9 "

'& X

/"

+ 1

a

N)

1
/

!

*

/

&

@
H

) .
1

,


/

*)

N
*

7 *

*

-

.
1

,

-". I

.

&
&

>?4"# 1. *" )>9) "$/+ )3! +.'01 =.$*"# #N OPQ

)


.>?"# 1. 01 D$ D5'%" +,?! 1. *" )>9)

R

5?05 +.5'%3

!"

# $

%&

'

:


$%

H/+
/

1) .

* 3
*

! " D

_


, 6& @

0

* -

*

&
1) .

R

"

)

)

)

!

*

,

1) .
) /


+

!
* - 1

!

,

&

5'%" +,?! 1. *" )>9)
@ !

2

-

"

,

1)

.

* ,

.

a

3 0

$&$6& @

" *

e

1

∆E
∆I

7
7 T

.

" *

1

+

1

)


0

3 0

7 )

N
0

3$&$& & 6

,

. -

7 *
7
A

6

,

"

,

_

*


*

,

, 6 f

ag
,

3µB6&

-

3µB_

!"

)

0,13iam ( E.W )
d

1 ) #
"

( *

βa βc
∆I

2,3( β a + β c ) ∆E

*)
3

$&A6&

3 _µB6 β β

e

*

:
I am =

'

F

3$&$& & 6

) .

.

± $G

"


∆E
βa βc
=
∆I 2,3I am ( β a + β c )

3 _

*

1 ,

$

6&

# $

%&

'

0

:

3$&$& &$6
3 6Z "

/1



$

-". I I S>9 1.39 +.3$%) )3! +.'/
2 4$ +.?45 #5 " =.5 D$

-". I P 5'%" +,?! 1. *" )>9)
D$ & T"# +.>9) "#.5'%7

R UF0 +.3F'/+ <" 7$4" D5'%" .$0 2 4 D5'%" +,?! 1. *" )>9)
J

b

7

/

+

0

,

?
a

?

?


/

.

2/
*

\ *

]

2/
\"
*)

ih h

↔i

a

i

i

) #

*
e

!"
& 0

?6

D
*

*(
*

0

1 ih 3
)

0

) #

!"

1 "

# $

"N

F


*

%&

'

1

!

*
1 ih& 7

1

*

"

"

/ ! "N

*

*(

?3
]


* ,

1 ?h

1

&? * -

$&I& H

&

:
?

*

i

#
a

0
.

1 ) .

↔?

1


.

!

?h h

.

#)
*

1
#

,
*

i

)) 1
*

/ *

) 1

7
a


/ /

1

2/

1

* ,

*

e i6& 7

+

3$&$& &$6
2/

8
"


$$

1 "

*
"


1

#

N

.
N

( +
/

e fe

?

e

.

*

Fe

i

& <=

./ "


" *
f%

fe

?

2/
:

a

fe

i

-". I O >?4"# +.'/ V C$# ,5+ )3! B$4"# D$/5 2?05 .'% D5'%" )>9) .$W" .?91 #$(7 . 5
1. !" >0"# D5'%" .$0
3 6 ih h

→i

3 j6 i → ih h
3$6 ?h h

→?

3$j6 ? → ?h h
H
)


(

* )
( +2 *

D
"

#
-

0

*

.

)

e fe
V

*

?

Fe

i


1) .

!"

# $

:

%&

'

"
0

:


$A

η/I
V

0

#

/


)

1

/

)

β& b

)

0

/


1

βa βc
2,3I am ( β a + β c )

=

8

%%

%


N
_"

0
1

η_β

" &b

3$&$& & 6& @ #

N-

η) 1

1(

*

)

/

(

( *

&


R S 5 A$/ +,$"# ) 0) 1.'01 D$ D5'%" +,?! 1. *" )>9)
J

( *

)

2

1

!

#

"
.

1

1 )

/
)

/ *
.

*


)

*

) #

)

0

1) .

!

.

1

&'

1) .

1

*

./

" (


/ ! "N

a &

1Q

*)

1Q

1Q

!

1 "

"N

/

) # Y

1) .

1"

"N

Y f Y) h YΩ
7

0

.

Y

#

3$&$& &$j6

!

*/ (

*

YΩ:
3$&$& &$j6

YΩ

!"

# $

*) (
0

Y) 0 Y) >> YΩ& Y +


( *( +2 *

1-

*

-

Y)

&

#

1Q

1

!

1

+

#

1

0


*& 9

1

) .

1
1"

1

)
* %

!
.

.
*

1)

( *

* ,

#

) .
> &


(

( *

*

*-

&9

(

)
/ *

*) .

"

)

1Q

/

#

)


* &?

1

1)

+

.

) .

./ 0

".

.

)
D

)

7

.
1

.
-


1)

*

. &'

2

)

%&

1

'

)
.

/

>

*


×