luận án tiến sĩ sử dụng tốt hơn nguồn chất thải từ chăn nuôi lợn trong hệ thống lợn cá kết hợp ở viên chăn, CHDCND lào

HUE UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

TICK NOUANTHAVONG

BETTER UTILISATION OF MANURE IN
INTEGRATED PIG-FISH FARMING IN
VIENGCHANG, LAO PDR

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ANIMAL SCIENCES

HUE, 2021


HUE UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

TICK NOUANTHAVONG

BETTER UTILISATION OF MANURE IN INTEGRATED
PIG-FISH FARMING IN VIENGCHANG, LAO PDR
SPECIALIZATION: ANIMAL SCIENCES
CODE: 9620105
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ANIMAL SCIENCES
SUPERVISORS:
1:ASSOC.PROF. DR. NGUYEN DUY QUYNH TRAM
2:ASSOC.PROF.DR. DU THANH HANG
HUE, 2021


DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this thesis represents my own work. All of the results
described in this thesis are righteous and objective. They have been published in
Journal of Livestock Research for Rural Development (LRRD)
and International Journal of Trend in Research and Development (IJTRD)
www.ijtrd.com
Hue University, 2021

Tick NOUANTHAONG, Ph.D. student

1


DEDICATION

To my mother, brother, sister for their assistance and inspiration

2


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research of Ph.D. thesis was conducted at (i) the Living Aquatic
Resource Research Center, National Agriculture and Forestry Researcher Institute.
(ii) The farmers in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR, were supported by the Mekong
Basin Animal Research Network (MEKARN II) project for research and
scholarship.
I am greatly indebted to my main supervisor, Associate Professor Dr.
Nguyen Duy Quynh Tram, and my other supervisors, Associate Professor Dr. Du
Thanh Hang and Dr. Mac Nhu Binh for their mentoring and constructive advices
during my studies. My supervisors have made me much more confident as a
scientist and researcher; their patience and encouragement during my illness and

their positive criticism have helped me accomplish this work.
My special thanks go to Professor Dr. Thomas Reg Preston, my teacher and
adviser, for all his valuable guidance and supports during my study. I am also
grateful to Dr. Vanthong Phengvichith at National Agriculture and Forestry
Researcher Institute (NAFRI), Lao PDR and Dr. Kieu Borin (MEKARN II),
regional coordinator for their facilitation, help, and support to the whole course.
Especially, I am very thankful to the professors, lecturers and assistant lecturers in
the Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry and MEKARN II program, for
giving me care and useful knowledge.
My warmest thanks are extended to my mother Bouankham Nouanthavong
for her great help, support and encouragement, my younger brother and sister for
their support and encouragement; to my Ph.D. classmates from the three countries:
Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia, for sharing the culture, friendship and creating a
warm atmosphere throughout the time of the course.
I sincerely thank all the people who contributed to this study.

3


ABSTRACTS
The overall objective of the thesis was to study how to better utilize
integrated pig-fish farming in Viengchang, Lao PDR. There were three studies in
this thesis: The first study was the survey on the current status of pig-fish farming in
lowland areas of Lao PDR; the second one was to study the effects of fresh or
treated pig manure and different levels of nitrogen on water quality and growth
performance of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus); and the third one was to study
nitrogen budgets in the pig-fish farm in Vientiane, Lao PDR.
The aim of the survey (Chapter II) was to understand the current status of
integrated pig-fish farming systems and to evaluate the pig manure excretion and
use of agricultural by-products for fish culture. Sixty of 75 farms were selected to

conduct in-depth interviews and clarified into 2 models (1) pig size scale per farm
and (2) nitrogen level management system. In Model 1, small, medium, and large
scales were clarified by a number of pigs per farm <100; 100-<500; and >500,
respectively. In Model 2, three categories of nitrogen release levels on a pond (A, B
and C) were 7-<15; 15- <45 and >45 g-N/m2, respectively. The results of the survey
showed that the average numbers of pig in small, medium and large scale were 36 ±
31; 319±100.5, and 1,278±105.9, respectively; and pig manure produced were
16.90±14.9; 150.49±47.49, and 603.75±50.05 ton/year in a small, medium and large
farm, respectively. The fish pond utilized was provided two times per month
Nitrogen levels from pig manure released in the pond were 13±1.7, 24±1.8, and
67±2.2 g-N/m2) in A, B and C, respectively. The fish yield productions were higher
for A (2,365±165.4 tons/ha/year) and B (1,993±172.9 tons/ha/year) than for C
(1,400±220.4 tons/ha/year).
In Chapter III, the experiment was arranged as a 2*3 factorial design.
Eighteen plastic cover ponds were fertilized with treated or fresh pig manure and
nitrogen provided levels of 5, 10, 15 g-N/m2/week. The duckweed was fed 3-5% of
fish body weight for all treatments. Results showed nitrogen contents of treated and
fresh pig manure were significantly different at 1.2±0.1 and 1.38±0.1, respectively
and crude protein content in duckweed was 27.6±2.4%. Tilapia growth performance

4


(ADG) was lower in treated manure than in fresh one (0.55 vs 0.63 g/day,
respectively), nitrogen level in fresh manure 15 g N/m3/week the fish was growing.
The water quality of pH (treated/fresh) were of (7.21 > 6.95 mg/liter), and
significantly different (P<0.001), but it did not interact when the level of nitrogen
was increased from 5, 10, 15g N/m3 NH3 in (treated/fresh); (0.47 > 0.77 mg/liter)
was significantly different (P<0.001). BOD in (treated/fresh) (5.50<8.22 mg/liter)
was significantly different (P<0.05) and interaction treatments, and level in

treatments. COD in (treated/fresh) (15.4<19.4 mg/litter). The experiment III
(chapter IV) The nitrogen recycle model and flow in the pig-fish farms, there was a
pig’s house for raising pig and collection manure, the manure was stored in the pig
house, the manure was loaded to the fish pond and duckweed pond for stimulating.
fifteen pigs (10 male and 5 female) with a mean bodyweight of (14.27 ±0.21
kg)were fed the same diet with similar formulation (Soybean meal 12%+
Concentrated feed 1%+ Rice bran 45%, Maize 42% on DM). Results showed that
the feeding ingredients of pig diet DM/CP were 88.69% and 14.08% respectively.
DM feed intake 1.03 kg/day, final weight 32.2 kg, ADG was 198.32 g/pig/day, FCR
was 5.9 kg, feces produced 912.32 g/pig/day, N-faeces (% DM) was 0.39 and urine was
1.56 (L/day) and N-urine (%) was 0.58. The fish ponds were fertilized with pig
manure at the radio 3.5kg or 15g-N/m2, and supplemented with duckweed ADG of
tilapia was of 92.29 g /day, fish yield production 3.8 tonnes/ha, SR, of 88.75%, and
FCR, 1.84, feed cost produced 1.7 US$/kg; prices of selling pig/fish ( 1.87 and 1.
52 US$/kg).
The results of this thesis implicated that utilization of integrated pig-fish
farming system can be modified by the use of pig manure waste recycled on the
fish pond for utilization duckweed at the pond. It stimulats natural food for tilapia
growth performance and reduces pollution to the natural environment
Key words: Tilapia, feed, pig manure, fresh/ treated, nitrogen cycle, duckweed
integrated pig-fish farming

5


TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION........................................................................................................I
DEDICATION..........................................................................................................II
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.......................................................................................III

ABSTRACTS..........................................................................................................IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................VI
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................XI
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................XIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND EQUIVALENTS.......................XV
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................1
1. PROBLEM STATEMENT....................................................................................1
2. THE OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................2
3. THE HYPOTHESES............................................................................................2
4. SIGNIFICANCE/INNOVATION OF THE DISSERTATION.............................3
5. REFERENCES......................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................5
I. PIG PRODUCTION IN LAO PDR........................................................................5
1.1. ROLE OF PIG PRODUCTION...........................................................................5
1.2. PIG POPULATION.............................................................................................6
1.3. PORK CONSUMPTION.....................................................................................7
1.4. TYPICAL PIG FARMING IN LAO PDR...........................................................8
1.4.1. Smallholder pig farming..................................................................................8
1.4.2. Semi-intensive pig production.......................................................................10
1.4.3. Commercial-scale pig production..................................................................11
1.4.4. TYPE OF PIGS’ REARING IN LAO PRD...................................................11
1.5. POTENTIAL FEED RESOURCE FOR PIGS IN LAO PDR...........................13
1.5.1. Sources of homemade feed............................................................................13
1.5.2 Commercial feed............................................................................................14

6


1.6. MANURE MANAGEMENTS..........................................................................14
II. AQUACULTURE IN LAO PDR........................................................................15

2.1. ROLE OF TILAPIA AND CONSUMPTION IN LAO PDR............................17
2.3. TILAPIA PRODUCTION SYSTEM.................................................................19
2.3.1. Pond preparing...............................................................................................20
2.3.2. Feeding fish...................................................................................................20
2.3.3. Breeding........................................................................................................22
2.3.4. Nursing..........................................................................................................22
2.3.5. Growth out.....................................................................................................23
2.3.6. Advantages....................................................................................................25
2.3.7. Disadvantages................................................................................................25
III. INTEGRATED PIG-FISH FARMING SYSTEMS...........................................26
3.1. DEFINITION.....................................................................................................26
3.2. POLLUTION RESOLVE..................................................................................26
3.3. NATURAL FOOD FISH YIELDS....................................................................27
3.4. ISSUES ON PIG MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM...............................28
3.5. MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.......29
3.6. UTILIZATION OF PIG MANURE...................................................................30
3.6.1. Fish pond.......................................................................................................30
3.6.2. Duckweed pond.............................................................................................31
3.6.3. Cultivation and withdraw..............................................................................31
3.7. ADVANTAGES.................................................................................................32
3.8. DISADVANTAGES.........................................................................................33
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................34
CHAPTER 2. CURRENT STATUS OF PIG-FISH FARMING IN LOWLANDS OF
LAO PDR................................................................................................................ 53
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................53
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................53
MATERIALS AND METHODS..............................................................................55
Study area and farm selection..................................................................................55
7

Data collection.........................................................................................................56
Data management and statistical analyses...............................................................56
RESULTS..................................................................................................................56
Pig-fish production systems.....................................................................................56
Analysis as farm scale.............................................................................................56
Disease prevention and treatments..........................................................................60
Fish cultured species................................................................................................61
Farm operating costs of integrated pig-fish.............................................................62
SWOT analyses model of farms on surveyed..........................................................63
DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................65
CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................68
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................68
CHAPTER 3. THE EFFECTS OF FRESH OR TREATED PIG MANURE,
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN APPLICATION ON POND WATER
QUALITY AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS
NILOTICUS)..........................................................................................................72
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................72
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................73
Hypothesis...............................................................................................................74
Objective.................................................................................................................74
MATERIALS AND METHODS..............................................................................75
Location and climate...............................................................................................75
Treatments and experimental design.......................................................................75
Level of nitrogen:....................................................................................................75
Treated manure........................................................................................................75
Fish pond and management.....................................................................................76
Data collection.........................................................................................................77
Water quality...........................................................................................................78
Chemical analyses...................................................................................................78

Statistical analyses...................................................................................................79
8


RESULTS..................................................................................................................80
Water quality...........................................................................................................80
Fish weight gain......................................................................................................83
DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................85
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION........................................................86
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................86
CHAPTER 4 STUDY ON NITROGEN BUDGETS IN PIG AND FISH FARM AT
SMALL SCALE IN VIENTIANE, LAO PDR........................................................90
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................91
Hypothesis...............................................................................................................92
Objectives................................................................................................................92
MATERIALS AND METHODS..............................................................................93
Location and climate of the study area....................................................................93
Experimental design................................................................................................93
Feed and feeding.....................................................................................................94
Measurements and sample collection......................................................................94
Duckweed pond.......................................................................................................95
Management of fish pond........................................................................................96
Measurements..........................................................................................................96
Chemical analyses...................................................................................................97
Statistical analyses...................................................................................................97
RESULTS..................................................................................................................97
Chemical composition.............................................................................................97
Pig production.........................................................................................................98
Feed intake and growth performance.......................................................................98
Faeces and urine release..........................................................................................99

Nitrogen balance......................................................................................................99
Fish pond............................................................................................................... 100
Growth performance of fish..................................................................................100
Economic analysis.................................................................................................101
9


DISCUSSION.........................................................................................................102
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION......................................................103
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................104
CHAPTER 5. GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS.......................108
5.1 GENERAL DISCUSSION...............................................................................108
5.1.2. The pig manure and water quality for growth performance of tilapia (II)....110
5.1.3. Nitrogen in pig manure cycling in pig-fish farming (III).............................111
5.2 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS...........................................................................113
5.3 IMPLICATION AND FURTHER RESEARCH...............................................114
5.3.1. Implication research.....................................................................................114
5.3.2 Further research............................................................................................115
REFERENCES........................................................................................................116
PUBLISHCATION LIST......................................................................................121

10


LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER 1..............................................................................................................5
Figure 1. Number of pigs in Lao PDR, from 2015-2018; Sources: (FAOSTAT,
2019).................................................................................................................7
Figure 2. Number of the ponds and cages culture Lao PDR (DLF et al, 2017)

........................................................................................................................ 17
Figure 3. World Tilapia production in 2015 (Fitzsimmons, 2015)..................18
CHAPTER 2. ..........................................................................................................53
Figure 1. Study site.........................................................................................55
Photo 1: Homemade (Local feed)...................................................................57
Photo 2: Manure utilized fish pond directly....................................................57
Photo 3. Crops and fruit cultivation in pig-fish farms (banana, mango,
coconut, and lemon.........................................................................................57
Photo 4: Small scale farm...............................................................................58
Photo 5: Medium scale farm...........................................................................58
Photo 6: Large scale farm...............................................................................58
Photo7. Recycle by natural water hyacinth.....................................................59
Photo 8. Recycle by natural duckweed...........................................................59
Photo 9. Manure stored and effected to environmental...................................60
CHAPTER 3. ..........................................................................................................72
Photo1. Layout of the ponds...........................................................................76
Photo 2. Manure application...........................................................................76
Photo 3. Feeding duckweed............................................................................76
Photo 4. Measuring body length.....................................................................77
Photo 5. Balancing body weight.....................................................................77
Photo 6. Parameters of temperature/pH..........................................................78
Photo7. Parameters test kits of NO3, NH3, DO..............................................78
Photo 8. Method analysis of BOD and COD..................................................79

11


Photo 9. Method of DM..................................................................................79
Photo10. Method of CP and Nitrogen (N).......................................................79
Figure 1. Effect of fresh/treated of manure and supplementation with

duckweed on LWG of Tilapia.........................................................................84
Figure 2. Effect of interaction fresh/treated of manure and supplementation
with duckweed on LWG of Tilapia.................................................................84
CHAPTER 4. ..........................................................................................................90
Figure 1. Nitrogen flow in pig-fish farm: (1). the pigs housed were separated
the faeces and urine; (2). Manure storages; (3) Duckweed pond; (4) Fish pond.
........................................................................................................................ 93
Photo 1. Weighting pig....................................................................................94
Photo 2. Pig pen..............................................................................................94
Photo 3. H2SO4 15% and 20ml......................................................................95
Photo 4.Urine collection.................................................................................95
Photo 5. Faeces collection...............................................................................95
Photo 7. Samples site collection of duckweed in plastic pond........................95
Photo 8. Culture of duckweed in plastic pond.................................................95

LIST OF TABLES

12


CHAPTER 1..............................................................................................................5
Table 1: Comparison food supply security target of Lao PDR (2015-2020).....6
Table 2. Number of live products meat consumption in 2017...........................7
Table 3. Agri-Environmental indicators, livestock manure (pig manure or
Nitrogen content) in Lao PDR........................................................................15
Table 4. Emissions - Agriculture of pig manure management of nitrogen
content in Lao PDR.........................................................................................15
Table 4. Cortisol and testosterone production, discharge, treatment efficiency
and removal rate for the LowRAS and HighRAS treatment...........................20
CHAPTER 2. ..........................................................................................................53

Table 1. Pig feeding model and manure management in integrated pig-fish
farm of (%).....................................................................................................58
Table 2. Utilization of pig manure..................................................................59
Table 3. The effect of the pig manure produced on farms by using in fish
production in the pond and environmental pollution.......................................60
Table 4. Shows the percentage of fish species cultured in farm-scale models
(small, medium and large scale)......................................................................61
Table 5. The expenditure and income on farms scale (Small, medium and
large) in (USD)...............................................................................................62
Table 6. Show the problems of integrated pig-fish farming systems...............64
CHAPTER 3. ..........................................................................................................72
Table 1. Layout of experiments.......................................................................75
Table 2. Chemical composition of fresh/treated pig manure and duckweed. . .80
Table 3. Water quality of fish ponds fed (fresh/treated) pig manure different
nitrogen level and supplementation of duckweed...........................................82
Table 4. LWG of Tilapia in fed treated/fresh of pig manure with different
nitrogen level and supplementation of duckweed...........................................84
CHAPTER 4. ..........................................................................................................90
Table 1. Chemical composition and proportion of ingredients in the diet (%)
........................................................................................................................ 97
13


Table 2. Chemical composition of duckweed % in DM..................................98
Table 3. Growth performance of three pigs during an experiment at the farms
........................................................................................................................ 98
Table 4. Mean value of faeces and urine of pig...............................................99
Table 5. Nitrogen balance and N-efficiency of feed in 3 pigs.........................99
Table 6. The water quality from fish pond fertilized pig manure 15g-N/m3. 100
Table 7. The effect of pig manure and supplementation with duckweed and on

LWG from Tilapia growth performance........................................................101
Table 8. Expenditures and income composition on farm...............................101

14


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND EQUIVALENTS
ADF

Acid Detergent Fibre

ADG

Average Daily Gain

ANOVA

Analysis of Variance

AOAC

Association of Official Analytical Chemists

BOD

Biological Oxygen Demand

CF

Crude Fibre

COD

Chemical Oxygen Demand

CP

Crude Protein

CRD

Completely Randomized Design

DAFO

District Agriculture and Forestry

DLF

Department Livestock Fisheries

DM

Dry Matter

DO

Dissolved Oxygen

DW

Duckweed

FAO

Food Agriculture Organization

FCC

Fixed Cost Consumption

FCR

Feed Conversion Ratio

FM

Fish Meal

G

Gram

GP

Gross Product

Ha

Hectare

IC

Intermediate Consumption

kg

kilogram

Lao PDR

Lao People's Democratic Republic

LARReC

Living Aquatic Resource Research Center

LW

Live Weight

MCPD

Medium Concentration

MEKARN

Mekong Basin animal Research Network

mg

Milligram

MT

Million Tones
15


N

Nitrogen

NAFRI

National Agriculture and Forestry Researcher Institute

NDF

Neutral Detergent Fibre

NSC

National Statistic Center

OM

Organic Matter

P2O5

Phosphorus

PAFO

Provincial Agriculture and forestry

PPD

Potassium Permanganate Digestion

PRA

Participatory Rural Appraisal

PM

Pig Manure

Prob/P

Probability

SD

Standard Deviation

SE Asia

South East Asia

SEM

Standard Error of the Mean

SGR

Specific Growth Rate

Sida-SAREC Swedish International Development Agency Department for Agriculture
Research Cooperation
TS

Taro Silage

USD

United States Dollar

Y

Year

16


INTRODUCTION
1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Lao PDR is a landlocked country located in the Southeast. The population has
236,800 square kilometers with more than 70% mountainous areas. About 6.5 million

people (2018) live in its 18 provinces, with more than 68% of the population are still
living in rural areas that based on agriculture and natural resources for survival (UNDP
Lao DPR, 2018). Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the Lao PDR with
a contribution of 23.3% to the gross domestic product (GDP). Livestock production
contributes around 3.6% to the national GDP and has a growth rate of 5.9% (MPI,
2017). The agriculture plays an essential role in the national employment, it is
continuously decreasing as compared to other national economic sections, from 85%
in the 1990s to 64.3% in 2018 (National Assembly, 2018). The population in remote
areas still highly remained at 80% and depending on agriculture for their livelihood.
More than half of the households is subsistence farmers with annual income below
$300 (IFAD, 2019). The agricultural workforces in all parts of agricultural production
were women more than 50%, while the average annual income of people in the cities
is $1,600 (FAO, 2018). The ratio of livestock strengthening now varies from 50 to
-100% of all households in villages where forages have been a suggestion, to comprise
different levels of intensification from fattening a few pigs each year to continuously
fattening and trading (Millar and Photakonu, 2007).
In developing countries in the world, farming is the traditional occupation of
the majority of rural families, of which 80% belongs to small and marginal categories
with small landholding (Mishra et al., 2018). The essential of integrated fish farming
involves fish and livestock farming and crops offering efficiency in resource
utilization, as by-products from one system are recycled effectively which enables
effective utilization of available farming space for maximizing production (Zira et al.,
2015). Integrated farming offers tremendous potentials for food security and poverty
alleviation in urban and peri-urban areas. It is an efficient way of using the same land
resource to produce (Mishra et al., 2018). In integrated farming, wastes of one
1


enterprise become inputs to another and, thus, optimize the use of resources and
reduce the pollution. For rural households, fish are small units of cash or foods which

can be harvested more or less at will without loss of weight or condition (Primer et al.,
2001). The integrated pig-fish farming system is an ideal method for assured further
income for fish production in small farms to big farms. Productive recycling of farm
and manure obtained by rearing the pigs in the pond area are applied in ponds to raise
the natural food without any other additional supply of nutrients for fish culture
(Vikaspedia et al., 2019). This system of farming has been suggested as an
environmentally friendly way of recycling wastes, especially those manufacturing
through the cultivation of high trophic level fish species which require the supply of
exogenous energy (Buschmann, 2000). Composing integrated fish farming will help to
drastically reduce rural and urban organic wastes generation problems (Oribhabor,
2016).
2. THE OBJECTIVES
The overall objectives of the thesis were to understand the current status of the
integrated pig-fish farming in the lowland of Lao PDR and effectively use pig waste in
the pig-fish production system.
The specific objectives were:
o To understand the current status of integrated pig-fish farming systems and the
use of pig manure and agricultural by-products for fish culture.
o To determine the effects of treated and fresh pig manure and its nitrogen levels
on water quality and fish growth performance.
o To study the nitrogen budget in the integrated pig-fish farming system
3. THE HYPOTHESES
o The integrated pig-fish farming systems in lowland areas will be an appropriate
way to increase productivity and decrease the production cost and do not cause
environmental pollution.

2


o Using fresh manure as fertilizer will be better than treated one in term of fish

growth performance and water quality control.
o The percentage of nitrogen recycled is high in an integrated pig-fish farm and
aquaculture, fish-culture will reduce the pollution on the system and at the same
time increase the ratio of organic nitrogen converted to ammonia-N in pig
manure.
4. SIGNIFICANCE/INNOVATION OF THE DISSERTATION
This thesis provides descriptive information on the nitrogen budget of pig
manure to be used in aquaculture ponds for an estimate of pig manure used in
integrated farming systems. This thesis proves the Gene-environment interaction or
Genotype-environment interaction (GxE interaction) on tilapia fingerling growth. This
finding is important as a baseline for developing integrated farming systems in Lao
PDR.
Aquaculture is still undeveloped in Lao PDR, where most of the aquatic
products are from natural resources. Simultaneously, animal husbandry has been
attained at a certain level that increases meat production in the country. Integrated and
poly-culture systems could be the best solution to help gradually develop aquaculture
and at the same time reduce organic pollution from livestock production. This system
has been practiced for tens of years in Vietnam but still relatively new to Lao PDR. It
is, therefore, an advantage to Lao PDR to apply and practice the system.
5. REFERENCES
Buschmann, A.H., 2000. Integrated cultivation of salmon and seaweed: Productive,
Environmental and Economic issues. Aquaculture Canada 2000 Abstracts.
FAO, 2018. Country and gender assessment of agriculture and the rural sector in Lao
People’s Democratic Republic, Vientiane, pp 72.
IFAD, 2019. Investing in rural people in the Lao People’s Democracy Republic.
Investing in rural people
Millar, J., and Photakoun, V., 2007. Livestock development and poverty alleviation:
revolution or evolution for upland livelihoods in Lao PDR. International
3

Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 6(1):89-102 AGRICULTURAL.ISSN:
1473-5903 .www.earthscanjournals.
Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI)., 2017. National Gross Domestic Product
in Lao PDR.
Mishra, B., 2018. Integrated Fish Farming an Indian Perspective. Mass Breeding and
Culture Technique of Catfishes .SAC/CIFA Regional Training Program on
Mass Breeding and Culture Technique of Catfishes, 16-21 July 2018, ICARCIFA, Bhubaneswar 751 002, Odisha, India. Published in July 2018. ISBN:
978-81-935417-3-9.
MoAF of Lao PDR., 2010. Agriculture development strategy 2011-2020.
National Assembly of Lao PDR., 2018. The article agreement of national assembly of
Laos on approval the government’s social-economic development
implementing plan report for 2018 and approval the social-economic
development plan for 2019. No: 0099/NA.
Oribhabor, B.J. ANSA, E.J., 2016. Organic waste reclamation, recycling and re-use in
integrated fish farming in the Niger Delta. Journal of Applied Sciences &
Environmental Management, Volume. 10, No. 3, September, 2006, pp. 47-53.
Primer, A., 2001. Integrated agriculture-aquaculture. FAO/IIRR/World Fish Center
2001. ISBN 92-5-104599-2.
UNDP (United Nation for Development Programme)., 2018). About Lao PDR.
Retrieved on October 11, 2019 from html#Introduction
Vikaspedia., 2019. Fish based Integrated Farming Systems adopted in Assam is
covered here in detail. College of .Fisheries, Assam Agricultural University.
Zira, J.D., Ja’afaru, A, Badejo B.I., Ghumdia, A.A., Ali, M.E., 2015. Integrated fish
farming and poverty alleviation/ hunger eradication in Nigeria. IOSR Journal of
Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 8:15

4

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW
I. PIG PRODUCTION IN LAO PDR
1.1. ROLE OF PIG PRODUCTION
Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is a landlocked country in
Southeast Asia bordered by Vietnam, Cambodia, China, Myanmar, and Thailand.
Agriculture accounts for about 21.3% of the GDP and 73.1% of the labor force (CIA,
2017). Around 67.1% of the population are living in the rural areas and 72% are
engaged in the agriculture farming system (LPHC, 2015), with a contribution of
17.23% to the GDP. Livestock, whichis an important component of smallholder farms
in Lao PDR, accounted for 2.17% (LSB, 2016). Over 95% of livestock is produced by
smallholders in both the Mekong corridor and on sloping land (Knips, 2004).
Native pig raising would not only play an important role in food supply security
for the households in the rural areas of Lao PDR, but it is also a good option for farmers
to increase income for the households via market (Xayalath et al., 2016). Pigs are a
source of income as accumulation capital, emergency cash requirements, and
household nutrition and their manure are used for crops and protein, particularly in
rural areas. It is estimated that they are kept by approximately two-thirds of Laotian
households, and are the most commonly owned livestock species after chickens
(Vongthilath and Blacksell, 1999; Wilson, 2007 and LCA, 2012). In the past, farmers
in rural areas were raising pigs in traditional scavenger systems; around 80% of pigs
are reared in smallholder systems with an average number of pigs per household
estimated at 3.2 with only 5% of households having ten or more pigs (Huynh et al.,
2007). In Lao PDR, more than 85 % of households in the rural area owned at least one
pig for their households, on average, it contributed annual income to the families
between 10-14% (Xayalath and Sacklokham, 2010). Table 1 Showed that rice remains
the main stable food, and pork consumption is the 3rd of meat supply sources, for food
supply security in Lao PDR by 2020 in (Table 1).

Table 1: Comparison food supply security target of Lao PDR (2015-2020)

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Consumption/kg/person/year
2015
2020
Rice
180
167
Starch
5.3
4.9
Fish
25.5
31
Chicken
9.5
11.6
Pork
6
7.7
Other meat
9
11.3
Egg
3
3.4
Corn
1.6
1.5

Vegetable
37.4
44
Beans
0.6
0.7
Root vegetable
1.5
1.8
Fruit
6.9
8.1
Sugar
1.4
1.3
Cooking oil
14.5
25.5
Milk
1
1.1
Total
303.2
320.9
Source: (MoAF) of Lao PDR. Asian Development Bank 2011-2020 (MoAF, 2010)
Basic stable food

1.2. PIG POPULATION
In Laos, the pig population increase during 2015-2017 and slightly declined in
2018 (Figure 1) (FAO, 2019). The sow pigs could give birth to a total of around

460,000 piglets per year, which cannot supply the demand for piglets required of
700,000 heads per year. To meet this requirement of production, piglets or pigs have
been imported from outside of the country, especially Thailand around 30% (DLF et
al., 2017). The density of pig population is highest in the northern (40%), southern
mountainous regions (33%) and central region (27%) (Keonouchanh et al., 2017)
4,500,000
4,000,000
3,500,000 3,258,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
2015

3,700,000

3,869,000

3,824,663

2016

2017

2018

Year
Figure 1. Number of pigs in Lao PDR, from 2015-2018; Sources:

(FAOSTAT, 2019)

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1.3. PORK CONSUMPTION
In 2017, the population in Lao PDR are 6.49 million people. Total meat
consumption was 57 kg/person/year, in which 14.6 kg of pork (25.6%). In the strategy
for 2020, the demand for meat consumption is estimated at 60-65 kg/year/person, in
which 15.6-16.8 kg of pork (MAF, 2017). According to MAF (2015), by 2020 pork
production shall be 95,500 tons and by 2025 shall be at least 116,200 tons, with the
priority to promote native pig rearing for supplying pork to domestic consumption in
rural districts of the provinces. In rural areas, MAF (2013) reported that 54% of
households consumed poultry meat and 52% consumed pork at least one day a week.
Table 2. Number of live products meat consumption in 2017
Amount of meat
No. Livestock
Amount (head)
consumption (kg)
1
Buffalo
52,361
19,992,382
2
Cattle
90,442
27,455,607
3
Pig
880,121

100,585,257
4
Goat/Sheep
53,567
2,295,729
5
Poultry
6,864,314
10,296,471
6
Eggs
60,688,663
12,776,561
Total
173,402,006
Source: MAF (2017)

Meat consumed
(%/species)
12
16
58
1
6
7
100

1.4. TYPICAL PIG FARMING IN LAO PDR
1.4.1. Smallholder pig farming
Pigs are commonly kept by farmers in Lao PDR, including exotic breeds and

local breeds. However, local breeds are mostly reared by smallholders. Whilst, semiintensive and commercial pig production; high cost produce are limited farm in city
Lao PDR. (DLF) reported that local livestock breed production increased 3% during
the year. The local pigs were popular for many people who are reared (MAF, 2017). In
Lao PDR, small-scale pig production systems can be categorized into three types: freerange scavenging, confined in enclosures, and confined to pens (Phengsavanh and
Stur, 2011). More than 75% of these were raised by smallholders (MAF, 2017). This is
common in remote areas. In these systems, several indigenous breeds (namely Moo
Chit, Moo Lath, Moo Daeng and Moo Nonghaet), with mature weight 60-100 kg, are
used (Vongthilath and Blcksell, 1999). The state or quality of producing something,
7