Áp dụng kết quả nghiên cứu văn hóa dân gian nhằm nâng cao chất lượng giảng dạy văn học dân gian ở đại học và phổ thông trung học

AP DUNG KET QUA NGHIEN CLTU V A N H O A DAN GIAN
NHAM NANG CAO CHAT

Ll/CJNG GIANG DAY V A N HOC DAN GIAN

6 DAI HOC VA PHO THONG TRUNG HOC
Phgm 'Thu Yen
Khoa Ngfr van
Truimg DHSP - DHQG Ha Ngi
I. Co so ly luan va co sa thuc ticn
van bgc dan gian la bd mdn khoa hge xa hdi mang tfnh chit dac thii cho nen vin dd
ngbien euru khoa hge dd nang cao chat lugng dao tao chuyen nganb van hge dan gian la edng
viee dac biet quan trgng. Tfnh chai dac thii dd ndm ngay d cbi'nb deti tugng van hge dan gian
(folelore) vi van hge dan gian la mot loai nghe thuat tdng hgp tu nbien vira mang bin chit van
hoi vilra mang ban chit van hge. Van hge dan gian vira la nghe thuat, vira rdng bon nghe thuit,
la mdt thir nghe thuat gdn bd chat che kbdng the tach rdi vdi ddi song sinb boat ciia nban dan
lao ddng trong sudt qui trtnb phat tridn dai lau eiia din tde va gid day no thire day tung bimg
trong thdi md cira vdi nhthig Id hdi, nhung hinh thtre sinb boat, ea bit, vui choi mang dam chit
din gian, chit tmydn thong. Ngbj quyet Tmng uong V khoi VUI ciia Ban chip banh Tmng
uong Dang cjgng sin Viet Nam da dd ra nhiem vu phit tridn gift gin mdt ndn van boa hien dai
dam da ban sic dan tde, didu dd tao niem tin va sy phan kbdi cho nbirng ngudi ngbien ciiii vi
giang day van hge din gian.
Cin thie't phai hieu cac lac phim van hge dan giim trong Ifnh tdng hop ty nbien eiia no,
ngbTa la mdi tmdng sdng, hoan canh dia ly ty nbien nao ma tie phim ra ddi va tdn tai, cac sir
thi, tmdng ea, ea dao, ve duge trinh didn nhu thd nao trong nghi Id, trong sinb boat vui choi...,
va didu quan trgng la no thyc hien ebirc nang gi trong ddi sdng nban din va trong nghe thuat.
Mdt thyc td dd nban thiy la van bgc dan gian (VHDG) rat da dang: VHDG ngudi Kinh,
VHDG cic din tde anh em tren khdp mgi midn td qude, eic thd loai VHDG tdn tai trong cac
hinh thire didn xudng rieng, thyc hien nbirng chii'c nang rieng. Neu kbdng chii y den nhiing dac
trung nay mi ehi chii y den mat van hge la ta da tude bd di ban chit van hoi eiia mot tie phim
van bgc dan gian.

Viee ebgn tic phim VHDG cac diin tde trong ehuong trinh giang day ri't can chii y den
die thii nay. Chuong trinh van hge dan gian d phd thong trung bgc ed Mo "De da'l dc nude" ciia
din tde Mudng, truyen tbet "Virgt bidn" eiia dan tde Tay; "Bai ea chang Dam San" eiia dan tde
Ede... li nhtrng tie pham ed chirc nang rieng. Mo "Dc dat de nuel'e" ed ebirc nang thyc banh
nghi Id, ehi dugc didn xudng kbi gia dinh ed tang, ma. Didu kien dja ly khae biet, phong tue la,
nbirng quan niem thin thoai nguyen thuy an trong Idp vd ngdn ngir Mudng duge chuyen djeh
sang tidng Viet... la nbirng mat rit ban ehd cho sy cam, hieu ciia hge sinb. Thay, ed giio cung
con khd cam, hidu, khd hinh dung, hudng ehi ndi den sy tmydn dat. "Bai ea ching Dam San"
thudng dugc cic gia ling Ede "khan" (kd) trong nghi thiie trang trgng vao nbirng djp Id hdi ben
be'p lira nha Rdng. Vi trong kbdng kbi iy, sir thi ed dip hien rd bon linb bdn eua no. Tmyen tho

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"Tidn dan ngudi yeu" thuemg duge vf nhu mdt vien ngge quf eiia dan tde Thii ludn kbien ta
simg sot vd ndi dung va nghe thuat didn ta lam trang nban vat eiia van ehuong cic din tde ft
ngudi ma ehi dugc giang day trong 2 tidt kbdng ed cac kidn thiic bd trg thi thit khd giiip bgc
sinb cam, hidu duge gii trj di'eh thyc eua tie phdm.
II. Nhfirng ket qua nghicn ciru
Nban tbiie duge vin dc tren vii de khdc phuc phin nao nbfmg phidn dien trong qui trinh
ngbien etru va giang day, trong nhung nam gin diiy, chuyen nganb van hge dan gian khoa Van
Tmdng DHSP Ha Ndi da ed gdng ket hgp phuong phap nghien ciin lien nganb tidp can tie phim
VHDG theo bai hudng ebfnh:
Hudng ngbien cim theo qui dao van hge; di sau vao kbao sat khai tbie van ban, tim hidu
dac didm ndi dung va he thd'ng thi phip cac thd loai VHDG (kdt eiu, nban vat, cic bien phip
nghe thuit, ydu td ngdn ngir).
Hudng ngbien cim theo qui dao van hoi din gian: dua tra cic tie phim VHDG vao trong
mdi tmdng dja ly, Ijch sir van boa xa hdi ma no nay sinb va tdn tai. Cac dd tai ngbien eun, cac
dd tai hudng din luan van thae sT, luan van cir nban thudng kbuydn kbfeb ngudi thyc hien kbao
sit VHDG cac dja pbuimg, cac dan tgc ft nguiti nhu: Dac diem truyen thuyet vd Le Lgi d Thanh

Hoi; Ngbien eiiii Mo "De dat de niretc" Mudng d Thanh Hoi; Lang eudi van Lang d Phii Thg;
Phuong ngdn Nam Ha; Tim hidu dac sdc eiia dan ea Thii; Dan ea dam eudi Tay, Niing; He
thdng tmyen eudi Mucmg; Tmydn ed Meo Ha Giang... Hudng ngbien eiiu nay yeu eiu viee di
siu ly giai phong tue tap quan, tdn giio mdi dan tde, qui trtnb phat tridn ciia tie phim VHDG
cung nhu phuong thire didn xudng, dac thu eua mdi the loai. Co nghia la dat ra yeu eiu ngbiem
ngat trong viee dua lac pham VHDG trd vd mdi tmdng sdng di'eh thyc eua no trong didu kien
cho phep.
Hai khuynb hudng nay da dem den nhimg kdt qua kba quan hon trong ngbien eiiru, trong
nban thii:e eua ngudi thyc hien va ehde ehdn duge thd hien mdt each hieu qua hon trong giang
d|iy.
Tuy nbien giiia nhiinxthire va vice thyc hien eon la mdt khoang cich kbi xa do ed nhiing
han ehd kbieb quan va chii quan lam cho viee nghien eiiai kbdng ed tfnh ddng bd. .Sau diy la
nhiing kidn ngbj vd phuong hudng nghien euru va ung dung kdt qua ngbien ciru vio q u i trinh
dao tao.
III. Phuong huimg nghien ciru va irng dung trong vice nang cao chat lugng dao tao
chuyen nganh van hoc dan gian
Tidp tue day manh va phat buy hui'tng ngbien ethi hen nganb ndi tren trong mdt thdi gian
dai dd lugng bidn thanh chat, de viee ket hgp nay trd thanb thao tie, thanb ky nang ed tfnh
thudng trye ddi vdi nbirng nguiti nghien ciiii va giiing day.
Diy manh edng ta dien da VHDG:
Vdi viee nghien cim VHDG edng lac didn da, kbao sit VHDG tai cac dja phuitng la vd
Cling quim trgng dd cic nhii nghien cim ed didu kien "mil thay, tai nghe" hinh dung "phuong
thire tdn tai sdng" di'eh thyc eiia tie phim VHDG. Di ngbj nha tmdng, phong quan ly khoa hge
tao didu kien vd thdi gian va kinh pbf cho td bd mdn thyc hien tdt edng viee nay ma kbdng ehi
vdi can bd ma ea vdi sinb vien - lye lugng sau nay trye tidp giang day VHDG trong nha tmdng.

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Chic chin nhiing chuydn khao sit nay se giiip cho cin bd va sinh vien tang them linb yen va

nidm tin vao nhOng gii tn thyc sy eiia van hoi tmydn thd'ng din tde.
Viee bd trg kidn thtic van hoi din gian bang bang hinh la phuong tien tdt nhit, ed hieu
qua kinh td va khoa bgc trong viee dem tdi cho sinh vien mdt nban tbii'c loan dien vd ddi tugng
va phii hop vci ban chit eua loai hinh van boa dan gian trong tinb tdng hgp ty nbien eua nd ea
yd dd tai, thi phip, hoan canh didn xudng va cbti'c nang thd loai. Day la van dd ma ebiing tdi tha
thidt kidn nghi dd nhung y tudng ed didu kien duge thyc thi. Vf du kbi giang day vd bd lao ddng
cin cd bang, dia vd cic giai dieu, cung nhu cic ddng tic boat ddng lao ddng eua nhin din;
giing Mo "D6 dit de nude" ciia ngudi Mudng neu ed bang, dia hge sinh cd thd dd dang hinh
dung vi cim nhin duge chiie nang thyc hien nghi Id tang, ma eua edng ddng Mudng ma bai Mo
cit len dd kd vd Ijch san sinh ra dit, nude, con ngudi, ling, ban... Nhung phong tue tap quin eiia
din tde Thii; tidng hit dim eudi eiia din tde Tay; nhiing Id hdi dim triu td thin, nhiing boat
ddng van hoi tmydn thdng ciia ddng bio Tiy Nguyen; edng viee cham trd dac sic eiia anh thg
mdc Thanh Hoa, eua chang trai tat nude dau dinh se tie ddng trye tidp ddn nhin tbiic va tinh
cam thim my ciia bgc sinh.
Mudn thyc hien duge y tudng nay cin cd nhung didu kien ky thuit tdi thidu nhu miy
quay, diu Video; man hinh; miy ghi am; bang, dia tir; kinh phi cho viee td chiic nbihig chuydn
di. Nhung nbirng diu tu nay lai tao dugc hieu qua cao trong nghien eiiru va dao tao ndu nbirng
iffa, bang hinh dugc nban ban va phat banh rdng trd thanh giio cu trye quan dac biet phuc vu
cho viee giang day d hie dai bgc va cic tmdng phd thdng. Ban giim hieu, Phong quan ly khoa
hoc ciia tmdng DHSP Ha Ndi da nhin tbiic duge tim quan trgng eua viee xiy dyng be thdng tu
lieu giang day tren bang hinh va da kbuydn khich cho viee tridn khai dudi dang dd tai cip Dai
bgc Qude gia. Tuy nbien tit ea mdi ehi la bude diu, mudn dat kdt qua tdt trong edng viee nay
cin cd sy diu tu ddng bd bon ea vd ly luan vi thyc td tridn khai.
Viee tidp thu cac kdt qua nghien ciiii eua cic edng trinh tmde day va md ra nhtrng hudng
nghien ciru mdi khi didu kien ky thuat cho phep la mdt giai phip dung ddn nbim tao hieu qua
cao trong viee ap dung ket qua nghien eiiu vao viee nang cao chit lugng giang day. Hy vgng
ring vdi phuong hudng neu tren sinh vien eua nhtrng nam diu thd ky 21 se dugc tidp cin vdi
nhiing phuong phip dao tao vira hien dai, vira phii hgp vdi ban chit eiia ddi tugng nghien euru.

SUMMARY

The main pupose of this study was implementation of the folelore research results for
improving quality of folelore teaching in the colleges imd schools in the following aspects:
1. The theoretical base and practical reality
2. The reseach results of the last years.
3. Future trend of study and its implementation in quality improvement of this specific
education.

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