Tìm hiểu yếu tố thiêng liêng trong văn hóa người việt

TIM HIEU YEU TO THIENG LIENG
TRONG V A N H O A N G U O I VIET
NGUYEN THI THUY HANG

Eg mon Mdc-Lenin, TrUdng DHNN Hd Ngi
Y tudng thidng lieng tiem an trong triet ly song cua ngudi Viet,
bieu hien trong phuong thfle flng xfl cua hg vdi the gidi tu nbien va
the gidi con ngudi. Y tudng ly la ngudn d m hflng cho cic nghe sy
dan gian sing tao nen nbflng vi su td d ehua Tay Phuong, mot thinh
Tan Vien tren dlt Ba Vi, hay mot dli liet sy vd danh trudc quing
trudng Ba Dinh licb su. Y tudng ay gin ket hang trieu con ngudi xa
la trong ddi thudng xlch lai gin nhau de cd nbflng giay phut ddng
d m thanh sach khi vao lang vieng BIc. Neu y tudng ve su thieng
lieng da hinh thInh kha sdm nhu mot nhu clu van hoi trong budc
ehuyen tfl con ngudi ddng vat thanh con ngudi xa hdi, tbi tdn gilo la
hien tugng khI mudn trong licb sfl loli ngudi. Nhan loai vdn xuat
phat tfl diem rat gin nhau, nhung mdi nen van hoi cd dudng hudng
hinh thanh rieng, cd qui trinh van ddng, bien ddi va phat trien rieng
bi quy dinh bdi nbflng didu kien tu nbien va licb sfl cu the. Vdi ngudi
Viet, con dudng hinh thanh va truyen tai d i thieng cd khac. Ngudi
Viet khdng day d i thidng thanh mot pham tru nhan thfle luain trflu
tugng, trii lai, nd la ddi tugng cua nbflng flng xfl cu the trong ddi
song hang ngay. Ngudi Viet khdng tuyet ddi boa su ddi lap gitta
nghia vu va quyen Igi, khdng tuyet ddi bol hanh phuc el nhan, con
ngudi d nhan, ma dat nd trong tuang quan vdi nbflng ngudi khic,
tim tha'y chinh minh trong bdn phan xa hdi. Tim hieu yeu td thieng
lieng trong van boa ngudi Viet la tim hieu mot dac diem cot Idi cua
trie't ly dan gian, lam nen ve dep va sflc song trudng tdn ciia nbflng Id
hdi cd truyen, nhttng trd choi dieu mua ma d do chinh d i thieng
321

lieng II chat ket dinh vl truyen tli nhflng gil tri dao dflc va gia tri
tham my. Tim hieu ye'u td thieng lieng trong van bol ngudi Viet giflp
chung ta cit nghIa vi sao tu tudng yeu nude lai la mot gil tri can ban,
gia tri cao nhat trong bing gia tri tinh thin cua dan tdc Viet Nam.
Gilo su Truang Chinh hoan toln dung khi viet ring tu tudng yen
nude so dl thim thiet, manh liet vi do la mot tu tudng thieng lieng.
Tu tudng ay khdng lam thInh mot triet thuyet nhung lai la ngudn gd'e
cua mot nhan sinb quan cao el, giflp cho chung ta cd mot quan niem
dung din ve y nghIa cudc ddi, ve le song chet, ve hanh phuc vl kbd
dau. Tat d nbflng gil tri ay nhu mot td chat ddc dio ham chfla trong
toln bd kho tang van bol dan gian, tao nen ngudn sfla nudi dudng
nhflng nhan d e b , di truyen mot Idi sdng mang dam ban sic dan tdc.
Vln de la d chd, gifla d i thieng lieng tdn gilo va yeu to thieng
lieng trong triet ly sdng cua ngudi Viet, trong phuong thfle flng xfl vdi
the gidi tu nbien vl the gidi con ngudi cin duge phan biet rach rdi va
tie'p tuc di sau phan tich dly du ban.
Van bol la dac trung boat ddng sdng cua con ngudi. Chi con
ngudi mdi cung mot luc sdng vdi d qui khfl, hien tai, tuang lai, mdi
tran trd ve le sdng chet, ve muc dich va y nghIa cua cudc ddi. Tim
hieu yeu to thieng lieng trong van bol cua ngudi Viet bao gdm el van
bol d nhan va van bol cdng ddng, tfl van bol gia dinh, van bol lang
xa, van boa qud'c gia dan tdc den nhflng cdng ddng van bol khIc. Yeu
td ay nhu mot dudng net van bol tu tudng dan gian, nen viee tim hieu
mot d e b he thd'ng phli gin vdi qui trinh pbit trien van bol dan gian
trong toln bd di sin van bol dan tdc. Van de d i thieng khdng phli
van de mdi me nhung nd cung la vln de gay nhieu tranh cai. Cho nen
trong tham luan nay, ngudi viet ehi gidi ban d budc dlu tim hieu, neu
van de vl phuong thfle truydn tli, cung nhu vai trd cua nd trong su tiep
hgp van bol ngoai nhap. Hy vgng ring sau tham luan nay ngudi viet

mong dugc su gdp y, bd sung de viec nhin nhan yeu td thieng lieng
trong van bol cua ngudi Viet ngly cang hoan chinh, pbIt trien phuc
vu cho cdng tic gilng day triet bgc d trudng Dai bgc Ngoai ngfl DHQGHN ndi chung vl cu the phuc vu cho gilng pbin Lich svc tu
tudng Triet hgc Viet Nam.
322


Ngudi Viet cd quan niem ve d i thieng tfl rat lau, trudc khi tiep
xflc vdi van bol Han. "Thieng" la mot tfl thuin Viet, ngudi Viet dung
tfl "Thieng" va "Lieng" ket hgp thanh tfl lly "Thieng lieng" (Tfl dien
Viet- Phap- Bd DIo Nba cua Alexandre de Rhodes). Khi tiep xflc vdi
van bol HIn, ngudi Viet them tfl "Linb" va cflng sfl dung el hai:
"Linh thieng" va "Thieng lieng". Tuy nbien ngfl nghia cua hai tfl nay
khdng hoan toln ddng nhat. Trong tuc ngfl cua ngudi Viet cd "Rflng
thieng, nude ddc", "Sdng kbdn, chet thieng". Trong van bgc cbfl Ndm
cua Nguydn Trai cd "Bflt thieng" (But thieng vua cat tay kbdn mac).
Yeu td thieng lieng gin vdi chim mudng cay cd, rflng, nui, dlt, nude,
vl d nhflng con ngudi kbdn ngoan muu luge II quan niem tdn thd tu
nbien tfl thud so khai cua ngudi Viet. Sdng trong dieu kien dia ly, sinb
thii day khie ngbiet, nai dlt am thap den mflc con chim khdng the clt
einh bay len dugc, rflng nui dly thu dfl, nhung cu dan ndng nghiep lly
trdng trgt llm ke sinb nbai cbfl yeu, lai khdng the de dang du cu, di
ehuyen nay day mai dd. Vdi trinh do hieu biet phu thudc rlt nhieu vao
tu nbien, tbi khdng the ndi den "Thay trdi ddi dlt, sip xep lai giang
son" dugc, tbii do cua hg trudc tu nhien co bin II thu ddng:
On trdi mua ndng phdi thi
Hoac:

Trdng trdi, trdng dd't, trdng may
Trdng mua, trdng nang, trdng ngdy, trdng dim.

Ngudi Viet khdng di theo hudng nhan thfle de ddi phd vdi tu
nhien, chd ngu lam cbfl nd. Hg tim cich thich flng vdi tu nbien, lua
chieu ma sdng theo Idi phli chang, hai bol, tdn trgng tu nhien. Ldi
sdng dd dem lai quan he gifla con ngudi va tu nbien. Sfl menh cua ly
tinh khdng phli II de lln It bin tinh cua con ngudi, ma II phit trien
nd, phIt trien nhan tinh. Cai thieng bit ngudn tfl ddi sdng tinh d m cua
con ngudi, tfl nhflng d m xflc do thuc tai ben ngoai cung nhu bin chat
nhan chung cua eon ngudi tao ra. Nd ket hgp d trong minh ndi lo sg
va niem by vgng thiet thuc, su kinh trgng va long biet an cu the, d m
xflc thieng lieng, vfla la sin pham cua phan flng, bin nang tu ve, vfla la
kbit vgng boa hgp vdi tu nhien vi mot cudc sdng cua con ngudi td't
dep ban. Mot quan niem nhu vay khdng day d i thieng thanh mot
pham trfl nhan thfle trflu tugng, trIi lai nd trd thanh ddi tugng ciia
nhflng flng xfl cu the trong cudc sdng hang ngay. Non sdng dat nude
323


cua ngudi Viet trudc bet vl co bin la nhflng nggn nfli, nhflng con
sdng, nhflng vung dlt, nhflng ngudn nude nudi sdng, che chd hg, mat
khac, cung II ket qua md hdi nude mit cua hg day cdng tao lap nen.
Xu hudng cu the boa nay bieu hien d chd ngudi Viet thd cflng nhttng
cay da ben nude, khe nui, mdm da ngay tai dia phan cu trfl cua minh.
Hg vfla thanh kinh biet on lai mong mudn mot quan he hai bol, nuong
tua lln nhau gifla con ngudi va tu nhien mot thien nhien tham dim
cdng sflc cua hg. Hg clu nguyen trdi dat thin linh phfl hg con ngudi de
rdi con ngudi cung che chd, nudi dudng thin linh cua minh.
Do tinh chat cu the cua nd, con ngudi cd kha nang lua chgn. Hg
cd the tin thin nfli nly thieng hon hay thin sdng kia thieng hon.
Nhflng cap ddi sdng-nui nly cd d mgi noi tren dat Viet. Tfl Trudng

San-Cim Long Giang den sdng Da-nui Tin, d dau con ngudi cung tim
tha'y nhflng sdng thieng nfli thieng cua minh. Cd nbflng thin linh
thieng vdi d qud'c gia dan tdc nhu Vua Hung, thInh Tin Vien, ba
Chfla Lidu. Cd nbflng vi thin cua tflng dia phuong, cua tflng xdm ling
"Trdng lang nao lang ay dinh, thinb lang nao ling ay thd".
Tfl viec nhan bol thien nhien xay dung nen nhflng buyen thoai ve
qui trinh hinh thanh gid'ng ndi vl dat nude, ngudi Viet da licb sfl bol
thin linh, gin lien vdi cIc nhan vat buyen thoai vdi nhflng thdi diem
licb sfl cua qui trinh dung nude va gifl nude. Hang ngin den, chfla,
dinh, mie'u kblp thdn cung xdm vlng dugc nhan dan lap thd deu gin
nhap thien thin vdi nhan thin, dia linh vdi nhan kiet. Cd nhflng vi thin
la bieu tugng cua qud'c gia dan tdc nhu "Vua Rdng Lac Long, thin
Rfla Vang, Tan Vien Son ThInh, ThInh Gidng..."
Nhu vay, II vdi ngudi Viet, su thieng lieng cua nfli non sdng nude
gin vdi su thieng lieng cua con ngudi, khdng gian thieng gin vdi thdi
gian thieng, dat nude gin nhap vdi licb sfl. Mot quan niem nhu vay ve
d i thieng ehi hinh thanh d nhflng con ngudi ma cudc sdng thudng
ngay, bit com manh lo gin bd vdi thien nhien, mong chd vao nd va
cung tao dung nen nd bIng mudn van md bdi, nude mIt. Dat nude que
buong cua ngudi Viet, vi vay khdng don giln ehi la dia ban llm an
sinb sdng cd the dd lam kbd bd. Nd la sin pham gin bd mau thit vdi
con ngudi dugc trao truyen tfl ddi nly qua ddi khac. Con ngudi sdng
vdi dlt nude cua minh bIng tit d y thfle trich nbiem va tinh d m dugc
324


vun dip theo be day lich sfl tao thanh tam thfle cdng ddng, thanh d i
thieng lieng ehi phdi d e b sdng cua hg.
Neu non sdng dlt nude la nggn ngudn thfl nhl't cua y niem thieng
lieng ndi lien mach tin ngudng da thin, tfl quan niem van vat bflu linb

den quan niem dia linh nhan kiet, khi thieng sdng nude, thi niem tu
bao ve ndi gid'ng Tien Rdng la nggn ngudn thfl hai tiem an tham sau
trong tam bdn ngudi con dan dlt Viet. Y thfle bao toln ndi gid'ng, long
kinh trgng td tien vl niem tu bao dan tdc la mot tinh chat thieng lieng
cua ngudi Viet, da trd thanh ndi luc kien cudng giflp hg vugt qua mgi
cam go cua lich sfl, gifl vflng nen ddc lap dan tdc trudc mgi the luc
ngoai xam hdng thdn tinh, hdng ddng bol, hong xol sd mot nen van
hien lau ddi. Su thieng lieng ay tao nen tinh d m nbd ve cdi ngudn cua
ngudi Viet khi phli tha buong gdc be chan trdi, mot tinh cam gin ket
"ga cung mot me chd boai dl nhau" diu kbic biet den dau tbi ngudi
Viet vln II "con cd cha nba cd ndc"phai nbd den "thing Tim gid cha,
thing Ba gid me" va tren ntta II gid td Hung Vuong. Quan he vdi d i
thieng khdng lam thanh mot mang sinb boat tach biet trong cudc sdng
d nhan cua ngudi Viet. Nd trdn lln vdi mgi boat ddng trong cudc
sdng thudng ngly trong cIc quan he va trong cdng viec. Nd II kinh
nghiem san xuat va kinh nghiem sdng. Ngudi ta trao truyen lai cho
nhau tfl ddi ng sang ddi kia, tfl Idp nly sang Idp khac.
Thd cflng td tien la tin ngudng phd bien cua ngudi Viet cd vi tri
quan trgng nhat trong ddi sdng tinh than dan cu. Trudc bet, day la mot
tin ngudng ban dia, cd truyen thd'ng lidn mach tfl d m thfle thieng lieng
va tdn kinh ve duy tri ndi gid'ng td tien. Trong qui trinh lich sfl, nd tiep
nhan them nbflng yeu to van hoa ngoai nhap lai dugc elc Nba nude
phong kien Viet Nam nang len tim qud'c te, chinh thd'ng boa nhu mot
phuong tien khang dinh y thfle ddc lap qud'c gia va doan ket dan tdc.
Niem tin sau xa ve mdi lien he thieng lieng gifla ngudi sdng va
ngudi chet, gifla hien tai va qua khfl da trd thanh trie't ly sdng cua
ngudi Viet, thanh dao ly nen ting cua cudc sdng dugc the hien trong
ca dao tuc ngfl "ud'ng nude nbd ngudn", "An qua nhd ke trdng cay",
"chim cd td ngudi cd tdng"... the hien trong ddi sdng thudng nhat la
phong tuc tap quan tin ngudng thd cung td tien.

Trong nhflng tinh hudng nhan dinh, ngudi Viet khdng sdng blng
325


ly tinh lanh lung vdi le cdng blng xa hdi vdi nhflng din do thudng tinh
gifla nghIa vu va quyen Igi ml vugt len mgi kich thudc cua nhflng khii
niem dao dflc thdng tuc hg hanh ddng bdi su thdi thfle ben trong bdi
tam thfle ve d i thieng lieng.
Khdng hieu dugc d i tam thfle ly, se khdng giai thich dugc nhflng
mat mIt chiu dung ghe gdm cua d e ngudi vg, ngudi me Viet Nam,
nbflng hy sinb Idn lao va nghi luc phi thudng cua hg, khdng hieu dugc
sflc nang to Idn cua tinh nghIa ddng bio, ddng ehi, tinh nghIa vg
chdng, cha me con d i d ngudi Viet Nam. Cli thieng lieng cd mat vl
ehi phdi d c quan be dao dflc cua ngudi Viet, la mot td chflc dac biet
tao nen tim cao, chieu sau cua nhflng quan he tinh d m ay. Yeu to
thieng lieng thuc su la mot gil tri van boa trong ddi sdng tinh than cua
ngudi Viet.
TrIi qua bao bien cd va thang trim, nude Viet vdi bdn ngan nam
lich sfl da bun due nen mot nen van bol dly gia tri, dam da ban sic
dan tdc. Licb sfl se sang Igc va thai loai nhflng gi cIn bd, nhung nhflng
gi edn lai den hdm nay lam thInh mot ming ddi sdng tinh thin cua
ngudi Viet, tbinh ldi sdng vl flng xfl van bol cua hg, deu dugc mgi
ngudi d m nhan trong gin ket d i dep va d i thieng lieng. Vdi su gin
ket ly, ngudi Viet da tao nen nhung danh lam thing d n h , nhflng cdng
trinh kien true dinh chfla, den mieu va bao ve nd trudng tdn. Su gin
ket ly la cdi ngudn d m xflc cua mdi chung ta khi den ben lang BIc,
dflng dudi II cd dd sao vlng hay nghe giai dieu qud'c ca.
Tim bieu yeu td thieng lieng trong van bol cua ngudi Viet giflp
chung ta clt nghIa vi sao tu tudng yeu nude lai II mot gil tri can
ban, gia tri cao nhlt trong bang gil tri tinh thin cua dan tdc Viet

Nam. Gil tri ay nhu mot td chit ddc dao him chfla trong toln bd
kho tang van bol dan gian, tao nen ngudn sfla nudi dudng nbflng
nhan d e b , di truyen mot ldi sdng mang dam bin sic dan tdc. Yeu
td thieng lieng trong van boa cua ngudi Viet la mot gil tri tinh than
tao nen tam cao cua chu ngbia nhan dao, tinh elm yeu nude thiet
tha va Idng thuong ngudi nhu the thuong than. Dd la mot yeu td tao
nen ban sic dan tdc, vi vay ma bit cfl mot yeu to van hoi ngoai sinb
nao khi tiep xflc vl hdi nhap vio van bol Viet Nam cung deu cd
mdt dd kbflc xa ddc dIo.

326


Tai lieu tham khac
1. Nguydn Tai Thu (Cbfl bien), Lich su tu tudng Viet Nam, Nxb.
KHXH, Ha Ndi 1993.
2. Trin Nggc Them, Tim vi bdn sac vdn hod Viet Nam, Nxb. TP
Hd Chi Minh, 1997.
3. Phan Nggc, Vdn hod Viet Nam vd edeh tie'p can mdi, Nxb.
VHTT, Ha Ndi 1994.
4. TrIn Van Giau, Suphdt trien tu tudng d Viet Nam td thi'ky XIX
din Cdeh mgng thdng Tdm, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Ndi, Tap I, 1973,
tap n , 1975.
5. Hd Lien, Ddi dieu vi cdi thiing vd vdn hod, Nxb. VHDT, 2002.

327