Một số phương pháp dạy và học môn giao tiếp văn hóa cho sinh viên tiếng anh chính quy năm thứ 4

M O T SO PHaONG PHAP DAY VA HOC
M(!)N GIAO TIEP GIAO VAN HOA
CHO SINH VIEN TIENG ANH CHINH QUY N A M THQ 4
D 6 MAI THANH, VAN THANH BINH
To Van hgc- Van Minh- Giao thoa van hod
Trudng DHNN Hd Ngi
Ldi gldi thieu
Trong nhdng nam gdn day, nliu edu hgc ngogi ngd ndi ehung vd
giao tii'p vdi ngudi nude ngodi bang tii'ng Anh ndi riing dang ngdy
edng gia tang. Rd't nhiiu ngudi nude ngodi, qua bdo chi, Internet,
email, tii'p xdc true tii'p... ed phdn ndn rang ky ndng diin dgt vd nghe
hieu eua ngudi Viet Nam khdng din ndi ndo, nhung ed mot sd ngudi
Viet (tuy con sdehua phdi tuang ddi qud Idn) lam hg that vgng vd gdy
nhiiu ed sde van hod. Nhiiu hgc viin tii'ng Anh ngUdi Viet edng cho
rang hinh nhu gida hg vd ngUdi ban ngd tii'ng Anh ed mot rdo chdn,
ngdn khdng cho hg hieu nhau rd rang han,vd vi vdy ede cude ndi
chuyin thudng hay chd'm ddt mot edeh te nhgt, hung hd, ddi khi xen
Idn su buc tde. Trong nhdng trudng hgp trin, ngdng tri giao tii'p Id
diiu khd trdnh khdi.
Nhdm ddp dng nhu edu ngdy edng nhiiu ngUdi hgc ngogi ngd vd
bat kip vdi sU phdt trien cua vice gidng dgy tii'ng Anh trin thi' gidi,
mdn Giao tie'p giao van hoi, dde biet gida vdn hod Viet vd cdc nude
ndi tii'ng Anh, dd duge gidi thieu trong ehuang trinh ddo tgo sinh viin
chinh quy tii'ng Anh chuyin ngdnh suphgm vd phiin dieh.
Tuy nhiin, bin cgnh nhdng mdn hgc tdn tgi Idu vd ed "truyen
thdng" nhu Van hgc, ly thuye't tie'ng, Gilo hgc pblp v..v.., ddy Id bd
mdn mdi duge dua vdo gidng dgy vd nhdng nghiin edu chuyin sdu ve
giao tii'p giao vdn hod Viet - Anh - My ehua thue su ed nhiiu. Vi vdy
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nhung ngudi tham gia dgy mdn Giao thoa van boa dd rat ed gang di
dua vd chgn Ige nhihig kie'n thdc can thii't, ca ban vdo gidi thieu cho
sinh viin. Cdng vdi sU nd luc vd miit mdi nghiin edu cua PGS.TS
Nguyin Quang, ngUdi dd ddt nen mdng cho ly thuye't nghiin edu giao
tii'p giao vdn hod Viet vd cdc nude ndi tii'ng Anh tgi trudng DHNNDHQGHN, cdc gido viin dd vd dang tim nhung phuang plidp gidng
dgy mdi, phu hgp vdi diiu kiin cua sinh viin Viet Nam.
Trong khudn khd bdi vii't nay, cdc tde gid mong mudn ddng gdp
mot phdn nhd bi nhdm gidp tgo sU da dgng trong vice dgy vd hgc mdn
Giao thoa van hoi vd ddng thdi, ndng cao sU nlidn thdc cua ngUdi hgc
ve nhdng tuang ddng vd khdc biet gida vdn hod Viet Nam vd mot sd
nude ndi tii'ng Anh (dde biet la ba nude Anh, Uc, My).
Phat trien
1. Tai sao lai nen dua mdn Giao tie'p Giao van hoa vao ehuang
trinh hgc?

Nhieu sinh vien Viet Nam khi giao tiep vdi ngudi nude ngoai
thudng gap phai nhttng tinh hud'ng "trd treu" hoac "phin elm", vi du
nhu: Co mot caLu sinh vien Viet Nam gap mot du khaeb My d Van
Mie'u. Sau vai cau chao bdi, gidi thieu llm quen, cau sinh vien bay to
y mudn duge thuc hanh d c ky nang nghe ndi tie'ng Anh. Du khach
My vui ve ddng y. Cau sinh vien Viet Nam ngay lap tflc md man blng
d c cau bdi "phdng van" blng tieng Anh:
"How many people are there in your family?" (Gia dinb ba ed bao
nhieu ngudi?)
"What do you do?" (Ba lam nghe gi?)
"How old are you?" (Ba bao nhieu tudi?)
"Are you married?" (Ba da lap gia dinb ehua?)
"Why aren't you married? I think that you should get married
soon. You look old enough to get married and have children." (Sao ba
khdng lap gia dinb di? Trdng ba da de'n tudi phai lap gia dinb va cd

con rdi.)
v.v va v.v
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Sau vli cau bdi diu, du khich My d m tha'y bat tien va ebi am fl.
Vin ehua thdi, cau sinh vien ay vln tdi tap bdi va hlo bfle cbd cau tra
ldi. The' nhung ba du khIch ngudi My dflng Idn va d o tfl. Gdn cau
sinh vien ban khoan: hay tai do vdn tie'ng Anh cua minh qui kem, de'n
ndi ngudi My kia khdng hieu.
Thue ra vdn tieng Anh cua cau khdng de'n ndi te nhu cau nghl. De'
giao tie'p, ngdn ngfl mdi chi II d u ndi quan trgng. Nhung hieu biet ve
van boa se lam cho viee giao tie'p trd nen de dang ban. Neu cau sinh
vien ngudi Viet khdng dat nhflng cau bdi ma ddi vdi ngudi My qua
rieng tu va tgc mach, chic chin cudc ndi chuyen gifla hai ben se trd
nen edi md, than mat ban vi d hai deu sin Idng mudn tao quan he.
Trong mot cudc khio sit tien hInh vdi sinh vien nam thfl nhat
K32, khoa NN va VH Anb-My, 20% sinh vien vln sfl dung nhflng cau
bdi nhu:
"Hi! What are you doing in the town?"(Xin chao! Ban dang lam gi
trong thi tran vay?)
"Hi! Where are you doing?" (Xin chao! Ban dang lam gi vay?)
"Hi! How are you? What are you doing here?" (Chao! Ban dang
lam gi d day vay?)
de chao bdi ddi tugng giao tiep la ngudi Anh, My.
Nhflng ldi nhu vay se it gap ban d nhflng sinh vien nam cudi do hg
trong qui trinh hgc da duge tham din van hoi cua ngdn ngfl dich.Tuy
nhien, khi duge hgc mdn Giao thoa vdn hod hg mdi cd y thflc mot
d e b cd be thdng nhflng tuang ddng vl khie biet gifla van hoi Viet va
d c nude ndi tieng Anh.

'e

2. Vai trd cua giao vien va sinh vien trong viee hgc va day mdn
Giao thoa van hoa
De' nang cao nban thflc cua sinh vien nam cudi trong su khae biet
vl tuang ddng cua van hoi ngudn va van hoi dieh, vai trd cua ngudi
gilo vien rat quan trgng. Tuy nhien, chflng ta khdng the phu nban vai
trd cua ngudi hgc. Ne'u ngudi hgc khdng ed y thflc, khdng cd su say
me bay ldi cud'n, hg se tim thay nhflng tie't hgc te nhat. Hoac xay ra
tinh trang, gilo vien giang, hgc sinh ngdi dudi Idp \tu ca: "Bie't rdi,
khd llm, ndi mai. Ba d i vd van ve van hoi, ai ma chang bie't". Hoac
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giao vien dua ra ly thuyet qui cao sieu ve nghien cflu van bol ngdn
ngfl cua d c hgc gia, din den tinh trang sinh vien ngdi nghe nhu vit
nghe sam, khdng hieu thay dang ndi gi. Them vao dd, tinh trangludi
dge sich, tim tai lieu tham khIo, ngai giao tie'p vdi ngudi nude ngoai...
eung cd the lam sinh vien mat din di hflng thu vdi mdn hgc.
De phat buy tdt vai trd eua ngudi thiy, ehung tdi nban thay giao
vien chi nen la nhflng ngudi hudng din, ggi y van de, cdn sinh vien
mdi thue su la ngudi phai di sau tim hieu. Vi cd dge saeh, tim tai lieu,
giao tie'p true tiep vdi ngudi bin ngfl mdi lam nly sinh nhflng van de
thue te' ma ngudi hgc khdng nghl tdi. Chinh tfl nhflng bai hgc thue tien
nay, ngudi hgc mdi tha'y sau, mdi thay tham nhuan va cin tbiet cho
cdng viee eua hg sau nay.
Ngudi gilo vien cIn dua thue tien vao trong tflng bai gilng blng
d e b chie'u d e trich doan phim, cho sinh vien dge nhflng cau chuyen
suu tap tfl sIch, bao, Internet... cd lien quan den su khic biet ve van
hoa, yen cau sinh vien ke lai nhflng van de hg gap phai trong thue tidn

khi giao tie'p vdi ngudi nude ngoai. Ldp hgc se eung nhau pban tich
nguyen nban cua su viee, ggi y gili pblp can lam de tranh nhflng cu
sd'c van boa.
Muc dieh chinh eua mdn hgc II nbim giup ngudi hgc cd kie'n thflc
nen ve ta'm phdng van boa eua ngdn ngfl dieh, tfl dd rut ra bai hgc
trinh nhflng hieu lam khdng ding cd trong giao tiep gifla van boa Viet
va d c nude ndi tieng Anh. Ngoli ra, bd mdn eon giup dung kie'n thflc
van bol de' giai tbicb bien tugng ngdn ngfl, vi ngdn ngfl pbin anh van
boa. Ngudi hgc ngoai ngfl thudng cd xu hudng Ip dat van hoi cua
ngdn ngfl ngudn len ngdn ngfl dieh.
Mot Ian nfla, ehung tdi xin nban manh tim quan trgng cua ngudi
hgc va ngudi day. Ca bai deu la nhung yeu to chinh trong viee truyen
dat va tie'p thu nhttng kien thflc van hoa va ngdn ngfl.
3. Mot sd phuang phap giang day giao thoa van hoa cho sinh
vien tieng Anh nam thu"4
a. Phuang phdp thdo lugn md (open discussion)
Day la phuong phap ggi md, nhlm khuyen khich sinh vien bay to
quan diem va suy luan cua minh ddi vdi d c va'n de van boa. Giao vien

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cd the dua ra tinh hudng hoac cau bdi, td chflc cho sinh vien thio luan
theo nhdm. CIc nhdm se ke ban ghe' theo hinh trdn hoac hinh chfl
nhat, ngdi ddi dien nhau. Mot ldp hgc ngoai ngfl cd the ehia thanh 4
hoac 5 nhdm. Sau budi thIo luan, gilo vien se tdng hgp y kie'n va el
ldp se eung thao luan mot Ian nfla.
Tinh hud'ng vi du:
Dudi day la mot cau chuyen. Sinh vien duge yeu d u dge va dua ra
quan diem eua minh, ddng y bay khdng ddi vdi hinh ddng cua d c

nban vat.
Ddng sdng ca sau (Alligator river)
Nlidn vat:
Rosemary: Nban vat chinh
Geoffrey: Chdng ehua cudi cua Rosemary
Sinbad: Chfl thuyen
Fredrick: Ngudi quen cua Rosemary.
Dennis: Ngudi ban thfl hai cua Rosemary.
Rosemary II mot cd gai khoing 21 tudi. Cd da dinb bdn vdi mot
thanh nien tre ten II Geoffrey. Gifla cd va vi bdn phu cd mot trd ngai.
Dd chinh la mot ddng sdng. Khdng pbli ddng sdng binb thudng maf la
mot con sdng rdng, nude sau, chly xiet dly el sau.
Rosemary ban khoan khdng bie't lam d e b nao de vugt sdng. Cd
nhd de'n Sinbad, ngudi duy nhat cd con thuyen vugt sdng. Khi ed de'n
gap anh ta, nhd dua giup sang sdng, anh ta dap "Duge, tdi se cbd giup
ed sang sdng vdi dieu kien cd pbli d vdi tdi mot tuin". Bi sd'c trude ldi
de ngbi dd, cd quay sang mot ngudi quen khIc, Fredrick, va ke mgi
chuyen. Fredrick dip, "Oi, Rosemary, anh hieu van de eua em, nhung
dd la van de cua chinh em, chfl khdng pbli cua anh". Rosemary danh
quay lai chd Sinbad, va d vdi anh ta mot tuan. Sau dd Sinbad da dua cd
sang sdng.
Geoffrey da ndng nan don tiep cd. Nhung trude hdm cudi cd thly
minh can pbli ke cho Geoffrey mgi chuyen. Geoffrey ndi: "Anh se chi
cudi em khi tren the gian nay chi cdn minh em duy nhat".
Cudi eung, Rosemary quay sang Dennis, ban cd. Dennis ling
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nghe cau chuyen va ndi." 6i, Rosemary, Anh khdng yeu em... nhung
anh se cudi em". Va dd la ket thue cua cau chuyen.

Hogt ddng thdo lugn:
Sap xi'p theo tlid tu td 1 din 5 cdc nlidn vat md bgn cho Id ddng y
nhat vd phdn ddi nhd't. Gidi thieh.
Phuang pblp nay cd uu diem phit buy su tich cue va ehu ddng eua
sinh vien, khuyen khich sinh vien sfl dung ldi tu duy phe phIn (critical
thinking) va biy td quan die'm. Ngudi hgc eung cd the' luyen them ky
nang thue hinh tieng ndi va thuyet trinh.
Tuy nhien, ne'u sinh vien ludi suy nghl, bay rut re va ngai ndi,
nhflng boat ddng tren se rlt te nhat. Vi vay, gilo vien can di kblo sit
tflng nhdm, ddng vien nhflng ngudi nbut nhit va ddi khi cdn khuyen
khich blng thudng diem.
Ngoai ra, vi la gid thIo luan, ldp hgc se rat sdi ndi vl Im I. Neu quin
ly khdng tdt, gilo vien se khdng dieu khien duge boat ddng cua ldp.
b. Phuang phdp tit phdn anh (reflection method)
Phuong pblp nay cd the dung trong d boat ddng ndi va viet. Gilo
vien se yeu cau sinh vien chuan bi mot cau chuyen hoac tinh hud'ng
gay sd'c hoac ngflng tre giao tiep trong mot sd llnb vuc cu the, cd the'
cua chinh minh hoac nghe ke lai. Dung kien thflc giao thoa van hoa da
hgc duge, sinh vien rut kinh nghiem va neu quan diem d nban cua
minh. Bai phIn Inb nay cd the' d hinh thflc thuyet trinh (presentation)
hoac viet tu luan (essay).
Vi du:
Write a 2-page paper reflecting on what you have learnt from the
course of Cross-cultural Communication. Please tell a story in which
culture shock occurs (stories can be collected from different sources.
Yet, we highly appreciate stories based on your own experience),
explain what leads to misunderstanding/miscommunication and
suggest solution(s) to the situation. What can you learn from the
story? Can you connect it with any aspect of your life (e.g.
relationships, study, job, family, travel, etc)? How can cultural

differences be utilized as important resources rather than barriers for
successful intercultural communication encounters?
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Phuang pblp nay khuyen khich ngudi hgc tim hieu, ngbidn cuii va
lap luan, sfl dung hieu qua chinh nhflng kinh nghiem cua minh,ddng
thdi ren luyen ky nang viet va thuyet trinh.
Ddi khi cd nhflng sinh vien ludi suy nghl, mugn bai eua ldp khIc
hoac cua kbol trude de' chep lai. Tinh trang nay cd the' ngan chan duge
neu d c gilo vien cd su trao ddi ve mat chuyen mdn va giang day
thudng xuyen ban.
c. Phuang phdp mieu td true tiip (live description)
Gilo vien cd the suu tap d c bang, dia hinh, video, tranh, anh ...
lam gilo cu true quan. Sinh vien se duge xem nhflng hinh Inb cu the'
tren phim, dIa... sau dd thao luan trude ldp hoac ehia nhdm nhd. Gilo
vien nen ggi y sinh vien tbio luan nhung diem tuang ddng va kbic
biet trong d c hanh vi van boa, ma cd the da va se din de'n sd'c van
bol.
Ngoli ra, chflng ta cd the khuyen khich sinh vien dung thanh
nhflng vd kich, tu hg ddng vai. CI ldp se eung xem va eung nhdm sinh
vien dd pban tich, rut ra bai hgc.
Phuong pblp nay cd uu diem giup sinh vien de nhd, dd tiep thu vi
chinh tu hg duge tan mit chflng kie'n. Ngoai ra, nd kich tbicb khdng
khi hgc tap sdi ndi trong ldp, thflc day su hieu biet lln nhau gifla d c
sinh vien hon. Ddng thdi, nhieu sinh vien cd co bdi bdc Id nang khieu
cua minh ban.
Nhugc diem eua phuong pblp nay ddi khi eung lam cho gilo vien
khd thue bien tren ldp lien tuc duge. Vi ngudi gilo vien se ton rat
nhieu thdi gian suu tap, chgn Igc d c trich doan phim hay video. Cdng

viee nay ddi bdi pbli cd d c tbiet bi hd trg ky thuat cao. Ngudi gilo
vien pbli bie't su dung miy tinh, nhat la ehuang trinh power point. Rlt
may, bien nay trudng DHNN-DHQGHN da trang bi mot sd phdng hgc
tie'ng cdng nghe cao. Gilo vien cd the Ip dung phuong pblp nay ra't
don giln, khdng nhieu phien ha va thu tuc.
d. Phuang phdp khdo sat true tiep (survey questionnaires)
Gilo vien se tbiet ke' cau hdi khao sit ve mot van de van hoa cu
the, sau dd giao cho tflng nhdm, mdi nhdm se di gap nhflng ngudi Anh
bin ngfl bien dang sinh sdng tai Viet Nam, phdng van va khao sit.
Hoac tham chi sinh vien ed the dflng mang Internet khao sit true tie'p
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vdi ban be la ngudi ban ngfl cua hg. Ddi khi, giao vidn cd the chi giao
ehu de, cdn cau bdi khao sat, sinh vien cd the tu thie't ke.
Sau khi tien hanh kblo sat xong, sinh •ien se thu thap cau tra ldi,
pban tich va viet bio d o . Dieu can tbiet nhat la hg rut ra duge gi tfl
sau nhflng lln khao sat dd.
Phuong nay cd uu diem lam cho sinh vien nang ddng, tao mdi
trudng giao tie'p cu the vdi ngudi nude ngoai va lam thay ddi khdng
khi hgc tap trong ldp.
Ddi khi cd nhflng sinh vien rut re, phuong phap nay lam hg tha'y
"khd sd" vi khdng dam ndi chuyen hoac khdng the "kiem dau ra ngudi
nude ngoli de ndi chuyen" - nhu mot sd sinh vien tflng pban nan. Va'n
de d cbd hg khdng nang ddng. Chflng ta deu biet sd ngudi sfl dung
tie'ng Anh nhu la ngdn ngfl thfl nhat tren the' gidi la rlt nhieu. Sinh vien
cd the dung Internet de hd trg. Chi phi cho mot gid dung mang bien
nay khdng phai la qui dit ddi vdi hg.
Dudi day la mot vi du cu the:
ATTITUDES TO TIME AND SPACE

Interview four or five native speakers to find out their answers to
the following questions. When you do the survey, note down the
individual speakers' answers.
1. When you are invited to someone's house for dinner, bow
much earlier or later than the scheduled time do you try to arrive?
2. How long does a dinner party usually last?
3. If you were planning a surprise birthday party for a close
friend, bow many days or weeks in advance would you invite the
guests?
4. If you were a guest at a party or at a social ocassion in
someone's home, bow would you indicate to your host that it was time
for you to leave?
5. if you had an appointment to meet a friend a 12:00 and arrived
at 12:45, how would you expect your friend to react?
Ket luan
Tren day chi la mot vai phuong^ phap ehung tdi dua ra nhlm giup
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ngudi dge bie't them mot sd phuong phap giang day mdn Giao thoa
van bol. Nhflng phuong phap nay dang duge chflng tdi Ip dung trong
thdi gian gin day va cd dem lai mot sd ke't qua kha quan.
Tuy nhien, chflng tdi vln biet ring, d c phuong phap nay ehua
pbli la tdi uu eung nhu cdn nhieu nhugc diem.
Chung tdi mong nban duge nhflng y kien kien ddng gdp quy blu
cua ban dge giup cho ehuang trinh day va hgc mdn Giao tiep giao van
bol Viet Nam va d c nude ndi tieng Anh duge boan thien hon, ha'p
din hon trong tuong lai.

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