Bước đầu tìm hiểu về tín ngưỡng mẫu đạo mẫu ở việt nam

DAI HOC QIJOC (;IA IIA NOI
riU)()N(J OAI HOC KIIOA ll()( XA IIOI VA NIIAN VAN

BUOC DAU TIM HIEU VE
TIN NGUONG M A U "DAO M A U " 0 VIET NAM

DE TAl KIIOA HOC

Ma so: QX. 2002. 11

Cliu tri de tai: Triroiig Hjii Cirang
Can bo plioi hop nghicii cirii: - GV Liioiig (Jia n i i l i
- (»V iigiiyen lluii 'Hiii

HOC Oi

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pr/cc5.^Y

Ila Noi, (luiiig 3/ 2005


MUC LIJC

Trani^

Mof dau

2

Chuang 1: Tin ngirong Mi\ii trong he thong tin nguong ciia
ngirai Viet Nam

^^

1.1, Khai niem tin ngirang va long quan v^ Ifn ngirang Viet Nam

6

1.1.1. Mot vcYi khia cgnli ciui khdi niem tin ngudng, tin ngudng

6

Mdu
1.1.2. rdng quan ve tin ngUdng Viet Nam

9

1.2. Tfn nguong MSu a Viet Nam

16

1.2.1. Su khu biet cua liien tuang tin ngUdng Mdu

\ (>

1.2.2. Si/ ra ddi tin ngUdng Mdu vd van de "Dao Mdu"

20

Chuang 2: Tin nguang Man a Viet Nam hicn nay - mot so van

29

de ly luan va thirc tien
2.1. Sir ton tai cua tfn nguang Mau a Viet Nam hicn nay va nhung

29

bidu hiCn vd mal sinh boat cua no
2.1.1. Si( ton tai cua tin ngUdng Mdu d Viet Nam hicn nay

29

2.1.2. Mot so bieu hien ve mat sinh hoat cua tin n^Kdui* Mdu

34

2.2. MAl so gia tri va han chc cua ifn ngirang MAu

37

2.2.1. Old tri cua tin ngUdng Mdu

37

2.2.2. Ihin checua tin ngUdng Mdu

41

Ket luan

46

Phu I lie

4X

Tai lieu tham khao chinh

65


MO DAU
1. Tin ngu9ng MSu v6i eac ten ggi khac nhu: Tin nguang tha Nil
Ihiln, tin ngu9ng thcr Me, dao MAu, ton giao MAu, v.v, da dugc nhieu hgc
gia trong wh ngoai nuac quan tAm nghi6n citu tir rA't s6m vdi goc d6 va sir
ehuyen sAu khac nhau, song cho den nay chua c6 nhung cong trinh dua ra
m6t cai nhin mang tinh tdng the \6 Ijch sir, v6 cA'u true ciia hien tugng tfn
nguang MAu cung nhu nhung khia canh triet hgc ciia no. Tuy nhien, dual
goc do van hoa, da c6 rA't nhieu bai viet ve vA'n de nay. Nhijng bai viet nay
chu y6'u de cAp den than Ihoai va truyen thuyet ve MAu, dac biet la MAu
Li6u Hanh, ngoai ra c6 dt cAp den mot vai khia canh khac nhu Am nhac, Id
hoi, 16 nghi, v.v, trong sinh hoat tin nguang MAu. Nhung cung phai ihA'y
rAng, dAng sau nhirng huyen thoai va 16 nghi ay la cai gi? Tfn nguang MAu
xuA'l phat lix tin nguang (ban dja) hay iit van hoa (biin dja)? Vi sao tfn
nguang MAu con t6n tai, phat trien cho den tan ngay nay? v.v, dAy vAn la
nhiJng cAu hoi cSn phai tiep tuc kien giai. Gfin dAy, mot so cong ti"inh
nghien cuu ciia cae hgc gia nuac ngoai cho thay c6 su tra lai vai tfn nguang
ban dja [32], trong do c6 tin nguang MAu vai nhung goc nhln va sir danh

gia khdc nhau, lam cho tinh hinh nghiSn ciJu cang tra nen phuc tap. Vf du
CO hgc gia khAng dinh sir ton tai thirc ciia linh hon (y thirc, tinh IhAn) cua
nhiJng vat v6 tri nhu dat da [32]; Co hgc gia khi ly giai nhfmg van de cua
moi tru5ng hien nay da gan cho nhiJng gi xung quanh chiing la nhung gia
tri mang tinh xa hoi, tinh linh thieng, v.v. Trong khi do, mot so nha nghien
cuu vA hdnli dao (tfn nguang) da va dang c6 xu hu6ng de cao tfn nguang
MAu, thAm chi eoi no la mot dao hay mot ton gido da dAn tai sir danh gia,
frng xir khac nhau doi vdi loai hinh tfn nguang nay. O buih dien thuc lifin
cung cho thay c6 sir phirc tap cua sinh hoat tfn nguang MAu, ngoai sir dan
xen, pha tap vao cae I6n gido va hoat dAng mS tfn, nhung sinh hoai tfn


nguang MAu vdri tfnh d6c hip tuang doi ciia no da va dang dat ra nhung van
de c^n tiep tuc li giai ve mat vAn hoa, triet hgc, ton giao, dao due, v.v.
Viee nghien ciJu tfn nguang MAu mang tfnh long the duai goc do
tric't hgc va ton giao hgc va dat no trong dai song xa hoi va nen van hoa ciia
dAn toe Viet Nam nhAm ly giai v6 hien tugng tfn nguang MAu la cong vice
vira CO tfnh cap thiet vira eo tfnh lAu dai. De tai nay moi chi dimg lai a viec
Budc ddu tim hieu chu chua va khong c6 mong muon da kep lai van de, do
vay no cAn phai dugc tiep tuc d muc ehuyen sAu han, a nhung khfa canh cu
the han.

2. O Viet Nam trong mA'y thap ky lai dAy khong nhung ton giao c6
sir gia tAng, ma ca cae loai hinh sinh hoat tfn nguang cung gia tAng pluic
tap, diCu nay lam cho biJc tranh v6 tfn nguang, ton giao a Vict Nam Ira nen
da dang vai nhidu sAc thai, vai cae chieu tac dgng khac nhau. Sir gia tAng
nay dugc bieu hien trong viec xAy sira den, mieu, dien, phii, v.v, didn ra a
nhieu nai, tham ehi c6 nguai da bien nha a ciia minh thanh dien tha MAu,
tha Thanh; Dugc the hien trong cae euge hanh hucrng v6 nal ihicng ciia tfn
nguang MAu; Dugc the hien a viec tra lai nhfrng nghi \t mot each bai ban

va quy mo; v.v. Van kien Hoi nghi lAn thu Bay Ban Chap hanh Trung uo'ng
Dang Cong San Viet Nam Khoa IX khang dinh: ''Gifr gin va phat buy
truydn thong th5 cung id tien, ton vinh va nha an nguai c6 cong vai To
quoc, dAn tgc va nhAn dAn; ton trgng truyen thong ciia dong bao cae dAn toe
va dong bao c6 dao, thong qua do tang euang sir d6ng ihuan giiia nhUng
nguai CO tfn nguang, ion giao va nhfrng nguai khong tfn ngufyng, ion giao ;
gifra nhfrng nguai c6 cae Ifn nguang. Ion giao khac nhau; dong thai lao co"
sa de dAu tranh chong nhung la dao, nhfrng hoat dgng mc ifn di doan, Un
dung ton giao lam hai den Igi fch ciia To quoc, dan Igc va nhau dan." 122,
52 - 531. Vice llm hieu tfn nguang noi chung, llm hieu I in ngudng Mau noi
ricng de chi ra dugc ca sa Iriei hgc ciia no; ihay du'gc gia li i vC van hoa, dao


due, truyen lh6'ng cung nhu nhung han che ciia chung la dicu kien can ihiei
nhAm phai buy nhOng yeu to tich cue ciia tfn nguang irong giai doan hien
nay. Bai vi lam dugc difiu nay se giiip cho nguai c6 ifn nguang nhan ihuc
diing ban vd tin nguang ciia mlnh va ban che dugc nhiJng sinh hoat c6 tfnh
mc Ifn hu tuc, nguai khong c6 tfn nguang cung c6 duac cai nhln khach
quan han vi tfn nguang.

3. Tfn nguang ciia nguofi Vict Nam la mot he thong phong phu, da
dang, phuc lap, Ifn nguang MAu la mot loai hinh c6 the dugc eoi la tieu bieu
ciia he thong A'y, song sir ton tai dan xen gifra tfn nguang vai tfn nguang
cung nhu gifra Ifn nguang vai ton giao lam cho vice lic'i^ can tfn nguang
MAu la khong dt dang. Didu nay dAn l6i can phai c6 su lira chon nhfrng
phuang phap tiep can phii hgp nhAm ban che sir nhan thirc sai lech ve loai
hinh nay. Chiing toi cho rAng ngoai phuang phap luan chung ciia vice tiep
can Ifn nguang ton giao, cAn phai sir dung mgl so phuang phap khac nhu
phuang phap lieh sir, phuang phap so sanh, loai suy, phuang phap thong ke,
phAn tfch, v.v, cung nhu vi6c sir dung l6ng hgp eac phuirng phap do, hay

cung CO the ggi la phuang phap nghien cuu lien nganh (hay cii the hon la
phuang phap nghien cuu xa hoi lien nganh). Duai goc do ton giao hgc,
chiing toi cho rAng viec tiep can tfn nguang MAu tii nhu cfiu tfn nguang ion
giao la bet siic quan trgng. Bai vi tfn nguang ton giao la do con nguai tao ra
va nhung con nguai ay da cam thay can phai c6 nhu cau tfn nguang ion
giao. Duang nhien khi nhu cau nay dugc dap irng cung la khi con nguai da
dai dugc Igi fch nao do. Trong boi canh hien nay, nhu cAu tfn nguang, ion
giao dang c6 sir gia tAng ca ve so lugng va quy mo. Cung can luu y rAng,
nhu cau tfn nguang, ton giao c6 su ton tai dan xen vai cae nhu cau khac, do
vAy mgl khi nhu cAu ngoai tfn nguang, ton giao khong dugc dap ung hoac
gia tAng no c6 the kco theo sir giai lAng ciia nhu cfiu tfn nguang, ton giao.


4- Tfn nguang MAu hay noi r6ng ra la lin nguang Nfr thAn ciia Viel
Nam CO su hidn dien b nhieu cong dong tgc ngu5i khac nhau trong he thong
cae tgc nguori b Viet Nam trong Ijch sir cung nhu hien nay, do dicu kien
khach quan va chii quan, lac gia ciia de tai m6i chi dtrng lai a vice nghien
cuu tfn nguang ciia nguai Viet, qua do - trong kha nang - c6 sir ma rgng a
mure do nhal dinh doi vai tfn nguong MAu a mgl so tgc khac.

5. Ket cau ciia de lai, ngoai lai ma dau va kel luan, pluin noi dung
dugc irinh bay trong 2 chuang, 4 tiet.


Chums

1: TIN NGl/ONG MAU TRONG HE THONG TIN

NGirONG CUA NGU^dl VIET NAM

1.1. Khai niem tin ngirang va tdng quan ve fin ngirong Viet Nam
/././. Mot vdi khia canh cua khdi niem tin ngUdng, tin ngud'ng Mdu
- Tfn nguang la khai niem chii yeu dugc dung trong ITnh vuc ton giao.
O mgl so quoc gia khong c6 sir phAn biet Ifn nguang vai ion giao, nghia la
noi tfn nguang cung la noi ton giao va nguge lai. O Viet Nam va mot so
nuac thugc khu vuc chAu A doi khi tfn nguang cung dugc hieu nhu vay; Vf
du, a Viet Nam chAng ban, khi noi quyen tu do tfn nguang cung chfnh la
hay chf ft la bao ham ca quyen liJ do ton giao, eac vAn ban ciia Dang va Nha
nuac la khi noi ve ton giao cung dugc hieu theo each nay. Tuy nhien v6 mat
ngu ngliTa ciia tieng Viet va hien thuc sinh boat tfn nguang, ton giao lai cho
thay CO the va cAn phai phAn biet gifra tfn nguong va ton giao.
Tfn nguang (belief, fairth, fi fli) can dugc xem xcl duai goc do y
ihirc (danh tir) va goc do cau triic, hoat dgng (dgng tii).
Vdfi tu each la y thuc thl gifra ton giao va tfn nguong that kho c6 the
phan dinh. Bai vl, tin nguang vai nghia den ciia no la tin tuang va nguang
mg, nguang vgng; Tfn nguang a goc do tfn nguang ion giao do la sir tin
tuang va nguang mg vao mot lire lugng sieu nhien. Nhu vay c6 the noi rAng
ca a ton giao (nhu: Phat giao. Kilo giao, v.v,) va tin nguang (nhu: tha ciing
TO Tien, tha Than, v.v,) ddu c6 niem tin nay. Nhu vay, ddc trirng chung ciia
tfn nguang, ion giao (hay ton giao theo nghia rgng) xcl a blnh dien y thuc
do la niem tin vao cai sicu nhien than thanh, hay ihco Tylor thl "niem lin
vao sir ton tai ciia than ihanh" la dinh nghTa toi Ihieu, la diem bAl dau ciia
mgi ton giao. Vai each phAn tfch trcn thl dinh ngliTa ciia Ph. Angghcii v6
ion giao vAn dugc trfch dAn trong eac an pham a Viet Nam phai dugc eoi la
dinh nghia rgng (theo nghia no bao ham tat ca cae loai hinh ciia tin nguang,


ton giao), la dinh nghia duai goc do cua nhan thuc luan duy vai. Ph.
Angghen cho rAng: "Nhung Utt ca mgi ton giao chAng qua chi la sir phan
iinh hu ao - vao dfiu 6c ciia con nguai - ciia nhfrng lire lugng a ben ngoiu chi

phoi euge song hang ngay eiia hg; ehi la su phan anh trong do nhfrng lire
lugng a tran ihS'da mang hinh thiJe nhiJng lire lugng sieu tiiin the" [5, 437].
DAy la djnh nghia rgng vi no khAng dinh cai sieu nhien thiin thanh \h san
phiiim ciia con ngu5i trong qua trinh nhAn thiic hu ao (dao hoa) ve the giai
ben ngoai, ma cai sieu nhien than thanh ay c6 trong tat ca eac loai blnh tfn
ngudng, ton giao. Can liru y rAng khong giong eac nha v6 than trirofc dAy,
C.Mac cung nhu Ph. Angghen khong phii nhan cai sieu nhien than thanh
v6i tu each la y thuc, la niem tin, cae Ong cho rang cai sieu nhien ihAn
thanh la san pham tat yeu ciia nhan Ihu'c ciia con nguai vai dac trung va
phuang Ihfre xac dinh. Cai sien nhien nay ton tai trong dAu 6c ciia con
ngu5i; Khong giong v6i cae nha IhAn hgc, cae Ong khong ihi^ra nhan sir ton
lai thuc ciia cai sieu nhien va cang khong ihixd nhan sir sang tao ciia cai sieu
nhien doi vai the giai va con nguai. Nhung vai lu each la y tluic, la niem
lin, eac Ong ihira nhan vai tro cua y thuc ton giao doi vai dai song xa hoi
ciia eon nguai. Nhu vay thl tfn nguang va ton giao la dong nhal ve mat y
thuc, nien tin. O khfa canh nay thl ton trgng tu do tfn nguang ton giao dugc
hieu la ton trgng niem tin ciia nguai c6 tfn nguang, ton giao. Tuy tfn
nguang va ton giao c6 sir dong nhat vi mat y thuc, nxim tin, song khong
phai vl the ma chiing khong c6 sir khac biet a mire do nhal dinh, ma cu the
la a cau true ciia niem lin. Trong ton giao, nxim lin ton giao gAn vai nhfrng
giao ly, tfn dieu, vdi he tu lirdng Ion giao cung nhu than hgc ciia no; Con
trong tfn ngudng, niem lin thudng thl chua c6 va chua bi sir chi phdi bdi
giao ly, tfn dieu va cang chua c6 than hgc. Niem lin ciia tfn ngudng hi chi
phoi Ixri truydn thong, phong tuc tap quan. Noi nhu vay c6 nghia la ton giao
CO su phat trien ban so vdi tfn ngudng, song d dAy chiing la lai khong the ket
luan rdng ton gido cao ho'n tin ngu'dng, Bdi vl moi mgl loai hinh niiy ngoai


phfin dong nhal con c6 su khac biet, nhat la d vi the, vai lid ciia no trong ddi
song xa hoi. Chung loi se Ird lai vAii de nay d mgl did khac irong di lai.

Ton giao (religion, /j< |i(. HI) va Ifn ngudng d blnh dien sinh iioat, cau
true CO su khac biet. Neu eoi ton giao la lieu he thong kien triic thugng
tring, nghia la ton giao bao gom: Y thuc (dac biet la he lu tirdng), su ihd
cung (he thong quy djnh Ihd cung) va to chue hay giao hoi; Till d tfn
ngudng chua hoac chua c6 dAy dii cae bg phan Iren. Ton giao va lin ngudng
deu la hi6n tugng xa hdi song cAi hi6n tugng idn giao cd sir gAn ket de thanh
thicl che mang nhirng ten ggi khac nhau nhu: Giao hoi, I Igi dong. Ban tri
sir. Hoi thanh, v.v; Con tin ngudng no gAn vdi nhfmg cong ddng ngirdi gAn
chat vdi phong tuc, tap quan va vAn hoa. Dieu nay se dAn idi nhfrng lac
dgng ve mat xa hoi khac nhau giua ton giao va tfn ngudng. Ton giao dugc
eoi la: "he Ihdng nhfrng tfn ngudng va nhfrng thuc hanh lien quan vdi cae sir
vAl linh thieng, lire la eac sir vat tach ricng ra, bi cam doan, do la nhfrng tfn
ngudng va thuc hanh thong nhat tat ca nhfrng ai lin theo thanh mgl cgng
dong tinh thAn ggi la giao hoi" [62, 157]; May cu the lion la: "Tdn giao la he
thong cae quan niem tfn ngudng sung bai mgl hay nhidii vi than linh nao do
va nhung hinh thuc. Id nghi Ihuc hifin sir sung bai A'y." |9, 59|. Con d tfn
ngudng thl su sung bai va Id nghi bieu hien sir siing bai ay chua phai la mgl
he thong. Khi khang dinh ton giao la he thong eac quan niem tfn ngudng
siing bai mot hay nhieu vi than linh nao do, sir khAng dinh nay da khAc phuc
dugc sir bat cap trong mgl so quan niem trude dAy khi nhan manh den dac
Inrng nhat than ciia ton giao trong sir tuang c|iian vdi tfn ngirdng va mc tfn.
Qua sir phAn tfch tren cd the thay rAng: Gifra tdn giao va tfn ngudng
CO sir khac biet vd cau triic ciia he thong quan niem va Id nghi ihd cung, vd
to chuc. Tuy nhien xet vd ban chat giiJa chung khong cd sir khac biet, bdi vl
no deu la nidm tin hu ao gAn vdi quan niem vd cai sicu nhien than thanh,
hay: "Tat ca mgi tfn ngudng quen thugc xua nay, hoac do'n gian, hoac phuc
tap, ddu mang mgl tfnh each chung. No chia cae sir vat hicn llurc hay do dc

8

con nguori tudng tugng thanh hai thur loai tuang phan, thudng dugc chi dinh
bAng hai tir rieng bi6t c6 th^ tarn dich la "pham tiic" va "linh thanh". Tach
biet ihc gidi lam hai khu vuc, mdt gom nhiJng gi la "linh thanh" (sacre),
mot g6m nhung gi la "pham tuc" (prafane), do la dac tfnh ciia tu tudng ton
giao vAy" [30, 13]. Luu y rAng b Viet Nam chiing la ngudi Viet thudng
diing tir thd (chfr Ndm: T ^ ) de chi ve boat dgng thd cung ciia ngudi theo
tfn ngudng, tdn giao nhu: Thd Phat, thd Chiia, thd MAu, thd eiing To lien,
v.v. Song tir thd con diing chi hanh vi dao diJc ddi vdi mgl ddi tugng hien
thuc, cu the nao do nhu: Thd thSy, thd eha me, thd to su, v.v, d khfa canh
nay chu thd diing de chi hanh vi dao diJc, vAn hoa chir khdng phai de chi
quan he, hanh vi tin ngudng, tdn giao. Nhu vay ngiJ nghia ciia chiJ thd chi
cd the giiip chung la tham khao khi ly giai ve tin ngudng, ton giao chu
khdng the thay the cho thuAl ngu tin ngudng hay tdn giao dugc.
- Tfn ngudng MAu la mgl loai blnh trong he thong tfn ngudng ciia
ngudi Viet, no ed dac trung chung nhu eac loai blnh tfn ngudng khac, song
sir khac biet la no tdn siing NiJ Ih^n ma cae vi Nfr ihSn nay lai gAn vdi sir
sinh sdi nay nd cho nen dugc ggi la cae Me, cae MAu (/O^). Nhu vay cd the
khu biet tin ngudng MAu do la mot loai hinh trong tin ngudng thd NiJ IhSn
thugc he thong tin ngudng Viet Nam. Trd lai van de cd tfnh chat cAn ban
ban cd the ihAy rAng, tfn ngudng MAu lai khdng the tach rdi khdi tfn
ngudng phon thirc (thd sinh thuc khi, vdi mong mudn sir sinh sdi nay nd),
tuy nhien d dAy vai trd ciia gid'ng cai da dugc dd cao ban.
1.1.2. Tdng c/uan ve tin ngudng Viet Nam
6 Viet Nam hidn nay, tin ngudng la mgl bg phAn trong he ihdng tfn
ngudng, tdn giao Viet Nam. Neu xem xet ton giao theo nghia rgng, thl d
Viet Nam hien nay cd eac loai hinh eiia tdn giao theo nghia rgng nhu sau:
* Tdn giao (theo nghia hep, vdi hai tieu chi ca ban de xac dinh: La
mdt tieu he Ihdng kien true thugng tiing; Cd giao ly, giao Id, giao luAl, cd to

chuc hay giao hdi) g6m eac Idn giao: Phai giao, Cong giao, I loi giao, Tin
Lanh giao, Cao Dai giao, Hoa Hao giao.
* Tfn ngudng (chua cd du cae yd'u id cau thanh mgi ion giao; g^n bo
dial che vdi Imydn ihdng, phong lue lAp quan, van hoa) bao gom nhieu loai
hfnh khac nhau, cd mal d nhidu c()ng d6ng ngudi d nhidu viing mien.
* M6 tin (I& Idn giao theo nghia rdng, song nd kh^ng ihay d6i kip so
vdi sir phat trien ciia van hoa, no c6 (he la d'\ doan, la hii tuc) bao gom nhidu
loai hinh, tdn lai dAc lAp hoiie dan xen vdi ifn ngudng, tdn giao.
* I/ien ti((mg tdn giao mdi la ton giao theo nghia rdng, song no
thudng la hvtn tugng phan van hoa, phan dao due. Hifin nay d Vifii Nam c6
hang tram hien lugng Idn giao mdi.
Didu can luu y la sir phan loai ton giao (iheo nghia rgng) la van dd
cue ky phuc tap, irong mgl sd tiirdng hgp su phan loai nay cung chi c6 tfnh
lU(mg ddi, do vay can cd cai nhin lich sd cu lhe\ can xem xet den sU lac
dong ve mat xd hoi (tfch cue hay tiCu circ) ciia cae loai hinh tren dd c6 ihd
xep loai, danh gia va ung xir phii hgp.
Tfn ngudng Viet Nam la mgl he ihdng tfn ngudng phuc lap, m()l vai
bieu hien ciia su phuc lap ay la: Ngudi Viet cd rat nhidu tfn ngudng; Cae Ifn
ngudng nay lai ed su dan xen, pha lap lAn nhau; Co sir dan xen pha tap vdi
lAn giao ca ton giao ndi sinh va ngoai nhap; Cho den nay eac tfn ngudng da
CO sir bien doi kha phong phii. De tiep can eac ifn ngudng nay can c6 sir
phan loai nhAm, mot mat la c6 cai nhln tdng ihe vd tfn ngudng, mal khdc la
c6 Ihd khu biet d muc dd nhA't djnh mAi tfn nguftng va chi ra mftt sd loai
hinh tfn ngudng tieu bieu. Cung can phai luu y rAng phan loai tfn ngudng d
dAy chfnh la phan loai cdc vi than md ngUdi Viet ton thd. Dudi day chiing
Idi xin neu mdi vai each phan loai cu the nhu sau:
ihu nhdl: Phan loai theo lang bae khOng gian. C3 sir phan loai nay
chung la thay rAng ngudi Viet ion thd eac vi than theo eac tang bac nhu sau:

0


- Cae vj thSn cai quan b tren trdi nhu: Than May, than Mua, thAn
SA'm, th^n Chdp (hay VAn, Vu, Loi, Dien trong he ihdng Tur phap chAng
ban) va thdn Trdi. Theo tAm thufc eiia tin ngudng nay thl mAy, mua, sA'm,
ehdp cung thudc ve trdi, do vAy da dAn tdi su de cao Ong Trdi. O dAy cd
di^u kha thu vj lA trong Tur phap thSn MAy, Mua, Sam, Chdp la Bd chilr
khdng phai la Ong, vdi bidu hien ciia nd la thd Ba DAu, Ba Dau, Ba Dan va
^^

^

Ba Tudng. Cae Ba nay lai dem dAt trong su tuang quan vdi Ong Trdi. Cdn
Ong Trdi tuy dugc dd cao vdi bieu hien la liie khdn quAn thl ngirdi la keu
Trdi, cau Trdi, song dAy Trdi khdng (chua) phai la vi tbSn tdi cao, luyet ddi
nhu quan ni6m ciia ngudi Trung Hoa. Bi^u hi6n eiia didu nay la khi keu, eSu
Trdi khdng dugc Ihi ngudi ta trdch Trdi, odn Trdi, chid Trdi, eoi Trdi bang
viing, IhAm chi la bdn Trdi khdng van tid, Quan niem vd trdi cua ngudi Viet
dugc the hien d nhidu gdc nhln khac nhau vdi nhiJng bieu hien ciia nd nhu:
Ong trdi vAt ly (trdi cao, trdi rdng, v.v.), ong trdi nhAn each (trdi buon, trdi
lam, Irdi cho, v.v.) va ong trdi sieu viet (dong nhat Trdi vdi Tlian vdi PhAl,
Trdi tao dung, ve chau Trdi, v.v.) [30, 371 - 413]. Dudi gdc dd ciia tfn
ngudng chung ta quan tAm den dng Trdi sieu viet, song cai sieu viet nay lai
khdng hoan loan gid'ng vdi Trdi ciia ngudi Trung Hoa vdi nhiJng bieu hien
cua nd nhu: Menh Trdi, Trdi giup, Trdi hai, mAc tdi vdi Trdi ibi khdng cdn
cilu khA'n mgl vi than nao de gd tdi dugc, v.v. Nhu vay cd the thay rAng
ngudi Viet mac dii cd su dd cao dng Trdi song trong lAm IhiJc tfn ngudng
cua hg cae vi thdn cd quan he true tiep vdi hg nhu may, mua, sam chdp, dat,
nude, niii, sdng, cAy cd, eon ngudi vAn la mdi bAn lAm ddi vdi hg. Ngoai Idc

Vict, nhidu tgc it ngudi khac b khu vuc mien niii phfa BAc, TAy Nguyen,
Nam Trudng San eiia Viet Nam cung cd quan niem vd trdi va sir thd trdi.
Theo khAo sat bude d^u cua chiing tdi thl ddi vdi hg Trdi (Yang, Giang,
v.v.) cung chua phai la vi th^n tdi cao luyet ddi.
- Cae vi th^n a tren mat dat bao gdm than tu nhien nhu: TliAn CAy,
thtin Dat, thAn Nude, th.1n Niii, v.v. va than ngirdi nhu: To Tien (xet tir khfa

11


canh tfn nguang tdn giao), Thanh Hoang lang, Ngudi cd cong vdi cgng
ildng, vdi quoc gia, v.v. Do dac diem ciia viing dja ban cu iru va phucrng
thirc sinh sdng ma d mdi vung lai cd sir dd cao mgl vi than nao dd irong eac
than neu tren.
- Cae vj ihSn cai quan d cdi Am thudng la cae ac than. Mdi quan ngai
vd mat lAm linh ciia ngudi Viet trong liic sdng thl sg ac than lam hai, khi
chel thl sg khdng dugc vd vdi To Tien ma bj day xudng cdi am phii, na\ eac
ac ihiin cai quan.
Till? hai: PhAn loai theo kha nAng va phAm chat. Phan theo pham chat
gdm ed Thien than va Ac than, Trong Ihien IhAn (phAn loai theo kha nAng)
lai bao gom cae vj: Thugng dAng than, Trung dAng than va Ha dAng ihan.
Didu citn luu y d dAy la Nha nude Phong kien Viet Nam la chii thd trong
vice phong cae vj than tren, va nhu vay quan he ngifdi quyct dinh kha nang
va pham chat ciia thrin. Ngoai each phAn loai thien thAn, ac than, Irong Ijch
sir Viet Nam cdn cd su phAn loai khac nhu: Chfnh than, la ihan; Chfnh thAn,
dAm than; Chfnh thAn, lap thfin; v.v. Nhirng sir phAn loai nay dudi nhan
quan ciia Nha nude Phong kicii cho nen cd su khac biet vdi nhan cjiian ciia
quAn chiing nhAn dAn. Mgl trong nhung bieu hicn dd thay ciia van di nay la,
Nha nude Phong kien da eoi cae vi than nhu Than GAp phan. Than An may,
Tlian Ke trdm, v.v; Coi eac Id nghi tfn ngudng lien quan deii ifn ngudng

phdn ihuc la la than, dAm than. Song ddi vdi ngudi dAn ihl nhfrng vj thfin
tren lien quan den euge sdng hang ngay ciia hg, hg cd the cfiu xin Irg giiip
ciia eac vi IhAn nay dugc, bdi vay, ddi vdi hg cae vi nay la Than, la Thanh
chu khdng phai la ta hay dAm than. Cae tfn ngudng nay dugc quan niem la
tfn ngudng dAn gian, loai tin ngudng nay "cung gAn vdi nhidu huydn hoac
nhu tdng giao phd qual. Nhirng neu Ifn ngudng dan gian thudng la viin vat,
Ic le va khdng viran len dugc thanh mot he y thuc vdi the gidi (juan va nhAn
sinh quan hoan chinh nhu tdng giao pho qual Ihl cae tfn ngudng dan gian lai
gAn chAI chc vdi mgi yen can ciia mudn mat ddi ihudng" [35, 9

12


Tin? ha: PhAn loai iheo pham vi lac dgng ddi vdi eac vj than tren mat
dat, sir phAn loai nay bao gdm cae vj than sau:
- Cae vj than lac dgng ddi vdi mgl hay mgl sd ngudi cung loai, dd la
Than Bdn menh. ThSn Ban menh ciia ai ngudi nay thd va chi c6 sir tac dgng
ddi vdi ngudi thugc ban menh ay. Trong Ijch sir va hien nay, vice Ihd vj
IhAn nay Ihudng dugc thay d mgl sd chj em phu nu* dugc coi la //////// cao so
ndng cho nen phai ddi bat hucfng d ddn, d phii de thd Than ban menh. 6
mdt sd tgc ft ngudi thugc khu vuc TAy nguycn ngay nay vAn cdn dau hieu
ciia viec thd ban menh [20, 122 va 32, 229]. Neu md rgng pham vi ciia ban
menh thanh ban menh ciia cgng ddng thl To Tien la ban menh ciia gia dinh,
ciia ddng hg nhu quan niem vd dgng mo dgng ma, ve bat huong thd ciing,
v.v; Thanh Hoang lang la ban menh ciia cgng ddng lang bdi vl vj than nay
Uic ddng Irong pham vi ciia mdt lang xac djnh:
Toet mAt la tai hudng dinh
Ca lang toet mAt chu mlnh em dAu.
Va Tir bA't tir la ban menh ciia ca quoc gia, chfnh vl vAy ma Nha nude
Phong kien xua la chii te ciia mot sd nghi Id nhu thd ciing Vua I liing. Due

Thanh TrAn, MAu Lidu de cfiu mong cho sir hung thinh ciia dat nude. Ddi
vdi cae ton giao, d nhirng muc do khac nhau eac tfn dd, cae nhdm, cae cgng
ddng tdn giao cung ed than ban menh trong chfnh tdn giao ciia hg.
- Cae vj thitn lac ddng trong pham vi mgl gia dinh nhu: To Tien, Tho
cong.
To Tien dugc coi la nhfmg ngudi da mat thugc vd huyet tgc ciia mlnh,
thudng thl duac ihd ciing nam ddi (ddi vdi ngirdi Viet - Kinh), sau do dugc
quy vd thd ciing d ddng hg. Viec thd ciing To Tien dugc bieu hien thong
qua ma chay, Ihdng qua ngay gid, ngay let, thong qua cong vice trgng dai
ciia gia dinh hay mdt thanh vien trong gia dinh. O khfa canh tfn ngudng tdn
giao, thd Cling To Tien la cAu mong linh hon ciia nhfrng ngirdi da khuai phu
hg, Irg giiip cho nhiJng ngudi dang sdng. Sir thd ciing nay gAn vdi cjuan

13


niem ve md ma. Su linh thieng, lanh diJ Irong pham vi gia dinh thudng duac
cho la thugc vd md ma (phat ma hoac ddng ma). Va nhu vay ngirdi Vict rai
coi trgng md ma, vdi quan niem "Sdng vi md vl ma dAu phai vl ca mieiig
cam" va cAu chiru doe dja nhat ddi vdi mdt gia dinh la "Dao ma bd may
len". Ngay nay van dd md ma vAn dang cdn la mgl Irong nhirng van de phiic
lap ciia tfn ngudng thd ciing To Tien. Cung vdi Ihd ciing To l i e n la thd
Cling ddng hg, ddng hg dugc xac dinh dim tren quan he tdng tgc ve phfa
nam gidi. Viec Ihd eiing ddng hg dugc thuc hicn d nha ihd hg idc trong
ngay gid T6 ( T 6 hg), vi6c thd eiing nay cho den nay vAn dugc duy tri, phuc
hoi, Iham chf la dang cd su phat trien d nhidu noi. Cho den gAn dAy, viec
thd Cling nay ed ca sir tham gia ciia niJ gidi, su tham gia nay da khang djnh
vai trd ciia niJ gidi trong quan he ddng hg. Quan he ddng hg gAn vdi quan
he ciia ca hg vdi ngdi md To, md To thudng dugc xAy, dap to va cao, ngdn
ngiJ dAn da thudng vf "To nhu ma To", "Gifr nhu gfri ma l6". Ma To cfing

dugc coi la nai linh theng ciia ca mgl ddng hg va rat dugc coi trgng, do vay
cAu chiru ddc dja ddi vdi ca mot hg la: "Dao ma To len".
Thd cong cung la vj than ciia mdi gia dinh, nghia la iho cong nha nao
thl nha nay thd, cd thd nham thd cong nha khac thl cung chAng dugc Igi Idc
gl. Tlieo nghia den ciia thuAl ngiJ tho edng (thAn trdng coi dAt), song viec
thd tho edng eiia ngudi Viel khdng chi lien quan deii dai dai ma con lien
quan den hanh vi ciia gia dinh tren dat dai ay.
- Cae vj thiin tac ddng trong pham vi lang, xa nhu: Thanh Hoang
lang, Than Linh, Tlio Dja (d dAy chiing tdi dac biet luu y idi Thanh Hoang
lang).
Thdnli Hodng Idng (phAn biet vdi Tlianh Hoang thdnh ciia Trung
Hoa): Thanh Hoang lang dii cd xual xir, co dja vi xa hoi khac nhau, du cd
that hay la huydn thoai song ddu dugc coi la vi thAn chung ciia cgng ddng
lang, cd kha nAng bao v6 cho lang. Thanh Hoang lang cdn dugc ggi la
Tlianh ciia lang:

14


Chudng lang nao lang ay danh,
Thanh lang nao lang Ay thd.
Thd Cling Thanh Hoang lang didn ra vao cae djp nhu ngay gid Thanh
HoAng lang, ngay didn ra eac edng viec trgng dai ciia lang hay ciia mgl
thanh vicn trong lang. O cae Idc il ngudi, hinh thuc tfn ngudng tuong ung
vdi thd Cling Thanh Hoang la thd Than Budn, Than Ban, Ma ngoai, v.v. Ddi
vdi ngirdi Viet, Thanh Hoang lang dugc thd d ngdi dinh (fv)> ehfr dinh a
dAy cd the dugc hieu la ddng, hay nai diJng lai ciia cgng dong trong cjua
trinh md mang, khai khan dat dai. Do chd, Thanh Hoang lang la vj ibfin
chung, vi IhAn Idn nhA't cua lAng cho n6n ngdi dinh lAng cung dugc coi la
nai linh thieng, va la edng trinh Idn nhal eiia lang. Trong ngdn ngu dAn da,

sir so sanh Idn be, thl cai Idn nhat dugc gAn vdi ngdi dinh (to nhu col dinh,
rdng nhu sAn dinh, nhidu nhu ngdi dinh "Dinh bao nhieu ngoi ihuiyng mlnh
bay nhieu", va tdi cung la tdi Ifiy dinh, v.v).
- Cae vj than tac ddng trong ca quoc gia nhu: Hung Vu(mg (xel tir
khfa canh tfn ngudng ton giao), Tu Bat tir, v.v. Thd ciing Vua lliing cd the
dugc coi la su md rdng eiia Ihd ciing To Tien, do vay 1 lung Vuong dugc coi
la To Tien chung ciia quoc gia. Tu Bat tir cung dugc coi la tfn ngudng mang
tfnh quoc gia, song cd rat nhidu diem khac biet so vdi thd ciing To Tien
(chiing tdi se trd lai van di nay d mdt chd khac trong dd tai).
Ngoai ba lieu chf ciia sir phan loai tren, cdn cd nhiing lieu chf khac
nhu phan loai theo gidi tfnh, theo chuc nghiep, v.v, nhirng tfn ngudng ciia
ngudi Viel la he Ihdng phu'c tap bdi vay nhUng sir phAn loai nay cung chua
Ihc bao qiiat hei dugc eac vi than ma ngudi Vict ton thd.
Vay d dAy, tfn ngudng MAu nAm d dAu trong he thong phan loai tren?
Chiing tdi cho rAng, neu hieu tin ngudng MAu Iheo nghia rgng, thl ifn
ngudng nay cd d nhidu loai hinh ciia sir phan loai tren. Vf du: Trong cae vi
than cai quan cdi trdi cd ba MAy, ba Mua, ba Sam, ba Chdp, v.v; Trong cae
vj than cai quan a tren mat dat cd me Niii lirng, me Sdng, mc Dat, v.v; Ddi

15


vdi than lac ddng Irong pham vi gia dinh do chfnh la vice thd nhfrng ngirdi
da mat thugc gidi nil; Ddi vdi ih^n tac dgng Irong lang xa do la vice thd nfr
Thanh Hoang d mdt vai lang xa trong lieh sir va hien nay; Ddi vdi qudc gia
do la thd MAu Lidu. Nhu vay ed the thay viec thd NiJ than ndi chung va ihd
MAu ndi ricng khdng phai chi la mgl hicn tugng dan le ma nd cd mat d
nhidu loai tin ngudng khac nhau. Va nhu vay cd the thay Dao Mdu hay Ifn
ngudng MAu la sir khai qual, su chAl Igc tir tin ngudng thd Nu than.

1.2. Tin ngirdng MAu b Viet Nam
1.2.1. Sit khu biet cua hien tit(fng tin ngudng Mdu
Ljch sir phat trien ciia tdn giao (theo nghia rgng) cho thay ifn ngirdng
thd Nfr than xual hien tir rat sdm trong ddi sdng xa hdi. Ngay lir ihdi ky ciia
xa hdi Cgng san Nguyen thuy d giai doan MAu he ngudi ta da thay dau hieu
ciia tuc thd Nfr IhAn. Chung la luu y rAng tdn giao ra ddi iir ihdi ky ciia xa
hdi thj Idc, giai doan MAu he; Giai doan lich sir nay phu nfr gifr vai trd la
ngudi to chirc, quan ly xa hdi, hay liieo ngdn ngu chfnh tri hgc ihl hg la ke
lanh dao. Cung d Ihdi ky nay trong trgl va hai lugm la phucyiig thuc lao
ngudn thiic an thudng xuyen cho ca thj tgc, nhfrng boat dgng nay lai gAn
chat quan he con ngirdi vdi tu nhien, ma thudng xuyen va iruc tiep la ngudi
phu nfr (ngudi dan dng chii yeu boat ddng trong linh vuc san bAn, va hg
khdng dem lai ngudn ihiJc An ed tfnh thudng xuyen, on djnh cho ihi igc).
Vdi dac trirng ciia hoat dgng ay da tao ra cho hg (trirdc bet la ngudi phu nfr)
mgl nidm lin, mgl khat vgng d sir sinh sdi nay nd ciia san vat tu nhien de
phuc VII cho con ngirdi, ma sir sinh sdi ay duc/ng nhien la giong cdi. Nhung
nhfmg cam nhAn ciia con ngudi ihdi ky nay cho thay rAng khdng cd giong
du'c thl cung khdng the cd sir sinh sdi, mac du giong cai la chii the ciia sir
sinh sdi ay. Tir nhiJng cam nhan nay, vdi nhfrng mong mudn khat vgng vi^ra
mang tfnh Iran lue vira mang tfnh sicu nhien da hinh thanh ifn ngudng Phdn
thuc (tuc thd sinh thuc khf). Vd mat Id gfc, thl day la blnh thuc lin ngudng


eiia lAi ca cae cgng ddng, cae tgc ngirdi d mdt giai doan nhai dinh ircMig lien
trinh phat trien. Sir phat trien cua tdn giao tir so khai den hicn dai cho ihay
rAng ed nhiJng hinh thiJe tdn giao bi thay the bdi blnh thire tdn giao mdi
ban, phu hgp han vdi ddi hdi ciia ddi sdng Iran tuc va tAm linh. Nhimg sir
mat di ay khdng phai la sir phii djnh sach Iran, khdng phai la khdng de la
dau vel ciia nd trong ddi sdng con ngudi, ma nd cd the dugc tdn giao sau dd
tiep thu, ke thiJa, Igc bd; Co the trd thanh triiydn thong, tap tuc cdn ton tai

dcii lAn ngay nay. Theo C.Mac thl khdng the giai Ihfch eac tap tuc nay bAng
quan he xa hdi hien tai dugc vl nd co ljch sir tir rat xa xua. Vd dai the ihl d
phuang TAy nhung blnh thiJe ton giao sa khai hien nay khong cdn ton lai,
nd da dugc thay the bAng ton giao hien dai. Cdn d phuang Ddng va mdt sd
Idc ngirdi d chAu Phi, d Nam My, v.v, nhfrng blnh thuc nay hien cdn idn lai
vdi nhfrng bieu hien khac nhau. O khfa canh nay, ly Ihuyei licii hoa ciia tdn
giao dang vap phai nhfrng van di khd khAn ca d blnh dien ly luan va thuc
lidn, dd la cd sir cao, thcip ciia tdn giao hay khdng? DAy la mdt van dd tjua
Idn so vdi khuAn kho ciia di lai nay. Song theo cluing loi thl khong the
khdng khAng dinh rAng ton giao cd sir phai tridn vdi nhfrng hinh Ihuc bet
siJc phong phii da dang va phiJc tap, ma tfn ngudng MAu la mdt trong nhfrng
blnh thuc ay.
Vay lien trinh ciia tdn giao di theo hudng nao? Theo sir phAn tfch ciia
chiing tdi ihl vd dai the cd the blnh dung lien trinh nhu sau:
— > Tdn giao hien dai
Tdn giao nguyen thuy

> Me tfn di doan (hay Mc Ifn hii tuc)
> Tfn ngirdng

Qua luge dd nay, chiing ta IhAy rAng tdn giao, me tfn. tfn ngudng
diu CO lieh sir phat trien ndi tai tir tdn giao nguyen thuy, mdi mdt loai hinh
tren cd mdt sd dac trimg sau:

0A\ HOC Q\ l ' ^ - > ' -

r

I il[-Ml_^^
17

+ Tdn giao la hinh thuc ed xu hudng dAn tdi nhat than; Cd giao ly,
giao Id, giao luAt va t6 chure. Dae biet d blnh dien y ihuc tdn giao da cd he
thong than hgc.
4- Me tfn (dj doan hay hu tuc), la dat trong sir tuang quan so sanh vdi
tdn giao va tfn ngudng, nd khdng cd sir thay d6'\ hoac khdng ihay doi kjp so
vdi sir phat trien xa hdi, do vay nd cd tinh chinh ddng ve mat lich sd. Xet ve
sir phat trien, nd la nhung manh vd ciia tdn giao nguyen thuy. Nhan ihuc
nay la bet sure quan trgng trong viec ung xir vdi me tfn khi cae edng ddng cd
sir phat trien khdng ddng ddu vd kinh le xa hdi, nhan lluic va cd dac trung
rieng ve vAn hda.
+ Tfn ngirdng la blnh thirc cd lir tdn giao nguyen thuy, nd cd sir bien
ddi cho phu hgp vdi sir phat trien ciia Ijch sir song chua dii eac yeu to cau
thanh mdt tdn giao. Tin ngudng gAn chat vdi phong tuc, lap quan, van hda.
Tfn ngirdng ndi chung va tfn ngudng thd MAu ndi rieng dugc xem xel theo
sir phAn tfch nay. Tuy nhien vd mat ly luan cung nhu thuc lidn, sir phAn djnh
giCra tdn giao, tfn ngudng, me tfn la khdng dd, nhat la d binh dien sinh boat
ciia cae loai blnh dd.
6 Viel Nam viec Ihd NiJ than, thd Mfiu khdng chi cd d nhung tfn
ngudng nhu da dugc khu biet sa luge d tren. Chiing la thay rAng trong cae
tdn giao d Viet Nam cung ed su Ihd eiing Me, MAu, Nfr than, nhu: Tlid
Quan The Am Bd Tat (Phat giao), thd Due Me Maria (Cong giao). Trong
tfn ngirdng dAn da cdn cd viec thd Ba Cd ddi vdi nhfrng phu nfr khdng co
chong con, hoac phu nir chct ire. Vay su khac bicl ciia tfn ngudng Mfiu vdi
nhirng hinh thuc thd ciing Nfr than neu tren la d diem nao?
Chung tdi cho rAng diem khac biet trwdc hei dd la thd MAu la thd
nhiJng phu nd (Ni? than) dd sinh con, hay MAu la chu the cua sir sinh nd.
Chu MAu C^^J) gAn vdi chirc vj sinh de, chAm sdc, nudi day con cai ciia ,i,'/V)//^i;
cdi. Hay nhfrng cai dugc eoi la chii the ciia sir sinh nd thl dugc ggi la Me

hay MAu. Chiing tdi cho rAng thuAl ngfr Mc (hay Mj, Me) xuai hicn trudc

18


thuAt ngu MAu, chB MAu ed ngudn ngde Trung Hoa. Chu Me de chi vd Mc
Dat, Me CAy, v.v, phii hgp ban so vdi chiJ MAu.
Thd hai tin ngudng MAu ma chiing ta dang ban d dAy la tfn ngirdng
MAu ban dja, MAu Viet Nam, do vay can khu biet vdi viec thd cae vj nfr
than trong eac ton giao d Viet Nam. Chung la thA'y rAng, mac dii cd sir
tuang lac dan xen giira thd Nu tbSn eiia ngudi Viet vdi thfin trong cae tdn
giao du nhap vao Viet Nam, song neu cae vj Nu" than trong cae tdn giao cd
xiiA't xu gAn vdi kinh sach ciia cae ton giao ay (Phat Ba Quan Am, Due Me
Maria) thl Nir than, MAu ciia ngudi Viet chii yeu gAn vdi huydn thoai,
truydn thuyet song lai rA't gi1n gui vdi eon ngirdi. Cae vj MAu (hay Me, Ba)
dugc nhidu ngudi biet den nhu MAu Lidu, Ba Denh, Ba Chiia Xu va ca Ba
Pd Inu Nuga, MAu Tliicn Ya Na. Qua huydn thoai, truydn thuyet chiing ta
thay cae Ba, cae Me cd que quan, cd lai lich, cd hanh lung cu the va bieu
hicn dam net ciii dac trung cua con ngirdi ndi chung va con ngirdi Viet
Nam, phu nd Viet Nam ndi rieng. Hay ed the ndi rAng MAu ciia Vict Nam
la ket tinh ciia truydn thong vAn hda Viet Nam - truydn thong dd cao ngirdi
me - theo each ciia tin ngudng Viet Nam.
Thd ba ed the va can phai khu biet tfn ngirdng Mfiu Vict Nam vdi tfn
ngudng MAu ciia Trung Hoa va vdi Dao giao. Tai lieu ndi vd viec thd nu'
ihrin ciia ngudi Trung Hoa thudng nhAc den Tien NiJ, den TAy Vuang MAu.
Cae vj nay ihudng d tren Ihirgng gidi, each rat xa euge sdng irAn lue hang
ngay ciia con ngirdi, do vay cd sir each biet rat Idn gifra cae vj ay vdi con
ngirdi. Cdn cae MAu Viet Nam lai rat gAn gui vdi con ngirdi ma cd the ndi
Mc xu sd la mdt bieu hien, sir gAn gui nay dugc the hien d ca nhirng boat
ddng thugc ddi sdng sinh, lAm ly (lA'y chong, sinh con, nudi day con cai,

dan bdn, qua trach, v.v) va boat ddng xa hdi (trong cay, va may, budn ban,
v.v). Mgl van dd vAn cdn ed nhidu y kien khac nhau do la cjuan he giufa Tlid
MAu (dao MAu) va dao Phu thuy. Khi nghien cuu mot sd loai hinh ciia sinh
hoat tfn ngudng MAu, ngudi la Ihay cd bieu hien ciia sir gidiig nhau gifra tfn

19


ngudng MAu vdi dao Phii thuy. Su gid'ng nhau nay the hien rd nhal d vice,
len ddng, hdu ddng. Trong hfiu ddng ed sir nhap ddng, len ddng, phan bao,
chua bcnh, v.v, nhiJng hanh vi nay cd d dao Pbii thuy, tham chf nd dugc coi
la boat ddng quan trgng nhat ciia dao Phii thuy. Nhung lir sir gid'ng nhau
nay khdng the suy luAn rAng dao MAu ra ddi tren ca sd ciia dao Phii thuy
hay ban thAn nd la dao phu thuy, bdi vl lich sir ra ddi dac^ Phii thuy va dao
MAu la khac nhau, mat khac, ngay d hanh vi nhap ddng, len ddng d dao Phii
thuy va dao MAu cung khdng hoan loan gid'ng nhau. Chiing tdi se cd gAng
lam rd ban sir khac biet nay d nhiJng phfin sau.
J .2.2. Sir ra ddi tin ngirdng Mdu vd van de "Dao Mdu"
' Su ra ddi tfn ngudng MAu:
Viet Nam la qudc gia cd sir blnh Ihanh va phat Iricn sdm, nhfrng tai
lieu khiio co hgc gfin dAy chung minh rAng khdng chi tgc Viet d khu vuc
phfa BAC, ma ca cae tgc d khu vuc TAy nguyen, khu vvxc Nam bg da dugc
hinh thanh tir rfil sdm va da dat dugc trinh do phat trien kinh le - vAn hda xa hdi khii cao. Sir phat trien sdm nay cho phep cluing ta khAng djnh rAng
tdn giao hay tfn ngirdng eiia ngudi Viet Nam da xual hicn lir rat xa xua
Irong lich sir blnh thanh va phat trien ciia cae tgc ngudi. Trong eac tfn
ngudng da thfin ihdi ky ay thl tfn ngudng MAu la mgl blnh ihuc xual hien
kha sdm. Vdi mot sd bieu hien cdn lai cho den ngay nay cho phep chiing ta
xac djnh didu nay. Vice di ca(^ vai Ird ciia ngirdi me ft nhieu d Idc Viet va d
nhidu tgc khac, gan cho Dat, Nude, Niii, Sdng, CAy, v.v, thanh cae Me, Me
- Thtin, me ciia sir sinh nd, ciia sir chd che ihuang yeu va bao dung. Hinh

tuang quan he nam niJ tren thap dong d din Hung nhu la mot nghi ihuc linh
thieng; blnh tugng danh trdng ddng bAng chay (ddn Hiing); Id hdi Nd
Nudng (LAm Tliao - Phii Tlig), TAl den (Ha TAy), v.v, vira la bieu hien ciia
tfn ngudng phon thuc vira la bieu hien eiia tfn ngirdng Mau cung la nhfrng
dfiu hieu xac dinh tfn ngirdng Mau.

20


Nhu da irlnh bSy d tren, tfn ngudng Nu thfin nAm trong he ihdng tfn
ngudng phdn thuc, mong mudn eiia ngudi Viet la:
Thdc Ilia d^y nuang,
Lgn ga dfiy chudng,
TrAu bd chat bai.
Day nha vang tieng ire tha.
Mudn ed su dSy dii A'y cSn ed sir sinh sdi, ma mudn cd sir sinh sdi Ay
can ed ca giong due va giong cai, Vdi nhfrng bieu hien vd mat tfn ngirdng
eiia loai blnh phon thuc nay dugc the hien trong cae Id hdi nhu Nd nudng,
TAI den, thd cung Nir Thanh Hoang lang, Cudi vg cho voi, v.v, cho thay
trong ljch sir da ton tai blnh Ihuc tfn ngirdng nay.
VI sao tfn ngudng thd NO" thfin ndi chung va tfn ngirdng MAu ndi
rieng lai tdn tai lAu dai den nhu vay? Didu nay thudng dugc ly giai tir dac
diem ciia cu dAn Viel.
Cu dAn Viet la cu dAn trdng cay liia nude (trong Ijch sir mdt sd tgc ft
ngudi a khu vuc TAy nguyen cung canh tac theo Idi nay), do vay hg coi
trgng chii the cua cdi sinh sdi nay nd, ma chii the A'y la giong cai, va cho
den nay ndng nghiep - ndng thdn - ndng dAn vAn chiem mdt ly le Idn trong
long thu nhap, dia ban cu trii va ly le dAn cu. Chiing ta cung thfiy rAng Nho
giao dugc truydn ba (mang tfnh eudng che') vao Viet Nam kha sdm, song
trong lang xa ndng nghiep nhiJng yeu id truydn ihdng (trong dd cd truydn

thong de cao vai trd ciia phu nir) da dugc duy tri, ciing cd bao luu cho nen
vai trd ciia Nho giao d dAy rA't ban che. Nho giao dd cao vai trd ciia dan dng,
ciia ngirdi con trudng, song d trong mdi mdi gia dinh d cae lang xa vai trd
ciia ngudi phu nir cung khdng hd bj xem nhe. Ngirdi phu nfr vAn la ngudi
giiJ lay hdm chla khda, vAn cd quydn nhat djnh, tham chf la quye'l djnh, cai
cAu: "Lenh dng khdng bAng c6ng ba" trong ddi sdng gia dinh a Viet Nam
hien nay dudng nhu vAn, IhAm chf la "se cdn cd hieu lire". Mac dii gia dinh
phu he dugc xac lap tir kha sdm trong quan he bdn nhan va c|uan be vd ciia

21


cai, nhung nhung sgi dAy ciia MAu he, cua tgc ngoai dudng nhu vAn cdn rat
ben chat.
Tir cam nhAn ve su sinh sdi eiia Me trong lao dgng san xiia'l va trong
tuang quan ddi sdng cgng dong ma d ihdi ky dfiu ciia tfn ngirdng Mau,
ngudi Viet tdn thd rat nhidu Me, dAy ed the dugc ggi la tin ngirdng da Nd
thdn ' da Me. Ngay nay ngudi la vAn cd the thfiy dau tfch nay trong viec
khao ciJu vd cae Me vdi cae danh xung nhu: Me CAy, Me Dfit, Me Nude,
Me Niii Rirng, Me Chim, Me Ca, Me xu sd, v.v. Viec tdn thd cae Me nhu
tren mdt mat la do nhu cfiu phong phii, da dang ciia con ngirdi, mat khac la
do dac trung ciia khu vuc dja ly va phuang thdc sinh sdng ciia mdi mdt
edng ddng ngudi. Trong tien liinh md rgng pham vi sinh sdng keo theo sir
giao hru ciia cae Me da hinh thanh mgl so Me (MAu) chung, ca ban va
mang tfnh dai dien, dAy cung la tien trinh phat trien ciia tfn ngirdng MAu.
Trong lien Irlnh nay, con ngudi da chirng cat (hay chAt Igc, he ihdng hda,
quy vd) tfn ngudng da Nfr than vd mgl sd vj Nfr thfin co ban va ggi la Mc, la
MAu. Bao gom: Mau Ciru Thien Huydn Nfr, Mau Thugng Ngan, MAu Thoai
(lliuy). Ba vj mAu tren dai dien cho ba khu vuc khdng gian dja ly khac
nhau; Trong dd MAu Ciru Tliien Huydn Nu cai quan d vung trdi, MAu

Thugng Ngan cai quan d vung rirng niii, MAu Thoai cai quan d viing sdng
nude. Nhu vay dAy la mdt bude phat trien quan trgng ciia tfn ngirdng MAu,
sir phai trien ve mal quan niem, nidm lin nay kheo theo sir phat trien irong
bai trf va nghi Id thd cung Mau. Nhidu nha nghien ciiii vd tfn ngirdng MAu d
Vict Nam cho rAng Dao Tam phii (Tam loa, Tam phii - ba loa , ba phii trong
Cling mgl khuAn vien de thd: Mau Ciru ThicMi lluycn Nfr, MAu Thugng
Ngan, Mciu Thoai) da xual hien gAn vdi quan niem tren. Vd mat ihdi gian,
hien nay chua xac djnh dugc dao Tam phii xufil hien khi nao, song vd dai
the dao nay da xufil hien trudc khi cd sir ra ddi ciia MAu Lidu Hanh (trudc
the ky XVI). Dugc ggi la Dao hay tdn giao la bdi vl ft nhidu nd da cd eac
yeu id cfiu thanh mot tdn giao, vdi nhirng bieu hien cu the ciia nd la: Nen

22


thd lir, nghi Id thd eiing. Tuy nhien d dAy chiing ta cung can luu y rang Dcuf
Tam phu hay Dao Mdu cd su khac biet ft nhidu vdi eac dao hay cae tdn
giao vAn dugc quan niem nhu hiSn nay.
Vao Ihe ky XVT, ngoai ba vi MAu ca ban Iren, ngudi Viel cdn sang
lao ra mgl vj MAu mdi dd la MAu Lidu Hanh de bo sung vao he ihdng tfn
ngudng MAu cu, sir bd sung nay dudng nhu la da gdp phfin blnh ihanh, hoan
thien dao MAu. Didu nay dugc the hien bdi mdt sd ly do sau:
- Thd nhat: Vai trd eiia MAu Lidu Hanh trong Dao Mau
Chiing ta IhA'y rAng neu ba vj Mau Iren (MAu Ciru Tliicn Huydn Nfr,
MAu Tliugng Ngan, MAu Tlioai) dai dien cho ba khdng gian dia ly va gAn
vdi tu nhien thl Mfui Lidu Hanh dai dien cho con ngirdi, gan vdi ddi sdng
thudng nhat ciia con ngudi. Nhu vay vdi sir xual hien MAu Lidu Hanh d khfa
canh nay la xual hien mdt vj MAu ciia con ngirdi vl con ngirdi, bdi vl: "Chgn
Lidu Hanh lam MAu Trfin gian la sir lira chgn ihdng minh va the lAi nhAn
tinh. Trong huydn thoai, trong ljch sir Vict Nam, cd nhieu vj xung dang d

ngdi tdn, nhirng xcl ra Lidu Hanh dap iing dugc chgn ven hon nidm tfn
ngudng. Ba di khAp hang ciing ngo hem, chia se vdi Iran gian nhfrng phiit
cam thong. Ba la me, la vg, la ngirdi yeu, la chii gia dinh, la trudng cgng
ddng khu vuc. Ba cung am hieu vAn chuang, dao ly, cung danh giac, cung
chua benh cho ngirdi, ca nhfrng bcnh dfiy vd tAm hon va the xac" |37, 731.
Den dAy nfiy sinh vA'n di, them mdt MAu la phai Ihem loa, them phii, nghia
la tir dao Tam phii thanh dao Tu* phii. Dung la trong ngdn ngfr ciia ngudi
theo ifn ngirdng MAu co nhAc den dao Tfr plui, song bieu hicn ciia thd ciing
MAu hien nay (d cae ddn, cae phii) dudng nhu chi thfiy cd tam phii. Ly do
nay cfin dugc giai Ihfch tir huydn thoai ve Mau Lieu Hanh va quan he giira
MAu Lidu Hanh vdi ba vj MAu trcn. Huydn ihoai vd MAu Lidu Hanh cho
rAng MAu Lidu Hanh la con gai thu hai ciia Nggc hoang Thugng dc, mot Ifin
dang ruo'u cho Vua Cha (Nggc Hoang) do danh vd chen ngoc

IICMI

hi day

xiid'iv' Irfin gian. Lidu Hanh xudng Irfin (lAn thu nhai) ciua vice dau thai vao

23


vg dng Le Thai Cong (d Vu Ban Nam Dinh), nhu vay, MAu Lidu Hanh co
xuA'l xu lir cdi trdi, song lai dugc sinh ra d cdi ngudi. C) cdi ngudi, Lidu
Hanh cung nhu mgi ngudi eon gai khac, cung chan tAm, del vai, trdng ran,
cfiy Ilia va cd dugc hgc hanh chiit ft. Lidu Hanh cung lay chong, sinh con,
song con dugc mdt tuoi thl Lidu Hanh bet ban trdi day a cdi Irfin nen Ba da
dugc trd ve trdi. Khdng yen d cdi trdi, Ba xin Nggc Hoang de dugc giang
trfin (Ifin thu hai) de IhAm con, khuycn chong hgc hanh Ihi cir, rdi Ba lai ve

Irdi. Song dudng nhu la ed duySn ng vdi cdi ngudi, nen Ba lai xin Nggc
Hoang de giang IrAn, Ifin nay (lAn thu ba) Ba cdn dua theo Que nuang va
Thj nuang di theo de hfiu ha Ba. Trong lAm thuc ciia ngirdi theo dao MAu thl
Ifin giang Iran nay Ba khdng trd ve cdi irdi ma d lai irfin gian de giup dd
nhfmg ngirdi ngheo khd, trirng irj nhfrng ke gian ac. Vdi luiyen ihoai trcn,
dac biet xuA't phat tir cdi trdi, Ba cd the thay the MAu Ciiu Thien Huydn Nfr.
MAu Ciru Tliien Huydn NU dudng nhu rfil xa each con ngirdi, ngudi la
khdng rd lung tfch va hanh xir eiia Ba, do vay khi ma MAu Lidu Hanh xufil
hien blnh anh ciia Ba ngay cang bj md nhal, cd cliang nd chi cdn la mgl ky
ire. Mat khac con sd ba theo quan niem ciia ngirdi phuang Ddng ndi chung
va Vict Nam ndi rieng la con sd thieng, vice coi ba vi MAu ca ban (MAu
Thugng Ngan, Mau Thoai, MAu Lidu Hanh) la phii hgp vdi quan niem nay.
- Thu' hai: La dao Mdu vl no da co cae yen id cfiu thanh mgl Idn giao
hicn dai, dudi dAy, chiing la xem xet vd cae yeu id nay.
Trirdc hei d y mat thuc hay giao ly: Y thuc ciia tfn ngudng Man fi
nhidu da cd dugc sir bieu hicn thong qua kinh sach ciia nd (neu cd thd ggi
nhu vay), dac biet la cae sach viet vd MAu Lidu Hanh. Qua nhfrng ghi cliep
nay da the hien nhfrng vfin di eiia tfn ngirdng ton giao nhu: Man la ai, MAu
cd vai trd gl doi vdi con ngirdi va con ngirdi cd the nhd cay dugc gl d Mfui.
Dircmg nhien la nhfrng quan ni6n nay khdng cd he ihdng chat die va be the
nhu eac tdn giao khac, song cung chfnh vl vay ma cho deii gfin day bang
each nay hay each khac no vAn dang dugc bo sung, hoan chinh. Dang luu y

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