Du lịch và văn hóa du lịch ở nước ta hiện nay - Trường Đại Học Quốc Tế Hồng Bàng

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<b>VAN HOA N G H F T H U A T TROMC MlWC </b>

<b>DL LICH VA VAN HOA DU LICH </b>

<b>• • </b>

<i><b>6 MS6C TA HIEN NAY </b></i>

<b>NGUYfiN T H I L O N </b>

<b>1. Du Ijch </b>

Du lich cd thi dugc hieu la viec di lai ciia
timg ca nhan hoac timg nhdm ngudi rdi khdi
chd d trong khoang thdi gian ngin, din cac
vting xung quanh dl nghi ngoi, giai trf hay chira
benh. Nhiing hoat dgng di chuyen ciia con
ngudi d trong hay ngoai nude, trir viee di cu trii
chfnh tri, tim viec lam va xam lugc, diu mang
y nghia du lich. Theo Luat

du lich Viet Nam, "du lich
la cac hoat dgng cd lien
quan din chuyen di ciia
con ngudi ngoai noi cu trii
thudng xuyen ciia minh
nhim dap img nhu clu
tham quan, tim hieu, giai
trf, nghi dudng trong mdt
khoang thdi gian nhat
dinh'Xl).

Dil ed nhilu each hilu
khac nhau, song du lich
ciing da, dang trd thanh
mgt nhu clu trong ddi

sdng tinh thin ciia con ngudi, la clu ndi eho sir
phat triln kinh te ciia mdi qudc gia.

Du lich la mgt hoat dgng ra ddi tir rat sdm,
nhung phai den giai doan hien nay mdi thuc su
phat triln va dang chuyin minh trd thanh mgt
nganh cong nghiep xuat khiu tai chd mang lai
gia tri cao. Dilu nay the hien ro trong viee tao
cdng an viec lam, tang thu nhap, nang cao ddi
sdng ciia ngudi lao dgng, dac biet la nhtmg
ngudi lam trong cac linh vuc cd lien quan din
du lich nhu hudng din vien, nhan vien lam viec
d nhieu khu vui choi giai trf, trong cac nha
hang, khach san, van chuyin... Ddng thdi, trong
qua trinh hoat dgng du lich, cac gia tri van hda

Xu the hgi nhap, tang cifdng
hop tac tren quy mo toan cau da
md ra nhiifng bUdc tien mdi cho
qua trinh phat trien cua cac qudc
gia, dac hiet la nhiifng nudc dang
phat trien. Trong bdi canh ddi mdi
dait nuac, thuc hien cong nghiep
hda, hien dai hoa tren cac llnh
vuc, nganh du ljch Viet Nam da dat

dugc nhieu tlianh tuu, va dan
kh^ng djnh dugc vai tro mui nhgn
trong nen ldnh te qudc dan.

dan tdc dugc danh thirc, khoi phuc, khai thac,
bao tdn, triing tu, gdp phan bao luu, gin giu cho
thi he sau.

Du lich \'a cae nganh kmh t l cd mdi quan he
tuong hd lln nhau, du lich phat triln se tao da
thiic dly cac nganh cting phat triln, nhat la nhitng
linh vuc nhu san xuat hang hda, van chuyen, kinh
doanh dich vu nha hang, khach san.

Nhu vay, du lich la mgt
mat xfch rat quan trgng, cd
tac dung ndi ket cac nganh
trong nln kinh te' lai vdi
nhau, de tao thanh mgt day
chuyen hoan chinh, lam
eho bg may chung hoat
dgng mgt each hieu qua va
mang lai nhilu lgi fch cho
xa hgi.

Du lich la mgt nganh
kinh te' nhay cam, lu6n bi
anh hudng bdi nhilu ye'u td
nhu kinh te, chfnh tri, phap
luat... Du lich mudn phat

triln vimg manh thi trudc het phai dn dinh tinh
hinh trong nudc, ben canh dd cin md rong giao
luu, hgp tae nhung phai dua tren ca sd thuc trang
va ngudn lire ciia qudc gia, nhim tao ra nhiing
thi trudng mdi, dgc dao, hap din. Cimg vdi sir
md rong pham vi hoat dgng, du ljch da lam gia
tang nhanh chdng vl sd lugng thanh phin cu dan
va thanh phin du khach. Neu nhu trudc day du
lich chi danh rieng cho ting ldp thuang luu, cd
dieu kien, thi nay nd khdng cdn bi bd hep, gidi
han, ma da md rong vdi su tham gia ciia nhilu
ngudi, de'n tit nhilu noi tren the gidi vdi dii qudc
tich, mau da, ton giao. Viec da dang v | thanh
phin cu dan va thanh phin du khach, da dat

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nganh du ljch Viet Nam trudc nhu'ng co hdi va
thach thirc de phat trien trong tuong lai.

Xa hgi phat triln, eon ngudi ludn ban rgn
vdi cdng viec, khi ed thdi gian, hg thfch di du
lich de giai tda ap lire, trai nghiem cugc sdng,
tie'p thu cac tri thirc nhan loai, lam giau them
vdn kiln thirc. Do vay du ljch khdng thi phat
triln mgt each don dieu, ma phai phong phii, da
dang, mdi thu hiit dugc du khach.

Hien tai, thi trudng du lich Viet Nam phat
trie'n vdi nhilu loai hinh, nhilu tour, tuyen mdi
la, ha'p din.

<i>Du lich nghi dudng la loai hinh cd nhilu lgi </i>

the phat triln d nude ta. Cac dilm dugc khai
thac phuc vu nhu clu ciia du khach, nhu Ba Na
(Da Ning), Sa Pa (Lao Cai), Mlu Son (Lang
Son), Da Lat, va mgt sd resort d cac bai biln...
la nhtrng nai cd khi hau mat me, trong lanh,
phong canh tuoi dep, cd nhirng net van hda tgc
ngudi rai dgc dao, vdi nhilu djch vu phuc vu tdt
nhai cho nhu clu nghi ngoi thu gian, nang cao
siic khde ciia du khach.

VAN HOA DLTONG f)AI
<i>Du lich sinli thdi la hinh thiic du ljch dua </i>

vao thien nhien, gin vdi ban sic van hda dja
phuang vdi sir tham gia eiia egng ddng nhim
phat trien ben virng (2).

Dugc thien nhien uu dai, cd khf hau thuan
lgi, va mgt ngudn tai nguyen ddi dao vdi nhilu
khu bao tdn thien nhien, cac khu du trir sinh
quyen, vudn qude gia vdi tilm nang phat triln
manh nhu vjnh Ha Long, VQG Ciic Phuong,
VQG Phong Nha - Ke Bang, hd Ba Bl..., nudc
ta dang la dilm de'n ly tudng cho khach mud'n
tham gia tour du ljch sinh thai.

<i>Du lich the thao la loai hinh mdi, rat thfch </i>

hgp vdi gidi tre, nang dgng, ua thich kham pha,
mao hiim, phat triln manh d cac nudc chau Au
nhu trugt tuyet, leo niii, ludt sdng, danh golf...
Viet Nam cd nhilu dilu kien dl phat trien loai
hinh du lich thi thao, vdi nhieu bai bien dep
nhu Nha Trang, Mui Ne, Co To, Lang C6, Da
Ning... thuan lgi eho cac m6n thi thao dudi
nudc nhu danh bdng chuyin, ludt sdng, lan...
Nudc ta ed rat nhilu niii, nhung khdng cao, vi

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VAN HOA NGHE THUAT TROMC MIWC

vay du ljch leo niii bj han ehi. Hien nay. mdi
chi khai thac dugc dinh Phan xi pang (nggn mii
cao nhai Viet Nam va dugc coi la nde nha ciia
Ddng Duang). \'a mgt sd nggn niii khac nhung
hieu qua ehua cao. Vdi mdt he thdng cac san
golf ldn, nhd khac nhau, trong dd co 5 san golf
dap irng dugc eae tieu chuin tdt nhai la Long
Thanh (Ddng Nai), Thii Diie (TP.HCM), Sdng
Be (Binh Duong), Ngoi sao Chf Linh (Hai
Duong), Ddng Md (Ha Ngi), thu hut sd lugng
ldn ngudi den chai. Golf la mdn thi thao danh
cho nhirng ngudi cd thu nhap eao, day chi'nh la
ddi tugng khach tilm nang ma cac doanh
nghiep du ljch cin phai quan tam phat triln.

<i>Du lich thien dang tao ra lan sdng mdi tai </i>

cac nudc phat triln, la loai hinh than thien vdi

mdi trudng, ddng thdi mang lai sir can bing
trong cugc sdng. Theo thd'ng ke, Viet Nam hien
ed khoang 120 thiln vien, va nhilu ngdi chiia
ndi tie'ng cd thi khai thac. Cac tour du ljch thiln
d nudc ta thudng kit hgp giua cac ldp tap yoga,
ngdi thiln hay cac lieu phap spa vdi viec tham
cac chiia, thiln vien. Trong bdi canh hgi nhap
toan clu. du ljch thiln se la loai hinh du ljch
dly hira hen, khdng rieng ciia Viet Nam, ma
cdn ciia nhieu nudc.

<i>Du lich vdn hda la hinh thuc du ljch dua vao </i>

ban sac van hda dan toe vdi su tham gia eiia

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<b>£ </b>

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<b>T3 </b>
<b>£ </b>

u

edng ddng nhim bao tdn va phat huy cac gia tri
van hda tru\ln thdng (3).

Voi bl day ljch sir trong qua trinh dung
nude va giir nudc, Viet Nam cd nguon tai
<i>ngu>en nhan van ddi dao. Di den bat ky mgt </i>
vting miln nao ciia td qude, ta diu bit gap cac
gia trj van hda hien hiru trong ddi sdng ciia con
ngudi, dd la cay da, ben nudc, san dinh, ll hgi
lang, cae phien chg que... mang nhtmg net
rieng ma ft qude gia cd dugc.

Cimg vdi cac tai nguyen tu nhien, tai nguyen
\'an hda la mgt trong nhtmg dac trung cho phat
triln du ljch ciia Viet Nam. Gia trj eiia nhtmg di
san van hda nhu di tieh ljch sir, cong trinh kiln
true, loai hinh nghe thuat, tap quan, lang nghi...
la nhung ddi tugng cho du khach kham pha tim
hilu. Du lich van hda d Viet Nam dugc td chiic
dua tren dac dilm ciia dja phuang, tirng vting
miln nhu du ljch vting Tay Bic, ddng bing

Nam Bg, eon dudng di san miln Trung...

Du ljch Viet Nam dang tap trung khai thac
cac di tfeh da dugc UNESCO cong nhan la di
san t h i gidi, day la nhtrng diem thu hiit sir
quan tam ciia khach du ljch. Quin the di
tich-ed dd H u l , nai luu giir, chiia dung nhilu gia
trj tieu bieu eho trf tue va t i m hdn dan tgc,
bao gdm cac c6ng trinh thanh quach, cung
dien, lang tim nguy nga, trang le. Phd cd Hgi

An cd gia trj rat ldn vl
; I mat kien triic, hlu nhu
i '3'; cac e6ng trinh vin dugc

i giir nguyen ven, thi
hien sir giao thoa ciia
van hda ban dja vdi
Trung Hoa, Nhat Ban.
Thanh dja My Son la
da'u tfeh cdn lai eiia nln
van hda va tin ngudng
Champa xua. Khu trung
tam Hoang thanh Thang
Long la minh chirng cho
nln van hie'n lau ddi ciia
nguai Viet trong sudt
chilu dai ljch sir, vdi
nhilu di tieh khao cd
cho thay day la trung

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VAN HOA DLfONG SAI
tam kinh te, ehinh trj, van hda ciia nudc ta

qua nhilu vuong trilu...

Ngoai ra mgt loai hinh du ljch van hda cung
rat dugc quan tam, dd la du ljch tham lai chien
trudng xua, ddi tugng chi'nh dl khai thac dd la
cac dilm, khu vuc edn luu giir lai cac di tfeh
chiln tranh, ghi da'u tdi ac eiia quan xam luge
nhu Dien Bien Phii, Nga ba Ddng Ldc, dja dao
Cii Chi, nha tti Cdn Dao, nghia trang Trudng
Son...

Ben canh viec khai thac cac gia trj van hda
vat the, hien nay cae gia trj van hda phi vat thi
cting dugc khai thac vao muc dfch du ljch. Viet
Nam dugc coi la cai ndi van hda ciia khu vuc
Ddng Nam A, trai qua nhilu thang trim ciia
ljch sir, the he dng cha ta da sang tao ra nhilu
loai hinh nghe thuat mang dac trung rieng ciia
van hda dan tdc nhu cheo, tudng, eai luang, hat
then, ca Hue, hat vi dam..., mang sic thai tirng
vting mien rieng biet, nhtrng am hudng va tinh
cam khac nhau. Dac biet mgt sd nhtrng loai
hinh nghe thuat da dugc UNESCO cdng nhan la
di san van hda phi vat the nhu ca trii, nha nhac
cung dinh Hue', khdng gian .van hda cdng
chieng Tay Nguyen, quan hg Bic Ninh la

nhu'ng san phlm van hda tieu bilu cho qua trinh
phat trien, giao luu van hda giira Viet Nam vdi
cac dan tgc khac, va la ngudn tai nguyen dgc
dao de thu hut khach tham quan.

Hien nay, nganh du ljch da phat triln mgt sd
tour du ljch ban lang, khai thac cae phong tuc
tap quan ciia ddng bao cae tgc ngudi, bing each
dua khach vl cac budn, ban sinh hoat, an d
Cling vdi dan, sdng theo tap quan nai hg den
trong mgt khoang thdi gian, de khach ed thi
tim hilu dugc nhirng net van hda truyin thdng
dac trung eiia ttTng tgc ngudi. Loai hinh nay
thfch hgp vdi nhung noi cd nhilu ddng bao dan
tgc thilu sd, dae biet phat triln manh d Sa Pa,
va dugc coi la mdt hudng di mdi, vira gdp phin
xda ddi giam ngheo, vira phat huy ban sic van
hda ciia mdi tgc ngudi,

0 Viet Nam ll hgi thudng diln ra quanh
nam, nhung tap trung nhat la vao mtia xuan,
phin ldn cac ll hdi gin liln vdi cac sir kien ljch
sir, tudng nhd nhitng ngudi cd cdng ddi vdi dai

nude. Su da dang ll hgi ciia nudc ta vira la net
dep van hda din tgc, vira la mgt trong nhirng
san phlm du ljch hap din du khach.

Festival, dugc xem la hoat dgng du ljch van
hda dac sic nhat Viet Nam, la loai hinh du ljch

mdi, nhung lai phat trien rai manh, dugc du
khach ua thfch. Nudc ta cd nhilu festival nhu
Festival Hue, Festival hoa Da Lat, Festival liia
gao. Festival trai cay. Festival gdm sii. Festival
phao hoa Da Ning... Day chfnh la nai quang ba
hinh anh vl dat nudc con ngudi Viet Nam tdi
ban be the gidi mgt each hieu qua nhat.

Du ljch lang nghi, la loai hinh du ljch van
hda tdng hgp giiia tham quan, vdi mua sim.
Viet Nam cd rat nhilu lgi the'eho phat trien, bdi
chiing ta cd rat nhieu lang nghi ndi tie'ng, cd
ljch sir hinh thanh ttr lau ddi nhu gdm Bat
Trang, lua Van Phiic, tranh Ddng Hd, chieu
Nga Son, vang bac Chau Khe... Trong nhtrng
nam gin day du ljch lang nghi thu hiit dugc rat
nhieu khach, dac biet la khach Tay Au, Bic
My, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc...

Hien nay, khi xay dung cac chuang trinh,
cac loai hinh, chiing ta diu dam bao phat trien
du ljch theo hudng bin virng. Viec phat trien du
ljch bin virng, da mang Iai lgi fch thiet thuc cho
cong ddng, ching nhirng khdng pha hiiy hoac
Iam suy thoai caC ngudn tai nguyen du ljch, ma
cdn ddng gdp vao su tang trudng vl kinh te, xa
hgi, mdi trudng.

2. Van hda du ljch

Van hda du ljch la mot pham trti rong ldn,
the hien nhu'ng gia trj van hda ciia toan bg hoat
dgng du ljch. Hoat ddng eiia du ljch diu hudng
vao muc dfch hinh thanh nen nhiing ban sic van
hda dac trung ciia tirng qude gia. Hieu mgt each
thong thudng, dd la viec nghien eii:u cac gia trj
van hda dl phue vu eho phat triln du lich.

Van hda la tai nguyen dgc dao ed vai trd
quan trgng trong viec quylt djnh den quy md,
loai hinh, chat lugng, hieu qua ciia hoat dgng
du ljch. Du ljch phat trien virng manh hay
khong phu thugc vao cac gia trj van hda, bdi
van hda ehinh la dilu kien, moi trudng eho du
ljch phat sinh va phat trien.

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VAN HQA N G H F THUAT TROMC MlWc

Du ljch va van hda cd mdi quan he bd trg
cho nhau, ban than hoat dgng du ljch da cd sin
tfnh van hda, nhung xet vl ban chat, nd vin la
mgt hoat dgng kinh doanh, viec kei hgp nhuIn
nhuyin van hda va du ljch, se tao cho du ljch
nhiing san phlm mang tfnh van hda cao hon va
du ljch se ddng vai trd la phuong tien dl danh
thirc, khai thac, truyin tai va trinh diln cae gia
trj van hda tdt nhat.

Neu du ljch van hda la viec hudng vao muc
dfch tim hilu, kham pha, hgc hdi, va bao tdn

cac gia trj van hda truyin thdng, thi van hda du
ljch lai thi hien hanh vi irng xir, dao diic ciia
con ngudi ddi vdi eae gia trj van hda truyin
thdng dd.

Nhu vay van hda trong hoat dgng du ljch
dugc hilu la cac hanh vi irng xir, dao dire, tae
phong lam viee cua nhan vien phue vu, ciia
nhirng ngudi kinh doanh du ljch, eiia cu dan,
thai do irng xir ciia du khach ddi vdi nai hg de'n
tham quan.

Tinh trang chung d eae dilm du ljch nude ta
la 6 nhiim, do sir thie'u y thirc ciia ca ngudi hoat
dgng du ljch va ngudi tham gia du ljch. Trong
dd moi trudng nudc bj 6 nhiim nang nhat, do
lugng chit thai rat ldn, khdng diing nai quy
djnh, lam cho cdng viec xir ly bj khd khan, gay
mai my quan va lam xuai hien mgt sd loai vi
khuin gay hai. Ngoai ra, viec xam hai ciia con
ngudi den tai nguyen la nguyen nhan din din
tinh trang xudng cap ciia cac di tich, canh quan,
lam suy giam he dgng thuc vat, rat khd eho viee
khoi phuc lai.

Thj trudng du ljch Viet Nam dang diln ra
mgt nghjch ly, dd la sir trai ngugc vl y thiic
trong viec bao ve mdi trudng gitra khach du ljch
qudc t l va khach ngi dja. Dilu nay thi hien ro,
nlu nhu khach nude ngoai ton trgng cae van dl

ve bao ve mdi trudng bao nhieu, thi khach ngi
<i>dja lai thd a bay nhieu, sin sang thai rac d mgi </i>
noi. Van dl dat ra la mudn bao ve tdt mdi
trudng du ljch thi trudc hei cin nang cao y thitc
CLia mdi ngudi bing each md rong cac hinh
thiic tuyen truyin, giao due ning eao nhan
thirc, giup hg nhan tha'y tam quan trgng ciia
viec bao ve mdi trudng.

Viee thie'u y thirc eiia nhirng ngudi kinh
doanh du ljch da true tiep lam xau di hinh anh
ciia dilm du ljch, gay ra sir phan cam ciia khach
tham quan. Van dl diu tien phai nhic den la
tinh trang mat ve sinh trong viec phuc vu an
udng nhu thu'c an oi thiu, ed phlm mau, dung
cu c h i bie'n khdng dam bao ve sinh..., ben canh
<i>dd cdn xuat hien nhimg hien tugng treo ddu de </i>

<i>bdn thit chd lira ddi khach, khdng trung thuc </i>

trong kinh doanh budn ban, lam cho khach mat
thien cam, khdng ed y djnh quay lai.

Do du ljch phat trien nhanh, thieu sir quan ly
chat che va ddng bg da lam xuat hien te nan xa
hgi nhu ca do, xdc dia, trd choi triing thudng, hay
nhieu yeu td gia van hda nay sinh girgng ep de
phuc vu du khach, va dang cd nguy co bj thuong
mai hda. Ben canh dd la tinh trang an xin, mdc
trgm, cheo keo, tranh eudp khach... da tac dgng

tieu cue, anh hudng tdi phat triln du ljch.

Ngoai ra cdn phai ke de'n thai do va hanh vi
ling xir ciia nhirng ngudi lam du ljch cdn mang
tfnh vu lgi, trinh do chuyen mdn nghiep vu
chua cao, kha nang giao tiep va irng xir con
nhilu han che.

Trong phat trien du ljch hien nay, van dl van
hda ludn dugc dl cao, nd chfnh la ye'u td de
quylt djnh tdi su thanh cdng ciia du ljch. Mudn
du ljch phat triln thi cin cd mgt m6i trudng van
hda tdt.

Du ljch la mgt nganh cdng nghiep khdng
khdi mang lai lgi nhuan cao. Neu danh thirc
dugc cac tilm nang va lgi the, thi du ljch se la
con ga de trung vang, tac dgng manh me tdi su
phat triln kinh te xa hgi. Ben canh phat trien
nhanh du ljch, can cd nhtrng chfnh sach, bien
phap bao tdn cac gia trj van hda, cac tai
nguyen du ljch, phat trien du ljch mdt each
ben vtrng; ddng thdi hoat dgng du lich phai
ludn dam bao tfnh van hda, thi hien net van
hoa trong tirng hoat dgng, tao In tuang td't...
de nganh du lich Viet Nam tan dung co hdi,
phat trien viing manh •

N.T.L
<i><b>1. 2. 3. Hoang Chi Dung, l^udt du lich. Nxb Hdiis </b></i>

<i>Due. Ha Noi. 2008. tr.6. 9. </i>

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