Văn minh Ấn Độ với việc hình thành văn minh Champa

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<b>• i i HiA </b>

<b>w c i f t i l </b>

<b>VAN MINH AIM DO </b>

V 6 l VIEC HINH THANH

<b>• </b>

<b>VAN MINH CHAMPA </b>

<b>BA MINH TRUYEN </b>

<b>Nen van minh An Do tirng </b>
<b>anh hudng khap khu vuc Dong </b>
<b>Nam A, vdi nhung cong trinh </b>
<b>kien true, ton giao hung vl. </b>
<b>vuong quoc Cham timg ghi dau </b>
<b>an vang son trong ljch sd, cung </b>
<b>chju anh hudng sau sac tU nen </b>
<b>van minh An Dp. Dieu ad d i </b>
<b>dang nhan dien qua cac cdng </b>
<b>trinh kien true tdn giao trai </b>
<b>khap mien Trung ngay nay. </b>

<b>1. Anh hudng cua chii' </b>
<b>viet An Dp den chuf viet </b>
<b>Cham </b>

An Dp la mdt qud'c gia sdm
cd chQ viet. NhQng khim phi
khao cd hpc da xic dinh dupc
ngay tQ ndn van hda Harappa,

chQ viet da dupe su dung phd
bien. Den khoang TK V trudc
CN, d An Dp xuat hien loai
<i>chQ kharosthi, phdng theo chu </i>
vidt vung Ludng Ha. Sau dd
<i>Iai xuat hien chQ brami, dupc </i>
su dung rdng rai, cic van bia
CLia Asoka ddu vidt bing loai
niy. Tren co sd chQ Brami,
ngudi An Dp lai dat ra chQ
<i>davanagari, cd cich vidt don </i>
gian, thuin tien hon de vidt
<i>tidng Sanskrit. Ddn nay, d An </i>
Dp va Nepan vin dung loai
chQ nay (1). Nhu vay, ndn van
minh An Dp da sing tao ra ft
nhat la 4 loai chQ vidt khic
nhau.

Champa sdm tiep xue vdi
nen van minh An Dp, da tidp
<i>nhan van ttr Nn Dp ngay tQ </i>
ngay lap qud'c. Mdt dac diem
eua chQ vilt Champa la ghi
chep tren bia da, ndi dung bia
ky thudng phan anh viee dang
t l thin linh, tudng thuat Iai

bidn cd da xay ra ddi vdi
vuong tridu, ca ngpi edng dQc

cua thin linh va bac minh
vuong tidn nhiem. Van bia
dupe khic chQ tQ TK IV ddn
TK XV bing ea van tu Cham
cd va Sanskrit (2).

Sau TK XV, ngudi Cham
khdng vidt chQ len bia d i nQa
m i vidt tren giiy, tre, vai, da...
Ndi den chQ viet Cham Ii ndi
den chQ akhar thrah, dupc
dung phd bien eho den ngiy
nay. TQ chQ akhar thrah, ngudi
Cham da bien hda them net
thinh nhidu chQ viet khac
nhau, su dung vao nhQng muc
dfch khic nhau: akhar yok:
chQ bf in, akhar atwor: chu
treo, chQ tit, akhar kalimung:
chQ con nhen, chQ thau.

Ngoai ra cdn cd chQ chi
thiy tren bia ky la: akhar
hayap, akhar rik.

Tat ea cae kidu chQ vi bidn
thd akhar dd ddu bit ngudn tu
mdt trong nhQng chQ vidt d
mien nam An Dp thude he van
tu brami.

Qua nhQng lin bidn the,
chQ viet ngay cang phu hpp
vdi am tiet eiia tidng Cham. Sir
tilp nhan van tu An Dp de tao

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<b>VAN HOA NGHE THUAT MUb-C MCOAI </b>
nen akhar thrah la mdt budc

phat tridn mdi eua ljch su
ngdn ngQ Cham, bdi, ngudi An
Dp neu khdng cd su hudng
din se khdng dpc dupc akhar
thrah.

Tren co sd chQ phan va lay
dang net cong cua chQ phan,
ngudi Cham da xay dung
thanh mdt he thd'ng van tu
Cham cd dd ghi chep tidng
ndi, gdm 16 nguyen am, 31
phu am, khoang 32 diu am sic
vi chi'nh ti (3).

2. Anh hudng ciia sir thi
An Do trong van hoc Cham

An Dp cd hai bd su thi li
<i>Mahabharata va Ramayana, </i>
dupe truyin mieng tu nua diu

thien nien ky I trudc CN rdi
dupc chep Iai bing khiu ngQ,
den cae thd ky diu CN thi
dupe djch ra tilng Sanskrit (4).
Ngudi Cham da ddn nhan hai
bd su thi dd so niy theo each
tu duy cua hp vi phu hpp vdi
tam ly ciia edng ddng. Van
hpc Cham khi phat trien vdi
nhilu thd loai phong phu nhu:
thin thoai, su thi, truyen ed,
tha ca, van xudi, van vin...

Tho ca Cham rat ddi dao
am dieu, ndi dung trQ tinh va
thudng la tho luc bit gieo vin
lue tQ vi bat lue. Ben canh van
hpe viet. van hpc dan gian eua
ngudi Cham cung khi phit
tridn dudi nhieu the loai vi
phan inh nhidu ndi dung vl
tam Iy dan tdc vi cac khia
canh xa hdi (5).

Dac didm cua van hpc
thanh van Cham la phan inh
thdi cupe, khic hpa ddi sdng
xa hdi, ea ngpi tinh yeu IQa
ddi, tinh yeu gia dinh vi que

huong. Nhung cic tic phim
cd gii trj cao vl nghe thuat
thudng khuylt danh. Cic tie
phim dd la sing tic cua ca
cdng ddng va cic the he ndi
tiep cung tham gia sing tie.

NhQng bin trudng ca cung
khi phong phu, dupe sing tie
lien tue, phd bidn rdng rai va
luu truydn den ngiy nay. Ben
canh viec tilp nhan van hpc
An Dp true tilp vao nhQng thdi
diem Hindu giio anh hudng
sau sic, sau niy, ddng chay
van hpc An Dp vin din
Champa qua trung gian
Malaysia, mdt qude gia cung
inh hudng van minh An Dp.
Dd la nhung the loai van hpc
dan gian, vdi nhQng bai hit ll,
hit giao duyen, nhQng kinh
van, bai xudng ca dupc bidu
diln vao djp le quan trpng lien
quan din Hindu giio.

3. Anh hudng cua ton
giao An Do den Champa

An Dp li noi sin sinh ra rit

nhilu tdn giao, trong dd quan
trpng nhit la Balamdn giio, vl
sau li Hindu giio va Phat
giio. Ngoai ra edn cd mdt sd
tdn giio khac nhu dao Jain,
dao Xich (6).

Balamdn giio sdm dupc
truyin ba d Ddng Nam A vi
mdt thdi ky dii ddc tdn qude
giio. (3 An Dp, Bilamdn chia
hang ngudi rit chat che:
Braman (Balamdn) l i ding
cip cua nhQng ngudi lam nghi
tdn giao; Ksatorya li ding cap
cua cac chien si; Vaisya li
ding cip ciia nhQng ngudi
binh dan lam cic nghi nhu
chan nudi, lim rudng, budn
bin, mdt sd nghi thu cdng;
Sudra la ding cip cua nhQng

ngudi cung khd, vdn li con
chiu cua cac bd lac bai trin
khdng cd tu lieu san xuat.

Nguyen nhan din ddn su ra
ddi ciia chd dp ding cip la su
phan hda giai cap, phan cdng
nghd nghiep va phan biet bd

toe. Nhung c i c tang lii
Bilamdn thi dung uy lire ciia
than linh dd giai thfch hien
tupng xa hdi i y (7).

6 Champa chd dp ding cap
rat md nhat. Bilamdn giio
khdng nhihig la qud'c giio ma
cdn la he tu tudng cua giai cap
thd'ng trj, tdn giio eua ding
c i p tren, do vay, ehi anh
hudng trong cung dinh, ddng
ddi quy tdc ma thdi. Champa
tidp nhan tu tudng Balamdn
giao cua An Dp kit hpp vdi tin
ngudng dja phuong lim cho
tdn giao cd sir bidn sic ro
rang. Trong ba vj thin tdi cao
cua Balamdn giio Ii Braman,
Siva, Visnu, thi Siva dupc coi
trpng hon ci, the hien qua vi
trf noi dat tupng thin, thudng
li gian dien chfnh, noi trung
tam, didu niy thay rd d cac
ddn thip Cham. Tdn giio An
Dp anh hudng kha manh me 6
Champa tQ nidm tin, tu tudng,
tu duy vd ky thuat, ddn trang
phuc ddi thudng, di nhien
cQng bj dan gian hda nhilu.

Ben canh nilm tin vao cae vj
thin An Dp, ngudi Cham cdn
thd phung nhilu vj thin sieu
nhien hay nhQng cdng than
khai qud'c. Viee nhan thin hda
dupc thd cung vdi cic than
linh An Dp la dieu hiim hoi,
chi tha'y d Champa. Cd le ngay
tQ An Dp, Balamdn khdng co
ngudi sang lap, khdng he
thd'ng giio ly chat che nen khi

g , so 320

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T H E GIC?I V A N H Q A

ddn Champa nd dl bj xam
nhap vao tfn ngudng dan gian
ban dja.

Do vay, Bilamdn giio d
Champa thien nhilu vl nghi
thuc cung 11 d din thip va
nhQng ll hdi dan gian han la
chii tam hpc tap kinh ke.

<b>4. Anh hudng cua kien </b>
<b>true An Do den nghe thuat </b>
<b>xay dung thap Cham </b>

Thdi cd trung dai, An Dp
da cd mdt nln nghe thuat
phong phu, dae sic, trong dd
ndi bat nhit Ii kidn true, dieu
khic. Thdi Harappa, nha cua
chi mdi xay bing gach, ddn
vuang trilu Morya nghe thuit
kidn true di mdi bit diu phit
tridn ma cac cdng trinh tieu
bieu li cung dien, chua thip,
tru d i (8).

Tit ca nhQng cdng trinh
cdng cdng, tdn giao deu lam
bing vat lieu bdn, thd hien sQc
manh uy quyin cua nha vua vi
vuong trilu. Ndi chung, nghe
thuat tao hinh An Dp phin Idn
nhim vao dl tai tdn giio,
nhung VI bit ngudn tQ cudc
sdng thuc td, nen tfnh hien
thuc vin the hien rat rd net, vi
du tupng nhieu tay nhidu diu
la phdng theo tu thd eua dpi
mua trong ddn chua va cung
dinh (9).

Champa ddn nhan ddng
chay cua nln van minh An Dp
tQ bidn Ddng. Mdt dilu dl

nhan thiy kiln true di cung
vdi tdn giao. Hiu hit, eie
cdng trinh kidn true Cham ddu
phuc vu cho nhu ciu tdn giio.
Trong sudt chilu dai lich su
Champa, vuong trilu nao khi
len nim quyin diu cho xay
dung hoac trung tu cdng trinh

tdn giio dd chQng td sue
manh, nhung quan trpng hon
ea vin nhim vao muc dfch ta
on thin linh, qua \iec dang ll
vat cung cho din thap vi da
phu trp sQc manh vi chien
thing cho vuang trilu.

Vat lieu co ban vi chu ylu
dd xay dung ddn thip la gach
vi di. Cd thd ndi, ngudi Cham
la bac thay vl ky thuat che tic

<b>Thap B3, My Son. Anh Phgm Lu </b>

gach, trii qua bao the ky,
nhQng thap gach Cham vin
cdn tuoi rdi, mau sic anh
hdng, vang, ket dfnh vdi nhau
mdt each ky la mi nhidu nhi
khoa hpc cdn chua thd giii ma

hdt. Tren than thip bing gach,
nhQng thp dieu khic da cham
trd hoa van, nhQng con vat
thieng lieng ciia Hindu giio
hay canh sinh hoat trong cung
dinh, rat sinh ddng va chan
that. Dae diem cua gach Cham
la mim, xdp nen khi dung
xong hinh thi, dang thip hoin
chinh, sau dd se cham, khic,
kham len thip nhQng mdtip
ma nha vua vi nhan dan mud'n

gui gim vio. Thap Cham
thudng gdm 3 ting, ting tren
cung dat cac vj thin qud'c
giao, ting giQa thudng didn ta
hoat ddng sdng cua cung dinh,
ting dd la ting am ehi gia cd
ndn mdng cho vQng chic
khdng cd trang trf. Mdi mdt
ngdi thip chi cd mdt ldi vio
chi'nh, cung la vj trf dat cic
nhan thin (vua dupc thin
thanh hda), ddng thdi la thue
hanh cac nghi II chfnh thQc
vao nhu'ng ngiy le trpng dai
cua Balamdn giao. Cac mat
cdn lai diu la cua gia va ddng
kfn. Hinh thd cua mdt thip

Cham bao gid cung thu nhd
din khi cing len cao. Tren
chdp dinh thudng dat mdt
linga. Ngudi Cham da tiep thu
ky thuat xay dirng thap tii An
Dp, nhung qua bin tay ky su
Cham cac khdi thap trd nen
hai hda, cung rin, manh me,
gin gQi, diy bf hiem. Quan sit
thip d bit cQ vj trf nio vi vao
luc nio cung thiy net uy
nghiem tring le.

<b>5. Anh hudng ciia Ijch </b>
<b>phap .4n Dp den each tinh </b>
<b>Ijch ciia Cham </b>

TQ rit sdm, ngudi An Dp
da bilt chia mdt nam lam 12
thing, mdi thing 30 ngiy, mdi
ngay 30 gid, cu 5 nam thi
them 1 thing nhuan. Cac nhi
thien van hpc An Dp cd dai da
biet qua dat va mat trang hinh
ciu, quy dao cua mat trang, va
tfnh dupc eie ky trang trdn
trang khuydt. Hp cdn phan
biet 5 hinh tinh Hda, Thuy,
Mdc, Kim, Thd, biet dupc mdt
sd chdm sao va su van hanh

eua cic ngdi sao. Tic phim
thien van hoe cd nhat eua An

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<b>VAN HQA NGHE T H U A T MIWC NCOAI </b>
Dp la quydn Siddhantas ra ddi

vao khoang TK V trudc
CN(IO).

Ngudi Cham da sdm tidp
thu va bidt cich tfnh ljch, cac
hpc gia trong tridu dinh Iuc
biy gid da tfnh khi thao vj trf
di chuydn cua cac hanh tinh
dd dinh thdi gian mdt cich
chfnh xic (11). TQ ngay dau
dung nudc, ngudi Cham da
tie'p thu he thd'ng Ijch saka cua
An Dp mdt cich chu ddng.
Trong tieng Cham ljch gpi la
sakawi hay takawi. Mdt nam
cua ngudi Cham Ii 12 thing,
mdt tuan cd 7 ngay, dua vao
su van hanh cua mat trang va
ciia cic chdm sao. Ljch phip
dupe Qng dung khi rdng rai
trong ndng nghiep de biet su
bien ddi eiia tidt trdi ma gieo
trdng va chpn gid'ng vat nudi
cho thfch hpp. Ddng thdi

Cham vd'n la cu dan hoat ddng
manh me tren eon dudng hang
hai qud'c td, nen Ijch dupc ung
dung de xem ngiy, gid du
doin bao td trudc khi ra khoi.
Ben canh dd, mdi mdt mua
tuong Qng vdi mdt kieu thdi
tilt, diu diln ra nhimg II hdi
cd tfnh chat cdng ddng nhu ll
rija nagar, Id hdi kate de ciu
mua thuan gid hda, qud'c thai
din an.

Hien nay, ngudi Cham
quan cu theo cdng ddng tdn
giao, nen ljch phap cQng theo
ljch tdn giio vdi ba nhdm
Cham CO ban tuong Qng vdi 3
loai Ijch rieng, va tat nhien
trong sinh hoat cung su dung
Tay Ijch, ngudi Cham Braman
cd sakawi ahier, ngudi Cham
Bani cd sakawi awar, ngudi
Cham Islam cd sakawi Islam.

Trong vuang tridu Po
Rome, da cd sir kdt hop Ijch
ahier va awar tao thinh mdt he
thd'ng lich mdi gpi Ii Ijeh am
duong. Nhu vay, ben canh Ijeh

Tay, ngudi Cham cdn cd 4
cich tinh Ijch khic trong hoat
ddng tdn giio. Chfnh didu nay,
mac nhien, gay khd khan Idn
trong cdng ddng vi thidu sir
thd'ng nhit vd ngay thing hanh
Id va kieng ky trong Id eudi,
ma chay. Sir phan bd dan cu
theo dia ban tdn giao keo theo
sir phan hda khu vuc su dung
Ijch phip.

Ket luan

TQ TK II-XV, van hda
Cham anh hudng dam net van
minh An Dp. Trong nhung
nam diu cdng nguyen, van
minh An Dp cung timg lan tda
de'n Viet Nam, dien hinh la su
xuat hien trung tam Phat giio
Luy Lau d Bic Ninh. Tuy
nhien, ngudi Viet bj ndn van
minh Trung Hoa anh hudng
sau sic.

Sir gap gd cua cac ndn van
minh Trung Qud'c vi An Dp
thd hien rd rang d Viet Nam va
Champa trong td ehue ddi

sdng kinh te, chfnh trj, van hda
xa hdi.

Khi Viet Nam timg budc
thoit khdi su thd'ng tri eua
Trung Qud'c cung la giai doan
Champa da dat dupe nhidu
thinh tuu van minh. Trudc nhu
ciu phat tridn kinh td dat nude
v i khic phuc nhQng ginh
nang do chfnh sich khai thic
thdi Bic thudc de lai, Viet
Nam da kidn thidt Iai dat nude.
Cac vuong tridu Viet Nam da
thi hanh mdt chfnh sach thd'ng
nhit vi lien tue. Dd la chfnh

sich nam tidn, da timg budc
day lui nen van minh An Dp o
Ddng Nam A ma Champa la
mdt dai dien.

Cd the ndi ring, su sup dd
cua ndn van minh Champa la
sir sup dd cua ndn van minh An
Dp trudc nen van minh Trung
Hoa. Nhung nhung gii trj dac
sic nhat cua van mmh Champa
vin cdn bao tdn va dupe Itru
truydn. Cac Stupa tQe Bimon

Kalan li ngdi ddn thieng lieng
thd cic vj thin cd ngudn gdc
An Dp nhu Brahma, Siva,
Visnu, Ganesa, Nandin cung
cac nhin thin. Anh hudng ve
ky thuit xiy dung ddn thip
nhu viec chpn cic vat lieu cd
tfnh ning bdn vung, cac mdtip,
cic hinh the thip. Vi du: thap
Po Klong Garai d Phan Rang,
ben canh thap chinh cdn cd hai
thip phu, la nai dd ding Id co
mai thap hinh yen ngua hay
m i i thuydn bidu tupng eiia
ngpn nui thieng lieng Meru d
An Dp.

Net dae sic ciia den thap
Cham la anh hudng kidn true
An Dp nhung vin cd net rieng,
ddc dio. Cd gid'ng chang la cac
tupng thin dupc thd trong cac
ngdi thip. Cdn dieu khic ciia
cic den thip Cham, ngoai hinh
tupng ngpn lua d cac gdc thap,
cd nhidu hinh tuong trang tri
rat sinh ddng, phd bien hon ca
la nhung net cham khic true
tiep len than thip canh sinh
hoat, mua hit trong cung dinh

cua cac vu nQ Apsara, cic nhan
vat trong su thi Mahabrata hay
cae thin hd phip.

Hindu giio trd thanh qudc
giao thdng trj trong sudt Ijch
su Champa, thanh he tu tudng
<b>Sd 320 </b>

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T H E GICII V A N H Q A

chi'nh trj dd quan ly dit nudc.
Qui trinh tiep bien Hindu giio
da lim cho nd khic vdi chfnh
qud'c rit nhilu, ching han
Champa khdng ed sir phan
chia ding cip nghiem khic
nhu An Dp, xuit hien nhilu bf
in, nghi II, nghi thQc tdn giao
mdi khdng h i tim thay d An
Dp. Trudc khi du nhap tdn
giio d ben ngoai, Champa Ii
mdt nude ndng nghiep. Bdi
the, hp gin nhQng nghi Id
ndng nghiep vio nidm tin tdn
giio tao ra nhidu nghi Id mdi
trong qui trinh thue hinh nghi
thQc tdn giio. Cing dac sic,
khi ddng tu tudng Islam giio
mdi du nhip da kdt hpp, hda

lin vdi Bilamdn giio tao nen
Bani giio. Cd le ring, tren the
gidi ching cd noi nao ma hai y
thQc he tu tudng hda lin vio
nhau dupc nhu d Champa. Cac
tdn giao tdn tai song song vdi
nhau minh chQng cho tinh
dung hpp va khi nang tiep
bidn nhQng ludng van hda tu
ben ngoai.

Trudc khi tidp thu van hpe
An Dp, van hpc dan gian da
kha phit trien d Champa nhu
than thoai, cd tfeh. Viec tiep
xuc vdi van hpc An Dp va sau
la Malaysia da lam cho nen
van hpe bic hpc Champa phat
tridn. The loai van hpe nay, the
hien qua cic bai minh van,
xudng ca, cic cau thin chu
dupc ghi tren bia di.

Su anh hudng ciia van hpc
<i>An Dp rd net nha't Ii bd su thi </i>

<i><b>Mahabrarata vi Ramayana, </b></i>

su dut doan, mit lien he qua
lai cung lam phai md sQc

truydn ba van hpc An Dp. Vl
sau van hpc Cham tiep xue

qua con dudng Ma Lai da dua
van hpe Cham dat nhilu thanh
tuu vi dd lai nhidu tic phim
<i>ed gia trj nhu Deva Mono, </i>

<i><b>Ariya Nai Mai Mang Kah. </b></i>

NhQng sing tic van hpc Cham
vd sau vin giQ dupc net dae
sic rieng.

Qui trinh cai bien ehu
brami cua An Dp den akhar
thrah Cham la ea mdt thdi gian
lau dai. Vai trd cua akhar thrah
rit quan trpng, la loai chQ vidt
dupc dung phd biln va rdng
rai trong quan chung, ghi chep
tit ea eie edng viee hanh
chfnh cua vuong trilu, chep
su, sang tie van chuang. Dilm
mdi ciia akhar thrah Ii tQ miu
chQ brami qua sir eai bien dd
ghi im tidt Cham. V i tren the
gidi chi cdn ngudi Cham su
dung he thd'ng chQ akhar thrah
do hp sing tao ra. Ngiy nay,

akhar thrah dang dupc sir quan
tam cua nhidu nha khoa hpc,
bdi sir cai bien lim mit di tfnh
trong sing cua ngdn ngQ, chi
vi miic dfch don giin hda de
dua vio giang day trong hpc
dudng, didu nay lam cho chQ
vidt Cham mat di tfnh thd'ng
nhit va tao ra cich vidt khic
nhau trong cung mdt ngdn
ngu.

Rit quan trpng dd'i vdi
nghd lam ndng nghiep va di
bien hang ngay, nen van dd
ngay, gid td't xi'u rat dupe chu
y trong ddi sdng. Sir tidp nhan
ljch saka cua An Dp dupe ghi
chep rd rang tren cac bia ky
dupc tim thiy. Tuy nhien cich
chuyen ljch saka de phu hpp
vdi dilu kien thuc te nhu thd
nao thi ft dupe biet den. Bdi
nhung tri thQc vl thien van

hpc cua Champa chua dupc
nghien cQu nhilu. Ngudi
Cham da chuyen Ijch saka
sang sakawi de phuc vu cho
viee tien hanh cic Id hdi dan

gian, nghi II trong ndng
nghiep, dac biet la ngay hanh
II tdn giao.

Tdm Iai, nln van minh An
Dp mdt thdi huy hoang khip
Ddng Nam A da dd Iai nhilu
di sin tuyet vdi vl mat nghe
thuat. Tren co sd van minh An
Dp, ngudi Cham da tiep thu cd
chpn lpe va sing tao thanh net
van hda rieng, ddc dio. Nln
van minh Champa anh hudng
sau sic van minh An Dp tu y
thQc he quan Iy thin dan vdi
thuyet nhan thin. Sir giao luu,
tiep bidn van hda dd nhan
dien, nhat la nghe thuat dieu
khic va kidn true d cic den
thap ed nim khip mien Trung.
V i net Balamdn giao edn hien
hQu ddn cich thuc td chQe xa
hdi. van minh An Dp da dupe
tidp nhan mdt cich hda binh
vi hii hda vdi van hda ban dja
tao nen van minh Champa rue
rd trong ljch su u

B.M.T

1. 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Vu Duong
<i>Ninh (chii bidn), IJch sii vdn minh </i>

<i>the gidi, Nxb. Gido Diic, Ha Npi, </i>

1999, tr73, 75, 85, 86, 80, 82.
<i>2. Luang Ninh (chii bien), Lich </i>

<i>su Ddng Nam A. Nxb. Gido Due, Ha </i>

Npi, 2008, tr.239.

<i>3. Ha Bi'ch Lien, Quan he giua </i>

<i>vuang qudc cd Champa vdi cdc </i>
<i>nudc trong khu vuc, luan an tidn .sT </i>

sii hpc. Ha Npi, 2000, tr.ll7.
<i>5, 11. Huynh Cong Ba, Lich su </i>

<i>Viet Nam. Nxb Thudn Hoa, Hud', </i>

2004, tr.204, 117.

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