Bàn về hiện tượng chuyển nghĩa từ ngữ chứa心tiếng Hán trong ẩn dụ vật chứa

s l 10 (240i-201S

NGdN N G C & Bin

SONG

13

BAN VE HlfN TirgfNG CHUYEN NGEQA TU* NGU"
CHU'A tb' TIENG HAN TRONG AN DV VAT CHlTA
DISCUSS ABOUT PHENOMENONS OF TRANSFERRED MEANING WORDS
CONTAINING 'fc- IN THE CONTAINER METAPHORS IN CHINESE
CAMXtlTAl
(PGS.TS; Dfi hpc Ngoyi ngfi-, DHQG H i Nfi)
N d N G H d N G H^NH
(ThS; Khoa Ngogi ngu', Dgi hpc Thdi Nguydn)
Abstracts: Language always reflects the modes of thinking and cognitive characteristics of
each national community. This paper analyzed some phenomenons of cognitive container
metaphors in transferred meaning of words containing "'C^" in Chinese. The current paper amed
at supplementary materials for study, translation and teaching foreign language for Vietnamese
students.

Key words: cognitive; metonymy; metaphor; words contain '&.
miln tri nhto ndy (miln nguin) sang m i ^ tri nhfn
i.i. Con ngudi nhto thic thyc till tin tgi trong khdc (miln dich). ChAng hgn thdi gian Id mft khdi
thl gidi ty nhito ttt chinh sy ttdi nghifm cia bto nifm trim tupng, khtog nhin thAy, khdng sd dupc,
thto minh Tim la mft bp phfn quan trpng trong CO mft chiiu, khdng lap lgi. VI the khdi nifm thdi
thl chi phli toto bp hogt f^iig song cua con ngudi. gian duijK dnh xg bdi sy di chuyin cia sy vft, tgo
Tim lito quan mft tMit vd cdtinhq i ^ dinh tdi tAt nto an dy T H 6 I GIAN L A SV Dl CHUYfeN
cd cdc bf phto kiidc trto ca thl ngudi. Chinh vl C O A s y VAT. An dy ndy dupc Ihl hifn qua ngdn
tim cd vi tri vd chiic ntog nhu vfy, nto trong tilng ti^tixr. Thdi gian IhimOtoil trdi; Mia hg da di

' Hdn, ching ta cd thl thAy ttt ngtt chiia if (tim, qua; Thdigiandikhdngbaogi&trdlgi...
tdm) mang
vdn hda lAt ^ sdc
„ nhttng
„ hdm nghia
_
Hoto dy Id tto dyng sy gin gui hole lito quan
vd phong phi. Bdi vilt dya trto quan dilm an dy gifta hai m i ^ tri nhfn, hay ndi cdch khdc Id ding
, tti nhfn cia Lakoffvi Johnson [1], ding thdi vfn khdi nifm ndy dl thay thl cho mft khdi nifm khdc,
dyng li luto v l h f tiling md rpng ngtt ngUa cia trong dd chu ^ nhieu hon tdi d|c diran nli bft cia
Taylor [2] (nghb dto - hoto dy - An dy) ^ di sto sy vft, vd hai khdi nifm ndy thufc vl ctog mft
'dm hilu vd hito tupng diuyln n ^ cua tft ngtt miln tri nhto. Vi dy: Hdm nay tdi di mua bd
chia i> trong An dy vft chiia.
Adidas. (Adidas Id thuong hifu trang phyc thl
( 1.Z Ngto ngtt hpc tri nhto cho rAng, hodn dy thao nil tilng thay thl cho sto phAm Id qufc
vd An dy deu bat nguin ttt kinh n ^ f m cufc sing do thuong Mfu Adidas).
thudng ngdy cia con ngufti, diu Id qud trinh tri
Cd thl thay. An dy vd hoto dy cd tdc dyng
nhto mang tinh khdi nifm, ty phdt vd vd tiiftc. tuong hS Ifc nhau, gitta chtog cd mli lidn hf
Hoto dy vi An dy diu cd xu hudng dtog nhftng tuong dii phttc tgp. Hifn nay nhilu n ^ t o cftu
khdi nifm cy dil dl dnh xg hofc diay the cdc khdi ^ cdn khd mp hi gitta khdi nifm An dy vd khdi
•nifm httu tupng, Idm cho vifc bilu dgt ngto ngft nitoi hoto dy, hole khdng chl rd dupc mli tuong
lid nto don gidn, sinh dtog hon, nhdm dgt tdi quan mgt tMlt gitta chung.
nguyto tac tifki?" ft°ng ngdn ngtt, giip mpi
Taylor (1995) Id ngufti dAu tito da chi ra hifn
ngufti dl nam bAt cdc khdi nifm mdi hon.
tupng Andy ton tgi trdn cosd hoto dy,vi da dua ra
' An dy Id dem mf t khdi nitoi ndy dnh xg vdo quan diem vlhf thing chuyin dich lito tyc "ngUa
mft khii nitoi khdc, hojc cdthlndilidnhxgtii den- hoto dy - An dy" tnmg vifc md rpng ngtt

So 10 (240)-2015

N G 6 N NGtr & D d i S O N G

nghia. Ong da lAy vi dy vdi tmh ttt 'liigh" dl lam
rd quan dign oia minh [3]:
Audg
Hotedv
Ca)
Hgh

(b)
Hgli
dde

Ngudi Trung Q u i c d i u cho lAng m i i lim Id ni$t
b f p h t o quan trpng b o n g c o thl, chi p h l i todn bf
hogt dfng s i n g c i a c o n ngudi. Tim Id tiung tSm

(e)
(d)
Higli
High
prices
lEoipqBturB
0 (a), ngh& den c i a "high" la chito cao; 0 (b),
n^Ha c i a "high" v i a cd phto chl chieu cao viia d l
chi myc nude, vi die p h f c ndo c h i a dyng khdi
nifm hodn dy; (i (c), " h i ^ " dd thyc s y Id khdi

nifm hoto dy, d i n g khdi nifm thto nhift cao d l
Ihay thl thto nhift "ndng"; 0 (d) "high" nam gitta
ranh gidi c i a h o t o dy vd An dp, "high prices" cd
thl cd hai cdch hieu, mft la dem chi s l trong b t o g
bdo gid vd gid cd lito hf vdi nhau, dong tlidi xuat
hifn trdn c i n g mft mien tri nhto, sd tgo n t o cdch
hieu hoto dy; hai Id, lAy c h i o i cao vd s l tiln lito hf
vdi nhau, Igo n t o c o c h l h o t o dy ' T A N G L 6 N " ;
fl (e), "quality" thufc phgm tti chit hipng, cd s y
phto bift giua cdi t i t vd cdi x i u , c t o "high" thufc
chiiu cao, khi dupc dnh xg vdo phgm t i i chAt
lupng, s5 hinh thdnh nto khdi nitoi An dy "T&T

ndi v i suy n ^ khdng thong nhAt), /ttJc—B

IAT'.

vt! n / l / d ^ (trong Idng khdng cd dyng ^ khdcX-.

Hodn dy vd fc dy tgo nto m f t hf thing lito tyc.
Trong qud trinh phdt triln ttt h ( ^ dy ito an dy, cd
hai klgi CO c h l tuong d i i quan trpng: m f t Id, CO sd
kinh nghifm c i a hoto dy quy djnh mien n g u i n
c i a In dy v i s y lya chpn dnh xg; hai Id, CO c h l trim
tupng, tuc Id miic dp tiftu tupng cao hay thip sd
dnh h u t o g den sy dnh xg cdng g f c vdi s y v f t
Trong khodng khdng gian m o h i giiia An dy vd
hoto dy, hai khdi nifm ndy dnh h u t o g qua Igi Ifc
nhau, CO sd kinh nghifm v i c o che trim tupng
c t o g cd dnh hudng, dilu ndy khi&i h o t o dy tid

flidnh phuong t h i c m d rfng ngtt nghia c o bdn, vd
phln Ito cdc In dy tope ndy sinh v i thiet % u t o
c o s d ciia hoto d y
D e nghifm chung quan d i o n tito cua Taylor,

(Ifl/&) lito quan mgt fliilt vd cd thih quylt ( ^ tdi
t o t o b f cdc bf p h t o khdc t i t o CO the ngudi. H m t t
CO quan thyc h i t o chiic n t o g tu duy, mpi hogt
ddng t u duy va t u tudng tinh cdm d i u cd lito quan
den tim, t i c Id d i n g tim d l dnh x g v t o t u duy. Bii
vfy, ngudi ta thudng d i n g ttt ngtt cd <i> (tim, ldm)
^

bilu til] s y phto tich, t i n g hpp, phto dodn, suy

luto c i a bf ndo con ngudi. V i dy;'i>3SE J ^ / u d l $
(Irong Idng n^ii), i>% Idm todn (tinh totoX S^O
nghi tdm (Idng n ^ ngd), ^i>

da tdm Oong da

nghiX S - f r Iao tdm (nhpc Itog),

'Cf'PW&lm

Irung/i£fu5t^(trong Idng sdm da djnh lifu), Pft't^
$^ khdu thi ldm phi ( m i t o g ndi v f y nhung trong
Itog nghlkhdoX ' f r P ^ F — tdm khiu

batnhil(^

ldm

T t o id cor quan tiiyc h i t o s y suy nghl^ Id khdi
nguon c i a tri tiif, d l i ^ thdi d t o g d l thay the cho
mong m u l n , n g u y t o vpng h o f c :^ muon ldm vi?c
gj. D o vfy, tiong tieng H t o xuAt hifn cdc tft ngi!
nhir li^M. ldm y (tam ^, y nguyto), i>^

t^

nguyen (tdm nguyfn, mong mulnX Vii' cam tdn
(cam Itog), #<£> hOu tdm (ok Itog), ^IA> thaiA
Idm (thdnh tam, tiift long), f9;'j> xUng tdm (hii
Idng, v i a Itog), -&/£> hgp Idm (hpp y). * > S * a
tdm mdn^tlic

( m t o nguyto), —<£> nhat Idm (ra{l

Idng, m f t dg), S ^ ddn tdm Qimg dto), Xitt

Ml

bdi viet di s t o tim hieu ve khdi nifm hoto dy vd An

Idm Otog ngudi, nhto tam), lfli<i> thugn ldn

dy c i a ttt ngtt c h u a - t s ttt dd md til v l s y chuyin

(diuto Idng), M'b' logi tdm (togi nguytoX * * •*

dich ngtt ngMa c i a tft ngtt chtta ib theo md hinh

/&n(vdtamX...

"nghia den - hoto dy - an dy".
2. Nghia h o t o d y cua tft ngft c h u a <&

21. ^ duty Aituduy

Trong nhltaig y muon, nguyto vpn^ c i a cct
ngudi cd cd d i l u u t Ifc dieu xAu. Trni ndm d vi ol
s t o thdm b t o trang c o n ngudi, ngudi ta khdng nliiD
thAy, khdng sft md dupc. Chinh bfti vi Iri s t o tfaiii
dd, khioi ciio con ngudi la cd m f t s y cdm nh|B


SllO(240i-201S

15

NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG

mo h i vl nd. Trong tilng Hdn, fim cd lie tope

S-ifr thdn Idm (till xde v i tinh thfcX "frS tdm linh

dtog trong ttt ngtt cW nhftng am muu vd td nifm.

(tam linhX itW

VI dy: (frsR^iE ldm thugt bat chinh Odng dg bat

tdm bdi lgi yen (ngufti mft noi Itog dg mft n£oX

chinh khd ludng), -Saffl'ii' bao tdng hpa tan (kn
chia t i tam hgi ngudi), 't^fFAM tdm hodi quy
thai (tiong byng mang fliai quy dOX SP'ii td tdm
(td tdm, Idng dg dfc deX HS'i^ I ^ bim (da tdm cia

tdm Adn (tinh tiifcX ' J ^ ^ ^ J S

^ ' £ > S S chuyen Idm chi chi (chuyto tdm die
chi), ]%(Idng say me, si md),...

Ngudi Tiung (^ulc cho lAng trdi tim Id noi tii
ngy cia tinh than, ctog giong nhu vgn vft ndy nd
tren mft ^ bdi vfy, con ngufti ta mdi cd ttt ngtt

Tidi tim la noi t l i ngy cia tinh thin, do dd tim
dupc ngudi Tiung Quic coi Id noi khdi nguin cia
mpi tigng thdi tdm li, tinh cdm. Cdc trgng thdi khdc
nhau cia tim cd till dtog dl bilu thi cdc trgng tiidi
tdm li khdc nhau. Vi dy; ii>^ tdm nhuy^ (mfcl
Idng), ibM ldm ddc, il-IL Idm khoan (rfng IdngX
S't> hu tdm Odng dg tilng trdiX '^'C^ bdng Idm
(trdi tim btog gidX %<& nU^ tdm (nhift tinhX $
il. hdn Idm (se Idng, xdt xa, gid bult con timX ^
iflhieu Idm (thito dit con timX...Mft vdi tigng
thdi cy till lito quan tdi trdi tim dupc midu Id nhu

sau:
Mii vi cua tlii tim: Tidi tim cd vi ngpt bilu thi
sy hdi ling ding ^, tlii tim cd vj ^ n g bilu thi sy
tin cdng siic suy ngli^ tu duy. Sd di nhu vfy Id vl
giiia vi ngpt vd vi i ^ g till vj ngpt mang Igi cho
con ngudi ta cdm gidc de chiu hon, cto vj dtog
khiln ngufti ta cd cdm gidc khd chju vd khd tilp
nhto. Nhtog tii bilu thj y nghm niy nhin '^
nhu: ibik ldm dia (ttoi dja, Idng dgX il-B tdm
diin (nfi tdm, tiong Itog),... Khi con ngudi ta tri
nhto vl bto thto do chiu dnh hutog cia quan
nitol chu nghia duy Itoi, qua mft qud trinh lich stt
Ito ddi, ngufti phucmg Dong deu cho itog co thl
con ngudi id cdi vd bl ngodi, muln tin tgi dupc till
phdi cd linh hin. KW mft CO till sing ngftng hogt
dfng, linh bin sd rdi khdi phfc till xde. Sy khdc
nhau eiOa con ngufti vdi con ngudi khtog chi d
dSc diem bto ngodi, md phAn da E do sy khdc bift
ve tinh thfc v i linh bin. Cd nhtog ngudi vd be
ngodi hoto toto gilng nhau, nhung tinh thfc vd
linh bin bto tiong hp khdc nhau, vi vfy hp tid nto
khdc nhau, mli ngufti cd mft hii tim ritog cia
minh E>e till hito sy phto bift ranh gidi gitta linh
bin v i till xic, trong tilng Hto cd cdc ttt ngtt nhu:

cum lam (cam Itog), S i O iAo IIdng),...
Nhift df cia tidi tim: Ndng bilu th] sy nhift
tinh, lo Itog, hofc gito dtt, cdn Ignh till bilu tiij sy

lo ling, xdt xa. VI dy: iki," nhiet Idm (nhift tinhX
>C^il( tdm hda (blc hda, nil gifnX Mil'hdn tdm
(se Itog, xdt xa, gid bult con timX Jik'i^ bdng tdm
(trdi tim bang gid),...
Vj tri cia tiii tim: Trdi tim d djnh tgi mft vj tti
bilu thj tam tigng yto lam, tidi tim d trgng tiidi ki
ling, khdng ol djnh bilu tiij ttoi tigng lo ling,
khdng y t o Vi dy; ti.il'phdng tdm (yto IdmX ft
Kf Igi Idm (tiong Itog), S ' t qudi tdm (dk byng).

dgo tfcX Mib hdc tdm Odng dg xAu xaX St> dS
tdm (da tdmX 8>'t> to (am (ngM cho ritog
nilnhX...So vdi nhttng dieu xAu xa tli tf thl con
ngudi ta cdng mong muln hudng din nhttng dilu
tit d ^ vd vgch ra nhttng lanh gidi gifta cdi tit vd
cdi xAu cho trdi tim, vi dy: .&'!> luong tdm Oucmg
tfim, itog tItX iS-if ilia Itoi Odng t&X tt'O mudi
tdm Odng dg den tli/ trdi vdi luong tdmX i ^ ' ^ vi
tdm (bdi vdi lucmg tdm),... Chtog tdi da lupc dl
hda ^ nghia hoto dy cia tii ngtt chua'i^ tieng Hto
bang so disau:
*.

hWDCY — * ' M O N G M U 6 N , N G I I Y S N

VQNG

2.2

'bthl^giitinhlhin

NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG

16

A'{> hio>in tdm Qo ISng), S'C^ ^ 13 d^ /am ^i^u
dSJm (l^ng d9 tfa^ tii6m),...
NghTa h o ^ dy c i ^ tur ngfi chuca 'C^ trong
ti^ng Hin du^c thS hi^n qua sa d6 du6i dĐy:
^

ã T I N H T H A N —*-TAMTR^G,TiNH

CAM
3. Sy c h u y ^ djch ngi^ n g h u c&a tiir ngfr
chua 'C^ trong i n d^ v$t chua
Trfin npi hikm ca bAn ciia hoin d\i T R A I
TIM THAY THfi TU" DUY v i T R A I TIM
THAY T H £ T I N T H A N , da t ^ n6n SV chuydn
djch ng& nghta cCa tu ngQ' chiia't^, phit tri^n
thinh fin dy T R A I TIM L A V A T

CHCA.

Trong cfiu trQc fin dy niy, trii tim bj inh x^ bdi
khii ni^m 'V|it chura", n6 c6 th^ c h ^ dyng m^i
thur nhu dung chOc nfing cOa bfit k] v§t chura
nio. Th6ng qua khii n i ^ "v|t chiia" niy m i
trong dfiu 6c con ngudi d§ ding tu duy hon v^ "

4> (tim, tSm), di^u m i chung ta luon c6 cim
giic ma hh vh n6, v i ludn khdng thfi nhln thfiy
hay sd tiifiy nd m$t cich tryc tifip gi6ng 10c tri
nhin v^ nhihig b$ ph$n ca thl khic hi^n hthi d
b€n ngoii nhu: mit, mui, chan, tay, m i ^ g . . .
Trong tilng Hin, trii tim dugrc coi li v|lt
chira cOa tfit c i cic tr^ng thii tinh thfin, tinh
cim, tri tu$ v i kiln thvrc [4]. Khii ni^m fin dy
T R A I TIM L A V A T CHtTA niy dupc quy djnh
bdi sa d6 tri nh$n v§t chura v i so d6 tri n h ^
tr£n - dudi, trong - ngoii, gjQa. Vi dy: V|it chiia
cd phfin diy: t^B

tdm di (diy Idng)...; V ^

chtia cd ranh ^ d i khoing giQa, trong v i ngoii:
'i>M tdm li (trong Idng), rt'C^ ndi tdm (n^i tfim,
trong Idr^, 'C^4' tdm trung (trong ldng)...;V§t

S6 10 (240)-2015

mu6n ndi v l nhQng cim xOc trong Idng. ngudi
Trung Qu6c thudng dikng cic tii ngQ xufit phit
tir 'i^ (tim, tfim) nhu: 'i>?ESfi[ tdm hoa nd
phdng (vui nhu md cd trong byng), ' ^ K f t H
tdm khdi;^ ldn (nin Idng nhyt chQ,--- d l chi ncri
khdi ngu6n. chiia dyng cho cic cung b|k; cim
xuc vui, buin, dau ddn, xdt xa, gi§n dSi. budn
bye,...
Qia diy, cd thl lugic db hda sy chuylndjch

ngii nghta cOa tfr ngit chiia ^ nhu sau:
ifr
•TirDUY,TINHTHAN
• V^T
CHU'A TU* DUY TINH T H A N
4. Thay cho k^t lu$n
Quan dilm md r$ng ngQ nghta tfr ngii ciia
Taylor theo so db "nghta den - hoin dy -findy"
budc dfiu dupc chung tdi If giii qua tii ngQ chiia
'C^ (tim, tfim) ding Hin, v6n l i m$t b$ ph§n co
thl dw^c chiiu X9 qua gde d$ tri nh$n hoin dy
v i fin dy dl thl hi^n chiic ning tu duy, b$c 1$
cic cung b|lc cim xde, chiia dyng cie t r ^ g thii
tfim If, tinh thfin eiia eon ngudi trong vin hda
Trung Qu6e. Vdi kit qui khio sit tr6n, ehiing
t5i hi vpng s€ cd thl .gdp phfin lim sing td hon
d ^ trung ngdn ngii v i vin hoi trong tfr ngQ chl
b$ ph$n ca thl ngudi, tQ dd, b6 sung tii li$u
n g ^ ^ cihi, dieh thu|it, d^y hpc ngdn ngQ vi
vin hda cho hpe sinh Vi$t Nam.
T A I L I | : U THAM K H A O
1. G. Lakofif and M. Johnson (1980).
Mataphor we live by^ Chicago, London.
2. John R, Taylor, Cognitive grammar,
Oxford University Press, Oxford. 2002.
3. John R. Taylor (1995), Linguistic
adeff}rization: Prototypes in linguistic theory.
2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

chiia cd the chiia dfiy ho$c vai: /K'C> mdn tdm

4. P h ^ Ngpc Him - Cfim Tii Tii (2012),

(hii ]dng)...;V$t chtia de d$t, dfi do v$t: iK^/i^

^ 0 trong tiing Hdn vd nghfbffng trong tiing

1. phdng tgi tdm thugng (dl trong I d i ^ , i B ^

Viit - nhin tit gde dd ngdn ngit hgc tri nhdn. T/c

'C^^ it/ e(R f ^ i2i^ (ghi nhd trong Idng), ^M

Ngdn ngii s6 8 (279): 29.

^ ^ minh khdc tgi tdm ( ^ Idng tfic d^),... Khi