Di sản bảo tồn vũ hội trống ở xã Khánh Tiên Huyện Yên Khánh Tỉnh Ninh Bình

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BO VAN HOA - THONG TIN

CHLfaNG TRJNH BAO TON
CAC DI SAN VAN HOA PHI VAT THE
NAM 2006
* * * * * * * yuu * * * * * * *

DI SAN BAO TON

V U HOI T R O N G
a XA KHANH TIEN
•

(HUYEN YEN K H A N H , TINH NINH BJNH)

11
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Oa

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s o VAN HOA - THONG TIN NINH BINH
Thuc hien- 2006

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TIEN

I- VUNG QUE KHANH TIEN
VA TRUYEN THONG VAN HOA - VAN NGHE
I.l. So" bo ve vung que Khanh Tien.
Khanh Tien la mot xa a ve phia bac huyen Yen Khanh - tinh Ninh Binh.
Dia phan Khanh Tien lien ke vai nga ba song Doc Bo, mot dia danh noi tieng
tir xa xua, la nai gap nhau cua hai dong sdng, la song Dao va song Day.
Ve phia bac, xa Khanh Tien tiep giap huyen Y Yen, tinh Nam Dinh.
Phia nam: giap vai xa Khanh Thien (ciing huyen).
Phia dong: giap vai huyen Nghia Hung (tinh Nam Dinh).
Phia tay: giap vai xa Khanh Lai (cung huyen)
Cai ten xa la Khanh Tien c6 tir nam 1956, sau cai each ruong dat (dgrt 6
a Ninh Binh) tren ca sa chia tach tir mpt xa lan la Khanh Thien thanh bon xa
mai, gom: Khanh Tien, Khanh Thien, Khanh Lgi, Khanh Cong.
Tir sau Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 den nay, dia ban nay da qua 5
lan thay doi dia giai, dia danh, do qua trinh sap nhap va chia tach, chuyen
dich dia giai hanh chinh xa. Cu the nhu sau:
- Lan thu nhdt: Thang 2- 1946, hgp nhat lang Phung Thien vai lang
Hieu Thien thanh xa Phiing Thien. Lai hofp nhat lang Tien Tien lang Tien
Yen, lang Phong An thanh xa Tien Phong.
- Lan thu hai: Thang 4-1949, xa Tien Phong hgrp nhat vai cac xa Phung
Thien, Van Thinh... thanh xa Idn Khanh Thien. Do la thai ky ma toan huyen
Yen Khanh chi co 7 xa, do hgp nhat nhieu xa lai thanh cac xa: Khanh Hoa,
Khanh Van, Khanh Ninh, Khanh Hoi, Khanh Thien, Khanh Trung, Khanh

Thinh.
- Lan thu ba: Nam 1956, sau khi dgt cai each rupng dat tam xong, xa
Khanh Tien duac chia tach tir xa Khanh Thien co quy mo lan thanh 4 xa
(Khanh Tien, Khanh Thien, Khanh Lgi, Khanh Cong).

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- Lan thu tu: Sau giai phong mien Nam, thong nhat dat nuac, tinh Ninh
Binh sap nhap vai tinh Nam Ha thanh tinh Ha Nam Ninh. 9 xa phia bac huyen
Yen Khanh, trong do c6 xa Khanh Tien sap nhap vao huyen Yen Mo thanh
huyen Tam Diep. 10 xa phia nam huyen Yen Khanh sap nhap vao huyen Kim
San.
Rieng 2 xa Khanh Tien, Khanh Thien thupc huyen Tam Diep khi ay
dugc ghep lai thanh mot xa lay ten la Khanh Thien.
- Lan thie ndm: Sau khi tinh Ninh Binh dugc tai lap (chia tach ra tir tinh
Ha Nam Ninh cii), ngay 1/9/1994, huyen Yen Khanh dugc tai lap. Xa Khanh
Thien dugc chia tach thanh hai xa: Khanh Thien va Khanh Tien nhu hien nay.
- Sir bien doi ve dia gioi qua nam lan tach ra, nhap vao cua xa Khanh
Tien bay gia da tac dong lam cho tam ly nhan dan, ca sa ha tang a cac thon

xom bi anh huang, xao iron, ma cho den nay mai dang dan dugc on dinh va
tirng buac phat trien theo huang xay dung nong thon mai.
- Dia ban xa Khanh Tien xua kia gom hai lang co quy mo kha Ion la:
lang Phung Thien va lang Tien Tien.
Ngay nay, tren ca sa hai lang nay, da hinh thanh nen 10 thon, c6 ten goi
la: thon 1, thon 2... thon 10. Trong do, lang Phimg Thien bao gom 7 thon
(xom), lang Tien Tien bao gom 3 thon (xom).
Xa Khanh Tien hien co khoang han mot nghin ho (tinh den giira nam
2006), vai tren bon nghin nhan khau, gom co 26 dong ho cimg sinh song tu
lau dai.
Hau het dong bao cu tni tren dia ban xa la nguai Kinh (Viet). Dai da so
nhung nguai dan a day theo tin nguong Phat giao, goi la "di lucmg". So dong
bao theo dao Thien chua (Cong giao) a day chi chiem khoang 1 %.
Xua kia, a moi lang (lang Phiing Thien, lang Tien Tien) trong dia ban
tong CO mot ly truang, mot pho ly, mot doi tuan (khoang 10 nguai). Ve sau,
moi lang co mot hoi dong toe bieu, do cac nhom ho mac cir nguai lam dai
dien, dai bieu thuoc hoi dong. Diing dau la chanh huang hoi, thu den la pho
huang hoi.

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Khanh Tien la xa thuoc vung ding bdng (gan phia cue nam dong bang
Bac Bo), CO ruong dat kha mau ma, canh tac moi nam hai vu lua xa trong
mau. Nai day la viing dat da timg san xuat ra nhieu san pham hang hoa thiet
yeu cua huyen Yen Khanh. Truoc kia, ca vung dat nay chinh la viing nghe det
chieu coi kha hung thinh, song tir vai ba thap ky tra lai day thi nghe chieu coi
hau nhu khong pho bien nua, va hien da bi mai mot...
Thai xa xua, truac thai Hau Le, nai day con la bien ca. Roi do dugc boi
dap phii sa, dan hinh thanh nen ca mot vung doi bai, co say ram rap. Dugc
biet, tai dau the ky XV moi c6 nguai den day khai pha, ma mang roi dan dan
lap nen cac xom, thon, lang. Buoi ban dau, cac cu dan nai day sinh song bang
nghe chai luai, danh bat thuy san, ve sau khi dat dai da dugc rira man thi mai
bat dau lam ruong cay lua, trong mau va chan nuoi.
Vao the ky XVII, thai Hau Le, vung dat nay co ten goi la Bong Hai
thuoc tong Duyen Mau, gom 5 thon (thon 1, thon 2... thon 5), vai cac
phuang: phuang Cau, phuang Thai, Phung Thi, Lir Thugng, Lir Ha, phuang
Ve, Doai Hoa, phuang Dong, Qua Trieu, Qua Dai, Quy Hau, Tay Phu, Dong
Phii, Dong Trung, Phu Xa, Quang Ai, Con Rieng, Con Giira, Con Gai, Con
Lam.
Den trieu Le Thanh Tong, nien hieu Hong Diic, nam 1470, nhan dan
dap quai de ngan nuac man la de Ngu Han, con gpi la de Hong Dire - chay tir
ben Xanh qua khu vuc xa Khanh Tien den giap xa Khanh Thanh ngay nay.
1.2. So" bo ve truyen thong van hoa - van nghe o* dia phifong.
Nhan dan xa Khanh Tien xua va nay sinh song chii yeu bang nghe
nong, CO truyen thong can cu, cham chi trong lao dong san xuat, lai co truyen

thong rat hieu hpc, vai nhieu ten tuoi do dat cao qua cac ky thi cu. Xua kia,
nhiing nguai que Khanh Tien noi tieng hpc hanh gioi giang nhu cac cu: Han
Ngoan, Tii Tuong, Huan Chieng, Ca Chi, Tu Lan, Tu Phan, Tu Saeh, Tu But,
Huyen Chi; cac cu do dat cao nhu: cu Nhi Phan, cu Nhi Chinh (do thir nhi
truang), cu Nhat Te, cu Nhat Mieng (do dau truong).
Thai nay, truyen thong hieu hpc cua nguai dan Khanh Tien van tiep tuc
duac phat huy. Hau het cac thon xom tren dia ban toan xa deu co nhirng
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nguai CO duac hpc vi: ky su, bac sT, cii nhan, hien da va dang cong tac tai
khap noi trong nuac. Phong trao hpc tap cua hpc sinh la con em ciia nhan dan
xa Khanh Tien van luon duac co cu va cham lo.
Hang nam, cac chi hoi khuyen hpc cua timg thon van to chiic le tuyen
duong, khen thucmg cho cac con em la hpc sinh dat thanh tich cao, va co su
ho tro doi voi nhihig hpc sinh ngheo vugt kho.
Ve nhirng di tich lich su - van hoa, tren dia ban xa Khanh Tien co cac
ngoi chua co a thon 2, thon 3, toa lac tren khoang dat thupc lang Phimg Thien,

da dugc triing tu, ton tao, phong canh dep de rat co kinh, ton nghiem.
0 lang Tien Tien co mot ngoi dinh quy mo kha Ion. Dinh lang Tien
Tien la noi tho tuong quan Trieu Quang Phuc, thai xua tdng chieu mp binh sT
chong giac ngoai xam phuong Bac tai dia phuong nay. Trong khang chien
chong thuc dan Phap, dinh lang Tien Tien la mot co so hoat dong lien lac cua
du kich dia phuang. Nam 2002, dinh lang Tien Tien da dugc xep hang di tich
lich sir - van hoa cap tinh. Hien ngoi dinh van o hien trang tot, kien true vixng
chai, dam bao dupe nguyen ven quy mo, cac sac phong, do tha, do te le.
Hien nay, hau het cac thon xom thupc xa Khanh Tien da xay dung dupe
nha van hoa, voi nguon kinh phi chu yeu do nhan dan dong gop va mot phan
do xa, huyen ho trg. Thiet che van hoa moi nay da va dang thuc sir phat huy
dugc gia tri, cong dung. Do la nhihig noi hoi hpp cua cac to chiic doan the va
nhan dan, la noi sinh hoat van hoa van nghe rat tien lai va huru ich.
Huong ling tich cue cupc van dong phong trao "Toan dan doan ket xay
dung doi sing van hoa", mot so thon thupc xa Khanh Tien da xay dung xong
huong uoc, quy uoc ve thuc hien nep song van hoa. Huong uac da duac pho
biln rpng rai de mpi nguoi dan tir giac thuc hien, dae biet la trong qua trinh
xay dung gia dinh van hoa, lang van hoa. Hau het cac ho gia dinh tren dia ban
xa diu da dang ky phan dau xay dung gia dinh van hoa.
Doi sing kinh te cua nhan dan dia phuong trong thai ky doi mai hien
nay khong ngiing dugc cai thien. Dai da so nha o cua cac ho gia dinh deu la
nha lop ngoi va nha mai bang kien co, so nha tranh tre con lai rat it. He thong
duong lien thon, ngo, xom deu da duoc trai be tong.

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Rieng thon Mot da dupe cong nhan danh hieu lang van hoa cap tinh tu
nam 2003.
Viing que Khanh Tien - ciing nhu cac xa lan can: Khanh Cong, Khanh
Thien, Khanh Trung, Khanh Hong, Khanh Loi thupc huyen Yen Khanh tir xa
xua da timg la "dat cheo", nghia la o noi day nghe thuat cheo da pho bien tir
lau doi.
Ke tir sau khi hoa binh dupe lap lai a mien Bac (1954) va trong suot
nhung nam thang chong My cuu nuoc, phong trao hat va dien cheo o dia ban
tinh Ninh Binh noi chung, o huyen Yen Khanh noi rieng, trong do c6 cac thon
lang thupc xa Khanh Tien kha phat trien va thinh hanh. Vao thai ky do, cac
phudng hoi cheo ciia thon lang dan dan hgp nhat thanh cac dpi van nghe cua
hgp tac xa nong nghiep ma nong cot la nghe thuat cheo.
Hoi ay, cac dpi van nghe cua hgp tac xa nong nghiep (nhiing nam dau,
hgp tac xa co quy mo la mot thon, lang) da dugc quy tu lai boi cac hat nhan
van nghe dia phuang, bao gom nhiing "con nha noi" cung vai nhirng ngudi
von CO nang khieu ca hat va dien xuong, dan, trong soi noi, hang hai tap
luyen. Cac dien vien, nhac cong, von la xa vien, duoc hgp tac xa chi tra ho trg
bang cong diem tua nhu doi voi lao dong san xuat nong nghiep... Cac khoan
chi phi de mua sam nhac cu, trang phuc, phuang tien bieu dien thi do hgp tac
xa trich quy (bang cac san pham: thoc, Ign, de, bo...) de dau tu trang bi.
Tai cac buoi tap bieu dien cua cac dgi van nghe cung dugc rat dong
nguoi dan toi xem va co vu. Hang nam, cii vao dip tet Nguyen dan, dip dai
hoi xa vien hay la vao moi dip thon lang co sir kien mimg vui thi khong the

thieu vang chuang trinh bieu dien ciia dpi van nghe dia phuang do chinh
nhirng nguoi lang bieu dien. Cac thiet bi, dao cu con rat tho so: son phan
nhieu khi duoc tu tao bang nhiing nguyen lieu san c6 tu cupc song doi thucmg
ciia nguoi nong dan; anh sang thi bang liia cui, den bao, sau nay co den mang
song. Noi bieu dien van nghe la san dinh, san hop tac xa hay "san dpi" (la noi
tap ket Ilia khoai ciia dpi san xuat).
0 nhiing lang que hang nam co ma hoi thi cii vao nhirng dip hoi lang
(thuang la vao miia xuan), cac dpi van nghe co tieng tam trong \aing thucmg

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dugc moi nroc vl de bieu dien nhiing trich doan cheo co, nhung hoat canh
cheo hay vo cheo ngdn co dl tai duong dai, bieu dien ngay tai san dinh de
"vira la thu thach, vira la vui xuan"...
Vao nhirng dip vui trong nam, da tu lau nay, o xa Khanh Tien khong chi
CO nghe thuat cheo ma con c6 nhiing tiet muc van nghe dae sac khac, dae biet
la miia trong, gpi la "vd hoi trong".

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n. NGUON GOC VA SU^ LUtJ TON
CUA VU HOI TRONG 0 KHANH TIEN.
II. 1. So" bo ve nhac cu trong va tuc danh trong 6" Viet Nam.
Ve nguon goc co xua cua cac loai tring a Viet Nam, noi chung cho den
nay van chua c6 tai lieu nghien cuu nao xac dinh cu the, rang trong va tuc
danh trong c6 tu bao gia va a dau.
II. 1.1. Tir thoi Hung Vuong, nuoc Van Lang da co trong dong (la loai
trong dugc che tac bang chat lieu kim loai dong). Tren mat trong dong Dong
San, trong dong Ngpc Lii, la san pham cua nen van hoa Dong Son c6 cac hinh
anh chim lac dupe xem la vat to ciia nhung cu dan Lac Viet, hinh tugng mat
trai, nhirng canh tugng cheo thuyen, danh trong (dung chay de danh trong tua
nhu la gia gao tap the bang chay dung).
Ngay nay, trong dong dugc xem nhu la mot bieu tugng sinh dong cua
van hoa Viet Nam, da co tir thua Hung Vuong dung nuoc.

Tuy vay, theo suy doan cua cac nha khoa hpc thi tien than cua trong
dong chac han khong phai la... trong dong.
Truoc thai ky do dong, nhan loai da trai qua thoi ky do da dai lau (qua
suot thai ky do da cii va thai ky do da moi).
Trong nhiing hang dong timg la nai cu tni cua nhung cong dong nguoi
nguyen thuy tu xa xua - ma nay van con dugc luu ton khong phai la hiem van CO biet bao nhieu nhiing khoi da nhii voi nhieu hinh ve ma khi nguoi ta
go vao thi nhiing khoi da nhd ay se phat ra nhiing am thanh vang vgng ly ky,
tram bong va ly thu. Khi go vao nhirng khoi da thach nhd khac nhau se tao
nen nhirng am thanh khac nhau o am luong va cung bac. Vay phai chang do
chinh la nhiing qua trong, nhac cu trong, chieng bang nhii da ma thien nhien
tao ra, ban tang cho loai ngudi, ma do cdng chinh la sir mach bao de loai
nguoi may mo, roi che tac ra cac nhac cu dau tien, so khai ciia con nguoi,
trong do co trong.
Vay la: Trong dong (lam bang dong thau...) duoc con nguai chi tac tir
nhung buli binh minh cua lich su theo nguyen tac go va theo nguyen ly tu
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thien nhien la dung cu go phat ra am vang tii da - chu yeu la da nhd trong cac
hang dong. "Trong" b ^ g da la san phSm ciia tu nhien ma con nguoi kham
pha ra tren co so "bdt chuoc tu nhien" qua mot tiln trinh lich sii rat lau dai.
Giiia thai ky trong da va trong dong den nay van chua co di chi la "hien vat
trung gian".
"Trong da" van con bieu hien trong cac hang dong da voi, trong do c6
nhiing hang dong da timg la ngoi nha tu nhien ciia nguoi nguyen thuy.
Trong dong da timg bi viii lap trong long dat khap vung dia ban co dan
cu nguoi Viet co sinh song trong tang van hoa Dong Son voi nhieu loai, c6
nien dai, kich co khac nhau, tro thanh bieu trung ciia van hoa Lac Viet that
doc dao, quy gia, co gia tri lich su van hoa va la niem tu hao cua nguoi Lac
Viet- Viet Nam.
Va sau nay c6 trong mat bang da, than (tang) bang go xuat hien tir thai
dai do sat...
II. 1.2. Tu the ky X tai Kinh do Hoa Lu (nay thupc huyen Hoa Lu, tinh
Ninh Binh) - Kinh do ciia nuoc Dai Co Viet - quoc gia phong kien tap quyen
dau tien cua dan tpc ta da c6 "trong tran" va "trong hoi" .
Theo saeh Da co luc (la saeh co noi ve phep/cach danh trong thoi xua)
thi phep/cach danh trong cua quan sy thdi Dinh (Dinh Tien Hoang, cuoi the
ky X) la theo nguyen ly "Co am hoai thanh" (co nghia la mo phong tieng va
loi noi cua nguoi xua bang tieng trong - N.Q.H), ma theo do thi cac am thanh
dugc the hien theo quy uoc chung.
Ve dai de, nhirng am thanh theo van "bang" (thanh khong va thanh
huyen) dugc the hien bang each go vao mat trong, con nhung am thanh theo
van "Uac" gom cac thanh sac, nang, hoi, nga thi dugc the hien bang each go
vao than trong.
Ciing theo saeh tren, vao thai Dinh (968-979) trong quan sy co bai trIng
bieu hien nhu sau:

"Nam binh sdt bac tuong, diet bdc tudng.
Nam thien sinh vuang, Nam thien sinh vuang, thdnh.
Thdnh Dinh Vuang sinh de... "

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Bai trong nhu tren dupe hieu la lai hieu trieu ciia trieu dinh vai than dan
trong ca nuoc, qua do khang dinh doc lap, chii quyen va sir quyet tam sat da
chong ngoai xam va ach thong tri cua nguoi phuong Bac.
Theo cu An Viet Dam (hien da 80 tuli, nguyen la Pho Giam doc So
Van hoa - Thong tin tinh Ha Nam Ninh, la mot tac gia kich ban san khau noi
tieng o Ninh Binh va trong ca nuac) thi nlu phien am noi dung loi bai trong
tren theo loi "tinh, tinh, tinh, chat" dan gia truyin thong ciia nghe thuat cheo
thi se la:
"Tinh tinh, chdt chdt chdt, hue chdt chdt.
Tinh tinh tinh tinh, tinh tinh tinh tinh, chdt.
Chdt tinh tinh chdt".
O day, tieng "tinh" c6 the phien thanh "bung" cho giong vdi tieng trong
con.

Tieng "hue" chinh la am thanh trong khi nguoi go vira bit mat trong
bang mot tay, vira go trong.
Neu luoc bo di nhiing "hoa la" thi dieu thiic am thanh tren chinh la
"doan luu khong tam" cua am nhac cheo. Day la moi lien he bang chung giiia
mot net nghe thuat am thanh qua nhip trong tir thai Dinh - the ky X - vai am
nhac cheo truyen thong qua suot mudi the ky.
Cac loai trong c6 tir thdi Dinh chac chan la trong da (mat trong lam
bang da trau, vd trdng lam bang gd). Vi cho den the ky X, dd sat d nudc Dai
Viet da kha phd bien. Cdn ve nguyen lieu da trau, thdi Dinh khdng hiem.
Ngay ban than vua Dinh thdi nien thieu cdng da tung la mdt thii ITnh cua dam
tre chan trau, tirng eudi trau tap tran, lay bdng lau lam cd.
II. 1.3. Tir thud xa xua, cac loai trdng va tieng trdng da trd nen rat c4n
thilt, hiru ich trong ddi sdng cua con ngudi.
Trong sinh hoat, lao ddng san xuat, hpc tap cd trdng cam canh bao gid.
Trong le hdi cd trdng le, trdng rude. Trong bieu dien van nghe cd trdng cheo,
tudng, chau van. Trong chien dau cd trdng lam hieu lenh xuat quan, cd vu khi
thi tien cdng hoac hieu lenh nit lui binh si...

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D I ky niem mdt nghin nam Thang Long - Ha Ndi, da cd ehuong trinh
"Trdng hdi Thang Long" that hoanh trang, nao nhiet vdi mdt dpi hinh trdng
be the, da dang cdng phu. 6 Ninh Binh cdng da cd mdt dpi hinh "Trdng hdi
Hoa Lu' that an tuong, do Doan Nghe thuat Ninh Binh dam nhan.
II.2. Nguon goc cua vu hoi trong d Khanh Tien.
Hien cd nhung gia thuyet khac nhau ve ngudn gdc eua vii hdi vdi nhiing
vu dieu trdng d xa Khanh Tien.
Cd gia thuyet cho rang, cung vdi nghe thuat cheo thi cac vd dieu trdng d
dia phuong cac thdn lang tren dia ban xa Khanh Tien cung da cd tu thud mdi
khai dan lap ap, nghia la each ngay nay da 5 the ky.
Nam Hdng Diic thii 2 (1471), khi ca mdt viing rdng Idn noi day la dat
sa bdi, vua Le Thanh Tdng cho dap de tir ciia bien Dai Nha (thupc xa Khanh
Cudng ngay nay) de ngan nudc man va khai khan dat dai. Tuy nhien, tir the
ky X, d dia ban nay tren cac doi dat bdi theo hudng Ddng - Tay da cd cu dan
sinh sdng.
Dia ban huyen Yen Khanh, trong dd cd xa Khanh Tien tir xa xua da la
mdt vung dat "giao thoa" cac ludng van hoa ciia nhieu dia phuong, mdt phan
chinh la do cu dan tdi day tir rat nhieu noi. Ke tir sau khi khai hoang lap nen
cac xdm lang thi day chinh la mdt viing dat "mau md" hdi tu dan cay tii xii
ma hun diic nen nhirng tinh hoa van hoa - nghe thuat va nhung nhan tai.
Day Cling chinh la vung dat ma nghe thuat cheo - loai hinh nghe thuat
dien xudng dae trung, tieu bieu cua ca khu vuc ddng bang va trung du Bac Bd
ciia nudc ta dua tren co sd la mdt nen van minh ndng nghiep lua nudc.
Mdt sd ngudi que d Khanh Tien thi cho rang: miia trdng d day la "anh
em sinh ddi" ciia loai hinh miia lan (mua su tii), cdng thudng dien ra vao
nhung dip hdi he tir xa xua.
Co sd cua suy doan nhu tren la:
- Am dieu cua mua trdng d day cung la " ding, chinh, chat".
- Cac loai trdng d day la trdng diing trong nghe thuat cheo.

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- Kem theo trdng ciing la thanh la, senh tien va md.
- Mdi dpi mua trdng cdng cd vai he tinh nghich, vui nhdn, gay eudi.
- Ve trang phuc cua vii hdi trong: tua nhu phuc trang ciia cac phudng
cheo, ganh hat xua kia.
Vay, neu theo gia thuylt nay thi vu hdi trdng d Khanh Tien da cd ngudn
gdc rat xa xua, tua nhu ngudn gdc cua nghe thuat cheo vay.
Tuy nhien, theo nhung ngudi d dia phuong nhu: cu Nguyen Xuan Phu
(d thdn 10), cu Pham Xuan Thuy (d thdn 3) thi vii hdi trdng d Khanh Tien chi
mdi cd tu khoang dau nhirng nam I960.
Theo Idi ke ciia cac eu thi vao thdi ky dd, phong trao bieu dien van nghe
trong nhan dan dia phucmg da that sdi ndi. Dae biet la vao cac dip le, tet,
mung cdng, chao mimg dai hdi xa vien hgp tac xa... Bieu dien van nghe thdi
ay chu yeu la hat va dien cheo, cd them hat mdi vdi nhiing bai hat duong thdi
vdi ndi dung ca nggi ddi sdng mdi cimg vdi nhiing bai hat da phd bien tir thdi

khang chien chdng Phap. Ve nghe thuat san khau thi da cd bieu dien kich ndi
(gpi la kich mdi) vdi de tai duong dai.
Rieng ve bieu dien miia trdng thi dugc cho la dugc du nhap tir noi khac
den. Theo hdi lie ciia cac cu thi vao dau nhung nam 1960, cd mdt cu la ngudi
lang Tien Tien thupc xa Khanh Tien da hpc dugc nhung bai mua trdng tu
vung Nghia Hung (Nam Dinh) hoac tir vung tinh Thai Binh (deu la tir phia
ben kia sdng Day) rdi trd ve que truyen day lai cho con chau trong thdn lang
bieu dien trong cac dip hdi le, mimg cdng. Vao hdi ay, khi dpi miia trdng da
hinh thanh va bieu dien d dia phuang, duoc sir gidi thieu, Ty Van hoa Ninh
Binh da tap hgp ca dpi trdng lai, ddng vien tap luyen va tham gia hdi dien
nghe thuat quan chung ciia tinh va da dat giai thudng cao.
Cdng cd y kien khac cho rang: miia trdng d Khanh Tien la cd ngudn gdc
tu ban dia.
Dii cho vd hdi trdng d mdt dia phuong nhu Khanh Tien cd ngudn gdc tii
bao gid va tu nai dau (da each ngay nay may the ky hay la chi mdi m4y chuc
nam), dugc du nhap tir noi khac den hay vdn dugc hinh thanh nen tir chinh noi
day thi dd van la mdt di san nghe thuat doe dao va kha dae sac, va da tung trai
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qua nhiing thdi ky thang tram, bien cai.
Dugc biit, xua kia vai diln "trung tam" ciia mdt dpi miia trdng d Khanh
Tien la mdt cu gia (cdng cd thi do mdt ngudi tre tuoi hoa trang). Ngay nay thi
vai dien trung tam (dam nhan trdng cai) la nii. Dd phai chang la su "cai bien"
sang tao.
II.3. Thdi ky vu hoi trong Khanh Tien bi mai mot.
Cdng nhu ddi vdi nghe thuat cheo, trong nhung nam thang chien tranh
chdng My, cac phudng, hdi cheo chuyen thanh cac dpi van nghe cua hgp tac
xa ndng nghiep (ban dau HTX cd quy md thdn, lang, sau dd cd quy md lien
thdn) thi hdi miia trdng d dia phuang Khanh Tien ciing chuyen thanh dpi mua
trdng ciia lang. Tuy nhien, neu nhu hau het cac hgp tac xa ndng nghiep d day
thdi bay gid deu cd dpi van nghe ma hat nhan la hat va dien cheo thi ca vung
Khanh Tien va hau nhu ca huyen Yen Khanh va ca tinh ndi chung mdi cd mdt
dpi mua trdng nhu vay.
Dpi miia trdng tu xua da la noi quy tu bdi cac hat nhan van nghe dia
phuang gdm nhirng ngudi dae biet cd khieu ve vd dao. Va hau nhu vii hdi
trdng d Khanh Tien thudng chi bieu dien ra mat vao nhiing dip lang, xa cd sir
kien Idn (nhu dip dai hdi, mit tinh, ra quan...).
Cd mdt thdi gian dai, hdi miia trdng d Khanh Tien da timg bi mai mdt
hau nhu khdng cdn gi.
Tir eudi nhung nam 1960, dau nhirng nam 1970 do chien tranh ac liet
ma nhirng sinh hoat hdi le ndi chung khdng cd dieu kien duy tri. Cung nhu cac
hoat ddng te le, cac hoat ddng bieu dien rude xach, mua lan, cac hoat ddng vui
choi giai tri nhu chpi ga, dau vat, cd ngudi trong cac le hdi, vii hdi trdng ciing
timg nhieu nam vang bdng.
Den nhung nam eudi thap ky 70 cua the ky XX thi hau het tat ca cac loai
hinh dien xudng nghe thuat dan gian truyen thdng d cac lang que dudng nhu
mai mdt hdn. Ngay ca nghe thuat cheo truyen thdng la "dae san", "dae trung"

cua vung que Bac Bd, vdn than thupc, ly thii tir bao ddi nay ma ddi vdi ddng
dao nhan dan vin "tuy g4n ma xa", "nghe ma chang thSy", vi cd chang hp chi

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dugc nghe hat va dien cheo tren loa truyen thanh Dai Tieng ndi Viet Nam
(vao cac budi trua va nhung buoi tdi thii 7 hang tuan).
Trudc het, dd la do ddi sdng ciia nhan dan khi ay gap rat nhieu khd khan
ma trudc het la khdng dam bao ve cai an, cai mac thi lay dau ra cdng siic cho
cac nghe sy thdn que tap tanh, bieu diln van nghe, cung nhu cdn dau nhu cau,
thdi gian cdng siic de ma quan tam, thudng thiic nghe thuat cua nhan dan,
nhat la nhirng ngudi ndng dan chan lam tay bun.
Ve khdng gian quen thupc cd truyen ciia dien xudng dan gian - le hdi la
cac san dinh, den, thdi ky eudi thap ky 70 cho den het nhirng nam dau thap ky
80 ciia the ky XX da khdng ngirng bi "tan lui". Cac ngdi dinh d cac lang que
mien Bac da hang loat bi dd bd, hoac bi "bd quen" mac cho thdi gian, mua
nang huy hoai, kha "tang thucmg", trd nen phe tich "vd hdn", "vd cam". Thuc

te nay cd nguyen nhan tu quan niem thanh kien cho rang cac dinh, chua, mieu
mao chi la hien than ciia che dp phong kien cii nat, lac hau, cd hu, me tin di
doan..., rang dd la hien than cua sir can trd, khdng cdn vai trd gi nira, khdng
cdn can thiet niia.
Ve thi hieu nghe thuat Uong nhan dan, ddi vdi cac loai hinh dien xudng
dan gian thdi ky nay dudng nhu cung khdng cdn thuc su dugc ham md bdi
nhieu ly do.
Ddi vdi Idp tre (thanh, thieu nien) thi vdn khdng cd ky uc ve cac fro
dien dan gian frong le hdi hay nhirng dem xem dien cheo d lang que minh, noi
chdn rau cat rdn, lai dugc tuyen truyen giao due ve y tudng ddng co duy y chi
la ddi sdng hien tai va tuong lai hau nhu khdng cdn chd dung nap cho nhirng
"tan du" cua che dp xa hdi cu lac hau va can frd. Do vay, ma hp kha thd o,
bang quan, xa la ddi vdi nhirng di san van hoa nghe thuat cd tmyen ciia dan
tdc, frong dd cd cac dien xudng nghe thuat dan gian.
Ddi vdi lap ngudi gia ca va trung nien thi trong tam thuc hp, nhiing bau
khdng khi hdi he vdi nhirng hdi thiic cac frd dien xudng dan gian xua kia ay
chi la mot "thdi xa vang'.

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Mdt nguyen nhan nira dan den sir mai mpt, lang xudng cua dien xudng
dan gian ndi chung frong thdi ky nay chinh la su phat trien ciia phuong tien
thdng tin dai chiing.
II.4. Qua trinh khoi phuc vu hoi trong d Khanh Tien.
Nhu fren da khao ta, su mai mdt ciia diln xudng dan gian ndi chung d
dia phuang, frong dd cd dien xudng vii hdi frdng d Khanh Tien - huyen Yen
Khanh timg mdt thdi bi mai mdt do cac nguyen nhan: ddi sdng kinh te, co sd
ha tang hay khdng gian dien xudng, quan niem va thi hiiu frong nhan dan...
Trudc kia, tu nhiing nam 1960 din dau nhiing nam 1970, ca huyen Yen
Khanh - dat cheo - cd khoang 35 hop tac xa ndng nghiep thi ciing cd khoang
chimg ay dpi van nghe cheo. Din ddu nhung nam 1980 thi hdu nhu khdng cdn
lai dpi van nghe nao. Su mai mdt ciia mdt dpi miia frdng doe nhat vd nhi fren
dia ban huyen hdi dd cdng la de hieu.
Trong nhirng nam 1980, theo dng Nguyen Ngpc Can la Trudng Phdng
Van hoa - Thdng tin va The thao huyen Yen Khanh da nhieu nam nay - ke lai,
thi hdi ay cir mdi dip tinh (Ha Nam Ninh cii) td chirc hdi dien nghe thuat quan
chiing la mdi lan cap "van hoa huyen" lo toat md hdi de chay vay, gom gdp tii
khap cac dpi van nghe vdn kha "chiing chac" cua toan huyen trudc dd lai de
chpn va lap nen mdt dpi tuyen, rdi hdi ha vdi va dan dung chuang frinh, tiet
muc, vdi ndi dung, loai hinh nghe thuat nao, bat ke la cheo hay cai luong hoac
kich ndi, ca nhac. Xong hdi dien van nghe tinh rdi thi dpi "hpp tuyen" ay lai
tan mat, mdi ngudi mdt phuang vdi bao ke sinh nhai, keo theo sir tan bien cua
chuang frinh, tiet muc. Dd la tinh frang chung ciia phong frao van nghe quan
chiing d dia phuang. Tham chi, hieu qua thuc sir cua van nghe quan chung d
dia phuang (bilu dien cho nhan dan xem va thudng thiic) cd chang chi la
nhung "van tu" frong cac bao cao ciia phdng Van hoa - Thdng tin huyen len
cap fren.

Thi rdi, Nghi quylt TW5 (Khoa VIII) cua Dang ta ve "xay dung va phat
friln nin van hoa Viet Nam tien tien dam da ban sac dan tdc" da nhu mdt
ludng sinh khi mdi thdi vao phong frao van hoa, van nghe quan chung cac dia
phuong. Y)Q thuc hien Nghi quylt TW5 sao cho tung budc hiru hieu, cung vdi

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viec xay dung va thuc hien quy udc ve nip sdng van hoa, quy udc ve dan chu
thi phong frao van nghe quan chung ndi chung da tung budc dupe khdi phuc
va phat trien d khap noi, frong dd cd dia ban huyen Yen Khanh.
Chinh quyen dia phuang va dai bilu nhan dan da ban bac frao ddi va
thdng nhat quan diem: Van nghe quSn chung la do chinh qu4n chung nhan dan
sang tao ra, do quan chiing nhan dan bilu diln va ciing thudng thiic, va nhu
vay nd at phai duoc tdn tai, phat triln.
Cd mdt sang kien da dugc thuc hien thanh cdng rdt dang ghi nhan d

huyen Yen Khanh la: tao dung nen nhung cau lac bd van nghe (ma hat nhan la
nghe thuat cheo), thay the nhirng "doan, dpi van nghe" trudc kia. Day la mdt
Idi di, mdt each thiic khdi phuc, chuyen ddi dang thiic md hinh ciia cac "chilu
cheo truyen thdng" d dia phuong frong thdi ky qua dp sang thdi kinh te thi
trudng, theo phuang cham: xa hdi hoa cac hoat ddng van hoa - nghe thuat,
thuc hien nguyen tac dan chii; "Dan biet, dan lam, dan ban, dan kiem fra".
Trong xu the, bdi canh khdi phuc, thanh lap va ra mat cac dpi van nghe
d dang thirc cau lac bd thi dpi mua frdng d dia phuang ciing da dugc hinh
thanh.
Hau nhu cho tdi nay thi ca xa Khanh Tien cdng mdi chi hinh thanh dugc
mdt dpi miia frdng tuong ddi hoan chinh.
Hat nhan co ban ban dau cua dpi mua frdng chinh la vai nghe nhan da
ludng tudi rat tam huyet vdi nhung vu dieu frdng dae sac nay va da tung tham
gia miia frdng frong nhirng nam trudc kia.
Ciing nhu ddi vdi cau lac bd van nghe khac, "cau lac bd mua frdng" nay
ban ddu hoat ddng ciing gap kha nhieu khd khan vi: chua dupe sir ddng tinh
ung hd ciia nhan dan (cac gia dinh cd ngudi tham gia dpi mua frdng), lai
khdng h i cd su hd fro vl kinh phi cho tap luyen, mua sam nhac cu, frang phuc.
Dilu dae biet nira la dpi miia frdng nay dugc thanh lap bao gdm cac thanh
vien hdu hit la phu nir.
Trong thdi gian may nam dau, dpi miia frdng xa Khanh Tien hoat ddng
kha sdi ndi, dae biet la vao cac dip mimg cdng, hdi le, mit tinh... Song, bing
di mdy nam, dpi ngd cac chi em la thanh vien ciia dpi cii "thua dan". Nguyen
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nhan chii yeu la do nhieu chi em da "di l4y chdng" d dia phuang khac, nen it
cd dieu kien de frd ve tham gia nira. Mat khac, cd mdt sd thanh vien dan ludng
tudi nen it cd dieu kien tham gia, frong khi do thi lap fre lai it cd dieu kien de
ke can, thay the cho nhirng vi tri thilu ving 4y.
Dae biet, dai da sd cac thanh vien ciia dpi miia frdng xa Khanh Tien
cung ddng thdi la thanh vien frong dpi van nghe cua timg thdn, lang.
De khdi phuc va duy fri dugc dpi mua frdng ciia xa (gdm cac thanh vien
d cac thdn lang) cdng chinh la khdi phuc, duy fri, phat huy vai trd ciia cac cau
lac bd van nghe d noi day, cdng can phai cd nhirng each thiic nang ddng, theo
mdt qua frinh nao dd cho phii hpp.
Ban dau la sir gap gd, ban bac giira Phdng Van hoa - Thdng tin - The
thao huyen Yen Khanh cimg vdi lanh dao dia phuong xa, cac trudng thdn va
nhung "hat nhan" la ngudi da ludng tudi, da timg tham gia dpi frdng ciia xa
xua kia, van rat nhiet frnh say sua vdi di san nghe thuat mua frdng ddc dao
nay. Tiep thdi gian sau dd, khoang nam 1996, dpi miia frdng xa Khanh Tien
duoc thanh lap (ndi dung hon la dpi mua frdng dugc khdi phuc lai). Dpi mua
frdng cd quy udc hoat ddng cu the, tua nhu ddi vdi mdt cau lac bd van nghe
cua dia phuong - fren co sd ban bac, thoa thuan fren van ban, dugc cac thanh
vien ky xac nhan.
Sau thdi gian luyen tap, khi da thanh thuc, dpi mua frdng Khanh Tien da
ra mat bieu dien vao cac dip tuyen truyen cupc bau cu Hdi ddng nhan dan cac
cap d dia phuong, cd vu cac cupc van ddng phong frao xoa ddi giam ngheo,

ling hp ddng bao bi bao lut... dae biet la bieu dien phuc vu nhan dan dia
phuong frong cac dip le hdi, mit tinh. UBND xa ciing da frich ngan saeh chi
phi giiip dpi frdng mua sam frang phuc, dan frdng mdi va mdt phan kinh phi
ddng vien toan dpi frong qua trinh luyen tap va nhung budi bieu dien.
* Ve doi hinh: Ngoai mdt nghe nhan la nam gidi dam nhan vai frd dao
diln hay "c4m nhip" frong diln xudng, thi hau het cac thanh vien dpi miia
frdng diu la nir, ma da sd la nu thanh nien (cd dieu kien ve thdi gian, siic
khoe, hinh thiic...).

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Sd luong ciia dpi mua frdng cua xa hien nay gdm khoang 10 ngudi. (Khi
cd dieu kien thi sd lugng ngudi cd the tang len).
Cu the cac thanh vien mua frdng nhu sau:
- 01 ngirdi danh frdng cai. (Thudng d vi tri trung tam cupc miia)
- 04 ngudi danh frdng nhd.
- 01 ngudi danh chieng.

- 02 ngudi danh nao bat (thanh la)
- 01 ngudi danh frdng con.
* Ve cac dao cu cua doi mua trong.

I ^ -^p j

oX

- Trdng cai la loai frdng dan tdc cd truyen, mat frdng lam bang da frau,
than frdng (cdn gpi la tang frdng) lam bdng gd (chu ylu la gd mit, phdn loi cd
mau vang va rat ben), quanh than frdng cd dai bang mdt vdng dai bang fre rat
chat va chac chan. Dudng kinh mat frdng khoang 45 cm frd len, frdng cao
chimg 60-70 cm. Than frdng cai va cac loai frdng nhd, frdng con deu dugc son
dd.
- Trdng nhd: Ciing lam bang cac chat lieu nhu fren, song cd kich thudc
nhd hon frdng cai. Dudng kinh mat frdng khoang 27- 30 cm, cao 32 - 35 cm.
- Trdng con: nhd hon frdng nhd (cung lam bang chat lieu fren). Mdi
frdng deu dugc danh bieu dien bang hai dui frdng lam bang loai gd chac, cd
kich thudc phii hop. Dau cac diii frdng (phan tiep xuc vdi mat frdng khi gd)
dupe bit bang vai mau. Phan chudi dui frdng thi cd budc cac dai tua bang vai
mau sac sd.
- Chieng frong dpi miia frdng (mdt chiee) vao cd kha Idn, la loai chieng
cd niim.
- Nao bat bing ddng thau, gdm 2 chiee.
- Md (mdt chile) phd bien dupe lam bang gdc fre gia, due rdng, kha dan
gia ma rat kheo leo.
* Ve trang phuc cua doi miia trong.

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- Qudn ao: Sac sd, la quin ao ll hdi cd truyin (nhu ddi vdi quan ao nu
frong cac cupc vui, cd ngudi gpi dd la quin ao "sT, tdt"). Ao mau dd, xanh,
vang, frang, tim... Cd ao, vat ao, ta ao duoc may nep chac chan, cd ao hinh
frai tim duac theu kha cau ky.
- That lung la mdt dai lua dai may nep, khac mau ao, miii that d phia
hdng, ben frai.
- Khan (dd, vang, xanh...) chit cd bd miii d giira fren fran.
- Xa cap quan tu dau gdi frd xudng.
- Giay vai sac sd.
- Tdc bui sau gay.
- Cac thanh vien (nii) cd frang diem phan son dep, deo vdng xuyen cac
loai.
- Rieng ngudi danh md (gpi tat la: md) thi dugc frang diem sao cho kha
ngd nghinh nham the hien su khdi hai tua nhu vai he cheo hoac vai he frong
cac cupc miia lan. Thudng la hai ben ma to phan dd, hinh frdn, td ve ria, ndt
rudi, ve miii "qua quyt". Vi mua frdng d day chinh la mdt hinh thiic dien
xudng vui nhdn, cd ddng, nao nhiet.
- Khi dpi miia frdng bieu dien luu ddng (bieu dien fren dudng di, tu noi
nay tdi noi khac) thi cd mdt chiee xe keo de chuyen chd frdng cai. Xe keo nay
duoc bay fri mau sac dep; ngudi keo xe ciing an van frang phuc le hdi, cdn
ngudi bieu dien danh frdng thi di ben canh frdng de bieu dien.

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III. DIEN TRINH CUA MOT CUOC MUA TRONG.
Mdi cupc mua frdng deu cd su chuin bi, tap luyen, tua nhu cac cupc
bieu dien van nghe khac.
Trudc khi tien hanh cupc miia frdng thi tit ca cac thanh vien trong dpi
mua frdng dupe thdng bao it nhit hi vai hdm trudc dl chuin bi tham gia. De
chuan bi cho cupc bieu diln miia frdng chinh thiic thi toan dpi miia frdng tap
trung de miia tap it nhit la 2-3 luat.
Sau khi da miia tap, cac thanh vien bit diu van frang phuc va tu giup
nhau frang diem, hoa frang.
De bat dau cupc mua frdng, ca dpi tap trung diy dii ciing cac dao cu theo
hieu lenh da quy dinh trudc cua ngudi chi huy (ngudi nay thudng dimg frdng
con de rung hieu lenh va bat nhip).
III.l. Dien trinh mot cuoc mua trong tru^dc kia.
Bai 1: Mdt dng gia mac quan ao dd, dau chit khan dieu danh trdng cai d
giiia san khau (d ngoai trdi thi frdng cai nay dat giira, chung quanh la cac
thanh phan cua dpi frdng). Trdng cai dat nam ngang, phan tang frdng - phia

fren duge frang fri bang bdng hoa Idn, tet bang lua hdng. Xua kia, ngudi sam
vai nay rat ndi tieng d Khanh Tien la cu Sinh.
Bdn thieu nii tay mua vdng frdn, dieu khien frdng con (frdng con dai
chiing 45cm, mat frdng chi khoang fren 10cm vi hai dau frdng thon nhd), dupe
budc trudc bung bdi dai lua.
Hai thilu nir danh nao bat (gdm 2 chiee- chdm choe bang ddng, hinh det
nhu cai dia, cd num de cam). Gdm 2 am thanh "chap" va "cheng" (danh nao
bat chum vao nhau hoac danh ludt qua tuy theo nhip frdng, nhip mua). Cac cd
gai danh frdng vin khan, yem dao, ao dai do, that lung. Cac cd danh nao bat
cung frang phuc frrong tu nhung ao mau khac.
Mpt ngudi dan dng danh md, frang phuc: ao 5 vat, chit khan diu diii,
thit lung bd miii ben hdng.

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Md diu tilt muc: mdt hdi frdng (frdng cai, nao bat, chieng) vang len ddi
dap "fring... cheng... tiing... cheng..." ban diu cham, sau nhanh dan. Khi
nhip frdng cai va nao bat ddn nhanh thi cac ed gai tu hai phia chay ra, hop lai
xen lan nhau thanh hang, lugn thanh vdng frdn rdi tan ra hai ben.
Ket hdi frdng la 3 tiing "tiing - cheng". Ca dpi frdng xIp thanh hinh chir
V chao khan gia (ngudi danh nao bat diing ngoai cung) hoac cd the xep thanh
hinh tugng khac (theo dao diln). Dpi hinh miia frdng ludn thay ddi, bien hoa
tao thanh nhirng hinh tugng smh ddng - theo chii dh (vudng, frdn, hinh chir,

chia tdp le...) nhung theo nguyen tic: hai ben, mdi ben cd 2 frong con, mdt
nao bat, cd the them 1 chieng.
Ong gia danh frdng cai d giua thi vira danh frdng vira mua dui, nhay
xung quanh theo nhip, luc danh frdng d phia trudc, luc lai danh frdng d phia
sau ngudi (do quay ngudi) khi danh ben phai, khi ben frai, nhip nhang, khoe
manh.
Ngudi danh md thi lam cac dieu bd hai hudc, ngd nghinh, nhay miia,
ludn tay dudi kheo danh md, hoac danh md d phia sau gay (cui ngudi) hoac
danh md ben sudn. Ddi luc anh ta cdn "chdng gheo" cd danh frdng hay cd
danh nao bat - day lac quan frong khdng khi hdi he - dan gian, vui nhdn.
Dieu dae biet d mua frdng Khanh Tien la: nhip le (nhip 7/4 - do 2 khudn
nhip 4/4 va 3/4 hgp thanh). Ngoai dieu chinh each cdn cd cac dieu bien each
do ngau himg cua dien vien - nghe sy dan gian. Cac dieu nay phdi hop, xen ke
tao nen su la tai, la mat, ngudi xem khdng chan.
Bai 2: Theo cu Nguyen Gia Sinh, nghe nhan ciia dieu mua nay cho biet
(1994) thi day la tiet muc dugc luu truyen lai tu lau ddi. Da hang chuc nam
nay, cu Sinh tuy tudi gia nhung van day con chau. Nam 1979, cu frirc tilp
danh frong cai cung ddi miia du lien hoan nghe thuat quan chung do Bp Van
hoa td chiic tai Ha Bac- tiet muc dugc thudng Huy ehuong vang. Ngay
19/5/1990, cu da dan dimg cho Idp fre ddi miia frdng Khanh Tien vl Nam
Dinh bilu diln trong ngay hdi van hoa - the thao dan tdc dupe ngudi xem
nhiet liet hoan nghenh.

KHA O TA

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\/U HOI

TRdfNG

&XA

KHANH

TIEN

Mua frdng Khanh Tien cd mdt dng gia danh frdng cai, mac quan ao dd,
khan dieu (cd the la nghe nhan hoac diln vien cai frang). Chiee frdng cai dat o
giua san khau. Tang frdng phia fren d chinh dien dugc frang fri bang mdt bdng
hoa tet bang mdt dai lua hdng, cd fria toa ra hai ben.
Dieu khien frdng con la 4 thieu nir (tay miia vdng frdn nhd mua vao mat
frdng). Trdng con dai khoang 45 cm, hai diu thon nhd. Mat frdng dudng kinh
12 em, cd dai lua budc trudc bung. Hai thilu nir danh nao bat (cdn gpi la chum
choe), gdm 2 chiee bang ddng, hinh dang nhu cai dia, cd niim dh cim, dudng
kinh tu 35 - 40cm. Khi sii dung, 2 tay cim 2 chile dap vao nhau thanh tieng
chap - neu dap ludt qua thi thanh tiing cheng.
Cac cd thieu nir dau van khan, mac yim dao, ao dai ddi vai, that lung
md bd mai, 4 cd danh frdng mdt mau, 2 cd danh nao bat mau khac.
Mdt anh danh md mac ao ngan 5 vat, chit khan diu dui, that lung bd mai
canh sudn.
Md dau la mdt hdi frdng va nao bat (cd the them cheng) danh ddi dap
tung cheng, tung cheng tir cham den nhanh. Luc nay san khau mdi cd minh
dng gia danh frdng cai, khi nhip frdng va nao bat ddn nhanh thi cac cd gai tir
hai ben chay ra xen ke vao nhau, lugn thanh vdng frdn rdi tan ra 2 ben. Ket
hdi frdng la 3 tieng tiing, tung, chen tieng cheng eudi cung, mpi ngudi da dimg
theo hinh chir V (nao bat ngoai ciing) va thanh hinh tugng de chao khan gia.
Sau dd mdi bat dau vao dieu mua.
Trong qua frinh dieu mua dien ra thi dgi hinh ludn dugc thay ddi. Tir

chir V din vudng gdc hay frdn hoac cum nhd... deu theo nguyen tic can ddi
mdi ben 2 frdng con va mdt nao bat. Ong gia danh frdng cai d giua thi viia
danh vua mua dui nhay xung quanh frdng- liie danh frude mat, liic danh sau
lung. Khi danh ben phai, khi ben frai, vdi dieu bd khoe manh nhip nhang rit
dep mit. Anh danh mo thi hai hudc lam trd. Liic nhay mdt chan, 2 tay ludn
xudng dudi kheo danh md. Khi veo ngudi danh md ben sudn hoac cui diu
danh md sau gay. Anh ta ludn di ddng. Mdm, mit tinh nghich khi chdng cd
danh frdng, liic freu cd nao bat.

KHAO TA

>Trang21


\/U HOI TRi^NG


TIEN

Cai hay cai dep cua dieu miia frdng Khanh Tien la ciing vdi nhip frdng
mo nao bat, vdi phuc frang rue rd \ a dieu bd vui khoe, da gay dugc khdng khi
tung bung phan khdi, lac quan yeu ddi cho ngudi xem.
Mdt dilu dae biet nira la d cac dieu frdng khac nhu frdng su tii, frdng
ngu lien, frdng rude... diu la nhip 2 hoac nhip 4, tiic la nhip chin. Nhung d
nhip frdng Khanh Tien lai la nhip le- nhip 7/4, do 2 khudn nhip 4/4 va 3/4 hgp
thanh.
Nhip frdng cd 1 kieu chinh each va qua trinh bilu diln do khdng khi sdi
ddng, do sir hudng ung ciia ngudi xem khiln cho ngudi dien cd sir hao hiing
ma nay sinh ra cac dieu bien each- cac kilu chinh va bien each xen ke vao

nhau da tao nen sir mdi la hap dan cho ngudi xem.
III.2. Dien trinh mot cuoc mua trong hien nay.
- Dpi miia frdng dan dpi hinh: theo hang ngang (mdt hoac hai hang)
hoac theo hinh chir V, tuy theo khdng gian dia hinh rdng hep cu the cua nai
bieu dien. Nhung bao gid ngudi bieu dien frdng cai ciing d vi fri giira dpi hinh.
Ngudi "chi huy" thi dung frdng eon, ngdi d ben ngoai dpi hinh nay de ra
hieu va cam nhip.
- Md diu, ngudi bieu dien frdng cai (la phu nu, dien mao va frang phuc
thi hien ve chii soai), hai tay cam hai diii frdng gio len fren dau, mua udn cd
tay nhu tao ra bdng hoa sac sd bien hoa, vira miia vua lugn xung quanh frdng.
Trdng cai nay dugc dat ke d mdt vi fri cd dinh. Ngudi nay di chuyen xung
quanh frdng theo tu thi: lung hudng ve trdng, mat quay ra phia ngoai, dao
miia theo kilu di chuyen xoay ngang.
Ngudi nay dimg lai ben frdng, mat hudng theo phia trudc dpi hinh, danh
dao mdt hdi frdng dai, gpi la hdi frdng dao, theo Idi cd fruyen (nhanh dan).
- Sau khi hdi frdng dao ket thuc, "chu soai" di chuyen theo chieu nguge
kim ddng hd xung quanh frdng, ciing la xoay quanh minh theo chieu nguge
kim ddng hd, vira di chuyin \ara xoay, ddng thdi theo mdi nhip budc xoay thi
lai vung tay danh mdt tiing frong "tiing". Do di chuyen xoay ngudi quanh
frdng nhu vay ma ddng tac tay frai danh frdng vung len roi danh vao mat frong
KHAO TA

• Trang22


V O HOI

TRC>NG

KHANH

TIEN

la vdi ve phia sau, chi it la chech sau phia hdng frai. Ddng tac vira xoay ngudi
vua danh trdng nay ddi hdi phai tap luyen cdng phu, ngudi bieu dien phai cd
ban linh va dae biet co thi phai cd dp deo dai tua nhu mdt diln vien mua hay
van dpng vien the due dung cu vay. Cung vi thi ma khdng phai thanh vien nao
frong dpi mua frdng cung dam duong dugc "vai frdng cai" nay.
- Tiep den, ngudi sam "vai frdng cai" thuc hien ddng tac khd hon nira la:
vua xoay ngudi di chuyin xung quanh frdng, vua nhiin nhay vira danh gat
chan ngang qua fren mat frdng trudc khi ngoai lai dk danh mdt tiing "tung".
Cu the la: khi ngudi nay vua quay mat nhin vao frdng thi dam chan phai lam
tru quay gio ngang chan frai quet vl phia sau mdt vdng fren mat frdng. Khi
chan frai gan cham mat dit thi tay frai da vung len. Khi chan frai cham mat dit
cimg chan phai "dn thi tin" thi tay frai da danh gpn chic mdt tiing "tiing".
Rdi, chan trai lam tru, chan phai gio ngang, quet ngang tren mat frdng.
Khi chan phai gin cham mat dit thi tay frai ha xudi xudng, tay phai vung len.
Khi chan phai cham mat dit cung vdi chan frai "dn thi tin" thi tay phai danh
gpn chac mdt tiing "tung".
Thdng thudng man frdng nay diln ra xong khi ngudi danh frdng da quay
xong it nhat ba vdng xung quanh frdng cai.
- Lai cd mdt man nhay qua frdng la:
Dung trudc frdng, lay chan frai lam fru, gio cao chan phai len, nhun bat
chan frai, toan than nhay qua frdng. Khi chan phai cham dit thi vung tay frai
len, ngudi quay ngoat lai, tay frai danh mdt tieng frdng.
Ngudi danh frdng xoay nguge lai rdi thuc hien ddng tac tuong tu, nhung
dao lai la: lay chan phai lam tru...
- Ngudi danh frdng cai diing nghiem "dinh than", rdi rung frdng that

gidn theo nhip nhanh dan hoa ciing tieng chieng va nao bat phu hoa.
- Sau do, nao bat va md tien len.
Hai ngudi cam nao bat budc len phia trudc, quay lai phia giira ddi xiing
nhau, vira miia (nhiin nhay) khi lay chan trai lam fru de budc cao chan phai,

K^^O TA

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