Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến việc áp dụng hệ thống kế toán chi phí ở một số công ty du lịch được lựa chọn tại hà nội, việt nam

ThAi nguyen University

Southern Luzon STATE University

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Republic of Philippines

THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADOPTION OF
COST ACCOUNTING SYSTEM OF SELECTED
TRAVEL AGENCIES IN HANOI, VIETNAM

A RESEARCH PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE SCHOOL
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY LUCBAN, QUEZON, PHILIPPINES
THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY S.R. VIETNAM

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE DOCTORAL IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Name of Student
English Name
Date of Birth
Course

: DOAN THI QUYNH ANH
: ANGEL
: 05/01/1981
: SLSU-DBA1

Hanoi November, 2013

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

During the conduct of my thesis, I would like to give my sincere thank to
advisors: Prof. Dr. Pete Ooi; Dr. Edwin Bernal . The advisors help me with detailed
guidance and instruction so that I can complete my research. Representatives from
Southern Luzon State University, ThaiNguyen University, ICT and academic affairs
together with teachers and staffs in ICT office has encouraged and helped from all the
members in the class.

When conducting the research, I receive the enthusiastic support and
participation of directors and staffs of all enterprises that I have research.

Beside that, I always receive the encouragement and support form my family.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to the advisors, staffs participating
in the research and my family for supporting me a lot.

Doan Thi Quynh Anh - Angel

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CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................................... 2
TABLE CONTENT................................................................................................................................ 3
LIST OF TABLE .................................................................................................................................... 4
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ......... 15
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................... 39
CHAPTER IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................... 45
CHAPTER V. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................ 75
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 79

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table 3.1. Factors affecting the adoption of the cost accounting system .............. 40
Table 4.1 Respondents’ Age and Gender ................................................................ 46
Table 4.2. Respondents’ Position and Field of Specialization ................................ 47
Table 4.3. Perceived Level of Awareness and Understanding of Cost Accounting
System ......................................................................................................................... 49
Table 4.4.. Perceived Ease of Use of Cost Accounting System ............................... 52
Table 4.5. Perceived Usefulness of Cost Accounting System ................................ 54
Table 4.6. Attitude Toward Adherence to Cost Accounting System inCost
Management ............................................................................................................... 57
Table 4.7. Summary Table on Respondents’ Perception and Attitude Towards
Adoption of Cost Accounting System....................................................................... 59
Table 4.8. The relationship between the accountants’ and the managers’
perception of their level of awareness and understanding of the cost accounting
system in travel agencies Crosstabulation ............................................................... 60
Table 4.9 Chi-Square Tests ....................................................................................... 62
Table 4.10. The relationship between the accountants’ and the managers’
perception on the ease of use of the cost accounting system in travel agencies
Crosstabulation .......................................................................................................... 63

Table 4.11. Chi-Square Tests .................................................................................... 64
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Table 4.12. The relationship between the accountants’ and the managers’
perception on the usefulness of the cost accounting system in travel agencies
Crosstabulation .......................................................................................................... 65

Table 4.13. Chi-Square Tests .................................................................................... 66

Table 4.14. The relationship between the accountants’ and the managers’
attitude toward use of the cost accounting system in travel agencies
Crosstabulation .......................................................................................................... 67

Table 4.15. Chi-Square Tests .................................................................................... 68

Table 4.16. Independent Samples Test ..................................................................... 70

Table 4.17. Independent Samples Test ..................................................................... 71

Table 4.18. Independent Samples Test ..................................................................... 72

Table 4.19. Independent Samples Test ..................................................................... 73

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1 Classification of cost in travel agencies ......................................................... 31

Fig 2 Conceptual framwork ..................................................................................... 39

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background

As

Vietnam

rides

in

the

development

of

world

economy,

its

hospitality/tourism industry had gained remarkable leap. Demand in a wide-range of
hospitality-related products and services increased as people's living standard
improved. This included products and services in travel services which is one sector
in the multi billion-dollar world-wide hospitality industry.

Products and service in a travel agency are designed to satisfy special needs of
consumers such as understanding the culture, tradition and the historical treasures of
one locality, appreciating natural beauty of the place, experiencing the climate, foods,
events and festivities of the area, and a lot of activities simply designed for
sightseeing and for rest and recreation. The demand for travel products and services
is not very stable as it easily changes due to instability of the climatic condition, and
the economic and political situation of the particular tourism destination. It therefore
requires that players in the travel business to be more creative and innovative to
anticipate changes in the business landscape in order to cushion the impact of slack
time in the business.

On one hand, it also requires that industry players fully grasp the
characteristics of tourism and travel products to be able to organize business activities
that optimally meet the needs of clients and ensure enhanced business performance on
the basis of strict cost control. It also requires strong organizational skills as well as
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understanding of the upstream and downstream links and costs which are, more often
than not, not too easy to quantify as transfers of values take place with the transfer of
intangible subject of business transactions. While application of sound managerial
accounting techniques and concepts is inevitably necessary, all must start from the
solid understanding and appreciation of cost accounting and the adoption of
appropriate cost accounting system.

Summarily, determining the cost of products and services in a travel agency
poses a great challenge for the firm’s accountants and managers in as much as the
business’ price offerings depend largely on the relevant costs. Doubly challenging is
the implementation of a firm’s policy on cost allocations because this requires a deal
of rationalization so as not to overburden one product/service while others
overburdened with unnecessary costs. This therefore requires the identification and
the use of appropriate cost driver to achieved full rationalization of the system.
Further, to achieve comparative and competitive advantages, it is necessary that, costs
associated with the implementation of activities in major business functions along the
value chains should be analyzed as to whether these are value-adding or non-value
adding costs. Obviously, only value adding activities are client-focused activities and
therefore add to the achievement of the value expectations of the clients. While cost
accounting is a necessary requirement to achieve more in the travel business in Hanoi,
less has been benefiting fully from it. To determine the factors that drive the sector to
adopt cost accounting system is the major reason why this research was conducted.

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1.2.

Statement of the Problem

This research focused on determining the factors which affect the adoption of the cost
accounting system of selected travel enterprises in Hanoi. Specifically, it tried to find
answers to the following research questions:

1.

What is the profile of the respondents in terms of gender, age, position and

field of specialization?
2.

What is the accountants’ and the managers’ perception of their level of

awareness and understanding, ease of use, and usefulness of cost accounting system?
3.

What factors are significantly affecting the attitude of the accountants and the

managers of travel agencies in adopting a cost accounting system?
4.

Is there any difference in the accountants’ and the managers’ perception of

their level of awareness and understanding, ease of use, and usefulness of cost
accounting system?
5.

Is there any difference between the accountants’ and the managers’ attitude

towards adherence to the cost accounting system in the management of costs in travel
agencies?

1.3.

Statement of Objectives

The general objective of this research was to determine the significant factors

affecting the adoption of cost accounting system for Hanoi-based travel agencies. It
seek to meet the requirements of the following specific objectives:

1.

To determine the profile of the respondents in terms of gender, age, position

and field of specialization.
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2.

To describe the accountants’ and the managers’ perception of their level of

awareness and understanding, ease of use, and usefulness of cost accounting system.
3.

To identify the factors which significantly affect the attitude of the

accountants and the managers of travel agencies in adopting a cost accounting system.
4.

To statistically test the difference in the accountants’ and the managers’

perception of their level of awareness and understanding, ease of use, and usefulness
of cost accounting system.
5.

To statistically test the difference between the accountants’ and the managers’

attitude towards adherence to the cost accounting system in the management of costs
in travel agencies?

1.4.

Hypotheses

The following hypotheses were tested using inferential statistical tools:

Hypothesis 1: There is no relationship between the accountants’ and the managers’
perception of their level of awareness and understanding, ease of use, and usefulness
of cost accounting system and their attitude towards adoption of the same cost
accounting system in travel agencies.

Hypothesis 2:

There is no difference in the accountants’ and the managers’

perception of their level of awareness and understanding, ease of use, and usefulness
of cost accounting system.

Hypothesis 3: There is no difference between the accountants’ and the managers’
attitude towards adherence to the cost accounting system in the management of costs
in travel agencies.
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1.5.

Significance of the study

In integration trends and competitive at present, enhance the capacity of
Vietnamese businesses in particular and the economy in general in difficulties
economic conditions is a matter of necessity of Vietnam. One of the economic sectors
is considered Vietnam is the point of the travel industry. In order to raise capacity of
travel agencies, a series of measures was taken by tourism businesses to apply good
governance over their enterprises such as : building Vietnamese travel photos and
build good customer relations , manage travel activities , training of staff travel .... In
measure , cost management is one of the most important issue for each travel agencies
. One of the instruments that helps manage cost efficiently is cost accouting system in
cost mangement. This research concentrates on finding the factors affecting the
adoption of the cost accounting system in travel agencies.

This research conduct to analyze relationship between factors affecting the
cost accounting system in selected travel agencies. This study will be significant to
the following individuals and organizations:

For travel agencies and its key officers, this research indicates help finding the
key factors to apply the cost accounting system, they can use the results of this
research to find the factors affecting to the adoption of cost accounting system in their
enterprise.

Based on the results of this dissertation, managers and accountants in travels
agencies can making a plan to adopt the cost accounting management in their
enterprise with the target such as managial cost, , saving cost, decision making..

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1.6.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

Along with the system of the general theory of cost accounting system for
internal management, the thesis will analyze and assess the current perception of cost
accounting systems at some business travel company in Hanoi from which to finding
the factors affecting of adoption of cost accounting sytem for travel agencies in the
direction of modern cost accounting management system, which help the cost
management and providing useful information for the decision of the administrator.

With the aim of improving accounting system in travel company in Hanoi, and
the number of enterprises tourism in Hanoil multiple, complex components business
in different fields, so the authors concentrate on research of the cost accounting
system of 7 business describe the model tour travel service in Hanoi, including: A
state-owned enterprise specialized in the field of business travel, business travel in all
four areas received international, send international visitors, receives domestic tourists
and domestic tourists on Hanoi recent years that is Vietnam Travel and Marketing
transports Company. Two enterprises belong to VietNam national Administration of
Tourism are the State of Investment and Tourism Thang Loi and HaNoi Tourism
company. Three enterprises represent non-state enterprises as AsiaLink travel joint
stock Company; New Horizons travel joint stock company, SaoMai travel company.
Besides, the authors also conducted to survey 25 travel companies in the area of
Hanoi.

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1.7.

Operational Definition of Terms

The following terms has been operationally defined:

Cost accounting system: A cost accounting system is a system designed for
managers to help them make decisions and includes; input measurement basis,
inventory valuation method, cost accumulation method and cost flow assumption. The
type of costs that come into an inventory may be pure historical costing or standard
costing.

Cost accounting system is the process of collecting, analyzing and evaluating
alternative causes of action. A cost accounting system consists of five parts and they
include input measurement, inventory valuation, cost accumulation, cost flow
assumption and recording of inventory cost flows.

Cost is the value of money that has been used up to produce something, and
hence is not available for use anymore. In business, the cost may be one of
acquisition, in which case the amount of money expended to acquire it is counted as
cost. In this case, money is the input that is gone in order to acquire the thing. This
acquisition cost may be the sum of the cost of production as incurred by the original
producer, and further costs of transaction as incurred by the acquirer over and above
the price paid to the producer. Usually, the price also includes a mark-up for profit
over the cost of production.

More generalized in the field of economics, cost is a metric that is totaling up
as a result of a process or as a differential for the result of a decision. Hence cost is the
metric used in the standard modeling paradigm applied to economic processes.
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Travel agency is a private retailer or public service that provides tourism
related services to the public on behalf of suppliers such as airlines, car rentals, cruise
lines, hotels, railways, and package tours. In addition to dealing with ordinary tourists
most travel agencies have a separate department devoted to making travel
arrangements for business travelers and some travel agencies specialize in commercial
and business travel only. There are also travel agencies that serve as general sales
agents for foreign travel companies, allowing them to have offices in countries other
than where their headquarters are located.

Level of awareness and understanding of cost accounting system is
perception of accountants and managers of cost accounting system base on their
knowledge about accounting, cost, cost accounting system.

Ease of use of cost accounting system is perception of accountants and
managers of ease of use cost accounting system. The ease of use of cost accounting
system is show ability of accountants and managers using the cost accounting system.

Usefulness of cost accounting system is perception of accountants and
managers of use of cost accounting system. That is a wonderful tool for the
management. When it comes to measuring how wisely company resources are being
utilized, if offers a lot of advantages to the several end users like management,
employees, government, general public and creditors.

The

usefulness of cost

accounting system is its effect and result of usefulness of cost accounting system for
the accountants and managers work.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter authors reviews the related literature and studies on travel
industry in Vietnam in general, Hanoi travel in particular. This chapter provides the
reader with sufficient theory about cost accounting, the usefulness of cost accounting
system. It will discuss theories framework and concepture framework , which is going
to be evaluated in following chapters.

2.1.

Review of Related Literature

2.1.1. The tourism industry and the travel sector

During the 53 years of establishment and development, travel industry has
always been interested in each period are determined location of tourism in the
economic development strategy of the country's socio-suit bridge revolution. In 53
years of development , not a long time for the development of an industry , but can
also see the strong upturn in both quantity and quality of Vietnam Tourism , is a in
important aggregate economic sectors, bringing profound cultural content that is
interdisciplinary, inter-regional and socialize high growth rate in recent times ,
including in crisis conditions Asian economic and natural disasters, widespread
epidemics, global conflicts and local wars and terrorism in many parts of the world in
recent years.

Vietnam tourism in 53 years of development, tourism industry has achieved
these results:

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1. Innovation , improve awareness about tourism perspective : The whole
industry has focused efforts to mobilize the intellectual and theoretical studies and
tests , practical summary of tourism development in the country, forming, proposed
system and gradually complete the view, guidelines and policies for tourism
development with the Party and the State .

2. Apparatus and management capacity of state for tourism , business travel
system is perfected , activity gradually adapt to the new regime.

3 . Mobilizing more and more resources to build infrastructure , improve the
quality and diversification of tourism products.

4 . The propaganda and promotion , tourism promotion is enhanced. In recent
years , the tourism industry has focused on the promotion of tourism in both the
domestic market and internationally . Promotion work is more focused : Established
Tourism Promotion Bureau ; had promotion for a period of 5 years ; gradually
improved professionalism , quality of events organized better . Tourism has actively
coordinated with Vietnam Airlines , Vietnam embassies abroad, the Ministry of
Culture - Information , news agencies and newspapers , broadcasting , organizing
many events tourism promotion overseas

5 . International cooperation is expanding , exploiting external resources.

6 . Achieve and maintain a high growth rate , the effect of socio- economic
growing and comprehensive.

There is such a result , the entire tourism industry has actively implemented

seriously and synchronization solutions, both at work perfecting the policy, state
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management, broadcast promotion, link and coordinate local businesses, enhance the
quality of services .. By the end of 2012, Vietnam had 1120 international tour
operators; 11,840 tourist guides have been issued cards, including cards 4,809
instructors and 7,031 local tourist guide card international travel and the total number
of tourist accommodation establishments all over the country is estimated at 13,500 to
285,000 chamber, in which: 57 hotels 5 star 147 hotels 4 star,335 hotels 3 star.

Vietnam Tourism to identify some key tasks in 2013 include : Continue to
implement the development strategy of Vietnam's tourism in 2020, with a vision to
2030, deployment of the planning scheme, other resorts according to the master plan
on development of Vietnam Tourism 2020 vision 2030 after being approved by
continued deployment tasks improve the quality and efficiency of tourism statistics;
promote activities E - tourism marketing and branding Vietnam tourism logo and
slogan associated with the new deployment scheme to attract tourists from 8 key
tourism markets of China , Japan , Korea , Malaysia , Thailand , Australia , France ,
Russia , to exploit tourism development Ha Long Bay and a number of other
prominent points to ensure the sustainability and high economic efficiency, image
building heritage tourism Vietnam, Ha Long Bay...

2.1.2. Travel business in Hanoi

Hanoi is located and beautiful location, conveniently, is the capital, the center
of politics, economy, culture scientific, and important traffic of the country. As one of
the largest tourist centers of the country, Hanoi plays a very important role in the
tourism development of the country in general and in particular of Tonkin.
International tourist arrivals to Hanoi for about 30 % of visitors to Vietnam. With the

advantage of historical, cultural capital , domestic tourists to Hanoi at the forefront of
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the country. Hanoi is also a center for receiving and distribution of tourists travel to
the northern region and the other regions in the territory of Vietnam as well as to
countries in the region .

It has long become destinations Hanoi attracts international travelers largest
country by ancient beauty , quiet , elegant . Hanoi tourism natural resources and rich
humanistic , systematic Hanoi lakes make up a very particular landscape values of
Hanoi West Lake , Hoan Kiem Lake , Quan Son Lake , Suoi Hai , Van Tri ... special
dress relic Thang Long Imperial Citadel , Giong festival at Phu Dong temple and
temple Soc , Ca tru is recognized by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage , in
addition, the system epitaph Dr. Le Mac at Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam was recognized
as a UNESCO world documentary heritage of world program of UNESCO memories
. Thus, Hanoi has always been appreciated by the international tourists as an attractive
destination .

This is more significant when the Hanoi area was expanded 3.6 times the old
area , with a population of over 6.5 million people , opens up the potential for the
tourism industry . With nearly 5,000 sites , of which 803 sites have been ranked ,
ranked first in number of historical monuments , eligibility to develop cultural tourism
, historical , spiritual ... In addition to the advantage of monuments , landscapes
historical land of thousand years of civilization , Hanoi is emerging as the ideal
location for eco-tourism , leisure and entertainment .

Along with the expansion of the administrative boundaries of Hanoi more
unique tourist destinations catering . Hanoi currently has a number of eco-tourism
service quality is relatively good Tan Da, King Pond, about Green - Suoi Tien, Asian .

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There are also some resort entertainment as Bao Son Paradise ( Hoai Duc ) , Vietnam
Phu Thanh Chuong , Ho Tay Water Park ... large scale has come into operation .

Hanoi is also home to cultural establishments systems , information center of
the country such as radio , television , theater major , major museums , the performing
arts theater folk as rowing , water puppetry is very attractive to international travelers
and domestic .

Since several years , Hanoi has always been a number of prestigious travel
magazine as the World 's leading Travel and Leisure ( U.S. ) , Smart Travel Asia (
HKG ) held a vote and won the title of Top 10 tourist destinations most of Asia.

International visitors to Hanoi increasing number of customers rose by an
average of 18-20 % . In 2008, Ha Noi welcomes 1.3 million , in 2009 due to the
global economic crisis and the disease is 1.02 million visitors ; 2010 with a
celebration event in 1000 thousand years of Thang Long - Hanoi Cabinet and the
National Tourism Year, Hanoi arrivals increased, the total number of 1.7 million;
2011 welcomed 1.84 million international passengers; 2012 Hanoi welcomes over 2
million international tourist arrivals .

Markets domestic tourists to Hanoi large proportion of the country 's leading ,
with an average annual passenger traffic accounted for over 20 % of domestic tourists
in Vietnam . In 2002, Hanoi welcomes 2.8 million , by 2009 had brought 9.2 million ,
in 2010 to reach 10.6 million; in 2011 to reach 11.6 million; in 2012 to reach over 12
million passengers .

Domestic Tourists to Hanoi with many different purposes and from all

provinces of the country , in which visitors to Hanoi for tourism purposes traveling,
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visiting relatives and healing . Visitors to in Hanoi , stay at hotels 38.6 % , 24.4 %
Guest House , Lodging and 21.8 % in the friends and relatives about 15.2 % ( by
relatives and visitors rate Hanoi to therapy rather large ) . Shopping is a pastime of
tourists , especially domestic tourists . Spending on shopping accounted for the
highest proportion , 27.7 % of the total expenditure , followed by eating 22.5 % , 22.1
% accommodation , transport and entertainment respectively 10 , 2 and 9.4 % .

On Hanoi now has nearly 500 International travel agencies and nearly 500
domestic travel agencies, has about 50 companies and individual business households
transporting tourists. Hanoi focused cultural institutions of the country such as the
Opera House , the National Cinema Center, the major museums, the performing arts
theater folk as rowing, water puppetry very attractive with international travelers and
domestic .

Park system as Lenin Park , Thu Le Park , Park Dong Da , Youth Park , West
Lake Water Park , Bao Son Paradise Park , Vietnam .... Phu Thanh Chuong are
increasingly becoming tourist attractions are concerned .

Activity culinary tour of Hanoi were strongly developed , the high
socialization , has given high capital position system travel the world and dining area .
The dining establishments in Hanoi last time the rapid development of rich and
diverse ethnic restaurants like Thai restaurants , Japanese restaurants , Korean
restaurants to bars , caffe , pubs snack of the world's major corporations like KFC ,
Lotteria ... were present in Hanoi , meet the culinary needs of the great majority of
visitors and residents of Hanoi.
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