Vài nét về quá trình hình thành của nhóm động từ trao-nhận trong Tiếng Nhật hiện đại

52

NGON N G f & Btfl

S6NG

s l 1 (243)-2016

[NGOAI N G g VQl BAN NGU)

VAI NET VE QUA TRINH HINH THANH
CUA NHOM DONG TlT TRAO-NHAN
TRONG TIENG NH^T HIEN DAI
AN OVERVIEW ON THE FORMATION PROCESS OF "GIVE-RECEIVE" VERB
GROUP IN MODERN JAPANESE LANGUAGE
DAO

THJ H 6 N G H.JJVH

(ThS; B^i hgc Ngogi thuotig Hd Nfi)
Abstract: "Give - Receive" is a group of verbs that characterizes the structure, semantics and
pragmatics of Japanese linguistics. The use of this group reflects the features of agglutination
and culture-rlcb of such language as Japanese. The formation and development of this verb
group in modem Japanese language is closely related to the change of system " preferred to
speak" of Japanese from ancient to modem times. The principles of causal inference and the
speaker's views are important factors influence the order of priority in communication as well as
the formation and use ofthe verb "given - received"
Key words: Verbs of giving and receiving; honorific; preferential speech; point of view.
1. Dfng tft trao - nhgn trong tieng Nhft hifn tctlK, itadakxi. Trong jAgm vi ciia nghien cuu ve
qud trinh hlnh thdnh nhdm dgng tft trao - nhan
Dfng tft trao- nhgn (^^W0^

la nhdm dfng chiing tdi chi dl c$p din 3 dfng tft co ban digc sir
tft bilu hifn ^ n^Ta chuyin ddi mft v|t nao dd tft dyng d thi tiidng tiiudng la: - ^ 5 yaru,<. iv6
dii tirgng A sang dii tugng B. Tbeo Doe (1975), bfferuvk 'hho
morau.
Okuda (1979 - 1983), Temura (1982), dfng tft
Dfng tCic trao- nh§n trong tiing Nh^t hifn dai
mang n ^ a trao - nhgn vdi cac djnh ngjua tren bao dugc ehia thdnh 3 nhdm dya tren edc d ^ trung
gIm cdc dfng tft nhu: ^'t'icho vay, cho mugn), vl ngbla, chftc ndng cu phdp vd gdc nhin cik
i^^ ^(vgy, mugn), ^Srt(AM), mt>^(hgc), m ngudi ndi: nhdm - ^ 6 yaru, nhdm < tV 5
^^(dgy),
H5(mua), ^i)(bdn),
^7L^(cho, kureru vk nhdm hh^
morau.
tgng), S (t 5 (rhpn),... Tuy nhidn, hau bet cdc nhd
Nb6m Nghia Ngiroi
Ngircri Goc
n ^ € n cftu d^u cbo rdng nlutiiuh9p Idim nifmtiao
trao
nb§ii
nhin
- nhgn tbi trong nhdm c& ^ n g tft kl 1r€n cd mft
Trao
Chi
Bo
Ngucri
•^5
nhdm dfng tft (7dfng tft) cd ngjua trao-nhan ndi
yaru
ngtt
ngtt

trao(crr)
diui^ nhung lgi hogt d ^ g klid ddc bift vd mang
(CD
ff>D Ngucri
tinh chit d$c thfl cua tiing Nhgt n&i dugc x ^ vao
nhgn
mft nhdm riSng. Dd Id cdc dfng tft: - ^ 5 yaru,fe
ff>D
kureru
if 5 ageru, $ U fo ("f 6 sashiag^ru, < t t S
Nh§n
BSngtt Chi
Ngudi
kureru,^ fz.'^5 kudasaru vdi n ^ a trao vd cdc
ngtt
nh§n
(DD
5
dfng tft 1 1 ) p morau,\/^tctc'\
itacMu v&i
(CD
(CD
morau
nghTa nhgn. Nlu phan loai dya tten sdc tb^ bieu *Ghich i: chUthe hanhdgn g:CT;Di 7ithi:DT
edm tbi 7 dfng tOr trSn dugc ehia thanh 2 logi: cde
2. Dfng tit trao - nhf n trong tieng Nhgt cl
dfng tft dugc sft dyng d till tiidng thudng Id ' ^ 5
Hf tiling dfng tft bao - nhgn trong tiing Nh$t
yaru,<. t l S kureru vk hho
morau; cdc dfng c l khdng hodn todn gilng vdi hf thdng dfng tft

tft dugc ddng d dgng kftib ngft Id: fctf 6 agent,^ trao- nbfn trong tiing Nli$t hifn d^. Cde dfng tft
b & { " f 5 sashi£^eru,<tc^?> kudasaru vk ^"^ trao- nh|in d thi thdng thudng bao gom: < 6

< n


s l 1 (243)-2016

NG6N NGC & Btfl S6NG

53

aku,htz..^ att^ 7 < 7 lAuu; cdc dfng tft traonh|nd dang kinb ngft bao gom: 'ft'iii> tamafiL, fz.
T ^ O S tatematsuru, fc ^ ( i S tcanaharu.
Nhung tren thuc tl, nhdm ^ n g tft du>5C sft dyng
phi biln Id cdc ^ n g tft d dgng kinb ngft. Cde dfng
tft d dgng kinh ngfl fc'^^tanu^
fcT^oS
tatematsuru; fc'^\'i'S> tamabam cflng dugc ehia
lam 3 nhdm gilng nhu cdc dfng tii - ^ 5 yaru, <
t l S kureru vk %ho
morau ngdy nay. Tuy
nhiSn, so viA 2 dfng tft dbn lai,
tz.'^i'i.^
tamaharu it dugc sft dyng trong ngdn ngfl ndi, vl
vgy cd till ndi 2 dfng tft fc ^ ^ tome??/vd fcT S
o ^ tatematsuru Id 2 dfng tft trung tam trong hf
thong ddng tft trao - nb$n cua tioig Nhgt co. Hai
dfng tft nay cung hogt ^ n g trraig cau vdi 2 chftc
ndng. d ^ tft thyc vd dgng tft b l trg. Khi digc

dung vdi vai trd dfng tft tiiyc nd khdng bilu 1h| sy
kInh trgng ma chi don tbuin tbi hifn sy trao - nh$n
v ^ cdn Idii dugc diing vdi vai trd dfng tft b l trg nd
lgi khdng he mang n^&t trao- nhgn md chi bioi
b i ^ sy koih trgng doi vdi cdc nhan vgt tham gja hfi
tfiogi.

ludn d ^ g vai trd quan tn^g trong be thong "cddi
ndi uu tioi" cua tioigNhft"
Vdi cddi hi»i nhu t i ^ khih ngfl bay Uka b i ^
trao- nhgn deu Id bilu b i ^ cua hf tiling "each ndi
uu tien".VI vfy qud trinh lilnb thdnh, biln doi cfla
nhdm dfng tft trao - nhgn cflng theo quy ludt vd
diiu dnh budng trye ti^ tft "cddi ndi uu ti^" ndi
diung vd kinb ngft ndi ridt^. Sy ra ddi, binh tiianh
vd phdt trial cua nhdm dfng tft ndy |didn anb qud
trii^ "ty d i ^ chinh" trong lif tiling k&ih n ^ cfla
ti^Nh^
3,1 Sfrbiin Mi cua hp thdng kinh ngdtrong

Tsidxii ^ 1 2 ) cung cho idng, bieu lufn trao nhgn Id mft bf i^i^n khdng thi t h i ^ trong bf tiling
"cddi ndi uu tiwi":" Trong suit qud trinh v§n dgng
cfla f ^ n i ^ tft tiidi d d^ d ^ hifn d^ dkig vdi
kinh ngfl, b i ^ hifn trao- nhdn trong tiing Nhgt

Risho (2013) ciing chi ra mft so sy thay doi
tnmg qud trinh phdt t r i ^ tft kfnh ngfl trong tiing
Nhgt c l df^ doi ti^ Nhgt h i ^ d^. Khi so sanh
kinh ngfl tnmg ti^g NhSt d <^ vd hifn dd tdc gjd
dd di d ^ kit lu$n rdng, sy khdc nhau ca bdn gjfla

Qud trinh hinhtiianhcua cde dfng tit trao - nh$n
tn»ig tioig Nhgt gdn l i ^ vdi Ijdi sftjdiattrioicua
kvih ngfl. KMi ngfl trong tioig Nb$t bao g ^ 3
dang thflc co ban: tm koA ngS, khiem tdn ngfivd
(^'//eft j ^ - . Watanabe (1974) dd khdi ouat 3 net ^
tnmg cua kftih ngft trongtiengNh^ cd dai vd ti^g
Nb§tlii^ ^ nhu sau:
- Kinb ngft trong ti^g Nb$t d dgi dift tiong sy
"gift i^ilm cdch" ccsi trong tioig Nhgt liifn dgi lai
m cao sy "t&i kinh ngudi ngbe".
- Trong ti^ Nhdt d dgi, cdch ndi bilu bisi su
3. Sv hinh thdnh cdc dfng tft trao-nh^n
^ n kinh doi vdi ngudi nhgn vd cdch ndi the hifn
trong t i ^ Nhdt hifn dgi
thdi
df khi€m tin ty ba thap minh la hai cdch ndi
3.1. "Cdch ndi drgcuu den " trong di^Nhpt
hoan todn dfc lgp nhung trong tieng Nhgt hifn
Kikuchi (1997) da < ^ ngfaJa ve "edeh ndi dugc dai bai cdch ndi ndy lgi cd xu hudng sat nhgp
uu ti^** nhu sau: "Cdch ndi dugc uu tidn" Id binh trd thdnh mft cdch ndi duy nhat, dd Id cdch ndi
tfiuc n ^ n ^ dugc uu tidn lya chgn dya tren sy the hifn thdi df khidm t i n ty hg thip minh.
- Cdch ndi till hifn kit hgp gifla thdi df tdn
cdn nhdc ve ede nhdn t l tham gia giao tiep
nbu ngudi ndi, ngudi nghe, ngft ednh. Tde gid kinh dii vdi ngudi thyc hifn hdnh vi trao vd
ciing lift kd 6 dgng thftc ngdn ngft thufc bf ngudi thyc hifn hdnh vi nhgn khd pho bien
thong ndy trong dd cd nhdm dfng tft trao - trong tiing Nhgt c l dgi nhung lgi khdng till sft
nh$n, gom: 1/Cdch ndi be trdn-bl dudi dyng tnxig tioig Nhgt hifn dgi. Chdng hgn, trcxig
( ± : T ) ; 2/Cdch ndi Iieh sy-eoi tiiudng ( T ^ : tiing Nb§t d cd till ndi—&B X . i ^ ^ , trong to bgp
-?: ^ ^ V •»); 3/Cdch ndi trang trgng- than tiiif n( nay ^ X . Id yeu to the fii^ sy trai kinh doi vdi

3fe* *) :M:k); 4/Cdcb ndi nho nhd - tiid tyc( ngudi tiiyc hifn hdnh vi nli$n; cdn j ^ . ^ thi liifn
± f i i : ^ ^ ) ; 5/Cdch ndi tot - xau (iff: M); tiidi dg ty hg t h ^ minh. Ngugc lgi, khd cd thi cd
6/Cddi ndi tiie lufn on buf ciia cdc dfng tft trao - edch kit bgp tuong ty nhu vfy trong tieng Nhdt
hifn dgi, bdi khdng till ndi — ^ L±(fJ^nh^ ( ^ : ^ ) .


54

N G 6 N N G C & Ddi S6NG

bftiira^ kinb n ^ cua hai didi kltiilhientr€n3sy
thay doi
Thft nhat Id vifc sft dung (dil biln bon dgng Iich
sy troi^tioig Nhgt h i ^ dgi.
Thft bai Id xu hudng t r ^ sft dyng dang khiem
nhudng A (each ndi till hifn sy tdn k&ib doi vdi
ngudi nhgn) trong tiaig Nhgt hifn dai, trong khi
trong tieng Nhat c l dgi cd hm dar^ khiem nhudng
A vd khi&n nhudng B (cdch ndi ty hg tii^ mmh)
diu dugc sft dyng phi biln nhu nhau.
Thft 3 Id ngugc lgi vdi tia^ Nhgt d d^, bai
dgng tdn kuih ngft vd Idiiem nhudng A khdng tiie
sft dyng ding thM trong ngon ngfl hifn dai. Sy phat
triin cfla dang Ijeh sy vd dgng khiem nhudng B
trongtiengNhat hifn dai chinh Id yeu tl q t ^ ^ ^nh
sy xult hifn cua hai dfng tft < tl^ pturem] vd t)
h 0 [morau].
3.3. Svxudt hipn sdm nhat cua ^ng td Ktl
Skura-u

K. fl^ kureru Id dgng tft xuat hifn sdm nhat
trong nhdm. Theo khdo sdt cfla Miyaji (1981), dfng
tir ndy xult hien tren cdc In ptam vdo khodng the
ki XV. Cdc dpng tir < fc^-5
kudasaru, - ^ 6
yaru vk'iihv
morau xuat hifn vdo khoSng tfie
kiXVll,dfngtft foil's ageru xult hifn vdo thi ki
XDC, <^ng tft V»fc;^< itadaku xult hifn mudn
nhIt vao culi till ki XIX ^ till ki XX.

So 1 (243)-2016

3.4. C^doiipp - ^ ^
Mft trong nhung n& dac trung cua dfngtirtraonhdn trong tiing Nhgt la cung biiu tiij ^ ngb& trao
nhung lai tin tgi hai nhdm dfng tft: nhdm - ^ 5
yaru vk nhdm < fl^ kio^ru. Sy dii %J ve nghia
CO bdn ^fta - ^ S yaru vk < t t S kureru Id do sit
khdc nhau vl gde nhin cfla ngudi ndi. Theo Hdaka
(2007), vdo thdi ki Heian chi cd duy nbIt dfng tii
'\flh kureru &rgc dung vdi tu cddi Id dfngtji
trao - nb|n dl dien td bdnh dfng di chuyen mft s\f
vgt tft doi tugng A sang doi tugng B. Khi do, ^ t u
6 kureru dugc sft dyng trong cd hai tiudng hgp di
diuyln vdt ( ^ ngudi cd quan hf ^si gui vdi nguoi
ndi ciing nhu ngudi cd quan bf xa Ig \ ^ ngudi niM.
Tuy nhien, hifn nay do xu b u t ^ thong nhat hai dii
tugng cd quan bf xa Ig vdia vj cao bon n^idi ndi ndn dd i^i& siiib nhOng

ban chl vl nhdn xung khiln cho vifc sft dung dfng
tft < jJxS kureru ted n6n Idid kbdn bon. Vl ca
ban, cdch diing cfla cdc dfng tft trao- nhgn dugc 0.
trong boi ednh xd hfi diu yeu chl cd ngudi cd dia vj
cao hon dio ngudi cd dja ^i thap hon mgt vgt n^
d6. Cbfrih vi nguyen nhdn ndy ma di k&n vin vi^
nhgn dugc vft ndo dd sS Id thdi df bilt on ciia
ngufri dudi dii vdi ngudi trdn. Dl bilu tiij dupe
mli quan bf gjfta mft n^idi cbo vdi dja vi cao hon
vd ngudi nhgn vdi d|a vi f h ^ hon tiidng qua sy ^
chuyen cua sy vgt thi nhung dfng tft chuyen djch
Khi dgng tiiftc ljcb sy dugc sft dyng phi bien nhu J;^"t"j«fawwkh&igtiildamnh0n(higcDo
bon cd ngh^ Id ylu t l chi [ ^ i ngudi n ^ dugc vdy, dfng tft ^ ^1/6 kureru dugc lya dign nhu
quan t§m hon, dift trgng ban trong n ^ n ngfl gjao mft hinhtiiftcngdn ngft de bilu thj y n^iia ndy.
tilp. Mft trong nhflng quy tdc hfi thoai Id khi ylu
to dii i^li ngucn ngjie dugc did trgng tbi ngudi
D I cd till cbx^ mli quan bf tiidn phdn trenngjie iMi xuat hifn trong cufc thogi v(M tu cdch Id dudi trong xd hfi thyc tl vdo mli quan hf ti£n chu Ihl hdnh ^ n g . Tnmg nhdm cde ^ n g tft trao- dudi dugc h i ^ thyc hda trong bilu hifn trao - nh&i
nhgn, < t t S kureru Id dfng tft ^ tien tfida mdn cfla ngdn ngfl, dfng tft < tl^ kureru d i i : ^
dilu kifn ndy. Nhu vgy, sy xult hifn cfla dfng tft dung dl bilu tiij sy di diuyln mft sy vft vl phia
kureru cd lien quan trye tilp d ^ thi lich sy trong ngiiW ndi. B^ag - ^ 5 yaru dugc lya c h ^ vdi m ^
ngdn ngfl. Sy xuat hifn sdm nhat cfla dfng tft ndy dich bl sung d Irlng cdn Igi. Neu < t l 5 Jbrera
trong nhdm phan dnh qud trinh bien dii cfla bf biai tiij hdnh d ^ di diuyln sy vat vl irfia ngutt
tiling kmh ngfl tnmg lidi sft tiing Nhgt Dd dimb ndi tiii - ^ S yaru bilu tiij sy di ehuyin vgt theo
Id qud trinh yeu t l chi i^li ngudi n ^ e dan dugc hudng rdi xa ngudi ndi vl i^m ngudi n ^
chd tigng hon trong mdi cufc tiiogi. Sy tiiay (^i (Funikawa 1995).
ndy dien la sdm hon so vdi cdc sy thay dii Idiac
Theo Risho (2013). c ^ dii l|p - ^ S - < t l / 5
cfla hf thing kfab ngft trong Iich sft nhu sy phdt
^CTw - tererw t&i tgi trongtiengNhdt b i ^ ^ la sy
t r i ^ cfla the khidm nhudng B, sy khdng ^ tgi

bdo ton c ^ dii 1 ^ tz.t.^ - fcrkoS tamc^
dongtiidritilltdn kfiib va tbi khidm nhudng A.


s l 1 (243)-2016

N G d N NGtJ* & D d i S 6 N G

- tcOematsiaii cfla tiong Nhdt co. Q p dii 1 ^ trong
nhdm dfng tft mai^ -y n^ua trao Uan^ tatemarsuru tin tgi sdm bon sy doi 1 ^ gjfla c&i
dfng tft trao vd nhfn trong tiing Nhgt cl ^ . Sy doi
%) nay dugc bdo tin trcmg ti^g Nhdt hifn dgi vdi
bai ^ n g tft < t V S kureru vk • ^ S yaru. Tuy
n h i ^ trong tioig Nhdt cl, sy doi %> gjua 2 d ^ g
tft trong nfi bf nhdm mang nghia trao fc^-S>- tc
T S ' ^ S tomq/S/-tofemfl&urKlddoylutlk&ih;^
qi^ #ih. Sy tdn kfiib dugc d^ vdo chfl till hdnh
dfng thi dfng tft dugc sft dyt^ Id
tz.'^^tanu^
Ngugc 1^, nlu sy tdn kfnh hudng tdi dii tugng tilp
nhgn Ihl dfng tft dugc lya d i ^ Id
fcX'^'O^
tatematsuru. Nhung trong tiing Nhdt hifn dgi nhdn
tl quy ^nb sy dii l|p gjfla - ^ S yaru vd < f\t^
kureru 1^ Id quan hf tiidn so (trong - ngosd). Ciing
Id chu till cfla hdiih vi trao, cflng gifl chftc ndng cfl
[diap Id chfl ngfl trong cdu, nhung cdn eft vdo sy
d ^ gid mli quan bf cflng nhdm (trong nhdm) hay
k h ^ nhdm (n^xii nhdm) cfla ngudi ndi md dgng tfl
dugc sft dyng sd Id < H ' S kurvru

hay^^yaru.
3.5. Svgia nhgp nhdm trao ~ nhpn eda ^ng
tit 'f}& P morau
Nbu dd bilt, xuat hifn diu tiSn trong nhdm
dfng tft trao - nb$n Id dfng tft mang ngjua trao <
t l S kureru. Bk duy tri vd bdo ^ nhdm dfng tft
trao - n h ^ trong tiing Nhdt co, dgng tft tiep theo
xuat b i ^ Id-^ 6 ;«ru tgo thdnh e ^ doi %) >OTT/kureru. E)ay Id sy tilp nii eiia (^p fc^^ - fcT
^ o S Uam/ii -tatemcOsurutiong,tiengNhgt co.
Vin de phdt sinh sdm nblt trong nfi bf nhdm cfla
cdc dgng tft trao - nhfn trong tiing Nhgt c l cung
n b u t i ^ N b d t h i ^ ^ Id van de doi Ifp^Qaban
thSn cdc dfng tft ding ngjua trao md khdng phd la
^ doi lgp gjfta y ngbia trao vd y n^ua nhfn. Do
v§y, tiq) sau sy Toiat b i ^ efla dgng tft K. tl^
kureru Id dfng tft - ^ 5 yaru md khdng phdi Id
dfng tft mang yngjluanb^n hh^
morau.
£)fngtft ^ ^ '9 morau v ^ khdng phdi Id dfng
tft dligc sft dyng vdi ^ ngjm nb^n. Iheo Ogjno
p007),dfngtft h^O morau xuat hifn trong cae
^ ^ b ^ vdo tiidi Tnit^ dgi nhung lgi mang nglua
"yfiu cau, mong muon". VI dy:

55

^mm (1268=^— 75 ^ ) # simm- 2007 tc
i. 5 ] (Dan flieo Risho - 2013) (Cdontnd khdng
bdo ^p, thgt khdng thi hiiu mi,-thl hifn mong
mu^ )

Dfng tft ndy dugc dimg vdi ngjm "nhgn" sau
mgt qud trinh bien Sii vk ngbia, Idii net ngjm "ydu
cau, mong muon" bj bu hda vk n6t ngbia "nhdn" trd
tiidnh ngjua trung tdm. Qud trinh dfng tft ^ b 7
morau Argc dua vdo sft dyng vdi y ngbia trao nhgn cd dugc li gjdi thdng qua sy pb^ trien thi
khi&n nhudng B trong qud trinh bioi dii cfla hf
filing kfnh ngfl nbu da tiinh bdy d phan tren. Khi
tii^ df khiem nhudng, ty bg tti^ miiih dugc de eao
thi ngucri ndi phdi xuat hifn trong cufc tho^ vdi vm
trd cfla diu the hdnh dfng. Sy gja nhSp nhdm traonhgn cfla dfng tft t CJ 9 morau ptikn krh qua
trinh b i ^ doi i^jm cfla tft nhdm thda man dieu
ki^ndy.
36. Tinh da chde ndng eda edc ^ng tdtrao nhpn
Cdc dfng tft trao - nhgn trong tiing Nhgt Id
nhftng ^ n g tft hogt dfng trong cau vin 2 chftc
ndng: chftc ndng Id mft dfng tft tiiyc(^$^^ vd
chftc nang Id dfng tft bo trg (^^W0!).
Sy phdt
t r i ^ cfla till lidi sy vd tbi Idiiem nhudi^ B dugc
phdn dnh tiyc tilp vdo vifc loilt hifn dfng tft dau
ti&i < i x 6 kureru, dfng tft - ^ 5 yaru
vkhhV
morau. Cung vdi sy mit din cfla till khiem
nhudng A, dgng khih ngfl dugc thi hifn bdng ket
clu " d ^ tft thyc + dfng tii bl tn? knib ngft 1 +
d ^ g tft lid bv kinh ngft 2" khdng cdn &igc sft
dyng vdi myc dich till hifn sy kfnh trgng doi vdi
cac nhdn vft tiiam gja hfi thogi. Tuy nhioi, sy mat
£ cfla kit clu ndy dugc thay the rang m ^ binh
tilde bieu hifn I d ^ . Dii vdi cdc dfn^ tft trao nhgn, tfnh da diftc ndng chMi Id mft bdng diung

till hifn sy tiiay dii ndy. Tuy nhidn, khde vdi dgng
kmh ngft tii^ thudng chiic ndng mdi i^iat sinh
cua cdc d ^ tft trao nhgn dugc sft dyng i^idm bilu
thi quan hf on buf.
D ^ g tft trao - n h ^ vdi chftc ndi^ Id dfng tft
fliyc. Vi dy:
:km^1^^\^'^^-^of^(Jato
t$nghoaHanako).
£)fngtirtrao - nb^n vdi chftc ndng Id dfng tft bo
tn?. Vidy:
MUm^PK'^I^^W^X'^ofz
(Taro mm boa tgng Hanako).


56

NGON N G f & Bin S 6 N G

Dong tir trao - nhan voi chuc nSng la dgngtiibo
tro Kp. Vi du:
Mi^^^Kl^in-sX-^-D
X < iXfc(Taiio da mua hoa tgng Hanako gii!ip tfii).
Dpng tuf trao - nh|n vdi chiic nang la dOng tir
bo tn? cho chinh d^ng tir trong nh6m. Vi dy:
:km>1t^i^1ti'¥-o
X < nfcCTaro da
tang hoa tang Hanako giup toi).
T < ^ f c ( Hanako da nhgn hoa cua TaiD giup toi).
C6 Ihl Ijm IhAy cac vl du chimg minh khA nSng
ket hpp k ^ the hi$n tinh da chuc n ^ g ciHa c ^

dOng tir trao - nlian trong cac vSn tian tmoc ddy nliu
trong cuong ngon va mpt so tac pham Ihcri c|n dgi.
DSng tiT thuc+ddng tir h6 tic?. Vf dy:

t>* i:hbi-X<nx> i V ^.S.fc Jx if fc
( \i^\..ii^:DSng tit Ihuc + dSng Iir b6 tnj 1 + dpng tir bo
tnjr2.Vidy:
(8)fi£eKiliiSi-*V\ K f t C f l i t & t l

S6 1 a43)-2016

hinh &i[c ngSn ngii dui?c lya ch(;)n khong con li
dgng kfnh ngil thong thutag. D6 chfnh la nguySn
din din dgng khidm nhudng A bi hu hoa vi dgng
kfnh ngii bao g6m " dpng tir thyc + In? dgng tii
kmh ngii 1+ta?dpng tir kfnh ngG 2" khdng con
dugc sii dyng nhSm the hi?n sy tdn kinh d6i vdi c ^
nhan vgt tham gia hpi thogi. De lip dly d Irlng d6
tiong ngdn ngit, cic dgng tir trao - nh0n da dugc sii
dyng vdi chiic ning the quan hf on huf nhu m$t
hinh thiic kfnh ngii nhSm tdn kinh doi tugng giao
tilp.
4. Ket luan
Cd the ndi, nhdm dgng tir trao - nhan la
nhdm dgng tir cd tinh d&c thii vi chiing nhihig
d|c dilm khdng gi6ng vdi cic nhdm d§ng tir
khic trong tiing Nhit. Nhiing dieu trinh biy d
tien dSi chiing minh cho nhin dinh nay.
TAI L i f u THAM KHAO

1. R!f=P
rggtjpos^fflfiJoSj

2. mmmA (1997) mms M » ± .

3. immm (.ms) msiWim r(a:^jS;ffiK:284 - 6) Din theo Risho - 2013
( Diing nhir anh noi toi khong the nao ^ daqc. nam
ffi-Sii44.
Hay ^ anh dy d Ichimatsu, co le la anh ay cung
4. /J^te»» r#asmo^aj ras:
muon ^ anh d6).
^
B B i * S J *(*«!.
Ve nguySn n h ^ hinh th^nh tinh da chuc nSng
cua c^cd^ng tir trao-nh&ic6 the li giai nhu sau:
5. mm*. rj^»)%f.v^asos4j
Ckc dpng tir trao - nhin khi m6i xuit hi?n von di
khdng ph^i la nhirng dpng tir da chiic nSng. Sy hinh
#B,iEW (1997) r s g s i ^ i c o ^ a w ^
hiinh tinh da chiic nang cua nh6m d^ng Iir nay lien
quan chgt chS tii qui trinh bien doi ci3a h^ th6ng
kinh ngli-. Trong qua ttMi bien doi cua kinh ngii,
6. ^ S S (2003)
rSttH*gtfc-(t5
quatfmgthcri ki ma cac nh§n 1^ quyet djnh sy lya
chgn hinh thirc ngon ngii ciing dui;ic s3p d^ theo sgôaâô*fSiKiw5Ej a:s*^ằƠtt
7. ô ô : * S (1978) r B * S r o ^ f f J * *
cac thil uu ti6n khac nhau. Theo Kikuji (1997),
nhdn to dU(;)C uu tidn Irong kfnh ngii thfri cS dai li ntis.

8. *tt3l*(1982) rH*Bffl-»:S':i'Ji
"sy bilu thj kinh y" ^M) da chuyen thanh "sy
bieu thj quan hf on h u f ( H M ^ ) v4 quan hp trong
9. ffiwa,*(2ooi) r t s ^ s t j j i t s s g
- ngoai ( r t ^ l B # ) trong kinh ngii (hjri cgn dgi. ôMtJBôttJ {B^m^l
W?Đằ|S.
N6i theo tac gii thi diy chfnh la "sy thay d6i goc
10. e « « (1965) r rj?>5 • nhin ciia ngudi noi". Do c6 sy thay doi nay dan trSd
CO nhihig don vj kinh ng& tt]k di vi xu^ hi§n ^ J .
nhiing don vi mdi. Khi cac nhan to nhu quan h? on
11. *LJ: 5(2013) raaaaoisa. «
hu?, quan hf Irong-ngoai trcf thanh yeu to chiim vj
tri iru tien hang diu trong myc dich giao tiep thi

WJ mm±'*x^uBm.