Nhân tố Nhật Bản trong chính sách Đông á của Mỹ sau chiến tranh lạnh.

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<b>CHAU MY NGAY NAY </b> <b>SO 05-2009 </b> <b>47 </b>

<b>NHAN TO NHAT BAN TRONG </b>

<b>CHINH SACH DONG A CUA MY SAU </b>

<b>CHIEN TRANH LANH </b>

<b>•/• , ; . , . Ts. N g u y g n Thi HUtfng Canh </b>
<i>' ' ' ' . TniimgDHSP-DHThdi NguyCm </i>

D

dng A la mdt t r d n g bd'n k h u
vQe dia - chinh tri quan
trpng trong chien ludc toan
eau eua My (khu vUe c h a u
Au: khu viic Nga v i p h a m vi a n h
hudng eua Nga; k h u vtic T r u n g Ddng:
khu viic Ddng A). TQ giQa t h e ky XIX,
My da cd nhQng hoat ddng dinh h u tdi
khu vUc nay, md d a u b a n g viec ky ket
"Hiep Udc hda binh va hQu nghi" vdi
Nhat Ban (ngay 81/3/1854), Dd la
dpng thai md m a n eho iiuan he My
-Nhat B i n , bao bieu k h i n a n g hdp t i c
Hen minh ve n h i e u m a t giQa hai nu'dc,
trong dd ehu yeu la ve k i n h te thUdng
mai va an ninh - ehinh tri, q u a n sU,

Cuol t h e ky XIX d i u t h e ky XX.
My va Nhdt Ban deu cd g a n g vtldn
lon n h a m thiic hien mtic tieu chien
hide cua m i n h . My trd t h a n h nude

cdng nghiep h a n g d a u t h e gidi, vdi
tiem liie qiuin sQ va cae h a m dpi
h u n g m a n h . My da thtlc hien "cbinh
sach phao h a m " t r o n g chien lUdc ddi
ngoai cua m i n h d Ddng A ndi r i e n g va
khu viie c h a u A - T h a i Binh dUdng
ndi eliung. Cdn N h a t B i n , s a u cudc
Duy T a n M i n h Tri (1868) da trd
t h a n h mrit nQdc tQ b a n vd bQdc vdo
h a n g ngu de qudc.

Chien ti-anb T h e gidi thQ nha't ket
thue. My va Nhdt B i n deu mong
mudn gianh dudc vi tri l a n h dao chau
A, trong dd tbi trQdng rdng ldn eiia

T r u n g Qud'e la muc tieu b a n g d i u eua
ea bai ben. Sau "Thuyet Dai Ddng A"
eua N h a t Ban vdi sil k h a n g dinh
"chau A cua ngUdi chau A" da i n h
hudng den quyen lpi va vai trd ctia My
P k h u viic c h a u A - Thai Binh dUdng.
Vi vay. My bat dau cd nhQng chinh
saeh n g a n c h a n quyet liet ddi vdi
N h a t B i n n h a m b a n che tdi da sii
b a n h trQdng ciia N h a t Ban.

" N h a n to' N h a t Ban" trong ehinh
sach ddi ngoai eua My d Ddng A ed the
dude xac dinh sau khi each m a n g

T r u n g Qudc t h d n h edng (10/1949), bdi
ke tQ dd My khdng t h e tiep tuc duy tri
"Trung Hoa dan qud'e" n h u mdt ddng
minh chu yen d Ddng A ma phai
chuyen s a n g N h a t B i n , giup dd v i sQ
dung N h a t B i n t r o n g viee thUe hien
mue tieu ctia m i n h . My vQa giup dd
N h a t Ban phuc hdi va p h a t tridn kinh
te, vQa ky ket vdi N h a t B i n "Hiep Qdc
an n m h My - N h a t (1951)", "Hiep
dinh h a n h cbinh My - Nhat"... TQ dd.
My cd t h e ddng q u a n t r e n l a n h thd
N h d t B i n v i v u n g x u n g q u a n h , ddng
thdi My cd quyen "duy tri hda binh va
dn dinh" d Vien Ddng. Vi vay, q u a n he
My - N h a t trd t h a n h nen t a n g trong
chinh sach Ddng A cua My va ddi t h u
chinh la T r u n g Qudc.

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48 _{SO 05-2009} _{CHAU MY NGAY NAY}

h i n g dau ctia My khdng chi d Ddng A

ma cdn ca tren the gidi. Hdn nQa,

trdng eanh tranh va hdp t i c kinh te,

My phii xem xet de can b i n g mdi

quan he vdi hai ddi t i c Nhat Ban va

Trung Qud'e. Ddi vdi Nhat Ban, sti

"trdi day" ctia Trung Qud'e cung la mdi

lo ngai tiem an trong cupc canh tranh

giQa hai ben.

Ve linh viie an ninh, Nhat Bin la

ddng minh quan trpng nha't ctia My

trong chien iQdc chau A - Thai Binh

dQdng, trong dd cd Ddng A, Ddi vdi

Nhat Bin. lien minh an ninh Nhat

-My cd y nghia ciic ky quan trpng,

khdng nhQng de ddi phd vdi Trung

Qudc, md cdn de Qng xQ vdi Nga ve

lau dai, n h i t la trong viec tranh chap

4 dao phia Bae, ddi phd vdi tinh hinh

tren b i n dio Trieu Tien... Do vay, sau

Chien tranh Lanh, lien minh an ninh

My - Nhat khdng nhQng khdng suy

yeu md cdn dUdc cung cd', tang cUdng

hdn. Mue tieu tdng the trong chinh

sdch cua My ddi vdi Nhat B i n la de

cho Nhat Bin dii sQc manh hdp tac

vdi My, ddi phd vdi Trung Qud'c,

nhUng khdng trd thanh ddi thu canh

tranh cd the tdn hai de'n ldi Ich ctia

My. My khuye'n khich Nhat B i n "chia

se trich nhiem" vdi My trong "dim

bio an ninh" khu vtic va toan ciu ve

tai chinh va lilc iQpng. My khuyen

khi'ch Nhat Bin dua Itic iQdng phdng

ve tham gia iQc ludng giQ gin hda

binh sau chien tranh vung Vinh nam

1991, d Campuchia nam 1993, sau

chien tranh Iraq nam 2003... Id n h i m

muc dich dd.

Sau sti kien 11/9/2001, Nhat Bin la

qud'c gia ddng minh trong khu viic

chau A - Thai Binh dQdng ting hd

nhiet tinh cac hdat dpng chien tranh

chdng khiing bd ctia My, dac biet Id

trong hai cupc chien d Afghanistan va

Iraq, Nhin ve lau dai, cac boat ddng

cho'ng khiing bd' ciia My dQdc Nhat

Ban hQdng Qng cd the ddn den ket qua

vanh dai bao vay Trung Qudc se dUdc

siet chat hdn, thdng qua viec My phdt

trien Itic iQdng sang Nam A, Trung A,

Ddng Nam A va Ddng Bic A.

Ddng A ndi chung va Nhat Ban ndi

rieng la ndi cd liic iQdng quan dpi My

ldn nha't d khu vQc chau A - Thdi Binh

dUdng, vi ndi day tap trung nhQng ldi

i'ch quan trpng eiia My, cung nhU

nhQng t h i c h thQc ldn ddi vdi vai trd

ciia My trong todn khu vQc, ma lo

ngai chu yeu ctia My chinh la sU trdi

day cua Trung Qud'c. Tuy nhien, vdi

sti x u i t hien ctia nhQng ky thuat va

chie'n thuat quan sii mdi. My khdng

cin tang quan md cd the giam quan d

Nhat B i n de Nhat B i n phai "chia se

trich nhiem". Bio eao ciia Bd Qud'c

phdng My (thang 2/1995) da chii

trUdng giim t i m quan trpng ciia cic

can cQ tien tieu vd nang t i m quan

trpng ctia cic liic iQdng trien khai

nhanh de ddi phd vdi cac cudc khiing

hoing va xung dot tiem tdng xiy ra

trong khu vtic. Theo dd, lilc iQdng

quan sii ddng tai Ddng A se dUdc cit

giam vd cic nUdc ddng minh khu viic

(chti ye'u la Nhat Bin) nhan trich

nhiem phdng thu ban d i u "khi bi tan

cdng hay bi de dpa tan cdng".

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CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 05-2009 49
tdi kha n a n g hdp tac My - N h a t trong

tinh hud'ng k h a n cap d "cac v u n g xung
q u a n h N h a t Ban" (cd t h e hieu dd la
dm chi Dai Loan). Tuyen bd My
-N h a t dau n a m 2005 tien t h e m mot
bude k h a n g dinh p h a m vi bieu lile eua
Hiep Qdc an n i n h My - N h a t , bao gdm
ca vung bien Dai Loan.

NhQ vay ed t h e thay, de ddi phd vdi
sQ trdi day eua T r u n g Qudc, My chu
trUdng t a n g cUdng q u a n he q u a n sQ
vdl N h d t B i n , lam cho Hiep Qdc an

ninh My - N h a t ed t h e p h a t huy tac
dung kiem che T r u n g Quo'c. NhUng
mat khae. My cung mudn kiem ehe e i
N h a t Ban. khdng de lUc lup'ng q u a n
sU Nhiit B i n ldn m a n h den mQc thoat
khdi sil chi phdi eua My, t h a m ehi de
dpa tdi vi tri q u a n sQ eua My.

Trong linh vtic k m h te - thUdng
mai, quan he My - N h a t la quan he
giQa bai n e n k m h te ldn nha't, nhi t h e
gidi. Trong nhQng n a m 90 t h e ky XX,
thdm h u t m a u dich cua My trong
budn ban vdi N h a t B a n b a n g nam len
tdi 50 - 60 ty USD, chiem mdt nQa
tdng t h i m biit m a u dieh cua My vdi
toan the gidi, n a m 2000 len tdi <S1,.'] ty
USD. Trong khi dd, b a n g nam Nhat
15an lai p h a i ehi h a n g chuc ty USD
eho nhUng ho;it dpng q u a n sif n h a m
bao ve lpi ich cila My, dieu dd khien
N h a t Ban cung cd n h i e u bQc xuc trong
quan he vdi My. N h u n g n a m cudi t h e
ky XX d i u t h e ' k y XXI, k i n h te T r u n g
Qudc t a n g trQPng n h a n h , cho nen
Trung Qud'c ngay cang trd t h a n h ddi
tac hpp tac va ddi t h u eanh t r a n h
kinh te - t h u d n g mai q u a n trpng cua
My. Trong t i n h h i n h dd, cang t h a n g
trong q u a n he thQdng m;ii My - N h a t

da dudc giam bdt so vdi thdi gian
trUdc dd.

N h u n g n a m g i n day, Chinh quyen
My td ra lo ngai ve sti ldn m a n h cua
T r u n g Qudc, My cang q u a n t a m

nhQng diem ndng ed lien qu;in den
T r u n g Qudc, n h i t la van de hat nh;in
t r e n ban dao Trieu Tien, van cte Dili
Loan, van de t r a n h c h i p Bien Ddng...
De t a n g t h e m t h e vd Itic cua My trong
cupc canh t r a n h vpi T r u n g Qudc. My
cang t a n g cUdng q u a n he toan dien
vdi N h a t Ban. M a t k h i c . My eung
khdng de q u a n he My - Nh;it anli
hudng tdi nhQng lpi ich cua My trong
q u a n he My - T r u n g .

Trong van de h a t n h a n t r e n ban
d i o Trieu Tien, c;i hai nUdc My. Nhat
deu r a t q u a n t a m vi it n h i e u dcii
i n h hQdng d e n an n i n h va ldi ich
cua h a i n u d e . T h e o t h d a t h u a n ve
n g u y e n t a c " h a n h d d n g ddi h a n h
dpng" giQa My va C H D C N D T r i e u
Tien, dQ l u d n qudc t e da h>' vpng
v a n de b a t n h a n t r e n b a n dao Trieii
Tien se du'dc giai q u y e t t r o n g n a m
2 0 0 8 , khi C H D C N D T r i e u Tien

t u y e n bd' dd bd Id s i n x u a t vu k h i
h a t n h a n Yongbv'on vao cudi n a m
2007. T r e n thitc td. C H D C N D T r i e u
Tien da l a m viec dd, nhu'ng cuoi
n a m 2 0 0 8 , C H D C N D T r i e u Tien hu
t u y e n bd ed t h e dQng viec p h a ho,
t h a m chi khoi p h u c trd lai Id s;in
xua't vu k h i biit n h a n Yoiigbyon, vi
eho r a n g My da vi p h a m n g i u ' o n t a c
" h a n h dpng ddi h a n h dpng" t r o n g
t i e n t r i n h phi h a t n h a n hda t r d n
b a n dao T r i e u T i e n . D a u n a m 2009,
v a n de b a t n h a n t r e n b a n d i o Trieii
T i e n c a n g trd n e n h e t sue c a n g
t h i n g . Cudi t h a n g 3/2009.
C H D C N D T r i e u Tien t u y e n bd sd
p h d n g ve t i n h va neu l)i t r u n g ph;it
vi ke h o a c h n a y . Trieii Tien se khdi
dpng Id phiin Qng h a t n h a n de chiet
xua't P l u t o n i u m (i c i p dp san xuai
vu k h i .

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50 <b>SO 05-2009 </b> <b>CHAU MY NGAY NAY </b>

tai vung bien ngodi khdi Nhat Bin.

Ngay 27/3. N h i t B i n lenh cho Luc

lupng Phdng ve (SDF) cua nUdc ndy

phai pha huy ten Itia CHDCND Trieu

Tien, neu vu phdng ve tinh cua Binh

NhUdng that bai vd ten liia hay cac

manh vd rdi xud'ng lanh thd Nhat

Bin" [1]. Ben canh dd, Nhat Ban cung

tich ctle trien khai ten lila Patriot ciia

Itic lupng phdng ve tren khdng de san

sang ban tra khi ed b i t trac do viec

phdng ve tmh cua CHDCND Trieu

Tien gay ra.

Ngay 5/4/2009, CHDCND Trieu

Tien tuyen bd' da phdng thdnh cdng ve

tinh vien thdng vao quy dao Trai da't.

Day la mdt viec ldm cd ich vi Trieu

Tien phdng ve tinh chQ khdng phii ten

IQa dan dao. Tuy nhien, cd nhieu phin

Qng khac nhau ve viec lam n i y ctia

CHDCND Tneu Tien.' Nga v i Trung

Qudc eho rang, viec phdng ve tinh ctia

Trieu Tien khdng vi pham nghi quyet

cua Hpi ddng Bio an Lien hiep qudc.

My liii cho rang, du Trieu Tien phdng

bat ky phUdng tien ndo len quy dao

deu la hanh d(Dng khieu khich va vi

pham nghi quyet ctia Hdi ddng Bao an

Lien hiep qud'c. Nhat Ban thi tim kiem

mpt quyet dinh trQng phat tQ Lien

hiep qud'c... Viec My - Nhat lien ket

trien khai ke hoach phdng thti v i ldn

tie'ng phan ddi ke hoach phdng ve tinh

cua CHDCND Trieu Tien nhu vay dd

tti khang dinh lau nay Nhat Bin vin

la chd dUa ve mat an ninh cila My d

Ddng A. va Trieu Tien cung n i m trong

pham vi khd'ng che cua Hiep udc an

ninh My - Nhat. NhQng ldi ich chien

iQdc lau dai trdng viec duy tri lien

minh an ninh My - Nhat van la n h i n

td cot ldi, quyet dinh chieu hudng

chinh sich cua My ddi vdi Nhdt Bin

vd chinh sach ciia My d khu vile chau

A - Thii Binh dUdng ndi chung, Ddng

A ndi rieng trong nhQng thap ky tdi.

Tdm lai, do vi tri het sQc quan

trpng ciia N h i t B i n cho nhQng boat

ddng quan sii ciia My d khu vtic chau

A - Thai Binh dUdng, My vdn cdi N h i t

B i n la mot ddng minh chQa the thay

the d khu vtic. Nhat B i n cung cd

nhQng ly'do de tiep tuc diia vdo chiec

d an ninh ctia My. Vi vay, quan he My

- Nhat van dQdc duy tri trong hien tai

va phat trien trong tQdng lai •

<i>Tdi lieu thatn khdo: </i>

<b>1. Bao Nhan dan ngiiy 28/.3/2009. </b>

2. Bao Nhan diin cac ngay 29, 30. 31/;3/2009.
3. Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi - TrUOng

DHKHXH va NV, Dong A Dong Nam A
-NhUng vii'n de lich sii va hien tai, Nxb The
gidi, HN, 2004.

4. Nguyin Quo'c Hung, "My va Dong A: Nhin
tU lich sii va hien tai". Tap chi chiiu My
ngay nay, so 11 (104) 2006. tr. 40 - 45.
5. TTXVN, Bao ciio ve chie'n lUdc an nmh

Dong A - Thai Binh Dudng ciia Bo Quoc
phong My t h a n g 2/1995, TLTKDB, so
4/1995.

6. Van phong Nha Triing, Chie'n lUdc an ninh
quo'c gia cho the ky mdi, Tiii lieu dich ciia
Hoc vien QHQT - 86 Ngoai giao, HN,
12/1999.

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