relative 13

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Sentence Structure

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The Mechanics of

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3 Elements of Sentences

1. Individual Words (Parts of Speech)

• Nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns,

subordinators

2. Groups of Words

• Clauses (main, dependent, relative), phrases

3. Punctuation

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Text 1

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Simple Sentences

He

(subject)

studied

(verb)

hard.

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Problems with Simple

Sentences

•

BORING

• REPETITIVE

• RESTRICTIVE – BASED ON

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Uses of the Simple Sentence

•

Instructions

• Reports: procedures / methods

BECAUSE:

• They are clear

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Text 2

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Compound Sentences

Simple sentences joined together by

coordinating conjunctions

and

,

or

,

but

, and

then

.

• Simplistic

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Options

• Join compound sentences using

semi-colons.

Freud was an educated man; he studied medicine.

• Use no more than one or two

co-ordinating

conjunctions

in

a

compound sentence.

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The “Complex” Solution

Use ‘COMPLEX’ SENTENCES

Compress several sentences into one.

• WEIGHTY

• CONSIDERED

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Text 3: Example 1

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Example 1 Examined

• Clause

1 – expresses main statement

He attended the Sperl Gymnasium and graduated 
in 1873

• Clause 2

– adds information

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Text 3: Example 2

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• Main clause

– expresses main statement

Freud was appointed lecturer in 
neuro-pathology in 1885.

• Subordinate Clause

– adds information

After he began training with the psychiatrist 
Theodor Maynert,

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What is a Main Clause?

A group of words that conveys the main idea 
of a sentence.

• always has a

subject

;

• always has a

main verb

.

Freud

went to the University of Vienna.

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Subordinate Clauses

• Also have a subject

• Also have a main verb

But

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Note: Co-ordinate Clauses

Sometimes sentences have more than one 
clause of equal importance:

Freud attended the Sperl Gymnasium and

graduated in 1873.

He was appointed lecturer in neuro-pathology 
in 1885, but was forced into exile in 1938.

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Caution!

• Main clauses can stand

alone as fully

functioning sentences.

• Subordinate clauses

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Subordinate Conjunctions

although

while

which

since

despite

unless

even though

subsequently

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Functions of Subordinate

Clauses

• WHEN events happened

• WHY / REASON

• HOW

• WHAT concessions are 
being made

• WHAT limits are being 
set

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Punctuating Complex

Sentences

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Examples

• Freud had a daughter, who was a 
psychotherapist.

(He only had ONE daughter.)

• Freud had a daughter who was a 
psychotherapist.

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• All the students who were in the Great Hall at 
the time were discussing Freud.

(ONLY the students in the Great Hall were 
doing this, but there were other students.)

• All the students, who were in the Great Hall at 
the time, were discussing Freud.

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• However we may feel, Freud’s a scientist 
rather than a humanist.

(ie it doesn’t matter whether we feel he’s right 
or wrong.)

• However, we may feel Freud’s a scientist 
rather than a humanist.

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Relative Clauses

Defining Relative Clauses

The gales which swept across Britain

last night caused widespread damage.

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Relative Clauses

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

The gales, which swept across Britain

last night, caused widespread damage.

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Complex Complex

Sentences

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Even though he was a famous psychiatrist 
and loved his children, Freud got cross with 
Anna because she had eaten all the cakes 
which Martha had made while he had been 
busy writing The Interpretation of Dreams.

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Analysing Text 4

• Freud was cross with Anna – Main Clause

• Even though he was a famous psychiatrist – 
Sub Cl

• who loved his children – Sub Cl

• because she had eaten all the cakes – Sub Cl
• which Martha had made – Sub Cl

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Shifting the Emphasis

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Foregrounding

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The Phrase

Sentences may also contain PHRASES – 
these are not clauses. They:

• can be a single word – ‘however’, ‘recently’;

• several words – ‘on the other hand’; ‘on a

good day’ . . .

• can include verbs, but only ending with:

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relative 13

Sentence Structure

Sentence Structure

The Mechanics of

3 Elements of Sentences

<b>1. Individual Words (Parts of Speech)</b>

<b>2. Groups of Words</b>

<b>3. Punctuation</b>

Text 1

Simple Sentences

<b>He </b>

<b>(subject)</b>

<b> studied </b>

<b>(verb)</b>

<b> hard.</b>

Problems with Simple

Sentences

<b><sub>BORING</sub></b>

•

<b><sub>REPETITIVE</sub></b>

•

<b><sub>RESTRICTIVE – BASED ON </sub></b>

Uses of the Simple Sentence

<b><sub>Instructions</sub></b>

•

<b><sub> Reports: procedures / methods</sub></b>

•

<b> They are clear</b>

Text 2

Compound Sentences

<b>Simple sentences joined together by </b>

<b>coordinating conjunctions </b>

<b>and</b>

<b>, </b>

<b>or</b>

<b>, </b>

<b>but</b>

<b>, and </b>

<b>then</b>

<b>.</b>

•

<b><sub> Simplistic</sub></b>

Options

•

<b>Join compound sentences using </b>

<b>semi-colons.</b>

•

<b><sub>Use no more than one or two </sub></b>

<b>co-ordinating </b>

<b>conjunctions </b>

<b>in </b>

<b>a </b>

<b>compound sentence.</b>

The “Complex” Solution

<b>Use ‘COMPLEX’ SENTENCES</b>

<b> Compress several sentences into one.</b>

•

<b><sub>WEIGHTY</sub></b>

•

<b><sub>CONSIDERED</sub></b>

Text 3: Example 1

Example 1 Examined

•

<b>Clause</b>

<b> 1 – expresses main statement</b>

•

<b><sub>Clause 2</sub></b>

<b><sub> – adds information </sub></b>

Text 3: Example 2

•

<b><sub>Main clause</sub></b>

<b><sub> – expresses main statement</sub></b>

•

<b><sub>Subordinate Clause</sub></b>

<b><sub> – adds information </sub></b>

What is a Main Clause?

•

<b><sub> always has a </sub></b>

<b><sub>subject</sub></b>

<b><sub>;</sub></b>