Sự tham gia của người dân trong quá trình thu hồi đất nông nghiệp trên địa bàn Hà Nội

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STAKEHOLDERS’ PARTICIPATION IN THE PROCESS OF
AGRICULTURAL LAND ACQUISITION IN HANOI
SỰ THAM GIA CỦA NGƯỜI DÂN TRONG QUÁ TRÌNH

THU HỒI ĐẤT NÔNG NGHIỆP TRÊN ĐỊA BÀN HÀ NỘI

Dr. Pham Ngoc Huong Quynh
University of Economics and Business, Vietnam National University


Abstract

The trend of public administration reform is taking place in over the world, increasing

stakeholders’ participation in public management is mentioned as an effective solution to reduce

the acquisition of power and monopolize decision-making of state authorities. Hanoi - the capital

of Vietnam - has always been at the forefront of public administration reform. This paper

researches the process of land acquisition in Hanoi, examines stakehouder’s opinions on the

efforts of local authorities to encourage and facilitate different stakehouders’ participation in

decision-making in the process of land acquisition. Hence, advantages and limitations of

engaging stakeholders are shown, and become the foundation to propose main policy solutions

to encourage stakeholder’s participation in order to toward good governance of land acquisition
in Hanoi.

Keywords: Economic management, public management, land management, land market

management, land acquisition management, land governance, land acquisition governance,

stakehoulder participation, public administration reform

Tóm tắt

Xu hướng cải cách hành chính cơng đang diễn ra mạnh mẽ trên toàn thế giới, việc tăng

cường sự tham gia của người dân vào quản lý công được coi là giải pháp hữu hiệu để giảm bớt

sự thâu tóm quyền lực và độc quyền ra quyết định của các cơ quan nhà nước. Hà Nội - Thủ đô

của Việt Nam - luôn đi đầu trong công tác cải cách hành chính cơng. Bài báo này nghiên cứu

q trình thu hồi đất ở Hà Nội, xem xét ý kiến của các bên liên quan về nỗ lực của chính quyền

địa phương trong việc khuyến khích và tạo điều kiện cho các bên liên quan khác nhau tham gia

vào việc ra quyết định trong q trình thu hồi đất. Từ đó, các ưu điểm và hạn chế của việc thu

hút các bên liên quan được chỉ ra và trở thành nền tảng để đề xuất các giải pháp chính sách

chính nhằm khuyến khích sự tham gia của các bên liên quan nhằm hướng tới quản trị tốt công

tác thu hồi đất ở Hà Nội.

Từ khóa:

Quản lý kinh tế, quản lý cơng, quản lý đất đai, quản lý thị trường đất đai, quản lý thu hồi

đất, quản lý đất đai, quản lý thu hồi đất, sự tham gia của các bên liên quan
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1. Introduction

In Hanoi, the local government has pay attention to improved the participation of stake-

holders in land acquisition, but there are many weaknesses in practice. For example, the percep-

tion and opinion on the participation of stakeholders is still simple. Many people consider that

land acquisition process is purely the task of the State agency; on the other hand, State agency

do not pay enough attention to the feedback from the society, do not having the participation of

the relevant stakeholders, etc. Therefore, many regulations and policies issued are not reasonable;

the implementation is not transparent, has not created the consensus of the people; land resources

have not been used effectively, etc. This paper examines the nature and extent of stakeholder’s

participation in the land acquisition process in Hanoi, analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of

encouraging and engaging different stakeholders, and proposes appropriate policy suggestions

for local authorities to improve stakeholders’ participation.

2. Literature Review

2.1. The ideas of stakeholders’ participation in agricultural land acquisition

In the world today, causing by the strong public administration reform, it emerged signif-

icant changes in the thinking and methods of public management for all socio-economic sector.

In the 1990s, in the context of increasingly vigorous globalization and democratization, the concept of “stakeholder’s participation” was mentioned together with the concepts of “new public

management” and “good governance” as a step forward in thinking in the theory of public man-

agement (World Bank, 1996).

In recent studies, the perspective on enhancing stakeholder’s participation to address ben-

efits and land relations in the process of acquiring agricultural land in the world has been described

by many authors. The World Bank (WB) introduces the concept of “land governance”. It is a

combination of rules, processes and structures through which land acquisition decisions are
made, along with how those decisions are made, and how interest relationships are addressed,

complicated in the process of land acquisition (WB, 2011). The viewpoint of the WB emphasis

on public management, attracts and ensures the participation of actors in the economy in the de-

cision-making and policy-making process. In a good land governance model, the participation

of the citizen and different stakeholders is encouraged and mobilized to the utmost in public

management. Different stakeholders in different forms are given the opportunity to participate

in the decision-making and policy-making process, thereby bringing their interests to be more

closely linked to the decisions and policies of the State, leading higher effective and efficiency

management.

Based on the point of view of good governance of land of the WB, Food Agricutural Or-

ganisation (FAO) recommends “good governance for compulsory land acquisition” (FAO, 2008).
This approach has been widely recognized in the world, and is becoming an innovative trend of

public management in the process of land acquisition. Good governance for compulsory land
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acquisition has all the basic characteristics of the good governance model. In which public management is associated with transparent decision-making with the participation of stakeholders,

the rules of law are applied fairly, effective implementation, and most disputes were resolved

before they turned into conflict. The role of the State is shown through the establishment of a

legal corridor, strict rules and processes; and collaborating with other stakeholders, to help them

promote their voice and decision-making power. The State is also highly accountable to all de-

cisions and the decision-making process to the public.

The practical demand for stakeholder’s participation and good governance in agricultural

land acquisition process is evident in most developing countries, where the land transition is
taking place strongly. In these countries, population pressure and economic development increases the need to acquire agricultural land for industrial and urban development. During this

transition, it is important to define and protect land rights of different groups as a precondition

for the sharing economic benefits. The importance of good governance over land and agricultural

land acquisition is increasingly emphasized in many different countries. Deininger Klaus pre-

sented methods in which developing country’s States can better regulate rural land relations with

agricultural land and redirect agricultural land to other purposes (Deiniger, 2003). Another ex-

ample comes from the African Union. Since 2009, they have issued guidance on land policy

making in Africa, including specific criterias for the evaluation and measurement of land man-

agement, including land acquisition, under the view of good governance (Ashwin&Vyas, 2011).
In addition, more and more countries have implemented programs to improve farmers’ land use

rights, often with substantial support from bilateral organizations. For example, United Nations

(UN) has developed a wide-ranging program that consults, provides a set of good governance
guidelines on land and natural resources (UN, 2007). Since 2008, FAO has launched a study of

“Good governance and natural resources tenure in South East Asia region” (FAO, 2008). This

is a useful document introducing an overview of the operation and good governance of land, in-

cluding the acquisition of agricultural land, of countries in Southeast Asia (such as Thailand,

Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Laos, Vietnam and other countries). In particular, the document
compares the system of policies, laws and enforcement measures of land policies and legislation,
and land acquisition in these countries, including Vietnam.

2.2. Stakehouders involved in agricultural land acquisition in Hanoi

Participating into the process of land acquisition includes many stakehouders. The rela-

tionship of interests of different stakehouders can conflict, or harmony, and mutual development.
(i) The State, this stakeholder is the primary management entity in the process of land ac-

quisition, including State agencies, from central to local authorities participating in land man-

agement, also land acquisition. However, today, bcause of promoting public management reform
in the world, especially in terms of understanding of good governance for land acquisition, the

State in the management process, not only play the role as manager, but also is governanced by

citizens and other social institutions.

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(ii) Households whose land is acquired (such as farmers, farm owners, businesses, organ-

izations, individuals, and other communities using agricultural land).

(iii) Investors who are allowed to transfer the land use rights after land acquisition (includ-

ing organizations, investors, businesses, communities…).

Both households and investors are directly managed by State authorities in the process of

agricultural land acquisition. However, these stakehouders will also be managers when partici-

pating in decision-making, policy-making, when performing monitoring tasks and requesting ac-

countability from State agencies.

(iv) In addition to the three above main groups, social institutions, citizens and other stake-

holders are also increasingly actively involved in land acquisition process. They are socio-political

organizations, professional social organizations, public service organizations, scientists, experts,

media agencies, other organizations and other individuals. These social institutions, citizens and

other stakeholders are managed by Sate agencies when they perform tasks related to land acqui-

sition under assigned responsibilities. They can also become managers, directly performing management tasks when they are authorized by the State, empowered to perform the functions of the

State in accordance with the law.

Thus, from the point of view of good governance, stakehouders involed in the process of

land acquisition is very open. The main concern of good governance is knowing power, deter-

mining to whom and how it is given, to effectively plan and implement policies, and to ensure

oversight, participation of people. Therefore, the management in the process of land acquisition

is renewed in the direction of narrowing the State’s monopoly power in issuing decisions, and

increasing the participation of all levels, especially the grassroots level, including citizens and

different stakeholders into the management decision-making process. In particular, the State creates a legal corridor, standards, regulations for the acquisition of agricultural land, the subjects

and related objects comply; at the same time guides and creates favorable operating conditions.

In addition, the State is also accountable for its governance to the citizens and society, and governs

to force members of society to abide by the rules and laws.

3. Methodology

3.1. Data sources

- Collected secondary data includes documents, publications, scientific researches, scien-

tific reports, domestic and international investigation results, documents of State agencies (such

as Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Develop-

ment, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Department of Agriculture and Rural

Development of Hanoi City, People’s Council, People’s Committee of Hanoi Cabinet, General

Statistics Office, Statistics Office of Hanoi, research papers from international organizations (such

as WB, FAO of the UN).

- Primary data is collected by author through the sociological survey. The survey was con146


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ducted in July and August 2019. In order to conduct a sociological survey, the paper builds soci-

ological survey forms and conducts direct interviews with 02 target groups, including: (i) peasant

households whose land is acquired in areas having major agricultural land acquisition projects in

Hanoi, (ii) communal government officials and employees in these areas. The total number

of questionnaires was 246 households, and 32 votes for local government officials and civil

servants.

Sampling and interviewing were conducted using stratified sampling method according to

administrative units to commune level with agricultural land acquisition projects, and random

sampling of respondents. Specifically, the dissertation conducted a survey in 04 district-level ad-

ministrative units - places where a large number of agricultural land acquisition projects have
been concentrated in recent years, which are Son Tay, Thach That, Chuong My, and Phu Xuyen.

In each district, 02 communes were surveyed (thus, 08 communal administrative units were in-

terviewed). In each commune, 02 projects were surveyed (so, there are 16 projects of agricultural

land acquisition surveyed, including: projects for building schools; improving and upgrading

provincial roads; moving people out of environmental pollution areas; urban area construction;

industrial zone construction; technical infrastructure construction for auction).

3.2. Criterias for assessing the participation of stakeholders in the process of land acquisition

The WB has designed a Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF) with the aim

of providing a systematic assessment of legal frameworks, policies and process of implementa-

tion related to land and land use. This content includes many specific aspects, each aspect has a

set of indicators for quantitative measurement or qualitative assessment, based on evidence
through collected data and information. Specifically, the set of indicators in the LGAF assesses

large-scale land acquisition, including indicators of the participation of stakehouders.

Furthermore, FAO also givens groups of criterias to assess stakehouldes’ participation,

including: (i) The nature of stakehouldes’ participation, (ii) Ability to complain about problems

related to land acquisition, (iii) To consult experts and specialized agencies in important steps

of the land acquisition process such as selection of compensation form, and selection of reset-

tlement sites.

This paper, basing on the opinions and criteria systerms of WB and FAO, proposes criterias

to evaluate the stakeholders’ participation in the process of agricultural land acquisition to be

suitable to Hanoi condition. This system of criteria as a systematic evaluation tool to assess the

participation of stakeholders in Hanoi in the process of agricultural land acquisition.

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Table 1: Criteria to evaluate the participation of stakeholders in Hanoi
in the process of agricultural land acquisition
Criteria

1

The participation of citizens and other
stakeholders (socio-political organizations, professional social organizations,
public service organizations, scientists,
experts and communication units) in the
process of building regulation and documents on agricultural land acquisition in
locality

2

The participation of citizens and other
stakeholders (socio-political organizations, professional social organizations,
public service organizations, scientists,
experts and communication units) to develop the land price list in locality

3

Negotiation between competent authority and households whose land is acquired on the agricultural land
acquisition plan

4

5

Measure

- - Good: Citizens and other stakeholders are
consulted and their opinions are absorbed
- Average: Citizens and other stakeholders are
consulted, but their opinions have not been
received
- Unsatisfying: Citizens and other stakeholders are not consulted, only are notified
- Weak: Citizens and other stakeholders are
not notified

- Good: Citizens and other stakeholders are
consulted and opinions are absorbed
- Average: Citizens and other stakeholders are
consulted, but opinions have not been received
- Unsatisfying: Citizens and other stakeholders are not consulted, only are notified
- Weak: Citizens and other stakeholders are
not notified

- Good: Households are consulted and have
the right to decide on the agricultural land acquisition plan
- Average: Householdsare consulted but have
not the right to decide on the agricultural land
acquisition plan
- Unsatisfying: Households are not consulted,only are notified
- Weak: Households are not notified
Negotiation between competent author- - Good: Households are consulted and have
ity and households whose agricultural the right to decide, choose the form and value
land is acquired about compensation
of compensation and support
and assistance plan

- Average: Householdsare consulted but have
not the right to decide, choose the form and
value of compensation and support
- Unsatisfying: Householdsare not
consulted,only are notified
- Weak: Households are not notified
Consultation of independent agencies, - Good: Having consultations of independent
experts to help households whose agri- agencies, experts to actively help households
- Average: Having consultations of independcultural land is acquired
ent agencies, experts, but notactively help
households
- Unsatisfying: Consultation available but for
reference only
- Weak: No consultation
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4. Results and discussions

Data on the area of agricultural land acquired in recent years:

Source: Compiled by author from Resolutions of the People’s
Committee of Hanoi 2015-2019

Graph 1. Total number of land acquisition projects and total number
of agricultural land acquisition projects in Hanoi implemented in the period 2015 – 2019

Source: Compiled by author from Resolutions of the People’s
Committee of Hanoi 2015-2019

Graph 2. Total land area and total agricultural land area to be acquired
in Hanoi in the period 2015 – 2019

4.1. The participation of citizens and other stakeholders in the process of formulating regula-

tion on agricultural land acquisition

For the process of formulating legal documents and regulations on agricultural land acqui-

sition from drafting, the paper examines different stakehouders’ opinions to the appraisal this

stage. According to the survey of local government officials and servants, 100% of the legal doc-

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uments on land acquisition issued by the City People’s Committee are notified to public, and

consulted representational citizens. Moreover, the surveyed local officials and civil servants be-

lieve that 80% of the comments are received. Most of the comments are of good quality, high

practical value, practical significance, contributing to improving the quality of the document and

improving the effectiveness and efficiency of State management.

However, in the promulgation of legal documents on agricultural land acquisition, only

representatives of stakehouders are consulted, the whole of community is not directly involved

in drafting and constructing legal documents in the locality. They can only reflect, propose, com-

ment or ask questions for authorities by sending mail to authorities at the offices of the People’s

Committees or through the electronic communication portal of the People’s Committee. Through

the survey of households, very few respondents have participated in contributing ideas in the

process of building regulation. Futhermore, the number of comments received and answered is

39%. The people said that most of their ideas have been answered and explained, but the rate is

very little.

Assessment: Average (Citizens and other stakeholders are consulted, but their opinions

have not been received).

4.2. The participation of citizens and other stakeholders in the process of developing the local
land price list

The land price systerm of locality is built directly by the City People’s Committee and

Hanoi Department of Natural Resources and Environment. According to the regulations on the

process of land price systerm formulation of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment,

it is required to consult relevant agencies, organizations and individuals on the draft version and

official version of land price list. Thus, there are only a few specific representatives of stakehold-

ers involved in the development of land price systerm, consultation on land prices also focuses

on a few subjects, not covers the whole one.

According to the survey of households whose land is acquired, similar to the process of

building legal documents on agricultural land acquisition, the majority of citizens do not have

the opportunity to participate in building a local land price list. Up to 90% of the respondents

have not had the opportunity to comment on the construction of the local land price list. Only

10% of households have ever had the opportunity to give comments, but most of them are also

not accepted.

Assessment: Unsatisfying (Citizens and other stakeholders are not consulted, only are

notified).

4.3. Negotiation between competent authority and households having land acquired about the

agricultural land acquisition plan

In Hanoi, the agricultural land acquisition plan is formulated and decided by the People’s

Committee of the district, in which, affected households are not allowed to negotiate or consult,
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but only be informed about the plan and progress of land acquisition. It lacks the negotiation with

households and encouraging the participation of residential communities, social organizations
and citizens. Households whose agricultural land is acquired do not have the right to make deci-

sions, nor to refuse decisions from state agencies. If they disagree or are not satisfied with the

decisions of the authorities in the process of land acquisition and compensation, assistance, and

resettlement, people can only file a complaint and wait for settlement according to the law.

The survey results of households whose agricultural land is acquired in 08 communes

showed that the majority of respondents (85%) answered that they had been informed of the agri-

cultural land acquisition plan, including plans for land inventory and assets, plans for compen-

sation, assistance, resettlement, site clearance plans. And some households (accounting for 15%

of the total number of surveyed households) said that they did not know this information. Through

the author’s survey, notification of the agricultural land acquisition plan was not sent directly to

each household, but sent to residential clusters through the village chief and announced on the

commune loudspeaker. Those who do not know the information are due to not attending the meet-

ing at the village, or not receiving information from the commune loudspeakers.

Assessment: Unsatisfying (Households are not consulted, only are notified).

4.4. Negotiation between the competent authority and households whose land is acquired on

compensation and assistance plan

According to a survey of 14 projects in 08 communes in Hanoi, after being listed for 20

days, the local authority can remove the information of land acquisition and compensation, as-

sistance, and resettlement plans. Therefore, when the author came to the facility to access the in-

formation and asks the officers in charge to provide this information, the common answer was

“compensation plan for site clearance is already listed public” or “compensation has been com-

pleted”. This makes it difficult to determine which locality has actually listed compensation and

assistance plans and which locality does not comply with this regulation.

Survey results for households about being consulted on compensation and support plans

when the State recovers agricultural land shows that a larger proportion (69%) of respondents

answered that they were consulted about compensation, support and resettlement plans. However,

their opinions, most of them are not received and accepted, this rate accounts for 85%. Also, there
is no official agency other than land acquisition authority to assist those households in analyzing

and determining whether the compensation value they receive is appropriate. There are some
households (31%) who do not know information or are not consulted about compensation and

support plans when their land is acquired.

Assessment: Average (Households are consulted but have not the right to decide, choose

the form and value of compensation and support).

4.5. Consultation of independent agencies, experts to help households whose agricultural land
is acquired

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The Law has prescribed and guided the procedures and dossiers on hiring a consultant to
determine specific land prices, and the land price adjustment coefficient as the foundation for
compensation and support when the State recovers agricultural land. However, there is no mandatory regulation to use this land valuation consultancy to propose compensation prices when acquiring agricultural land.

In Hanoi, there are a number of private organizations providing consultancy on land prices
but the valuation capacity has not been evaluated. There are no state professional organizations
assigned to take the main responsibility for the appraisal of land valuation results of the private
independent price consultancy organizations. Besides, there is also no legal corridor to unify the
management of this private valuation. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry
of Construction and Ministry of Finance are in charge of this activity. The legal framework for
independent pricing consultancy is incomplete and does not meet the requirements of support in
developing land price lists and specific pricing. Regulations on technical standards for land pricing
services, and on the mechanism of delimitation when there are disputes over valuation results,
are still lacking. Therefore, land prices given by land consulting organizations are used in fact
only for civil transactions, but hardly used as a foundation for payment of compensation or assistance in the process of agricultural land acquisition.
Assessment: Weak (No consultations).

4.6. General evaluation

Table 2: General evaluation of stakeholder participation in the process
of agricultural land acquisition in Hanoi

1

2

3
4
5

Criteria

Measure

The participation of citizens and other stakeholders (socio-political
organizations, socio-professional organizations, public service organizations, scientists, experts and media organizations) in the process of
developing the local land price list

Unsatisfying

Negotiation between competent authority and households whose
agricultural land is acquired about compensation and assistance plan

Average

The participation of citizens and other stakeholders (socio-political
organizations, socio-professional organizations, public service organizations, scientists, experts and media organizations) in the process of
building regulation and documents on agricultural land acquisition

Negotiation between competent authority and households whose land
is acquired on the land acquisition plan

Consultation with independent agencies, experts to help households
whose land is acquired

Average

Unsatisfying

Weak

Source: Compiled by author from survey

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4.7. Problems existing

The above result shows that stakeholder’s participation in the process of agricultural land
acquisition in Hanoi is limited. There are several existent problems below.

Firstly, the mechanism of agricultural land acquisition in Hanoi is mainly compulsory acquisition based on administrative rules and enforcement measures, while the benefit and risk sharing mechanism (particularly between investors and households) has not been specified and
implemented in practice. In which, the decision to divide the interests of related stakehoulders as
investors and households is inadequate, leading to inequity for households in determining the value
of compensation and assistance. Moreover, there has not been the official participation of an independent agricultural land pricing system, so the compensation price has not been satisfied with
the households, causing frustration, and the number of complaints of households at a high level.

Secondly, there is a lack of negotiation and mobilization of stakeholders into practice in
implementing agricultural land acquisition. People do not have the right to decide on land acquisition plans as well as compensation and supportplans, while the participation of independent
agencies and experts to help them is also lacking. Land valuation activities do not have an adequate legal framework and are hardly used as foudation for payment of compensation or assistance in the process of land acquisition. This leads to many householdes disagreeing or dissatisfied
with the government’s decisions in the process of acquisition, compensation, support, and resettlement, causing to a high number of complaints about land acquisition, accounting for up to 70%
of the total number of land issues complaints.

Thirdly, the current compensation value of agricultural land based mainly on the agricultural land price determined in the local land price list is too low, it is not satisfactory for householders, while there is limitted participation of stakeholders into building the local land price
systerm. It also shows the inequality to local people, especially for households whose agricultural
land is acquired to use for the projects bringing huge private benefits for investors. After land acquisition, many households lose assets, livelihoods and inheritance from ancestors, while the
amount of compensation and support received is too low compared to the investors’ profit when
the agricultural land is converted to urban construction or bidding for service and industrial land.
This is also a major problem leading to protracted complaints and protests of households.

5. Policy syggestions

In order to increase the participation of stakeholders in order to enhance the concensus of
society, the paper proposes to consult the opinion of different stakeholds in all steps of acquisition
of agricultural land. As follows:

5.1. Incourage the participation of the stakeholders in making decisions of land acquisition
projects

Households and investors must have equal rights to access and respond to information on
land acquisition projects, plans and procedures for land acquisition. Formal rights should be ensured that all citizens are equal in sharing information, by creating two-way methods of governing
information. In which, households and investors need to have access to information, and also
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have the right to express opinions and feedback on such information.

Moreover, for all projects conducting land acquisition, there must be a root option required
to provide complete information about the project conducting land acquisition, integration of calculations, parsing of costs and benefits of the project judgment. This will reduce the information
consistency between householders and investors.

Furthermore, for land acquisition projects for socio-economic development with purposes
of business investment and profitability, citizens also need the right to express and voice their
opinions to the management agencies to consider and make decisions on land acquisition. It is
necessary to get residential suggestions and land acquisition decisions to implement this project
by holding a public hearing with the participation of all householders who return the land to implement those projects. The land acquisition project will be approved or stoped arcording to opinions of majority citizens. Only when more than 75% of the total local citizens agree, the land
acquisition project can be carried out.

5.2. Incourage the participation of the stakeholders in making decisions of compensation, assistance and resettlement

The paper proposes to change the current land price evaluation and compensation. That is,
instead of the City People’s Committee have full authority to decide the executive board to set
up the budget and manage the spending content, the level of expenditure and the settlement of
the budget, there should be a negociation between households whose land transferred and the investor as the recipient of land use rights during the land acquisition process. In which, the households should have the right to request the land price assessment agency and the land price
evaluation agency to set the price for compensation.

For the process of compensation, assistance and resettlement. In order to get the consensus
and support of citizens, in the regulations of State authority, it needs to supplement the principle
that compensation, support will be approved when reaching at least 75% consent of opinion participants from the local community. In addition, organizing the reception of citizens and listening
to the householders to present their opinions and aspirations should become the regular tasks for
the land acquisition councils and agencies. Thereby, recommendations and stuck of householders
in the project implementation could be answered to help bringing high consensus of citizens to
properly exercise the management function of the State authority.

5.3. Incourage the participation of professional land price evaluation organizations in the land
acquisition process

When consulting the people whose agricultural land is acquired about the role of the land
valuation agency to get results, that is a larger proportion (68%) of the respondents saying that
professional agencies and experts play an important role in assisting households in determining
land prices. Especially for projects that bring huge economic profits to changing land use purposes, it is necessary to carefully calculate the costs and benefits to compensate households. They
believe that with the current compensation calculation, this benefit belongs to investors - it is not
fair to the households. Therefore, it is necessary to have a foundation of sufficient expertise and
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professional skills to support households in calculating compensation. In addition, from the point
of view of a larger number of households (57% of the total number of respondents), the institutions having a task to support households in calculating compensation should be State agencies,
empowered by the State. In case the price is not agreed upon, the households will have the right
to request the agency to appraise the price of land according to the price offered by the price appraisal agency.

REFERENCES

1. Klaus Deininger (2003), “Land policies for growth and poverty reduction”, A World
Bank policy research report. Washington, DC, World Bank Group. 


2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Industrial (FAO) (2008), Compulsory acquisition of land and compensation, FAO, Rome.

3. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Industrial (FAO) (2008), Good
governance and natural resources tenure in South East Asia region, FAO.

4. Mahalingam Ashwin & Aditi Vyas (2011), “Comparative Evaluation of Land Acquisition
and Compensation Processes across the World”, Economic & Political Weekly, vol xlvi no 32,
pp. 95 - 102.
5. United Nation (2007) “Governance for sustainable development”, Discussion Paper,
UNDP.
6. World Bank (1996), Governance - the World Bank’s experience, The World Bank.

7. World Bank (2011), Compulsory land acquisition and voluntary land conversion in Vietnam, The World Bank, Vietnam.

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