Năng lực cạnh tranh của các tổ chức tín dụng Việt Nam khi hội nhập kinh tế quốc tế.pdf

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<b>\7i~c nghien Clrutien cd Vi~t Ram</b>

<b>Nh.t Minh*</b>

T ien t$ la slm pham cua nenvan minh nhan lo~i, no chi radai khi vi$c san xuat ra cuacai v~t chat cua xa h9i da pheittri~n

<i>den m9t mUcd9 nhat d!nh. No thlJC</i>

SIJchin muoi va can thiet khi loaingliai da bliClcvao giai do~n san

<small>.</small>

xuat hang hoa doi hoi phai co m9t

phlidng ti$n trung gian trong vi$ctrao d6i cac gia tr! sa dl,lng khacnhau nham thoa man cac nhu cau

<small>.</small>

v~t chat, van hoa cua con ngliai.

Tien t$ ra dai khong chi danh dau SIJphat tri~n ve m?t kinh te, no conphan anh nhG'ngthay d6i ve th~ chechinh trL v! tri, slJ vG'ng m~nh hayyeu kem cua Nha nliClc phap quyen,cac ho~t d9ng ve ngo~i giao, ngo~ithlidng cua nhG'ng thai ky lich satlidng (mg, dong thai con phan anhca ve m?t van hoa, ngh$ thu~t, tongiao, SIJ pheit tri~n khoa hc;>c,kythu~t... cua thai ky ma dong tien dora dai va dlic;1CIliU hanh.

Doi vCli nliClc ta k~ tCfdau congnguyen cho den khi Chu t!ch Ho ChiMinh khai sinh nliClc Vi$t Nam DanChu c9ng hoa da trai qua 14 trieu

<i>d~i, 88 dai vua (W Trung NG'Vlidng</i>

nam 40 den Nguy~n Bao D~i nam1945), vCli 1118 nam tri vi cua cactrieu d~i phong kien (1). Trong hem

11the ky do, che d9 phong kien Vi$tNam da trai qua bao nhieu bliClcthang tram, nhieu trieu d~i da d~t tClid9 thinh tri nhli nha Ly: 215 nam, LeTrung Hling: 255 nam... NhlingcOng co nhG'ng trieu d~i chi ton t~irat ngan nhli nha Ho: 7 nam, tuyV?y, hau het cac trieu d~i da ductien d~ dap (mg nhu cau giao lliuhang hoa, phat tri~n kinh te, chi tieucho ngan sach Nha nliClc. Nam1010, Ly Cong U~n dai do ra ThangLong thiet I~p m9t Nha nliClc phongkian t~p quyen vCli nhG'ng th~ che

<i>D6ngti€ncd V9n Lich Thong Boo (d6ng nhO) va Minh M9ng Thong Boo(d6ng Ion) trong b9 situ t~p ti€n cd cuo ong Nguyin Ba D9m</i>_{Anh: p.v}

.

nghien ClJu, ho?c m9t bai bao naode c~p tClivan de nay.

Nghien clJu ve tien c6 Vi$t Namla m9t van de clJCky phUc t~p, khokhan. 51Jthay d6i cua cac trieu d~ike tiep nhau, thong thliang khi m9ttrieu d~i mClitr! vi, tien t$ cua trieud~i trliClc bi cam ho?c khong con gia

<i>tri trong IliU thong nG'a.Trai qua thaigian W va ba tram nam den hang</i>

ngan nam, vCli khi h~u nhi$t dClikhac b~c, I~i trai qua nhieu CU9Cchien tranh, nhieu dong tien da b!hli h~i, mat mat, khof1g con du hi$nv~t d~ chung ta nghien ClJu, doichieu vClicac tli Ii$u ve van ban I!chsa. NliClCta I~i chlia cO m9t d9i ngGnhG'ng ngliai chuyen nghien clJu vetien c6, nhG'ng cong trinh khoa hc;>crieng bi$t ve van de nay qua it. Neu <small>.</small>

vi$c nghien clJu tien c6 Vi$t Namkhong dlic;1cnhanh chong xuc tien,khi nhG'ngchuyen gia"von da it oitrong linhvlJc nay va nhG'ngnha SliU

. YenBai

chinh tr!, kinh te, van hoa hoan

chlnh,

y

thuc xay dlJng m9t nen tient$ d9C I~p, tlJ chu cang dlic;1Ccactrieu d~i quan tam d?c bi$t hdn.

VCli nhG'ng gi da co dlic;1Ctuychlia th~t day du, song co th~ kh~ngd!nh: chUng ta da co m9t be day velich sa tien t$. Ben c~nh nhG'ngchien cong hi~n heich chong ngo~ixam, cha ong chung ta da biet sadl,lng cong cl,I tien t$ d~ xay dlJngm9t dat nliClc van minh, phon th!nh,

<i>phat tri~n kinh ta, boidliong sUc dan</i>

lam Cd so vG'ng chac cho vi$c giG'gin nen d9C I~p, tlJ do trong quatrinh dlJng nliClc va giG'nliClc.

Tuy v~y, vi$c tiep c~n va nghienclJu tien c6 Vi$t Nam cho den nayvan con qua it, rat hiem nhG'ngcongtrinh nghien clJu day du va co h$thong. Co m9t thai ky, van de nayda dlic;1Csd b9 de c~p tClia T~p chi

<i>Ngan hang va cOng co m9t so bai</i>

nghien clJu h~te ve tien c6, nhling. sau do b~ng di va trong vai ba namtro I~i day, chlia co m9t cong trinh

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t~p tien c6 qua ddi thi vi~c nghiencltuse g~p nhieu tra ng~i hem.

Vi v~y, qua T~p chf Ngan hang,

toi xindLf<;lCneu len

me.>t

so Ykien

xung quanh vandenay:

- Vi~c nghien cltu tien c6 noichung, tien c6 Vi~t Nam noi rieng,lien quan den nhieulinh vlJc:

I,ch sa,khao c6, dan te.>ch9C... Cong vi~ctrLfdc mat phai lam ngay la f\J"gahhang Nha nLfdc can phoih<;Jp'VdF;Vi~n Sa hC,)c,Vi~n Han 'N6rl1~i~hu

th~p me.>tdich co h~

thorfgcac tLf

li~u ve tien c6 Vi~t Namtrerrocac

<small>th.Lf.t!chcO. Me.>t vai be.>sa da: dLf<;lC Vi~n</small>

Sa h9CchintPdyva d!ch

<small>.'.</small>

<i>nn~,~D~i</i>

Vi~t sa ky' toan thu" cua Ngo SyLien, "D~i Nam thlJc 1I:lc"cua.Quoc'

sa QuantrieuNguyen...deucoghichep vi~c duc, .phat hanh, va,

<small>IlJ'IJ</small>

thong cac lo~i tien cua tUngtr'ieu~vua. Day la nhU'ngceL~6chfiih, tinc~y d~ chung ta biet dV<;ICvi~craddi cua nhU'ngdong ti~b'C9 'li~t

<small>.</small>Nam, nhLfng chac chan la chLfa dubai Ie: vi~c bien so~n I!ch sa 0 nLfdcta ra ddi mUe.>n,nhieu be.>sa dLf<;lCcac sa gia phong kien bien so~ncOng phai dlJa vao nhiing tLf li~u tanmat dLf<;lCthu th~p, doi khi dlJa ca<small>.</small>

vao da sa, truyeh thuyet trang dan

gian. NhU'ng be.>sa got trai qua thdigian va nhU'ng bien de.>ngcua datnLfdc hau het da mat mat. Vf dl,J:be.>quoc su c6 nhat dLf<;lC.

bien so~n coh~ thong dau

tien

a

nLfdc ta

la cuon:

"D~i Vi~t sa kY" 30 quy~n cua LeVan HLfUhoan thanh nam

1272

dLfditrieu

vua

Tran Thanh Tong, dLf<;lCviet tlt ddi Hong Bang d~n the ky thlt

13. Ngoai nhLtng tai Ii~u xac thlJCdLfang tMi ghi chep dLf<;lC,ft ra latrong 12 the ky trLfdc do, Le VanHLfUvdi vai tro la me.>tsu quan da

phai thu th~p

f]hieu tLf li~u tlt nhU'ngcUe.>cdien da a cac vung dat khac

nhau, than pM a cac den chua,truyen thuyet dan gian, da su...

Trongdieu ki~n ay, chac chan la conhieu SlJ ki~n quan tr9ng, trang do.co tien t~ cua' cac trieu d~i khong.

dLf<;lCthu th~p, ghi chepday du. Be.>sadLf<;lc coi la sdm nhat nay cungvdi me.>tso cuon khac nhLf: "Sa ky

tl,jC

bien"cua Phan PhuTien,"Vi~t

sa cLf9ng

ml,jc"

cuaHoTongThoc...

den nay cOngkhong can. Be.>c6 suchf" cua Phan Huy Chu (3) phan

sdm nhat can I~i den ngay nay la: "Quoc dl,jng chf' co ghi chep

ve

tai

"D~i Vi~t

sakytoanthu" cua NgoSychfnh, thue khoa cua cac trieu d~i.

Lien hoan thanh nam1479dLfdiNhU'ngtLf li~u gian tiep tLfang tlJtrieu vua Le Thanh Tong. Chackhac chacla cannamrai rackhong

chan la 207 nam sau, Ngo Sy Lienft trong kho sachHan Nom. Tu

da dlJa vao khong ft nhU'ngtLf li~unhU'ngtLfli~u gian tiep nay,chung tacua Le Van HLfUd~ bien so~n be.>saco th~ doi chieu, suy doan nhU'ng

mdi cua minh.

a

be.>sa nay, SlJ ki~n van de co lien quan den tien c6 d~

d,ucva phat ha~h ti~n t~ sdm nhatxac d!nh tiep nhU'ngvan de can

di1<;1C

Ngo Sy Li~nghi I~ila: "thang2thieu ho~c nghi van. Tom I~i la: qua

'Giap Than(~84),Le'D~i.Hanh

duc cac be.>su, thLf t!ch

cO,chUngta se

tien

<small>.</small>

Thien Phuq tran bao (2). Vdi<i>dl/f7gi?i mC)tMng danh mljc theo</i>

,nhU'ngtLf 1i~~ft9i ,con I~i, chung ta<i>tha tl/ tMi gian vi~c duc va phat</i>

cOngco theJn~ng.d!nh: day khong<i>Mnh lien t~ ttl dau cong nguyen</i>

phaila d6ri9UehdUcdautiendLfdi<i>den nay cua cac trieu d?i phong</i>

thdi phongk,en"Theqm~fsotai li~u<i>kienVi~t Nam.</i>

nghien cltu ve'tl~n' c6 Vi~t Nam,.- Vi~c tiep theo la thu th~p caedong tien sdmnhat<rLfgcduc va ILfUdong tien d~ co nhU'nghi~n v~t doi

thonga nLfdct<:1ladong"Thien<i>Dltc</i>chieuvdibandanhmuctienc6tren.

<small>'.</small>

thong bao" ra'ddi khoangtlt namCongvi~c nay I~i c~ng kho khan,

<small>.r</small>

544" 548~hiLyBrl~lc198chthongphltc t~p han gap be.>i.Ngoai kho

,tr! nha LU'png;

lenng6tvua XLfnglatien c6 ma Ngan hang Nha nLfdcIw

~'LyNam D~ d~t qlJ6~: hi~u la V~n' gilt dLf<;lC,chung ta can phoi h<;lpvdiXuan. Dang<liec'la dong tien nay Bao tang I!ch

sa

Vi~t Nam, cac nhachung ta chLfa tlm thay. Den the ky sLfUt~p tien c6 d~ de ngh, h9 t~ngthlt 10, dLfdi trieu nha Dinh (968 - ho~c mua I~i cac dong tien c6 con980) 3 Ian cho duc tien "Thai Binh thieu. Me.>tnguon tim kiem nLta

la

hLfng bao". Day la dong tien c6 nhat ngay trong nhan dan, nhat la vungcan I~i den ngay nay. NhLf v~y, so trung du, dong bang, duyen hai Bacvdj thdi di~m ma "D~i Vi~t su ky Be.>,cac tinh Thanh - Ngh~ - Tinhtoan thu" ghi chep (nam 984), da co van la cac trung tam kinh te, chinhkhoang trong 440 nam. Tu do, tr! cua Vi~t Nam thdi c6, trung d~i,

chung ta co th~ Lfdcdoan rang: conhieu nha can

gilt dLf<;lC

nhU'ngdong

<i>the con nhieu dong lien ra dbi t(tiDC</i>tien c6 coi nhLfcua gia bao.

Cung

me.>t

<i>cach khac la chung ta con rat</i>se co them nhU'ngdong tien c6 quy

<i>nhieu diem trang trang suot chieu</i>hierri, hoan chinh

be.>sLfU t~p ph(,Jc

<i>dai lich sa lien te Viet Nam. D~ khac</i> vl,j. cho vi~c nghien cltu va tien tdip~l,j~ khiem kh~yet' nay, ngoai vi~c thanh I~p bao tang tien t~ Vi~t Nam.dlJa vao nhU'ng be.>c6 su chfnh Trong suot chieu dai lich sa tienthong, chUng ta can phai dlJa vao c6 Vi~t Nam, do nhU'ng bien d~>ngkho sach Han Nom k~ ca nhU'ng tLf ve th~ che chfnh trj, slJ suy, th!nh,Ii~u trlJC

<i>tiep va gian tiep nham co</i>hLfng,vong cua cac trieu d~i, trinh

<i>do cang nhieu Gangtot. Neu</i>phat.nhau nen doi hoi vi~c nghien cUu

hi$n dLf<;lCnhU'ngtLfli~u, thLft!ch trlJC tien c6 cOng phai dlJa

vao nhG'ng

tiep <small>dLf<;lC ghi</small> chep

tan mat co de<i>thlJCte I!~hsa.do qe co nhung ainh</i>

c~p den van de duc va phat hanh <i>huang chinh xac cho vi~c tim kiem,</i>

<i>tienc6, chungta se co themnhU'ng nghien ctJu,19giai, nhanh</i>

<i>chOng</i>

tLf li~u quy b6 sungcho cac ghi<i>dt,lngI?idi~nm?oSl!phattrfen</i>

<i>ti~n</i>

chep d cac be.>chfnh sa. Ngoai ra, <i>co Vi~t Nam. Theo toi, co th~ chia ra</i>

con nhU'ng tLf li~(J gian tiep co lien 3 thdi ky:

quan

den tien

t$ cua cac trieu d~i, vf ,

<i>Tho'i</i>

<i>ky thLi'nhat</i>

dl,j be.>:"L!ch trieu hien chLfang lo~i

\

<i>Tii</i>

<i>thai</i>

<i>cac vua Hung dl/ng mtac</i>

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<i>(J{in thbi ky 8~c thu{)c tan thtJ nhat</i>

<i>(khoang2000 namtrll{Jc congnguyenden207ifll{Jc congnguyen): Day la thOi ky m/oc Van</i>

Lang 6n d!nh va phat tri~n. Cac b(>I,?cngU'aiVi~tc6 da t~P.h~p nhau I,?ihinh thanh m(>txa h(>ico t6 chuc cU'

tru t~p trung

<small>C,</small>

trungdu va vung

dong bang chau th6 song Hong.Nen kinh te phat tri~n, vi~c san ban,hai 1U'~mcac san ph§m tl,f nhienkhong can dong vai tro quyet d!nhden dai song con ngU'ai,nghe tronglua, cay an qua, thuan hoa va cMnnuoi gia suc, nghe thu cong cOngphat tri~n nhU'trong dau, nuoi tam,

<i>d~t vai, lam do gom, dan lat, khai</i>

khoang, duc dong d~ san XUi3tnongcy, do dung gia dinh, do trang suc,dyng cy am nh,?c, vO khL.. Vi~cphan cong lac d(>ng xa h(>ikha ronet va co khoang 15 b(>I,?c song C,trung du, dong bang Bac B(>ngaynay cung m(>t so b(> I,?c cU' tru C,vung rCtngnui Vi~t Bac (4) cho phepchung ta nghi den: li~u co m(>thinhthuc tien t~ nao ra dai trong giaido,?n nay khong? M(>tcong trinhnghien c(Juve kinh te nguyen thuy C,Vi~t Nam cho rang co 2 lo,?i dU'~ccoi la v~t trung gian trao d6i do la:

<i>m(>tlo,?i oc bi~n co mau sac kha</i>

dE;!pdU'~ctim thay c, vung nui rayBac, ma cho den nay, trong cU'oixin,dan t(>cdo van dung lam do sfnh Ie.Thu hai la m(>tlo,?i vong da dU'~c

mai giOa va che tac kha tinh vi, neudung deo C, tai se qua to, nhU'ngdung nhU'm(>tlo,?ivong tay se quanhe (5) y

<i>kien</i>

<i>naym{Jichila m{)tgia</i>

<i>thiet dll(Jc suy doan chtJ chlla pMila m{)t tllli~u khoa hQc dll(Jckh~ngdjnh. Du sac do cOng la m(>tphat</i>

hi~n het suc quy bau d~ cac nhakhoa h9C nghien c(Ju tiep li~u dayco phai la lo,?itien t~ xuat hi~n somnhat C,nU'octa hay khong?

Quoc gia Van Lang cOng la thOiky phat tri~n rl,fcrB cua dong thau,ma san ph§m tieu bi~u nhat la trongdong Dong Son. San ph§m nay

khongchi dU'~csa dyngtrongnU'ocma can dU'~cdU'ara nU'ocngoai. "TuVi~t Nam trong dong dU'~cchuy~nlen phfa Bac, toi dat Dien (VanNam) dat Thyc (Tu Xuyen)va dU'a

xuong phfa Nam toi Ma Lai(Malaixia),toi dat nU'ocdao Dua(Indonexia) (6). V~y Iy giai hi~ntU'~ngnay nhU'the nao? Day khong

phai la thai ky Bac thu(>cnen co th~

lo,?itru vi~c cong n,?p san ph§m.

V~y vi~c trao d6i nay dU'~cthl,fChi~ndU'oihinh thuc v~t d6i v~t hay la com(>t lo,?i tien t~ nao do lam trunggian?

Nghien C(JUthai ky nay la khokhan nhat do thai gian cach chung

ta qua xa, nguon chfnhsa chac

chan la khong co. Ngoai vi~c trongd~i nhG'ngket qua cua nganh Khaoc6 h9c chung ta co th~ tim quanhG'ng tU' Ii~u c6 cua Trung QuocnhU':"Giao Chau ky" cua LU'UHan"Ky dai Tan, "An Nam chf nguyen"cua Cao Hung TrU'ngdai Minh... hyv9ng co th~ tim thay nhG'ngghi chepve tien t~ nU'oc ta trong bu6i binhminh cua Ijch sa.

<i>ThCti ky thLi' hai .</i>

<i>hI nam 207 trll{Jccong nguyenden nam 938 v{Jichien tMng trensong 89ch Dang, Ngo Ouyen danhtan quan Nam Han, cham d(ff tren1000 nam 8~c thu{)cma dau cho kynguyen d{)c lfi,p tl/ do a nll{Jc ta.</i>

TrongthaigianhOn11the kydo,co

xen ke 3 trieu d,?idat nU'octa gianhdU'~cdqc I~p, tl,fdo"trong m(>tthaigian ngan: TrU'ngNCtVU'ong3 nam,nha Tien Ly va nha Tri~u 58 nam,c(>ng voi m(>t so cac cu(>c khc,inghia: Ba Tri~u nam 548, Mai HacDe nam 722, Bo Cai D,?i VU'ong

nam 791-

802, h9 Khuc dl,fngquyen tl,f chu 905

-938, can I,?idatnU'octa nam dU'oiach do h(>cua cactrieu d,?i phong kien Trung Quoc.Voi chfnh sach cai trj ha khac khongchi ve chfnh tr! ma con ca ve kinh te,dU'ongnhien chung ta khong th~ cotien t~ d(>eI~p. Thai ky nay t~p trungnghien c(Ju 2 van de:

-

<i>81/ ra doi cua dong'ThienDtJcthOng bBa" khi nU'oc V,?n Xuan dU'~c</i>

thanh I~p tlt nam 544 - 548 nhU'daneu C,tren. chi trong vong chU'aday4 nam ngan ngui, phai chong dB voi'thu trong, gi~c ngoai, L~ Nam De daeho duc tien thi do qua la m(>tvi~c

<i>phi thU'ang.Day la m{)t dau son cua</i>

<i>Ijch sf) lien t~ Vi~t Nam th'aico d9i.</i>

Van de con I,?ila li~u chung ta coth~ tim thay hi~n v~t cua dong tienra dai som nhat, hay ft ra cOng timdU'~ctren cac thU't!ch c6 d~ lam ronet hOn m(>thi~n tU'~ngrat d(>cdaonay. Ngoai trieu Tien Lyli~ucon m(>t

dong tien nao khac khong, thf dy:giai do,?n h9 Khuc day nghi~p 33nam tlt 905 - 938?

<i>- Trang hon 1000 nam 8~c</i>

<i>thu{)c, dat nU'octa chju sl,foj h(>eua</i>

nhieu trieu d,?i Trung QU

C: DongHan, Ngo, Nguy', Tan, r',LU'Ong,Tuy, DU'ang. Moi trieu d,?i 0 nhG'ngehfnh sach khac nhau vechfnh trLkinh te, van hoa. Ve tien t~, dU'Ongnhien phai IU'Uhanh cac lo,?i tien

cua TrungQuocva du sac chang

nCta,chung cOng co nhG'ngtac dyngnhat dinh den vi~c giao IU'Uhanghoa, phat tri~n kinh te. Vi~c nghienC(JUva thu th~p cac lo,?i tien naynham thay dU'~c ro hOn di~n m,?okinh te cua nU'octa trong thai ky Bacthu(>c. Lich sa bao gia eOng la m(>tdong chay noi tiep khong ngCtng.Neu be qua van de nay se co nhieuhi~n tU'~ng chung ta khong th~ Iygiai dU'~c day du nhU': chfnh sach

<i>thue khoa, to tLtc, quan h~ ngo,?i</i>

thU'ong, vi~c cac quan I,?i eai tr!Trung Quoc vo vet cac san v~t (jnU'oc ta nhU' nga voi, sCtng te, doimoi, ng9c trai... dem ve chfnh quocho~c ban cho cac thU'Onglai: an D(>,Cha Va, Ba TU';vi~e hinh thanh cactrung tam kinh te, thU'ong m,?i Ioncua thai ky do nhU':Long Bien, LuyLau... D~ dap lJ'ngnhu cau chi tieu

ngay cang Ion va co phU'Ong ti~n IU'U

thong hang hoa, nha DU'ang da choduc tien "Khai Nguyen thong baej"(713-741) va "Can Nguyen tr9ng

baa" (758

-

760) ngay tren dat "nU'oc

ta. Khuon duc tien Khai NguyendU'~ctim thay c, nui Voi, thanh phoThai Nguyen (7). M(>tcau hei dU'~cd~t ra: Ii~u day co phai la dong tiendo b(>may do h(>dai DU'angcho duehay co th~ la nhan dan ta dU'oisl,flanh d~o eua m(>tthu "nh nao do davU'~ qua lu~t phap cua b(>may doh(>d~ duc lo,?itien nay? Hi~n tU'~ngduc tien gia ngay ca dU'oitrieu d,?iphong kien nU'octa tlt the ky thu 10trc, ve sau khong phai la khong co,

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nhat la khi nhan dan phai ch!u 51!apbuc, bot 19t ha khac cua b9 maythong tr!.

<i>ThiYi ky thli' ba</i>

<i>Tit nam 939 Ngo Quyt3nlen</i>

<i>ngoi</i>

<i>dong do 0 Co Loa den nam 1875Phap thanh I(lp Ngan himg Dong</i>

<i>Duong, dat nU'dcchung ta da trai</i>

qua cac trieu d~i: Dinh, Tien Le, L'1,Tran, Ho, H~u Tran, Le So, M~c, LeTrung HU'ng, ray Son, Nguyen,trong do co thdi gian thu9C Minh(1407 - 1427) thu9C Phap (1883 -1945). Day la ky nguyen d9CI~p tl!do cua nU'dcta dU'dithdi phong kiennen vi~c duc, IU'Uthong cac lo~i tienpMt tri~n rat m~nh,trLtddi H~uTran

(1407

-

1414), can trieu nao cung

duc tien, nhieu trieu d~i da co ched9 "tien phap" quy d!nh kich ca, kimlo~i, ty I~ hc;lPkim, thanh I~p cacxU'dngduc tien khong chi d kinh do

<i>Thang Long ma can d m9t so ndi</i>

khac. Do sU'6n dinh ve chinh tri,kinh tephat' tri~n kha hOnnen vi~~duc tien dU'c;lcd~c bi~t chu '1. Cotrieu vua nhU'Le Hi~nTong (1740-

1786)keo dai 46 nam nhU'ngduc tdi33 lo~i tien kMc nhau mang nienhi~u Canh HU'ng. Trieu Nguyenngoai vi~c duc cac lo~i tien thongdl:mgcan duc ngan tien khong phaidung trong IU'Uthong ma d~ banthU'dngcho quan I~i nhU'm9t thuhuan chU'ong.Vi~c nghien cUu tienc6 thdi ky nay la de dang hon so vdi2 thdi ky trU'dcdo co 51!ghi cheptU'Ongdoi h~ thong cua quoc sil vachac chan la nhieu d6ng tien can

IU'UgiG' dU'c;lcden ngay nay. Vi~c duc

va phat hanh cac lo~i tien c6 tronggan 10 the ky c~n d~i gap rat nhieuIan tat ca cac thdi ky trU'dc c9ng I~i.Vi~c I~p dU'c;lcm9t danh m(,lcva sU'Ut~p day du dU'c;lccac lo~i tien c6 raddi trong thdi ky nay coi nhU' da

dl/l1g dU'c;lCm9t chan dung tU'ong doi

hoan chinh cua tien c6 Vi~t Nam.Tuy v~y cung can nghien cUu sau

<i>them m9t so van de:</i>

-

<i>Nhit3u trit3u dCj3i</i>

<i>hau het cac doi</i>

<small>.</small> <i>vua dt3u co duc tit3n, vi</i>d(,l: Le So 99nam, 10 ddi vua thi ca 10 ddi co ductien, tU'ong tl!: M~c 65 nam, 5 ddivua 5 Ian duc tien, ray Son 24 nam,3 ddi vua, 3 Ian duc tien. Ben c~nh

do, c6 nhieu trieu d~i dU'c;lCcoi la 6nno, thong nhat do lU'dng,cai cachd!nh nhU'ngcac trieu vua co duc tienthue khoa.., la nhG'ng'1 tU'dngtien

I~irat it, vid(,l:L'1215namchi co 6b9 trongthdi ky do. Khonglo~itru

Ian duc tien / 9 ddi vua, Tran 175vi~c phat hanh tien giay cung lanam chi co 5/12, Le Trung HU'ngnam trong nhG'ngcai cach tfch cy'c6/17 (8) dieu nay d~t ra cho chungcua Ho Qu'1Ly. Vdi cach nhin nh~nta m9t nghi van: phai chang can cobi~n chUng cung nen "dai cat timnhG'ngdong tien da ra ddi nhU'ngb!vang" d~ thay dU'c;lcnhG'ng khiabe sot? Cong vi~c nghien cUu, timc~nh tfch cl!c cua trieu Ho va cungkiem d~ co m9t be?danh m(,lcsU'Ula gop phan vao vi~c danh gia m<)tt~p tien c6 Vi~t Nam hoan chinh lacach khoa h9C,chinh xac hdn cackhong d~ sot nhG'ngdong tien dahi~n tU'c;lngd! bi~t cua I!ch sil tien t$thl!c 51!co m~ttrong IU'Uthong. NhU'nU'dcta. Vi~c trieu Ho lam mat longphan tren da de c~p, sil d(,lnghaidan, lam tan ra khoi doan ket, tU'dcbi~n phap: tim tren cac b9 sil, thU'<i>be di suc m~nh qu~t khdi cua dan</i>

t!ch c6 ca trong va ngoai nU'dcchut9c d~ nU'dcta roi vao tay nha Minhyeu la Trung Quoc, va sU'Ut~p tdiI~i la m9t chuy~n khac.

muctoi da caclo~itienc6 hi~ncan<i>- Tit thekythtl 16 nuacta da c6</i>

d~ b6 sung nhG'ngdong tien ra ddi<i>nhClngtrung tam thuong mCj3i,kinhte</i>

nhU'ngcanthieu,neuco.<i>Ian:</i>Thang Long, Pho Hien,H<)i

-

<i>Tit3n giay</i>

<i>"ThOngBaa hOisao"</i>An..: va co quan h~ buo~ bim vdi

ra ddi dU'di trieu Ho la mot t'hU'cte nhieu nU'dcChau a, Chau Au. Ngoai

chinh xac. Khac vdi tien'duc'kimTrungQuoc,Nh~tBan,canco

m<)t

loai, chac chan chung ta khong th~<i>so cac nU'dcphU'ongray nhU'Ha</i>

hy v9ng tim thay hi~n v~t nay choL~,n,A~h, Pha~,-Bo D?o ~ha. Cac

<i>du nha Ho co sil d(,lnglo~i giay tot</i>glao"sy d~? Thl~n Ch~a cung th~onhat cua thdi ay d~ in tien, nhU'ngthuyen buon den nU'Clcta truyen

li~u chung ta

co

th~ tim thay nhG'ng d~o, ~~ong, boi, can~ do, m9t ~6

ban khac go in lo~i tien nay khOng? dong tlen c~a ca? nU'~cphU'O~~T~yCong ngh~ in tien giay thdi do co dU'c;lCI~ hanh ,~ nU'Clcta ~ClI ~?tth~ pheng doan: no cung tU'ong tl! ph~~ ~I h~p. HI~n ~~c;ln~na~, thl;tnhU'vi~c in tranh dan gian Dong Ho nghl cun_gd~c;lcng~len c~ d: thaycan IU'Utruyen den ngay nay. DU'ong d~c;lc~hU'nJan,hhU'ong,tac ?9~9 t,al

<i>nhien, day la m9t hy v9ng het suc</i> n~n kl~~ te nU'Clc,ta, t~~ng d~ co cacmong "manh, k~ ca truy~n tim thay d~~g ~Ien,do ?ac ,tneu d~1 phongcac thU'tich co mieu ta cong nghe in klen duc va phat hanh.

an nay. Sau khi danh b~i nha Ho, Sd di vi~c nghien cUu tien coMinh Thanh T6 da thu rat nhieu Vi~t Nam nen dU'ng d nam Ngansach vd cua nU'dc ta dU'a ve Trung hang Dong DU'ong ra ddi vi luc d6Quoc, li~u dau vet cua lo~i tien nay cac dong tien d~ cac trieu d~i phongco can IU'UgiG'dU'c;lcchut it gi trong kien nha Nguyen. thdi thu9C Phap

kho thU' tich c6 cua Trung Quocduc va phat hanh chi can giG'

<small>m<)t</small>

vi

ngay nay? Xung quanh vi~c phat tri ph(,l thu9C nhU' m9t lo~i tien Iehanh tien giay trieu Ho, lau nay trong IU'Utho~g va khong co d6ngchung ta thU'dng thien ve '1 kien: do gop gi nhieu lam cho vi~c pMt tri~nHo Qu'1 Ly muon thu tien duc trong kinh te.

nhan dan 'd~ che tao vu khf. Do D~ xuc tien nhanh viec nghiencung la m9t 1'1do nhw,g neu suy xet cUu tien c6 Vi~t Nam, th~ hut, t$pky m9t chut co Ie chung ta chU'ath~t hc;lPdU'c;lccac cong trinh nghien cwcong bang vdi ong. Ho Qu'1 Ly la cua cac nha khoa h9C, sU'Ut~p tienm9t nha cach tan Idn cua thdi trung c6, va tat ca nhG'ngai quan tam denc6, ong co tham v9ng rat Idn xay linh vl!C nay, T~p chi Ngan hang candl/l1g m9t quoc gia phong kien hung trd thanh m9t dien dan chung nhamm~nh. ChU'a k~ ve m~t chinh trL thu th~p dU'c;lCtat ca nhG'ng y kien,quan 51!,rieng trong linh vy'c kinh te quan di~m nhG'ngphat hi~n,I'1 giai,

vdi cac chinh sach h~n dien, h~n\xung quanh vi~c nghiencUutien

co

T~ ClIiNGAN<small>I1hNG</small>

-s6

<small>1 NXM2004</small>

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Vi$t

Nam. Tu stf dong gop 'I kien,

tranh lu~n, thong tin nhCrng phathi$n mOi, lam sang to nhCrngvan decon nghi van sai I~c; d~ trong m(>ttLtong lai khong xa, chung ta co th~viet dLt<;1Cm<)tb<)Slt tien t$ Vi$t NamtLtthoi co d~i den hi$n d~i, xay dtfngdLt<;1Ccac giao trinh giang d~y ve I!chSlt tien t$ a H9C vi$n Ngan hang, 1'1tLtong hon nCrala co m<)t bao tangtien t$ nhLt nhieu nLtoc da co. Hi$nthoi chung ta chLta th~ co m<)tchuyen san ve tien co phat hanhdeu ky, vi v~y, de ngh! T~p chi Nganhang danh tLt3 - 4 trang trong thangd~ dang tai nhCrngcong trinh nghienccru, nhCrng tLt li$u ve tien co m<)tcach co h$ thong. Neu co dLt<;1cnhCrngbai nghien ccruve tien co cuacac nha khoa h9C trong va ngoainganh, cac nha khoa h9Cve lich Slt,khao co, cac nha giao a H9C vi$nNgan hang... thi do la dieu rat quy.M<)t vi$c co th~ lam dLt<;1Cngay ladang tai m<)t cach co h$ thongnhCrngdong tien cua tltng trieu d~i,kem theo anh chyp nhCrngdong tienhi$n co a kho tien co ho~c bao tang,!ch Slt, coi nhLt gioi thi$u nhCrngtLt

li$u ve tien co Vi$t Nam. NhCrngbaimang tfnh tLt li$u nay chi can dLta ranhCrngthOng tin ngan g9n nhLt: thoidi~m ra doi (nam, trieu vua), ten 99i,kich co, kim lo~i (kem theo anh neuco), solan duc, cach to chllC ILtutrCr,

phat hanh, anh hLtongcua no vojdoi song nhan dan, phat tri~n kinhte. Ngoai ra, co th~ thong tin nhCrngtLt li$u ve cach to chllc duc tien,khuon duc tien, d!a di~m cac xLtongduc tien cua cac trieu d~i. Day lacach cung cap cac kien thllc pho

thong ve tien co cho b~n d9C va quaday se thu hut dLt<;1cm<)t cach r<)ng

rai nhieuluong'Ikien khac nhau,

nhCrng

ykientranh lu~n se lam sang

to them cac van de mang tfnh chath9C thu~t, nhCrngpMt hi$n ve cacdong tien co moi tim thay nhamhoan chinh b<)SLtut~p tien co Vi$tNam.

Nghien ccru ve tien co Vi$t Namla m<)tcong vi$c to Ion, cong phu vacOng khOng th~ xong m<)tsam, m<)t

chieu, nhLtng cOng da den lucnganh Ngan hang can nhanh chongtiep c~n, neu chan chu se la quamu<)nva h~n che ket qua.

Toi khong phaila

m<)t nhanghien ccru ve tien co va cOngkhOng co nhCrngkien thllc toi thi~uve linh vtfc nay. TrLtoc m<)t van de,theo toi nghi la rat can thiet xin dLt<;1Cm~nh d~n dong gop m<)t so suynghi chu quan, chac rang se conh-ieu sai sot. Rat mong dLt<;1ccacnha khoa h9C va b~n d9C ILt<;1ngthll,chi bao cho nhCrng dieu khongdung..

(1) Theo '10m tat nien bieu lieh 50

<i>Vi$t Nom' - Ha Van Thu- TranHong Due</i>

- NXBThong tin - Ha N9i - 1988.(2) DQiVi$t 50 ky toan thu - NgoSyLien - NXBKHXH- Ha N9i - 1967 - 1968.

(3) NXBS0 h9C - Ha N9i - 1960

1961.

-(4) Lich 50 Vi$t Nom tQP L trong 45- NXBKHXH- Ha N9i - 1971.

(5) Kinh te thoi ky nguyen thuy aVi$t Nom - Nguoi viet thanh thQt xin loivi khong nho dUge ten tae gia. nha.nom xu6t ban. chi xin tom IUQcnhQngn9i dung con nho dUQe.

(6) Lich 50 Vi$t Nom tQP Ltrong 48

hanh Trung Ltong, cac cap b<)dangdLt<;1ctrtfc tiep xay dtfng, cung co va

khgn trLtongbat moi, thanh I~p vaphattri~n to chllc COso cua minh. (;

<i>mienTrung,xll uy Trung</i>Ky

<small>dLt<;1c</small>

<i>thanhI~pvao cuoi thang4/1930.XIl</i>

uy uy nhi$mdong chi Le VietLLt<;1ng,Bi ThLtTinh uy Thua Thienco trach nhi$m lien h$ giupdo d~

thanh I~p Tinh uy Quang Tr!. Dongchi Le Viet LLt<;1ngda den langTLtong Van (huY$n Tri$u Phong,g?P dong chi Le The Tiet d~ banvi$c I~p Ban v~n d<)ngthanh I~p

T~CIIiNcAN

<small>IIL\NC</small>

-s6

1 Nf.M 2004

va dau nam 1930 a Quang Tr!.

Dong chi Le Viet LLt<;1ngbao cao tinh

than h<)i ngh! h<;1pnhat C{C to chllc

.\-.--c<)ng san va vi$c thanh I~p Dang

<i>C<)ng san Vi$t Nam; chi th! cua xll</i>

uy ve vi$c v~n d<)ngthanh I~p Dang

,

b<) Dang C<)ng san Vi$t Nam tlnhQuang Tr!; truyen d~t thLt cua Quocte C<)ngsan va cac tai Ii$u khac cuaDang. H<)i ngft! da thao lu~n dLt<;1cvi$c chugn bj thanh I~p tlnh uy lamthoi, chugn b! ky ni$m ngay Quoc te

lao d<)ng1/5/1930.

H<)i ngh!

quyet

dlnh thanh I~p Ban v~n d<)ngthanhI~p Dang b<)Quang Tr! va nhat tri Cltdong chi Le The Tiet lam Bi thLt Banv~nd<)ng.

Sau h<)i ngh! do, Ban v~n d<)ng

105

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