Quản lý hoạt động thanh toán trong điều kiện phát triển công nghệ và hội nhập quốc tế .pdf

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1. T<;ti

sac phai tang eU'Clng

quan Iy

ho<;tt

dQng thanh toan

trong dieu ki~n phat tri~n eongngh~ thanh toan va hQi nh~pquae te?

Tien t$ <small>vC1i</small>ban chat la m9t hang

hoa d~c bi$t, lam trung gian trong

IU'Uthong, <small>thanh toan hang hoa,dich vl,l. Chuc nang thanh toan cuatien t$ cOng vi the da va</small>ngay cangphat tri~n bang nhieu <small>hinhthuc,</small>

<small>phU'dng ti$n thanh toan hi$n d9i vC1iqui trinh cong ngh$ ti{m tien tLJ'dngthich, khac xa so vC1ithanh toantruyen thong. Tien t$ lam chuc nangthanh toan ngay nay khongphai</small>

<small>chu yeu bang tien m~t. Khoi 1LJ'~ng,</small>

doi <small>tLJ'~ngva ph9m vi thanh</small> toan

<small>r9ng lC1n;toc d9 thanh toan nhanh,</small>

d9 chuan <small>xac va an toan cao,...Tuy nhien, nhU' chung</small> ta deu<small>biet,</small> thanh <small>toim bang tien m~t vakhong dung tien m~t c6 moi quanh$ chuy~n hoa, tac d9ng I~n nhau:C6 th~ luc nay, ndi nay hang hoa,</small>

<small>dich vl,l dLJ'~Cthl,l'C hi$n thanhtoankhongbangtienm~tnhLJ'ng khoi1LJ'~ngtien t$ d6 dthC1idi~m khac,</small>

<small>ndi khac19i dLJ'~Cthl,l'C hi$nthanhtoan bang tien m~t va ngLJ'~c19i. M~tkhac,</small> du bat lu~n la nen san xuat va

<small>IU'Uthong hang hoa d xa h9i nao 5l,1'</small>

phat tri~n<small>cua t~n t$, trongd6 c6 sl,l'</small>

phat tri~n<small>chuc nang thanh</small> toan den

<i>muc "sieu</i> <small>hi$n d9i" thi v~n ton t9i</small>

<small>tien m~t trong IU'Uthong;</small> va do d6,v~n con c6 <small>thanh</small> toan <small>bangtien</small>

<small>m~t trong tong cac phLJ'dng ti$nthanhtoan.NhLJ' v~y, tronglLJ'uthong v~n ton t9i hai hinh thuc thanhtoan bang tien m~t va khong bangtien m~t. Le d6 va dLJ'dngnhien,sl,l'</small>

<small>chuy~nhoa giG'a chungv~n phat</small>

sinh trong <small>IU'U thong</small> - thanh toan.

<small>Day la m9t d~c thu van c6 cua tien</small>

t$ khi <small>thl,l'C</small>hi$n chuc nang thanh

PGS~ TS. Mai Van B~n

*

toan.Dieu d6, cOng IU'U'1 nhG'ngnha<small>h09ch d!nh chinh</small> sach <small>va quan 1'1nen kinh te xa h9i khong dLJ'~Cvotinh hay co '1 "Iang quen" khi xay</small>

<small>dl,l'ngCd che va quan 1'1h09t d9ngthanh</small> toan trong<small>nen kinh te. M~c</small>

du<small>trenthl,l'C</small>te va xu the tat yeu la

<small>thanh toan khongbang tien</small> m~t sengay <small>cang phat tri~n chiem ty tn;>ngtuy$t d9i b9 ph~n khoi 1LJ'~ngthanh</small>

toan cua nen kinh te - xa h9i tronggiao d!ch hang hoa va dich Vl,l.

Khong th~ chi chu '1 SLt dl,lng

<small>phLJ'dngti$n, cong ngh$ thanh toanhi$n d9i ma khong xay dl,l'ngCd chequan 1'1h09t d9ng tLJ'dngthich cuan6. Dong thC1i,nhat thiet phai c6 Cdche quan 1'1h09t d9ng thanh</small> toan

bang <small>tien m~t cungton t9i vC1i cd</small>

<small>che thanh</small> toan khong bang tienm~t. D6 la sl,l'dong <small>nhat cua vi$coog dl,lng va quan 1'1h09t d9ngthanh toan trong moi quan h$ tacd9ng, chuy~n hoa hai hinh thucthanh toan</small> bang tien m~t va khongbang <small>tien m~t.</small>

<small>Hi$n t9i, cOng c6 nhG'ng quan</small>

<i><small>ni$m "m9t chieu" cho rang cu tim</small></i>

<small>mQi bi$n phap d~ nhanh ch6ng ungdl,lng va phat tri~n phLJ'dngti$n vacongngh$ thanhtoan hi$n d9ikhong</small> bang tien m~t thi at danchung se thay <small>ti$n ich ma m~cnhiemthl,l'Chi$n cac giao d!ch muaban va thanh toan khong bangtien</small>

<small>ni~t; xem nh~, th~m chi la khong</small>

<small>canthl,l'Chi$n quan 1'1h09t d9ngthanh toan bang</small>tien m~t. C6 th~ hQnham va "da quen" <small>rang hai hinhthuc thanh toan tien</small> m~t va khong

<small>bang tien m~t luon</small> ton t9i va c6 tacd9ng <small>chuy~n hoa I~n nhau. Chungta con nM trong thC1ike h09Ch hoat~p trung, Cd che quan 1'1thanh toan</small>bang <small>tien m~t luc bay giC1la kha</small>

<small>ch~t che (Ngh! dinh 75 CP ngay</small>

9/6/1967 cua H9i dong <small>B9 trLJ'dngve quan 1'1tien m~t va Thong tLJ'so</small>

<i><small>81NP</small></i> <small>ngay1/9/1967cua Nganhang Nha nLJ'C1ChLJ'C1ngd~n thl,l'C</small>

hi$n). C6 th~ n6i, tinh hinh kinh texa h9i luc d6 con nhieu kh6 khan,kinh te kem phat tri~n, 19ibi chientranh tan pha, cac giao d!ch

ve hang

hoa, dich vl,l chu yeu dLJ'~Cthanhtoan bang tien m~t. Cd che q~an 1'1tien m~t d6 da phat huy hi$u quacao trong quan 1'1tien m~t, g6p

phan dam bao ILJ'Uthonghang hoabinh<small>thLJ'C1ng,tranhdLJ'~C</small>nhieutieu

cl,l'c,lang phi,dau Cd,tham nhOng...thong qua thanh toan bang tien

<small>m~t d~ I~i dl,lng. Sau khi datnLJ'C1c</small>thong nhat, nen kinh te <small>dLJ'Qc</small>chuy~ndoi theo<small>hLJ'C1ng</small>thi<small>trLJ'C1ngc6sl,l' quan1'1cua Nha nLJ'C1C,Cd che</small>

quan 1'1tien m~t da khong <small>con v~nhanh trong nen kinh te xa h9i. H09td9ng thanh toan n6i chung, thanhtoan khong dung tien m~t n6i rieng</small>

<small>dadLJ'~CtangCLJ'C1ngbdi cac congcl,l</small>

<small>thanh toan hien dai, tien tien, toc donhanhhdn; 'ch~~g h9n nhLJ' th~thanh toan, thanh toan va chuy~ntien bang di$n tLt,thanh toan bu tnl,thanh toan gia tr! cao, gia tr! thap...Song cho den nay, vi$c quan1'1h09t</small>

d9ng thanh toan <small>dLJ'C1i</small>

ca hai hinh

thuc, nhat

la thanh toan

<small>bang tienm~t 19ichLJ'ac6 m9t Cd che quan 1'1</small>

thich h~p nao vC1idieu ki$n<small>mC1i.</small>

<small>Tren</small> thl,l'Cte, vi$c tl,l'do d~ ton qUI

tien m~tt9i cac to chuc, chitieu<small>tienm~t thoai mai, tuy ti$n, I~i dl,lngthanh</small> toan bang tien m~t d~tron

<small>thue, tham nhOng... gay kh6 khan</small>

<small>.</small> vi$c t~p trung nhanhcac dong van,<small>dieu hoa IU'UthOng tien t$, dang lasuc ep bat I~i cho h09t d9ng cuanen kinh te xa h9i. Do d6, rat canphai c6 Cd che thich h~p d~ to chuc</small>

.

<small>NHNN</small>

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Anh: Le HU'ngva quan Iy hO'?td(mg ca hai hinh hlfCingvan minh hdn so vClitrlfCicthUcthanhtoan. Quan Iy thanhtoan day.

bangtien m~\tb6i nhilng bi$n phap Tren the gidi, hau het cac nlfCictac d(>ngtheo hlfCinghan che thanh nhat la cac nlfdc phat trign da ilIatoan bang tien m~t doi vCli nhilng chon mo hinh thanh toan t$p trung,109ihang hoa, dich vl,lco gia tr! ICln, sCi"dl,lngcac hinh thUc va phlfdngco dieu ki$n thlfc hi$n thanh toan tien thanh toan hi$n d,?i dg phatbangchuy~nkhoanS8t'?odieu ki$n tri'gnhe thong thanh toan; cung vClichothanhtoan khongbangtien m~t no dg' he thong van hanh thongdlfc,:JCthlfChi$n va phattri~n tot hdn. su6t, hi$~ qua, an t'oanphai co Cd

<small>Nglfc,:JCI,?i,</small>

to

chUcthanhtoan khong che quan Iy hO'?td(>ngthanh toanbang tien mat nhanh chong, thuan tlfdng thich, khoa hoc va gan ket.lc,:Ji,an toan va co nhU'nggiai phap Cd che quan Iy hO'?td(>ngthanhkichthich lc,:Jiichkhach hang thi S8 toan khong chi dlfdc ban hanh theoh,?nche thanh toan bang tien m~t phap qui chuyen' sau, rieng bi$tva h,?nche dlfc,:JCnhilng tieu cl,J'~co trong ITnhvl,J'cquan Iy hO'?td(>ngth~ phat sinh khi thanh toan bang thanhtoan, ma can dlf<;lClong gheptien mat. Nhat la, trong dieu ki$n ban hanh trong'nhilng phap qui conen kinh te xa h(>i6 Vi$t Nam, khi lien quan nham vila thl,J'Chi$n coma nglfbi dan con dang "lfa chu(>ng, hieu qua chUcnang thanh toan vilaco thai quen" thanh toan bang tien h~n che tranh dlfdCnhilng tieu elfcm~t, cung vClinhilng dieu ki$n dg c6 th~ ~gy ra ch~ chfnh ban th~nthl,J'Chi$n thanh toan bang cac hO'?td(>ngcua no; dong thbi, t90phlfdngti$n va cong ngh$ hi$n d,?i cho quan Iy hO'?td(>ngthanh toancon nhieu bat c$p, kho khan, thi I,?i thuan Idi, an toan. Ch~ng h,?nnhlf:cangcan hdn bao gib het phai quan .

<small>)</small> O~ .

Ph^' ^.

Iy

<small>hO'?td(>ngthanh toan ca hal hmh</small>

.

<small>....</small>

.

<small>thUc: thanh toan</small> bang tien m~t va - Theo LU'?t thue ngay

<small>22-8-khong bang tien mat. Dlfdng nhien,</small> 1990qui dinh: vi$c thanhtoan hang

<small>viec quan Iy hai hinh thUc thanhhoa, dich vl,l cua cac thlfdng nhanto~n nay ngay nay khong th~ "dientrong mua ban, ch~ tra d[ch vl,l c~itheo"</small>cach quan Iy thanh<small>toan nhlfdlfc,:JCthanh toan bang tien m~t toi</small>

thbi ky nen kinh te ke ho,?ch,t$p da khong qua <i>5000</i> <small>FRF (Franctrung, "bao cap"; b6i vi, dieu ki$n vePhap).CackhoantraICin hdnkinh texa hoi, ky thuat va cong5000FRF (nhlf tra nc,:J,tien thue nha;</small>

ngh$...' da co' nhieu th~y doi theo v$n chuygn , hang hoa,<small>d!C~_l,I</small> )

<small>deu phai thanh toan bang chuy~nkhoan nhlf sec, the...Neu nglfbinao vi ph,?m qui dinh nay S8 b! ph'?t5% tren so tien giao d!ch (Lu$t Thuedieu 1840).</small>

<small>- Thanh toan Hen Ilfdng, phl,l capbang tien m~t toi da la 10.000FRF(theo</small> Sac I$nh so 85-1073 ngay

<small>7/10/1985); Vlf<;ltqua mUc tren phaithl,J'Chi$n bEing thanh toan chuygnkhoan (Neu vi ph,?m S8 ph'?t tientheo qui d!nh t,?i dieu R.154-3 Lu$tLao d(>ng).</small>

<small>- Doi vClica nhan la nglfbi Clf trudlf<;lCphep thanh toan bang tien m~tla 20.000FRF;ca nhan</small>

la

<small>nglfbi</small>

<small>khong elf tru dlf<;lCthanh toan tren</small>

kinh doanh6 khu vlfc hanhchinh

khac; ho~cm6 tai khoand~c biet dgthu nop, chi tieu tien ve ml,lcdichkinh doanh; m6 tai khoan tien gCi'it,?m thbi dg tien hanh hO'?td(>ngkinh doanh t,?m thbi ngoai ndi Clftru... Tuy nhien, khi muon ma caclo,?itai khoan do phai co cac dieuki$n, cac chUngminh dam bao chovi$c can thiet phai m6 d~ hO'?td(>ng.

- Vi$c sCi'dl,lng cac tai khoanthanh toan cOngdlfdCquan Iy theoml,lcdfch sCi'dl,lng.Doi vClitai khoantien gCi'iCd ban la tai khoan chinhcua nglfbi gCi'itien thi m9i khoanthu,thanh toan trong giao d!ch hangngay cOng nhlf vi$c rut chi Ilfdng,thlfang... deu phai thlfc hi$n thanh

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<small>toan qua tai khoan nay. 80i vdi taikhoan tien gCrichungdLfeJc</small>sCrdl:mg

<i><small>d§ gCri cac khoan thu (ca thu bang</small></i>

<small>tien mat) tU hoat dong vay mLfQn,traneJ,thanh toan khac;nhLfng khOngdLfeJCsCrdung d§ rut tien m~t. 80ivdi tai khoan tien gCridac bi$t, dLfeJcsCrdung cho cac khoan thu va thanhtoan vdi nhieu loai tien dac bi$t;khong dLfeJcphep rut tien mat tU taikhoan nay d§ chi dung cho cac qUIngoaingan sach, cac qUlthanh toangiao dich chCtng khoan, cac qUI tillthac dau tLf. Neu ngLfCJirut tien canrut tien mat vdi nhCrngmuc dfch an</small>

<i><small>sinh xa hoi, qUI dl! phong nha a...</small></i>

<small>phaitheo qui dinh vequanIy tienmat.</small>

<small>- Ngan hang Nhan dan TrungQuoc co trach nhi$m giam sat, ki§m</small>

<i><small>tra vi$c ma tai khoan thanh toanngan hang, xCr Iy vi ph<ilm ve sCr</small></i>

<small>dungtaikhoan thanh toan cuangLfCJigCritien hay ngan hang; cotrach nhiem quan Iy cacchCtngnh$n</small>

<i><small>dang ky ma tai khoan tien gCriceJ</small></i>

<small>ban, tien gCri tam thCJi,va cac taikhoan tien gCridi,jc biet cua deJnv!ngan sach; cac ngan hang thLfeJngmai, chinh sach co trach nhiem baG</small>

<i><small>cao tinh hinh ma va sCr'dl:mg {ai</small></i>

<small>khoan cua khach hang cho Nganhang Nhan dan Trung Q.uoc. tren</small>

Neu ai vi ph<;1m<i>ve ma va sCr</i>

dung tai khoan (k§ ca ngan hangcolien quan), tuy theo mCtcdQvi ph<;1m

<i>ma xCrIy: phat tien tU</i> 1.000.000

NOT (Nhan dan te) den 30.000.000NOT; va neu bi qui la ph<;1mtQi thi

<i>chuy§n cho toa an xet xCrtheo luat</i>

8§ tang cLfCJngquan Iy tien m$t,Ngan hang Nhan dan Trung Quocda ban hanh dieu Ie tam thCJivequan Iy tien m~tva thong tLfhLfdngdan thLfChien.Theo thongtLfhLfdngdan thi viec thanh toan tien m~t vaquan Iy tien mat dLfeJcqui dinhkha

<i>chat che; cu tM la:</i>

- Quan Iy chat che thanh toankhoi ILfeJngtien m~t Idn tai tai khoandoi vdi cac deJnvi SLfnghi$p(co mCtcqui dinh cl,Jth§). Cac ngan hang m6tai khoan cho khach hang neu

khongcJLfQG'SLfphe chuEincua'Ngan don vi, rigLfCJht~.0.hLfangphai.g'hir6hang Nhan dan Trung Quoc thi ten taikhoan cyadeJrl,vithqhLiang,khong dLfQCthanh toan bang tien khongdLfQ~.!c()i;ngan hang pMtm~t tren tai kboaq,'cbuyendungcua hanh th~ia ~gL1CJithq'hLfang,deJnv! hanh chfnh mCftai.khoan. - Quan Iy vi$c r~t ti~n~~tvdi

- Quanly cq$t ch~'ti;~nlJ1~tton khai ILfQngIdn bang hoi Poieu vakho cua cac dt1nvi harih chfnh Sl! giay nhan nQ. Cac deJnvi, khong

<i>nghi$p.Ton kho cua cac deJnvi ma</i> dLfQCsCrdqng hai phieu ngan hangtai khoan t<;1icac ngan hang dLfQC tien mi,jt,giay nh$n n<Jngan hang;xac d!nh va dieu chlnh hang nam :'hgan hang cOng' khong dLfeJckynham phu hQp vdi dien bien cua phat Vatra cac hoi phieu, giay nh$nthl!C te. Cac chi nhanh cua NgannQ'llgan hang tien mat. TrLfCJnghQphang Nhandan TrungQuac phai co .' do nhu cau kinh doanh, cac ho kihhtrach nhi$mki§mtra va don doc cac doanh ca th§ sau khi nQptie~ darn''to chCtctin dqng d!nh ky ki§m tra bao hoi phieu va giay nh$n neJngan

ILfQngtien mat can ton cua cac deJrf, hang, thi ngan hang co th§ ky hai.

<i>v! ma tai khoan; dong thCJiap dqng.</i> phi~~Qganhang tien m~t ho~c gi&y,cac hinh ph<;1tkinh te doi vdi cac to nh$n nQngan hangtien mat, nhLfngchCtctin dqng va cac deJnvi vi ph<;1m mCtctien cua moi tCJhai phieu nganqui d!nh. <i>hang tien mi,jt, ho~c giay nh$n n<J</i>

- Tang cLfCJngquan Iy vi$c rut <i>ngan hang a mCtc dLfdi</i>300.000

tien m~t vdi khoi ILfeJngIdn cua xi NOT. Cung mQt ngan hang trang..nghi$p, doanh nghi$p tLf nhan, hQ mot ngay khong dLfQCky phat hoic;a th§; khong dLfQCt<;10dieu ki$n phieu ngan hang tien m~t, giaycho vi$c chuy§n van kinh doanh nh$n nQngan hang 2 tCJtra len daiVaGtai khoan tiet kiem va thLfChien vdi cung mQtngLfCJithq hLf6ng.Neuthanh toan qua tai khoantiet'ki$~. vLfeJtqua qui dinh do , phai co sl!- Tang cLfCJngquan Iy vi$c thu d~ng y-cua,ng~nha.ngn;? t~i.kho~nchi ILfeJngtien m~t khai ILfeJngIdn c~p tren ~a b~o cao VeJlVeJl_.NgancUatai khoantiet ki~m va tai khoan hang Nhan dan Trung Quoc chica nhan ngLfCJiCLitru. 80i vdi ca nhanh d!a phLfeJng.

nhan rut mQt Ian so tien 500.000 - 80i vdi cac

to

chCtctfn dqng phiNOT tra len, ho~c nhieu Ian trong <i>ngan hang la nhCtngdeJnvi ma tai</i>

mQt ngay vdi tong so tien m~t <i>khoan, khong phai la ngan hang ma</i>

500.000 NOTtra len cac ngan hang' <i>tai khoan thi ngan hang ma tai</i>

phai dang ky rieng tUng khoan va khoan cho cac to chCtcnay phaibao cao vdi Ngan hang Nhan dan dLfQcNgan hang Nhan dan TrungTrung Quoc chi nhanh dia phLfeJng Quac chi nhanh d!a phLfeJngphe .VaGngay ham sau. duyet ve vi$c thEimd!nh h<;1nmCtc

- Tang CLiCJngquan Iy rut tien tien m~t ton kho cua cac to chCtcm~t bang the ngan hang.The ngan nay...

hang ma deJnvi co d§ thanh toan - Quan Iy tien m~t ton kho cuatieu dung,thanh toan chuy§nkhoan <i>cac ngan hang ma tai khoan. Cac</i>

(baa gom tl! dQngchuy§nkhoan,tl! <i>ngan hang ma,tai khoan phai ch9n</i>

dQngchuy§n tien gut, tra ILfeJnghQ, mQt trong kho phat hanh va khochi tra ho cac khoantieu dung), gCri nghi$pvucua Ngan hang Nhandanva rut tien m~t, mQt the nhieu tai Trung Quoc chi nhanh d!a phLfeJngkhoan, trang qua trinh sCrdl:mgcan d§ nap va IInhtien mi,jt.TrLfCJngheJpbut toan goc, phai chuy§n tU tai kho khan thi co th§ thong qua chikhoantien gCriceJban cua deJnvi do nhanh Ngan hang Nhan dan Trungvao, khong dLfeJc<i>nQptien mi,jtvao.</i> Quac d!a phLfeJngphe duyet d§ co

<i>Ngan hang ma tai khoan khong</i> th§ nQp va IInh tien m~t t<ilikhodLfeJcchi tien m~t cho cac the ngan nghi$p vq cua ngan hang thLfeJnghangcua deJnvi. 80i vdi sec chuy§n m<iliNha nLfdc.Cac chi nhanh Ngantien VaGtai khoan sCrdqng the cua hang Nhan dan Trung Quac dia

T~ clff NGANfIANG- s6 6 NAM'2004

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phl1CJng<i>phai th~m d!nh h"m muc ton</i>

kho tien m~t trong kho nghi$p vl,]cua cac ngan hang thuC!ngmai, cachC!ptac xa tin dl,]ng thanh pho,

<small>huy$n t?i d!a phuC!ng.</small>

- Xay dl/ng he thong giam satquan Iy vi$c rut tien m~t vai khoi1L19ngIan cua cac ngan hangthL1C!ngm?i va h$ thong cac t6 chuctin dung trong toan quoc. Quan Iychat che h$ thong giam sat Wng h$thong ve rut tien m~t hang ngay,hang thang, tranh tinh tr?ng 19idungcong cu thanh toan mai rut tien m~tkhoi luC!ngIan.

- Xay dung va ki$n toan che d9thong ke thu chi tien m~t cua cacngan hang thuC!ngmai; d!nh ky baocao tinh hinh thu chi tien m~t chongan hang cap tren va Ngan hangNhan dan Trung Quoc.

2. Ltfa ehc;>n mo hinh thanhtoim va t6 ehlte quim Iy ho<:tt

<i>dQng thanh toan d Vi~t Nam trong</i>

dieu ki~n ky thu~t, eong ngh~thanh toan hi~n d<:tiva hQi nh~pquae tif

<i>M(jtla, ve II/a</i>

<i>chonm6 hinh:</i>

Vi$t Nam da xac d!nh phattri~n nen

kinh te <small>-xa h9i theo cC! che th!</small>

truC!ng,c6 su quan Iy cua Nha nuacxa h9i chu nghia; m9t nen kinh tem0, hoi nhap quac te; trong dieu

<i>kienthongtin va thuC!ngmai dien tCr</i>

phattri~n khong bien giai, khong b!1$thuQcb0i thC!igian va khonggian.Tren thuc te, hau het cac nuac,nhat la cac nuac da va dang phat

.

tri~n da II/a chQn mo hinh thanhtoan t$p trung va t6 chuc quan Iyho?tdQngthanh toan theo mo hinh

<i>t$p trung. Tuy nhien, muc do t$p</i>

trung;t6 chuc quan Iy ho?t dQngtuythuoc vao dieu kien thi truC!ngcuatUng nuac gan vai xa hoi, lich sU'hinh thanh... d~ c6 mo hinh tuC!ng

<i>thich. Song cho du 0 muc dQ c6</i>

khac nhau thi ve cC!ban, mo hinhthanh toan tap trung van la dangchung nhat. T6 chuc thl/C hi$nthanhtoan t$p trung chu yeu do haidau moit6 chuc, d6 la: ho~cla nganhang trung uC!ng,ho~c la do hiephoi thanh toan (hoi dong thanh

'toan); lien ket vai mQt so cong tychuyensau ve thanh toan.

Muc d9 t$p trung hoa cao, hayWng phan la do dieu ki$n thl/c te vaky thu$t,congngh$ quyet dinh.

Vi v$y, 0 Vi$t Nam, truac het,can thong nhat nh$n thuc ve Il/achQnmo hinh thanh toan t$p trungtren ph?m vi toan quoc, vai t6 chucdau moi thich h9P,hi$u qua nhat la

thanh toan quoc gia vua lam chucnang ket noi thanh toan chung chomQih$ thong thanh toan cua cac t6chuc cung ung d!ch vl,] thanh toantrong nuacva giao di$n vai h$ thongthanh toan quoc te de dam bao antoan chung cho Wng h$ thong vatoan he thong; t6 chuc thanh toanbu tru theo Wng khu vl/C va toanquoc thich hC!pvbi dieu ki$n kythu$t, tinh hinh dan tri, tien trinhphat trien kinh te xa hoi c6 tinh d~cthu Vi$t Nam.Cac t6 chuc cung ungnao c6 mang luai t6 chuc gQn,khong trai r9ng, dieu kien ky thu$t,cong ngh$ cho phep thi t6 chucthanh toan t$p trung cao, nQidungthanh toan t$p trung Ian; t6 chuccung ung d!chvl,)thanhtoan nao c6mang lubi hoat dQngtrai rQng,dieuki$n ky thu$t va cong ngh$ chuacho phep thi t$p trung thanh toantheo vung, khu vuc, nQi dung t$ptrung Wng phan, khong nhat thietphai ch?y theo ngay mo hinh thanhtoan t$p trung cao nhat; ma c6 thetien hanh Wng buac.

Vi$c ket noi trong thanh toan desCrdl,]ng c6 hi$u qua cac phuC!ngti$n thanh toan hi$n dai cua mQit6chuc cung ung d!chVl,)thanhtoan lacan thiet, phai t$p trung vao mQtdau moi; truac het la cac t6 chuccung ung d!ch vu thanh toan nhanuac,d~ tranh lang phi, c6 dieu ki$ntap trung von va cong nghe cao,tang nhanh toc do t.hanh toan va

<i>quan Iy tot vi$c thanhtoan, h?n che</i>

rui ro c6 the x~y ra trongthanhtoan.

<i>thOng thanh toan vdi ca hai hinh</i>

<i><small>thUc thanh toan bEing</small>tie[1mi[itva<small>khOng bEingtien</small></i>

<i>mi[it.</i>''--

Cac

<small>cong cl,] va phuC!ng thuc</small>

thanh toan khf>ng bang tien matdang dU9c ung dl,]ng va phat tri~nda d?ng va ngay cang hi$n d?i nhu:

cac

<small>lo?i the thanh toan; thanh toan</small>

qua internet; qua telephone; thanhtoan bu tru sec, cac giay tc! c6 giaqua trung tam thanh toan bu tru

<i>dien tCr;thanh toan di$n tCrtUc thC!i</i>

gia tr! cao, gia tr! thap... Day lanhiing nQidung con rat mai va khaphuc t?P doi vai cac t6 chuc cungung dich vl,] thanh toan Vi$t Nam.B0i phai sCrdl,]ngden cac ky thu$tva cong ngh$tien tien hi$nd?i; phaic6 trinh dQsCrdl,]ngtuC!ngthich vatinh bao m$t de dam bao an toan

cao. <small>Song, rui ro trong thanh toan</small>

khi sU'dl,]ngcac cong cl,]va phuC!ngthuc thanh toan hi$n d?i la rat Ian.Thl/C te ve rui ro trong thanh toandoi vai cac nuac di truac trong linhvl/c ung dl,]ngcong nghe thong tinn6i chung va trong vi$c ung dl,]ngcong ngh$ thanh toan n6i rieng laph6 bien, m~c du da sCrdl,]ngcac kythu$t cong ngh$ cao va c6 qui che

quanIy congngh$<small>,</small>quytrinhthanh

toan kha ch~t che. Do d6, doi vaiVi$t Nam, can phai ban hanh quiche hoat d9ng va quan Iy ho?t d9ngtrong vi$c sU'dl,]ngWng lo?i congCl,]va phuC!ngthuc thanh toan khongdung den tien m~t tren mQiphuC!ngdi$n: dieu kien, nQidung, pham vi,doi tu9ng, cach thuc v$n hanh,thanh toan; quan Iy giam sat; phathi$n sai s6t, gia mao, xU'Iy vi ph?mbang ci3 bi$n phap kinh te, hanhchinh... Trong d6, d~c biet chu yden cac bi$n phapkich thich ve kinhte, ch~ng h?n nhu: phi thanh toanbang chuyen khoan thap hC!nphithanh toan bangtien m~t. Mat khac,can sam chan chlnh vi$c md va sCrdl,)ngtai khoan thanh toan cua cac

t6 chuc, ca nhan t?i cac t6 chuccung ung d!ch vl,] thanh toan hi$nnay theo huang chI cho phep md taikhoan thanh toan chinh t?i tru Sdchfnh (nC!idC!nv! md tal khoan d6ngtrl,]Sd),nhamtranh vi$c 19idl,)ngmdtai khoan thanh toan t?i nhieu t6

<i>chuc</i>cung ung d!ch vl,]thanhtoan dnhieu nC!i,tren nhieu d!a ban khacnhau d~ thuc hi$n vi$c sU'dl,]ngvon

<small>T~CIIiNGANIIANG</small>

- 86

<small>6 NAM 2004</small> <b><small>21</small></b>

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<small>trong thanh toan khong dung, longvong, gay that thoat. Dong thdi, t<;liNgan hang Trung LieJng(Ngan hang</small>

Nha nLidc Vi$t Nam) can sdm co

<small>mQt bo may to chuc ve quan</small>Iy<small>hO<;lt</small>

<small>dQng thanh toan trong nen kinh te(VI,], hay CI,]Cthanh toan) d~ du sucthl,fC hi$n vi$c tham mLiu cho NhanLidc, Thong doc Ngan hang NhanLidc trong vi$c thiet ke d!nh hLidng,</small>

cac CC!che chfnh sikh,

to

<small>chuc hO<;lt</small>

<small>dQng, ki~m tra, giam sat m9i hO<;ltdQng thanh toan tn3n ph<;lmvI,] toanquoc (Hi$n nay t<;liNgan hang NhanLidC Vi$t Nam chLia co VI,] thanh</small>

<small>toan; trongkhi</small> a hau het cac nLidc

<small>co nen thanh toan phat tri~n va</small>

<small>dang phat tri~n deu co VI,] ho~c CI,]C</small>

<small>thanh toan). Can sdm ban hanhLu$t Thanh toan d~ dieu chinh m9ihO<;ltdQng thanh toan trong nen kinhte phu h<;Jpvdi sl,f phat tri~n da d<;lng</small>

ve doi tLi<;Jngthanh toan va cong

<small>ngh$ thanh toan hi$n d<;li(hi$n t<;li</small>

a

<small>Vi$t Nam mdi chi co Ngh! dinhthanh toanqua cac to chuc cungling dich VI,] thanh toan nen chLiadieu chinh dLi<;JCm9i ph<;lmvi, doitLi<;Jngtham gia vao hO<;ltdQng thanhtoan).</small>

<small>Doi vdi thanh toan bi:mg tienm~t, can ban hanh qui che to chucthl,fC hi$n thanh toan, trong do, quidinh doi tLi<;Jng,ph<;lmvi, nQi dungthanh toan, cung vdi vi$c xlt Iy viph<;lmnham dam bao cho vi$c Sltdl,]ng tien m~t dung muc can thiet;h<;lnche vi$c thanh toan bang tienm~t khong can thiet, tranh dLi<;JCvi$cl<;Jidl,]ng thanh toan bi:mg tien m~tvao muc dich bat chinh nhLi thamnhOng,.tron thue, rlta tien...</small>

6

Vi$t

<small>Nam, do tinh hinh Slt dl,]ng tien m~tcan pho bien trong dan CLi, thai</small>

<small>quen Lia dung tien m~t va thich lingvdi vi$c slt dl,]ng cac phLieJngti$nthanh toan khong bang tien m~t canphai co thdi gian nhat dinh; heJnniia,vi$c Slt dl,]ng tien m~t trong nen kinh</small>

te thdi gian qua can bi~u hi$n nhiing<small>~</small>

<small>m~it tieu cl,fc. Bai the, cang can phaito chuc, quan Iy thanh toan bangtien m~t trbng nen kinh te xa hQi.</small>

<small>Toml<;Ii,du la nen kinh te xa hQi</small>

<small>nao, trong dieu ki$n cong ngh$thong tin noi chung,cong ngh$thanh toan noi rieng phat tri~n nhLithe nao; Vdi muc dQ hQi nh$p quocte ra sao thi vi$c to chuc va quan</small> Iy<small>hO<;ltdQng thanh toan noi chung;quan</small>

Iy

<small>hO<;ltdQng thanh toan bangtien m~t noi rieng deu phai thl,fChi$n. Tuy nhien, bi$n phap thl,fChi$ncan dLi<;JCung dl,]ng thich ung vdidieu ki$n thl,fc te phat tri~n cua tUngnen kinh te xa hQi.8</small>

<b><small>HOc;1t</small>09ngcuo th! tnlC1ngn9i t~ lien ngon hang Vi~t Nom</b>

<small>Thi trLidng lien ngan hang Vi$tNam ra ddi theo Chi thi so 07/CT-NH1 ngay 7/10/1992 cua Thong docNgan hang Nha nLidc, cho phep cac</small>

to<small>chuctin dl,]ngdLi<;JCthl,fC hi$nvi$c</small>

<small>cho yay va di yay Ian nhau. Day lavan ban phap Iy dau tien xac nh$nva xac I$p quan h$ cho yay va diyay giiia cac</small>

to

<small>chuc tin dl,]ng, cho</small>

<small>phep th! trLidng lien ngan hang tont<;liva phat tri~n a Vi$t Nam. D~ thuc</small>

d&y giao d!ch tren thi trLidng lienngan hang, ngay 21/6/1993,Thongdoc Ngan hang Nha nLidc da ban

<small>hanh Quy che to chuc va hO<;ltdQngcua thi trLidng lien ngan hang kemtheo Quyet d!nh so 114/QD-NH 14.</small>

<small>Trong thdi ky nay, cac giao d!chdLi<;JCthl!c hi$n thong qua Ngan</small>

<b>PGS., TS. Le lIoang Nga *</b>

hang Nha nLidc, trong do Ngan

<small>hang Nha nLidcvlfala ngLidi to chuc</small>

vlfa la thanh vien cua thi trLidng.

<small>Cac giao d!ch thLidng dl!a tren ceJsatin chap giiia cac ngan hang thLieJng</small>

m<;liquoc doanh. Lai suat co hai10<;li:lai suat do Thong doc Nganhang Nha nLidCchi d!nh va lai suattheo thoa thu$n, trong khi do, lai

<small>suat tien glti Idn heJnlai suat tien yayco cung ky h<;ln.</small>

<small>PhLieJngthuc giao d!chla d!nhky va trl,fC tiep thl!C hi$n t<;liNganhang Nha nLidc nen tinh ti$n l<;JichLia cao. SI! hi~u biet ve L1Uthecua th! trLidng lien ngan hang cua</small>

<small>cac ngan hang thLieJng m<;lican h<;ln</small>

che vi h9 chLia co thai quen khaithac von Ian nhau.

Do cac to chuc tin dl,]ng mdi

<small>dLi<;JCthanhI$p, quy mo hO<;ltdQng</small>

<small>can han che va chLia co sl! hieu bietnhieu ve nhau, nen vi$c tham gia th!trLidng lien ngan hang do Nganhang Nha nLidc Vi$t Nam to chuc dat<;lOceJhQi cho cac to chuc tin dl,]ng</small>

hi~u biet Ian nhau, dong thdi can

<small>dLi<;JCsl,f ho tr<;Jcua Ngan hang Nha</small>

<small>nLidc vdi vai tro la ngLidi cho yaycuoi cung khi can thiet. Tuy nhien,vi$c giao d!ch theo hinh thuc thongqua thi trLidng do Ngan hang NhanLidc to chuc da lam cho cac to chuctin dl,]ng phai mat phi khi tham giathi trLidng nay, mat cong di l<;Iivamat thdi gian den tham gia thitrLidng nhLing hi$u qua khong cao;m~t khac, th! trLidng chi h9P 1 tuan1 phiennen khong dap ung dLi<;JCnhu cau von phat sinh hang ngaycua cac to chuc tin dl,]ng. HO<;ltdQngcua thi trLidng lien ngan hang tronggiai dO<;lnnay rMi chilabLidCphat</small>

.

<small>Hoc vi$n Ngan hang</small>

<b>22</b> T~ CIIi<small>NGAN</small>MNG- s6 6<small>N1\M</small>'2004

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