Tăng cường bảo vệ quyền lợi của người gửi tiền .pdf

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<small>~</small> <b>VOl NGAN HANG</b>

<b>ThS. Le Vi~t Nga *</b>

C

<i>hfnh sach blw hiem tien</i>

glti (BHTG) trh3n khai dVi~t Nam thai gian qua dathljc slj di VaG CU9Csong, gop

<i>phan blw v~ quyen va IQifch hQp</i>

phap cua ngLfaiglti tien.

Mi;icdau v~y, cung vdislj phat

trien d!ch vl,J ngan hang

trongnhilng nam qua, cac quy d!nh

<i>dieu chlnh vi~c blw v~ quyen IQi</i>

cua ngLfoi glti tien de c~p t<gliNgh!dinh so 89/1999/ND-CP trLfdcday

24/8/2005, Chfnh phu da banhanh Nghi dinh so 109/2005/ND-

CP

ve vi~c slta

doi, bo sung m9tso dieu cua Nghi dinh so 89 veBHTG. Theo do, quyen IQi cuacac doi tac tham gia trljc tieptrong chfnh sach BHTG da dLfQcquan tam nhieu hdn, d~c bi~t laquyen IQi cua ngLfoiglti tien.

Ben <i>c<glnhvi~c nang h<glnmltc</i>

<i>chi tra BHTG W 30 tri~u len 50</i>

tri~u dong cho m9t ngLfoi gLti tien,Nghi d!nh da md r9ng doi tLfQng

glti tien dLfQc bao~ hiem va quy<small>d!nh reShdn thong</small>

tin v~ vi$cto

chltc <small>huy d9ng tien</small> glti co th~am

gia BHTGhay khong tdi ngLfoi

glti..

IQi cua ngLfoiglti tien, bai viet naytrao doi cung<small>b<gln</small>dQc3 khfa<small>c<glnh</small>co lien quan va mong muon dLfQCquan tam.

Vi~c xac dinh IO<glitien glti nao

dLfQcbao hiem phl,J thu9C VaGchfnh sach tien t$, trinh d9 phattrien cua h$ thong ngan hang vatien trinh phat trien kinh te cuam6i quoc gia. Nham phan anhml,Jctieu chfnh sach BHTG, hauhet cac quoc gia deu quy d!nh reSIO<glitien

gltinao khong

dLfQCbaohiem va IO<glitien glti nao dLfQC

bao hiem.

Quy dinh nay het <i>sltc</i>

quan trQng va can thiet vi no lie~quan trljc tiep den vi$c xac d!nhngLfoi glti tien ma chfnh sachBHTG

se bao v~ trljc

<small>tiep qua chi</small>tra tien bao hiem va vi~c tfnh phfBHTG.

Nhieu tai li~u dLfQCcong bocho thay quy d!nh ve tien gltidLfQCbao hiem can dLfQCthongnhat vdi nhilng quy d!nh ve tienglti dLfQCSlt dl,Jng trong Lu~t vacac quy d!nh cua Ngan hang.

Quy d!nh reSrang, chfnh xac vetien glti dLfQc bao hiem se tranhdLfQC Slj khong nhat quan vanhilng xung d9t tiem tang co thexay ra khi co m9t to chltc thamgia BHTG bj dong clta. Ca tochltc tham gia BHTG va to chltcBHTG co trach nhi~m thong tin<small>tdi cong chung,di;ic</small> bi~t la ngLfoi

glri tien ve

<small>IO<gli</small> tien glti nao dLfQC

bao hiem va

<small>IO<glitienglti</small>

nao

khong dLfQCbao hiem. NgLfoiglri

tien co quyen <small>dLfQC</small>biet

de yeu

cau bao v$ IQifch cua hQ khi coslj ki~n dong clta ngan hang.Dong <small>thoi vi~c quy d!nhreSIO<gli</small>

tien glti dLfQc bao hiem cOng

nham kiemsoattot

hdn rui ro<small>d<glo</small>

dltc co the xay ra trong hO<gltd9ng<small>.</small>ngan hang va BHTG.

Ngh! d!nh so 109 quy d!nh tien

<small>....</small>

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<small>OOCilfllH fI~HU<tP</small>

<i>glti duqc bao hi~m la "ti~n gLtibang Dong Vi~t Nam cua nglldigLtiti~n la ca nhan, hC)gia dinh, tohc;Jptac, doanh nghi~p tll nhan vacong ty hc;Jpdanh gili t?i to chuc</i>

truang hqp duqc Ii~t ke cl,l th~trong Nghidinh. Theo quan di~mchungve

BHTG tren the giai vanham phong ngua cac rui ro dc;to

dllC, Nghi dinh so 109 da quy

dinh khongbao hi~mcho

nhilngnguqi

tn!c tiep ho~c gian tiep

quyet dinh hoc;ttd(>ng kinh doanhcua to chllC nh~n tien glti. Bay lam(>t trong nhilng di~m mai cuaNghi dinh so 109 so vai Nghi dinh

so 89

truacday. B~ giam thi~u ruird trong hoc;ttd(>ng BHTG, tangcuang

51!bao v~ cho

nguai gltitien, 3 loc;titien glti

sau can duqc

xem xet nghien cUu:

hi~mcho

nh[(ng

khoan tien gltic6lai suat cao, vithuang cac to chucnh~n

tien glti lam vao tinh trc;tng

kh6 khan ve kha nang thanh

<small>.</small> tofm, nang lai suat d~ thu huttienglti la giai phap CllU canh. SI! vi~cxay ratc;tiNgan hang Nichijukin

a

Nh~t Ban nam 1992 la minhchung cl,Jth~. Ben thang 3 nam1992, c6 tai 31,4% du nq cho yaycua Ngan hang nay la'nqqua hc;tn

khong duqc phat hi~n kip thai. B~dam bao c6 Iqi nhu~n, Ngan hang

nay da huy d(>ngtien glti

vai laisuat cao va cho cacdCln

vi

<small>hoc;tt</small>

d(>ng

vai rui ro Ionyayvaj lai suat

cao, dan den thua 10,pM san (6).Vi~c tang lai suat m(>tcach tuyti~n nham thu hut tienglti cho dau

tu qua

<i>mllc la m(>t trong cac</i>

nguyen

nhan gay bat on cho h~thong ngan hang.

Vai lai suat huyd(>ng

von cao

<i>hCln mllc cho phep,</i>

cac ngan.hang d6 phai

cho yaylai suat cao, chap nh~n rui ro caola dieu kh6 tranh khoi. Nghien58

--'cllU cua Garcia (2000) cho bietm(>tso to chuc <small>BHTG</small> khong baohi~m cho loc;titien glti huy d(>ngvaj lai suat cao (3). Bao hi~m tienglti Vi~t Nam (BHTGVN) cOng dac6 Cong van so 140/CV-BHTG

ngay 10/4/2002 quy dlnh tien gltiduqc huy d(>ng n6ng, vai lai suatcao thi chi tlnh lai chi

<i>tra theo muc</i>

lai suat c6 ky<small>hc;tn caonhatcung</small>thai di~m, toi da bang lai suat choyay thong thuang.

<i>Tien gin co ky hlflndili</i>

Chlnh

sach BHTG t~p trung

<i>quan tam tai nguai glti It tien, G6</i>

thu nh~p thap, la nhilng doi tacthuang g~p kh6 khan trong vi$ctiep c~n thong tin ve dieu. hanh vatinh hinh hoc;ttd(>ng cua cac nganhang. Nhilng nguai glti tien vai kyhc;tndai thuang la nhilng nguai c6tien nhan roi, du thua chua ca,ndung den trong <small>m(>t</small>thai gian dai.Do v~y,

m(>tso h~

thong BHTGkhong

bao hi~m cho tien glti c6ky

hc;tndai, VI dl,l nhLl h~ thongBHTG Canada, BHTG Anh khong

bao hi~m cho tien glti tiet ki~m ky

<small>hc;tn</small>tren 5 nam(5).

<i>Tien gUt tin thac</i>

Tien glti tin thac

la sotien

khach hang chuy~n vao to ChllCnh~n th3nglti

va uy thac cho to

chllC nay quan Iy vai lai suat vaky <small>hc;tncl,l</small> th~ duqc quy dinhtrong thoa thu~n do 2 b€m ky.Khong phai tat ca cac I)gan hangdeu c6 nang Il!c cung cap dlch Vl,ltin thac vi nang II!Cnay can dLlqccac nha I~p pMp thong qua. Tuy<small>nhien,</small>

a

m(>tso <small>nuac, cac ngan</small>hang Ian deu c6 b(>ph~n tin thac.Trong <small>hO<;lt d(>ng,</small> ngan hangduqc uy thac c6 th~ chiu 51! chid<;lo cua khach hang ho~c thay

mi;ltkhach hang dua ra cac quyetdinh cl,l th~, VI dl,Jnhu Il!a chQn tai

khoand~gltitien nhamdapllng

<i>tot nhat nhu cau chi tieu cua</i>

kMch hang. Tien glti tin thac <small>doi</small>hoi phai tuy~t doi an to~m.Nghien <small>CllU</small> cua Peter S.Rasecho biet tien glti tin thac cOng

duqc hau het cac h~ thong BHTGbao hi~m nhu cac loc;ti

tien glti

duqc

bao hi~m theo gioi h~n

duqc quy dlnh va bat ky luqngtien naa vuqt giai <small>h<;ln</small> baa hi~mdeu duqc bao v~ bang cac la~i

chllng

khoan dau tu chat IUc;Jngcao cua ngan hang

(2).

Khong phai quoc gia naa eOng

bao hi~m eho

tien glti

tin thae.

Th~m chi vi~c c6 baa hi~m eha

tien glti

<small>10<;li</small>nay hay khOng

con

tuy thu(>c vao. ml,Jc dlCh, VI dl,JBHTG Nh~t Ban khong baa hi~m

cho

tien glti

tin

thac khong vi ml)c

arch

bao lanh dau tu chungkhoan, nhung bao hi~m cha

tien

glti tin thac d~ baa lanh dau tLJchung khaan

<i>vai mUe baa hi~m</i>

toi da 10 tri~u Yen (1).

2. DOi tr1t trong chi tratien bao hi~m

Ben c<;lnhvi~c quy dinh ve la~i

tien glti duqc bao hi~m, vi~e d6i<small>tru cac trach nhi~m nc;J</small>

cua

<small>ngLJdi</small>glti tien cOng can duqc quy;dinhCl,lth~, th~ hi~n 51! bao v~ congbtmg quyen Iqi cua nguai gltitienduqc bao hi~m.

Ml,Jc4 ChuClng VII, Thong tLtso 03/2000-TT-NHNN5 quy dinh:

<i>"Trang trlldng hc;Jpnglldigiti ti~n</i>

<i>co nghTa</i>

<i>vl,l<small>nc;J</small></i>

<i>doi voi to chuc</i>

<i>hifimdllc;JCthl/c hj(~nsau khi aatrlJ cac khoan nc;Jcua nglloi gaiti~n thee d~ nghi cua t6 chuctham gia BHTG': Cong van s6</i>

140/BHTG8 ngay 10/4/2002cuaBHTG Vi~t Nam cOng quy dinh

nguai glti tien thu(>c doi tl1c;Jng

duqc

bao hj~m t<;lito chuc tham

gia BHTG

neu c6 cac khaan ng

T~ Cl1iNGANI1ANG-

ro

<small>4 NAM</small>2006

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<small>--=->0</small>bat k~ den h9n hay chl1a den h9nthanh toan, t9i to chuc tham gia

<i>BHTG phat sinh sl/ co phai chi tra</i>

c6 trach nhi~m phai thanh toancac khoan n<;.l,ho~c tit3n bao hi~mma hQ dl1<;.1cnh~n S8 bi doi trCtcac khoan n<;.ld6.

<i>0</i>

<i>day c6 2 I09i quan h~. MQt</i>

<i>la, quan h~ bao hi~m, dl1<;.1c</i>hinhthanh gilia BHTG Vi~t Nam va tochuc tham gia BHTG quy djnhtrach nhi~m cua BHTG Vi~t Namphai chi tra tien bao hi~m chongl1ai giJi tien t9i to chuc d6 theo

<i>quy djnh cua phap lu~t. Hai 18,</i>

quan h~ cong n<;.l,th~ hi~n dl1di

d9ng H<;.Ipdong tfn dl,jng, dl1<;.1chinh thanh gilia to chuc tham gia

.

BHTG vdi ngl1ai vay tit3n t'iii tochuc d6 quy dinh trach nhi~m cuangl1di vay tien doi vdi to chuc chovay. Trong chCtng ml/C nhat djnh,hai quan h~ nay khong lien quantrl/c tiep den nhau, vi v~y, vi~c doitrCt cac khoan <small>11<;.1</small> chl1a den h9ncua khach hang theo H<;.Ipdongtfn dl,jng cho khoan tien ma to

<i>chuc BHTG phai tra theo muc chi</i>

tra bao ~i~m can dl1<;.1cnghiencuu. <small>w</small>

Van de doi trCtn<;.ltrong chi tratien bao hi~m can dl1<;.1cxem xetva thl/c hi~n theo hl1dng cai tien,tang tfnh binh d~ng gilia quyen <small>I<;.Ii</small>

va trach nhi~m cua cac ben lienquan thee co che thj trl1ang vanham dam bao thl/c hi~n chi traday du, dung doi tl1<;mgcho ngl1aigiJi tien. Nen chang

so

<small>tiendl1<;.1c</small>

chi tra bao hi~m cho ngl1ai giJitien t9i to chuc tham gia BHTGchi khau trCtcac khoan n<;.lquah9n va den h9n, chu khong khautrCtcac khoan n<;.lchl1a den h9ncua ngl1aid6 t9i to chuc tham giaBHTG.

3.Thong tin too.ngum gititien

To chuc tham gia BHTG va to

<small>T~CHI NGAN HANG -</small>

ro

<small>4 NAM2006</small>

chuc BHTGc6 trach nhi~m tuyentruyen va thong tin day du cho

ngl1aidan ve quyen

<small>I<;.Ii</small>, hl1dngd~n va h6 tr<;.lngl1ai dan thlfC hi~ncac thu tl,jC nhanh nhat d~ hl1dng

cac quyenI

<small><;.Ii</small>

ve

BHTG. Doi vdichinh sach BHTG, ngl1ai glti tiendanh nhieu quan tam tdi 2 thongtin: Thong tin ve to chuc huy d(mgtien giJi da tham gia BHTG va<small>thong tin ve I09i tien giJi dl1<;.1cbao</small>hi~m.

C6 nhieu hinh thuc thong tin,tuy nhi€m, van de quan trQng lalam the nao d~ ngl1ai glti tien c6th~ tiep c~n nhling thong tin naym<?tcach de dang va c~p nh~tnhat. Ngoai vi~c tuyen truyen,thong bao tren cac phl10ng ti~nthong tin d9i chUng nhl1 phat<small>thanh,bao chi, truyenhinh,</small> web-

site..., vi~c thong bao m<?t tochuc c6 tham gia BHTG haykhong can dl1<;.1cniem yet, quangcao t9i chinh to chuc tham giaBHTG d6. Nghi dinh so 109 quydinh: <i>"Gac to chuctham gia</i>

<i>BHTG phai niem yet cong khai vevi~c tham gia BHTG t~i trll sa va</i>

<i>cac dia diem giao dich':</i> <small>Bang</small>cach nay, ngl1ai giJi tien c6 th~tiep c~n trlfc tiep thong tin to chuctfn dl,jng ma hQ dl/ dinh giJi tien c6tham gia BHTG hay khong.

Tuy nhien, khong phai m<?ttochuc da tham gia BHTG thi tat cacac khoan tien glti cua khachhang t9i to chuc nay deu dl1<;.1cbao hi~m. Vi v~y, ngoai vi~cthong tin tdi cong chung rang tochuc nh~n tien giJi da tham giaBHTG, m<?ttrong nhling n<?idungthong tin ma ngl1ai giJi tien candl1<;.1cbiet la thong tin ve I09i tiengiJi nao dl1<;.1cbao hi~m va I09itien giJi nao khong dl1<;.1cbaohi~m. Gong chung n6i chung vangl1ai giJi tien n6i rieng khi biettien glti cua hQ dl1<;.1cbao hi~m S8yen tam hon khi II/a chQnhinh

<b>-VOl NGAN HANG</b>

thuc giJi tien thay vi dau tl1 vaom<?t kenh sinh lai khac tren thitrl1ang.

Theo I~p lu~n tren, d~ thongtin nay tdi khach hang m<?tcachdon gian, hi~u qua va chinh xacnhat, nghien cuu cua Garcia(1999) va cac nha nghien cuu veBHTG t9i My da khuyen nghi cacto chuc tham gia BHTG nen d6ngdau tren cac an chi, cong Cl,jhuyd<?ngtien giJi vdi n<?idung tien giJidl1<;.1cbao hi~m theo quy d!nhho~c ngl1<;.1C19i, nham giup khachhang xac dinh m<?t cach chinhxac nhat I09i tien giJi, hinh thucglti tien cua minh co dl1<;.1cbaohi~m hay khong.

Nhling quy djnh t9i Nghj d!nhs6 109 cua Chinh phu ve BHTGda tCtng bl1dC dap ung hai hoaquyen l<;.Iiva nghTa Vl,jcua cac doitac tham gia trlfc tiep trong ho9t

<i>d<?ngBHTG, phu h<;.lpvdi muc d<?</i>

phat tri~n ho9t d<?ng ngan hangva dap ung tien trinh md ciJa, h<?inh~p cua dat nl1dc. Hy vQng rang<small>cac quy dinh t9i Nghi djnh</small>

so

109S8 dl1<;.1ctri~n khai day du, thOngqua cac van ban hl1dng d~n chitiet trong d6 th~ hi~n ro honquyen I<small><;.Ii dl1<;.1cnangcaocua</small>ngl1ai giJi tien, dong thai h9n chekh6 khan c6 th~ phat sinh trongtac nghi~p Cl,jth~ t9i to chuc trl/ctiep tri~n khai chinh sach

BHTG..

<small>Toi Ii~u them khao:</small>

-<small>HQi thaoTOKYO</small> ve<small>BHTG Nh9tban(2005)</small>

-

<small>Peter S. R. (2001). Quan trj Nganhang thuong mQi</small>

<small>and CrisisManagement</small>

-

<small>Garcia G. G. H.(1998.1999). BritishBankersOAssociation</small>

-

<small>Choi J. B. (2000). Structuring aDepositInsuranceSystem from theAsian Perspective</small>

<small>- Rosenbluth (Yale) F.and Thies M. F.(UCLA)(1998), The electoral fundationsof JapanDs financial politics: The caseof Jusen</small>

59

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