Tha hoá?

<span class='text_page_counter'>(1)</span>Nghien curu Ton giao. Sd7 - 2008. THA HOA? •ij I. T. fl thud xa xfla, khi cen ngfldi cdn sd'ng b a n g san ban, hai Ifldm, n g h i a la cung c h a n g k h a c gi con v a t bao nhieu, thdi gian ban rdn trong ngay h a u nhfl chi cdt kiem cai gi de dn. Cho nen, viec d a u tien de con ngfldi tdn tai la hfldng ve ben ngoai, hfldng ve tfl nhien, ve cai ndi ma tfl day con ngfldi sinh ra, Cdn ngfldi nhieu Idm chi cd t h e q u a n t a m "ta cd cai gi de an?", chfl d a u cdn hdi sflc de t h a c mac nhflng eai dd tfl d a u ra. Biet vay (Oti) va biet tai sao (Dioti) la ca q u a t r i n h phat trien n h a n thflc cua n h a n loai. Biet tai sao la cd sd cua tfl duy mc>t phdn ddi va cai ggi la "tha hda""' chinh la san pham cua thdi ki vdn m m h chfl k h d n g phai la cua thdi ki mdng mudi. Tdn giao dflgc xem nhfl la hien t u g n g tha hda ciia con ngfldi. Neu vay t h i n g a y dieu dd cung cd the tha'y rdng. tdn giao khdng phai la bfldc Ifli ma la bfldc tien trong lich sii cua n h a n loai. Dfldng nhien, trong bfldc tien bao gid cflng cd bfldc lui, cung nhfl t r o n g sfl sd'ng bao gid cung cd cai chet. O n g td ciia p h e p bien chflng, Heraclite chdng p h a i da n h a n xet nhfl vay sao? O n g lay vi du nhfl cay cung (Bios) kia, ten ggi cua nd la "sd'ng" (Bios) nhflng tac d u n g cua nd lai la "chet". Khdng cd chet lam sao cd sd'ng? NhUng la con ngUdi cd may ai mud'n chet dau! NhUng mud'n h a y k h d n g mud'n cflng deu phai chet. Cho nen, " n h a n thflc ro r e t nhat, d a u ddn nha't ve sfl hflu h a n ddi vdi. HA THUC MINH'*'. con ngfldi la viec nd cam tha'y h a y y thflc trfldc r d n g mot luc nao dd cudc ddi cua nd p h a i k e t lieu, nd p h a i chet va qua that nhfl t h e . N e u nhfl con ngfldi khdng chet, n e u nhfl nd dfldc sd'ng mai, neu nhfl khdng cd cdi chet thi dt hdn se khdng cd tdn gido". F e u e r b a c h n h a n xet nhfl vay va dng cdn bd s u n g t h e m ; "Trong cudn Atigone, Sophocle ndi: Khdng ed gi manh hdn con ngfldi, nd di n g a n g dgc tren bien ca, k h o a n s a u vao long dat, t h u a n phuc thfl dfl, tfl ve chd'ng lai mfla ndng, tim ra ke sach giai q u y e t mgi thfl, nhflng duy chi cd cai chet la nd k h d n g the chdn c h a n h dflgc. Con ngfldi va ke phai chet, t h d n va ke ba't tii dei vdi ngfldi xfla cung chi la mot". F e u e r b a c h k e t luan; "Chi cd ngdi mg ciia eon ngfldi mdi la ndi sinh ra cac t h d n thanh"'^'. T h d n t h a n h trfldng sinh ba't tu', nghia la c h a n g b a e gid chet lai s m h ra tfl cai chet? T h a o nao J a s p e r s cho rdng, triet hoc la hgc ve eai c h e t . T a i sao k h d n g hgc *. Uy ban Giai thudng Triin Van Giau, Tlianh phd Hd Chf Minh. 1. "Tha hoa" tieng Latinh goi la Alienatio, tieng Anh va tieiig Phap d6u gpi la Alienation, trong tieng Dire cd hai tir C.Mac thudng diing ma nghia ciia nd khdng khac nhau nhifiu lam: Entfremdung va Entausserung, tir trudc thien vi "tir nguyen", tir sau thien ve "bi ddng", "bi tudc doat". Trung Qudc thudng dich la "di hoa" hay "so vien hoa". 2. Feuerbach. Nhifng bdi gidng ve bdn chdt ciia ton gido. Bai giang thir 5. tr.48. (Le Khac Thanh dich tit ban tieiig Nga: Liidwig Feiierbach-Tuyen tap tdc pham triet hoc. Tcip 2. Nxb Su that. Matxccn'a 1955).

<span class='text_page_counter'>(2)</span> Ha Thiic Minh. Tha hod?. 17. ve sfl sd'ng m a lai hge ve eai chet? Sd di hgc ve cai chet cd le cung tai vi cd t h e cua con ngfldi la "mdt cfl xa cdng hda chi dfldc p h a t s m h tfl mdi q u a n he qua lai ciia nhflng thflc t h e b i n h quyen", cho nen "nguyen n h a n ciia cai chet cung chinh la nguyen n h a n ciia sfl sd'ng"''". C u n g cd h, bdi vi phai a n thi mdi sd'ng, k h d n g an thi chet. C u n g cd k h i a n thi se chet ma khdng a n thi lai sd'ng, tuy trfldng hdp dfldc a n hay k h d n g dfldc dn. Nhfl vay la sdng h a y chet cflng deu tfl nguyen n h a n "an" ma ra. "An" thi ai cflng n h i n tha'y, nhflng n g u y e n li cua "an" khdng ai nhin tha'y ca. Cai k h d n g n h i n tha'y trflu tfldng hdn la cai n h i n tha'y, cho nen Hobbes k h a n g dinh r a n g : "Li tinh cd dfldc tfl nhflng Id tai". F e u e r b a c h eon p h a t trien them: "Neu nhfl con ngfldi ta chi cd mdt va tay, vi giac va khflu giac thi se khdng cd tdn giao'"'".. tha'y). C h i n h cai chi nghe chfl khdng nhin tha'y ggi la "Li" mdi cdn ddi hdi niem "tin". Khdng k h i h a y gid k h d n g nhin tha'y cho n e n trd t h a n h linh t h i e n g "hen bay thee gid", "gid hiu hiu thdi thi hay chi ve"... Ban be t h a n thiet nha't thfldng ggi la "tri am" chfl cd ai ggi la "tri dien" dau! Q u a n The Am nghin mdt, nghin tay nhflng q u a n trgng nha't van la "am" (Quan Am) kia ma! Khdng biet cd phai vi de nhac nhd dieu dd cho nen ngfldi ta nhin thay Q u a n Am Bd t a t thfldng xua't hien dfldi d a n g nfl, nhflng ki thflc Ngai khdng phai la nfl. H i n h hai nao cd q u a n trgng gi dau. T h a n ma cflng cd m a t mui, tay chan nhfl ngfldi thfldng, ai cung n h i n tha'y thi sao ggi la Thdn!. Ld tai cd the nghe tha'y cai ma con m a t khdng the n h i n tha'y. Cho nen, Feuerbach mdi cho r a n g , t h a n linh h a y tdn giao deu la s a n p h a m ciia Id tai; "Mang nhi trong tai la ndi v a n g ddi vdi eac t i n h cam tdn giao va lo tai c h i n h la cai tii cung tfl dd t h o a t t h a i cac vi than"*"'.. cua con ngfldi khdng phai la con ngfldi.. Dd cflng la li do de dao Cd Ddc chu yeu dfla vao "ldi ndi" (cua Thfldng De"), ndi each k h a c la diia vao t h i n h giac. Chang trach L u t h e r da d a t t h i n h giac d vi tri quan trgng bac nha't d ndi thd tfl; "Chi cd thinh giac la ddi hdi p h a i ed trong den thd Chfla""^'. ' ' • Td'ng Nho d Phfldng Ddng khdng p h a n chia the' gidi t h a n h "vat chat" va "y thflc" nhfl trong nhflng bai giang triet hgc thfldng tha'y, m a dfla vao n h i n tha'y hay khdng n h i n tha'y de chia the gidi t h a n h "hinh n h i thfldng" (cai khdng the nhin tha'y) va "hinh n h i ha" (cai cd the n h i n. P l a t e n k h d n g chiu dflng lai d gidi tfl nhien cam tinh cd the "nhin tha'y". Bdi vi, tfl nhien chdng qua cung chi la eai bdng ciia "sieu tfl nhien". Cung nhfl cai bdng Ngfldi ta khdng the li giai nhflng bieu hien s m h ddng eua rdi nfldc tfl ban t h a n nd ma phai tfl nhflng ngfldi dang dieu khien k h d n g trdng tha'y dflng d phia sau nd. Cho nen, thflc the vd h i n h q u a n trgng hdn thflc the hflu hinh. Chi cd tai, chfl khdng phai mat, mdi "tiep xuc" dfldc cai vd hinh. "Chet" thudc ve cdi vd hinh, "Sdng" la hflu hinh, cho nen "sd'ng" la hien tfldng, "chet" mdi la b a n cha't, thflc the vd h i n h ciia P l a t e n dfldc ggi la "Idee" (Y niem). Tuy nhien, cd bao nhieu vat the lai cd ba'y n h i e u "y niem", cho nen cd qua nhieu "Y niem". Cd le vi vay nen Hegel quy t a t ca "Y niem" dd trd t h a n h cai ggi la "Y m e m tuyet ddi" (Absolute Idee), hay 3. Sdd, tr.l88 4. Sdd, tr.40. 5. Sdd, tr.40. 6. Sdd, tr.41..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(3)</span> 8 cdn ggi la "tinh thdn tuyet ddi (Absolute Geist)". "Y mem tuyet ddi" chi phdi toan bg ton tai, didn bien ciia the gidi. Ndi each khac. thflc tai chdng qua la sfl tha hda ciia "y niem tuyet dd'i". Md ddu tac pham Phe phdn triet hgc Hegel, Feuerbach viet: "Triet hgc tfl bien Dflc ddi lap trflc tiep vdi tri tue Solomon co dai. Cai sau khdng tha'y bdt cii cai mdi nao dfldi anh mat trdi, cai trfldc thi chi thay cai mdi ma thdi". Triet hgc tfl bien Dflc ma Feuerbach de cap chinh la triet hgc Hegel. Thflc ra, "cai mdi" ma Hegel nhin tha'y chi la cai mdi cua "tinh than tuyet ddi" ma thdi. "Tmh than tuyet dd'i" cua Hegel la sfl nd'i ddi y niem cua Platen va gdp phan chu thich cho tdn giao ndi chung, Cd Dd'c giao ndi neng. Vi vay, Feuerbach mdi cho rang, triet hgc cua Hegel va tdn giao chi la mdt: "Triet hgc cd quan he gi vdi tdn giao? Hegel kien quyet cho rdng triet hge va tdn giao, nha't la vdi giao li ciia Cd Dd'c giao la nha't tri. Mac dau vay, dng van xem tdn giao nhfl la mot nac thang ciia ' tinh than"'". Cai ma Hegel ggi la "tinh than tuyet ddi", theo PVuerbach, chdng qua cung chang khac gi Thfldng De cua Cd Dd'c giao: "Thfldng De la tinh than thuan tuy... triet hgc tfl bien cung chi la tinh than thuan tuy dd". "Dac trflng va thudc tinh chu yeu cua ban cha't cua Thflgng De cung la dac trflng va thudc tinh ciia triet hgc tif bien"'''^'. Lenm ra't cdng bang khi danh gia ve Hegel. Cung chdng cd gi la qua dang khi de cao cdng hien ciia Hegel ve triet hge, nha't la ve phfldng phap bien chflng. Va cung chang sai chflt nao khi nhan xet ve cai ggi la "tmh than tuyet dd'i": "Nhflng dieu ngu ddt ve cai tuyet ddi... Ndi. Nghien curu Ton giao. Sd7 - 2008 chung, tdi ed' gang dgc Hegel theo quan diem duy vat: Hegel la chii nghia duy vat Idn dau xudng dfldi (theo Angghen), nghia la phdn Idn, toi loai bd Thfldng De tuyet ddi, y niem thuan tuy...""". Nhfl vay, phai chang Thfldng De sang tao ra con ngfldi, ra tfl nhien cua Cd Dd'c giao da dfldc Hegel "triet hgc hda" thanh sfl tha hda ciia tinh than tuyet ddi. Mot bfldc thut Ifli kha dai eua Hegel so vdi cac nha tfl tfldng vd than ciia Phap the ki XVIII, cflng nhfl so vdi nha triet hgc nhan ban Feuerbach ngay tai que hfldng dng. Cung nhfl nhieu nha tfl tfldng vd than thdi Phuc hflng d Phfldng Tay, "tfl nhien" (Nature) "van la diem tfla quan trgng bac nha't cua Rousseau. Dfla vao "tfl nhien", dng len an Nha thd Trung the ki tfldc deat nhflng gi chinh dang ma tfl nhien da ban chd con ngfldi. Ddng thdi, dng phe phan ca cai ggi la khoa hgc, nghe thuat da danh mat ban cha't cua con ngfldi. Noi each khac, khoa hgc, nghe thuat hay van hda ndi chung chinh la sfl tha hda cua con ngfldi - tfl nhien. Helgel va Reusseau deu de cap den tfl nhien, nhflng mot ben la tfl nhien dugc tao ra cdn mot ben la tfl nhien tao ra. Cho nen, Feuerbach phe phan "tfl nhien" cua Hegel nhfl sau: "Hegel khoe rdng phfldng phap cua dng la phfl hdp vdi le tfl nhien. Nhflng cho dfl ndi nhfl the nao di nfla thi cung chi la sao chep tfl nhien ma thdi. Hdn nfla, ban sao lai thieu mat sflc sd'ng cua ban gd'c"""'. 7. Tuyen tap Feuerbach. Tap 2. Nxb Tam Lien. Bac Kinh 1959,tr.225. 8. Sdd, tr. 129. 9. Lenin todn tap. Tap 29. Nxb Tieii bd. Matxcova 1981,tr.lll. 10. Tiiven tap Feuerbach. Tap 2. Nxb Tam Lien. Bac Kinh 1959, tr.46..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(4)</span> Ha Thuc Minh. Tha hod? "Ban sad" tfl nhien ciia Hegel "thieu sflc sd'ng", vay "ban gd'c" ciia Feuerbach heu cd thfla sflc sd'ng hay khdng? Thfla thieu nhfl the nao chfla biet, nhflng theo Feuerbach, tfl nhien cua Hegel cung nhfl ciia tdn giao la tfl nhien "Ion ngfldc", bdi vi Hegel xem; "Ban chat khach quan coi nhfl la chu quan, ban chat cua gidi tfl nhien coi nhfl la khac vdi gidi tfl nhien, coi nhfl la ban chat cua con ngfldi, ban cha't ciia eon ngfldi eoi nhfl la khac vdi ngfldi, coi nhfl la ban cha't khdng phai ngfldi. Dd la thflc the ciia Thfldng De, dd la ban chat cua tdn giao, dd la bi mat ciia chu nghia than bi va tfl bien""". Lenin danh gia ra't cao phat hien cua Feuerbach ve "bi mat" ciia Hegel va tdn giao. "Sehr gut!" (hay lam) dfldc Le nin ghi ngay ben canh doan trich tren trong But ki triet hgc. Ben dfldi dd, dng cdn khen la mot "doan tuyet dieu". Trong Phe phdn Kinh Thdnh: Bdn chdt ciia dao Cg Ddc, Feuerbach da vach ro "bien gidi" gifla dng vdi Hegel; "Phfldng phap ciia Hegel va phfldng phap tfl duy cua tdi... khac nhau ve ban chat... Trong triet hgc cua Hegel nhflng gi thudc ve tinh thfl hai, chu quan, cd y nghia hinh thflc thi lai la tinh thfl nha't, ed y nghia ban cha't trong triet hgc ciia tdi... Hegel khach quan hda nhflng gi thudc ve chu quan, cdn tdi chii quan hda nhflng gi la khach quan""^'. Feuerbach da gdn lien phe phan tdn giao vdi phe phan triet hgc. Diem tfla ciia dng la tfl nhien cho nen hgc thuyet ciia dng cflng bao gom chu nghia tfl nhien va chu nghia nhan ban. Feuerbach tfl thfla nhan: "Tdi la mot ke bai phuc va tdn thd tfl nhien mot each ndng nhiet""'". Bdi vi, thee Feuerbach: "Tfl nhien la ban chat dau tien va cung la cudi cflng ma chung. 19 ta khdng the vflgt ra ngoai dfldc". Cho nen, phai nhan thflc tfl nhien nhfl nd vdn cd, khdng nen gid'ng nhfl "thuyet phiem thdn luan da bien tfl nhien thanh qua nhieu va ngfldc lai, ehu nghia duy tam, dad Kitd lai bien tfl nhien thanh qua it, : •: •' cd nghia la chang cd gi ca""'". • Trong Ldi ndi ddu, Gdp phdn phe phdn triet hgc phdp quyen ciia Hegel, Mac viet; "Can cfl cua sii phe phan chd'ng tdn giao la; Con ngfldi sang tan ra tdn giao chfl tdn giao khdng sang tao ra con ngfldi. Cu the la: Tdn giao la sfl tfl y thflc va sfl tfl tri giac ciia con ngfldi chfla tim tha'y ban than minh hoac da lai danh mat ban than minh mdt lan nfla". "Can cfl" phe phan tdn giao ma Mac de cap dfldng nhien khdng phai tfl tren trdi rdi xud'ng va cflng khdng phai do dng "sang tao" ra. Dd chinh la thanh tflu tri tue ciia nhflng nha Khai sang Phap the ki XVIII, va nha't la ciia ngfldi ddng hfldng, nha triet hgc tfl nhien chii nghia Feuerbach. Nhflng nha vd thdn Phap dfla vao, hay ndi dung hdn la qud diia vdo thanh tflu khda hgc tfl nhien luc ba'y gid de phe phan tdn giao, cho nen, hg thfldng dflng lai d binh dien nhdn thUc ludn de tim nguyen nhan san sinh cung nhfl bien phap xda bd tdn giao. Feuerbach khdng chi dflng lai d nhan thflc luan, tfl ban cha't tfl nhien va ban chat ciia con ngfldi. Ong da chi ra dieu ma cac nhd vd than Phap chfla ndi tdi, dd la "cdn cfl" phe phan tdn giao ma Mac da de cap. Nhflng 11. Lenin todn tdp. Tdp 23. Nxb Tien bd. Matxcova 1981.tr.71. 12. Trich theo: S.C. Gabaraev. Chii nghia duy vat ciia Feuerbach. Nxb Khoa hoc. B k Kmh 1959. tr.50. 13. Feuerbach. Nhung bdi gidng ve bdn chdt ciia ton gido. Sdd, tr. 125. 14. Sdd, tr.54..

<span class='text_page_counter'>(5)</span> 20. Nghien curu Ton giao. Sd7 - 2008. Feuerbach cflng chi mdi dem con ngfldi tfl ban tay ciia Thfldng De tra ve cho tfl nhien va tuyen bd' la da xong mgi trach nhiem. Thflc ra, Feuerbach chi di dfldc mdt niia chang dfldng. Ong mdi chi hoan thanh ve mat tfl nhien chfl chfla hean thanh ve mat xa hgi. Cho nen, rat chinh xac khi Feuerbach tuyen bd'; "Than hgc la nhan loai hgc", hay ve sau, dng cdn bd sung them cai ggi la "sinh li hgc". Mac cho rdng, Feuerbach da "hda tan ban cha't tdn giao vao ban chat con ngfldi", nhflng dng lai che trach Feuerbach chfla hieu "ban chat con ngfldi la tong hoa nhflng quan he xa hgi". Cd le khdng phai chi cd Feuerbach chfla hieu ma ca thdi ki Phuc hflng hay each mang tfl san cung "chfla" hieu, hoac "khdng can" hieu dieu dd. Cho nen, ban cha't ciia con ngfldi bi Thfldng De vd hinh tren Trdi lay di thi nay lai hi "Thfldng De" hflu hinh dfldi dat lay di mot Idn nfla. Cho nen, Mac da trd ve vdi chu de chinh: "Dd dd, nhiem vii cua lich sii, sau khi the gidi ben kia ciia chdn li da mat di, la xac lap chdn li ciia the gidi ben ndy. Mdt khi hinh thiic thdn thdnh ciia sfl tfl tha hda cua con ngfldi da hi bdc tran thi nhiem vu thfl nha't ciia triet hge dang phuc vu lich sd, la bdc tran sfl tfl tha hda trong nhiing hinh thiic khdng thdn thdnh cua nd. Nhfl vay, phe phan Thfldng gidi bien thanh phe phan coi tran, phe phdn tdn gido bien thanh phe phdn phdp quyen. Phe phdn thdn hgc bien thanh phe phdn chinh tri"''^'''\. va nha nUdc eua giai cap tfl san da lam eho con ngfldi "danh mat ban than minh mot lan nfla", bdi vi khi cdng nhan cang san xua't nhieu thi anh ta cang cd it de tieu dflng; anh ta cang tao ra nhieu gia tri thi ban than anh ta cang bi mat gia tri, cang bi mat pham each; san phdm ciia anh ta cang dep thi anh ta cang xau di; vat do anh ta tao ra vdn minh thi anh ta cang gid'ng vdi ngfldi da man...""*".. "Phe phan tdn giao" nhfldng cho cho "phe phan chinh tri". "Chinh tri" la quyen lflc, la nha nfldc. Ndi each khac, quyen lUc. 15. Cdc Mdc. Phridrich Angghen tuyen tap. Tap 1. Nxb Su that. Ha Ndi 1980, tr. 15. 16. Sdd, tr. 113. 17. Sdd, tr. 121.. Sfl danh mat ban chat lan thfl hai hay la "do lao ddng bi tha hda lam cho than the ciia ban than con ngfldi, cflng nhfl gidi tfl nhien d ben ngeai con ngfldi, cung nhfl ban chat tinh than cua eon gfldi, ban chat nhdn loai cua con ngfldi, trd thanh xa la vdi cdn ngfldi""^'. Neu "ban than cen ngfldi la ban chat tdi cao cua con ngfldi", neu "cen ngfldi la tfldng lai cua con ngfldi" hay "con ngfldi la muc dich ciia cen ngfldi",.. gi gi di nfla thi e rdng con ngfldi van phai tiep tuc di tim ban than minh, hay eai ggi la "tha hda" gi dd au van eon la chuyen dai nhieu tap. Neu "niem tm khdng cd quan he vdi nhflng cai hflu hinh ma cd quan he vdi nhflng gi la vd hinh" {Kinh Thdnh). neu "niem tin trflc tiep hfldng ve nhflng gi la con so' khdng, la hfl vd hoan toan va chd ddi nd se trd thanh tat ca" (Luther), thi hay cfl "tin" di! Cho dfl "Tdi tin bdi vi dieu do la v6 If./. ::H.^.

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