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f)oi i)oc
0
gim
102
*^^** *^' *^' *^ ^ Xa hoi hoc
so 3(107) 2009
BAN VE KHUNG HOANG TOAN CAU
vA MO
HINH CHU NGHIA
XA
HOI
FEANCOIS HOUTART
Ngdy 11 thdng 8 ndm 2009, Francois Houtart (sinh ndm 1925), Tien
syXd
hdi hgc, Gido sU danh dU cua Dgi hgc Cdng gido
d
Louvain,
VUdng
quoc Bi, dd
den thdm vd ldm viec vdi Vien Xd hdi hgc. Gido sU Francois Houtar la mdt
trong nhQng hgc gid Xd hdi hgc tdn gido hdng ddu the gidi vd
Id
mgt trong
nhQng thdnh vien tich cUc nhdt cua Dien dan Xd hdi
The
gidi (tUdng phdn vdi
Dien ddn Kinh te The
gidi).
Vdi tU cdch ngUdi sdng lap vd lanh dgo mdt td
chQc phi chinh phu cd ten la Trung tdm Ba Chdu CETRI (Centre
Tricontinental) do dng thdnh lap ndm 1976, trong nhQng ndm gdn ddy dng dd
ldm viec khdng met moi de thuc ddy dd'i thogi vd hdp tdc giQa cdc phong trao
xd hdi d cdc
nUde
dang phdt trien, nhdm xdy diing mgt md hinh xd hgi nhdn
bdn hdn, thdn thien vdi mdi trUdng hdn, vd cd dinh hUdng xd hdi chu nghla
hdn.
Vdi uy tin khoa hgc cua minh trong
linh
vUc phdt trien xd hgi, dng dd
dugc Tdng Thu ky Lien Hdp Qud'c mdi phdt bieu vi todn cdu hoa tU bdn trong
bdi cdnh khung hoang tdi chinh todn cdu tgi tru
sdLien
Hdp Quoc
dNew
York
vdo ky hgp thdng 10 ndm 2008.
Trong lan thdm vd ldm viec vdi Vien Xd hgi hgc ngdy 11 thdng 8 ndm
2009, dng dd co budi thdo ludn vdi cdc chuyen gia cua Vien Xd hgi hgc ve 3 chu
di: khung hoang todn cdu, chu nghla tU do mdi, vd mo hinh Chu nghla xd hdi.
Dudi ddy
ehung
tdi xin tom
lUdc
y tudng chinh cua dng ve nhQng van di ndy de
bgn
dge
tham khdo. LUu y la nhQng dieu neu dUdi ddy chi la quan diem cda
dng vd khdng nhdt thiei
Id
quan diem cua cdc cdn bg nghien cQu cda Vien Xd
hdi hgc. Cdc tieu muc
Id
cua Ban bien tap.
Ban ve khung hoang
Cin nhin nhan khung hoang tfl dinh hfldng cd
tinh
he tho'ng de tim each thoat ra
khdi khung hoang. Ben canh nhflng bat ldi do khung hoang gay ra, CNTB con cho
rang khung hoang cd nhflng ldi Ich nhat dinh. Nd bgc
16
ye'u kem cua he tho'ng, giup
luiae
phue de tai tao he thdng mgt cich chic chin hdn. Dieu nay hen tuc xay ra trong
Francois Houtart 103
lich sfl. Hg (nhflng ngfldi theo TBCN) eoi la binh thfldng de be tho'ng ed ed hgi lay lai
nhip dieu phat trien. Chu nghia Kant mdi ed each nhin mang
tinb
dieu cbinh eua he
thdng. Hg eho rang khung hoang den tfl sfl khong dieu ebinb. CNTB khong cd kha
nang tfl dieu ebinb nen ein ed sfl can thiep eua nha nfldc. Nd bieu bien trong nhflng
thdi ky suy thoai trim trgng nhfl nhflng nam 1930,
va
luon cin den sfl can thiep eua
nha nfldc. Chung toi muo'n chap nhan quan diem ein sfl dieu chinh.
Khdi
G20 de
nghi nhflng dieu ehinh thie't ye'u tam thdi (phfldng an 1). De nghi phfldng an thfl bai
la cua uy ban Stiglitz, nhflng di xa hdn, muo'n kiem soat be thdng ngan bang, eai tao
lai he tho'ng tien te the gidi, thu tieu hi mat ngan hang, tao thien dfldng tai ehinh
tren cd sd tai chinh quo'e te de thfldng xuyen theo doi eae eugc khung hoang tren toan
cau, muo'n dfla ra hgi ddng tfl van ve kinh te. Ben eanh dd ed sfl giflp dd rat nhieu cua
cac nfldc dang phat trien, hg muo'n tao ra nen tien te the gidi mdi, tranh ba quyen
cua ddng do la.
Dd la dieu to't lanh, nhflng ed dieu chfla bao gid hg dung den hay ndi den mgt
each diy dii. Tdi muo'n ndi dieu tot lanh la muo'n chfla lai cai hdng, nhflng chfla gi?
Ne'u tai tao lai eai ban diu vdi mo binh kinh te ludn pha buy, tao sfl bat eong, thi 10
nam nfla lai co khung hoang. Vi the toi de nghi phfldng an thfl 3. Dieu hanh khong
chfla du, ma phai tfl duy ve Chu nghia xa hgi. Vi sao cd sfl lung tflng nay? Vi khung
hoang khong ehi la tai ehinh. Nd la van de kinh te, cd hau qua ve viee lam, vi vay nd
khong ddn gian la tai ehinh. Nd luon ket hdp vdi nhflng khung hoang khae nhfl
khiing hoang thfle pham, nang Ifldng, khi hau, v.v tat ca deu bat diu vdi khung
hoang xa hgi. Trong boi eanh dd, ta ed the ndi ve khung hoang ve nen van minb,
khong phai la khung hoang tai chinh thong thfldng eua che do TBCN. Vi the ein
phan
tich va
di xa hdn trong tfl duy.
Cuge khung hoing tai chi'nh ngay nay gin lien vdi each ma be tho'ng kinh te dfldc
hinh thanh, mgt thfl tai ehinh bda, d dd kinh te tfl ban tai cbinh nim quyen thdng tri
tren tfl ban san xuat. Dfldng nhfl eugc khung hoang tai ehinh hien nay ehi la khia
canh diu tien eua khung hoang, gin vdi each ngfldi ta tai trd cho nen kinh te, gan vdi
truyen thong trd thanh mgt bg phan thdng tri the gidi, nhit la d cae nfldc thuge The
gidi thfl 3 la nhflng nfldc hi tae dgng manh, nhfl My La tinh. Nd tac dgng khong chi
ddi so'ng ma ea eae mat khae nfla. Dd la eac nfldc ed nhieu ngfldi di cfl, thfldng
giii
ve
nha tien, nen khung hoang la khung hoang ve kinh te. Thdi hien dai ed khung hoang
ve
lUdng
thUe, ro nhat la 2007 - 2008. Rdi khung hoang ve eiu true gin vdi sfl pha
huy nen nong nghiep, nong dan. Khung hoang kinh te, khung hoang thfle pham
khong phai gin vdi thieu hut san xuat, ma ed tinh chat boi canh do diu tfl. Khi tfl
ban tai chinh tham gia manh me vao thi trfldng nd se ebi phoi nen san xuat de phue
vu cho ldi Ich eiia cic tap doan tai ehinh ehfl khong phai de phue vu ngfldi tieu dung.
Gia ngo, lua my, dau tfldng,
nang
Ifldng sinh hge ethanon sin xua't tfl mia va nhieu
104 Ban ve khung hoang todn cdu vd mo hinh Chu nghia
Xd
hgi
nong san khic tang cao khong ngflng trong thdi gian gin day, tao ra khung hoang ve
lUdng
thUe. NhU vay khiing hoang nay gin vdi khung hoang tai ehinh do tU ban tai
cbinh tim ndi diu tU mdi. Neu khung hoang tai ehinh
la
logic eua CNTB thi khung
hoang
lUdng
thUe eung la logic eua CNTB do nan diu ed. Hau qua xa hgi eua nd la
tren dUdi 50 trieu ngfldi tren the gidi ludn sd'ng d dUdi ngUdng ddi ngheo do sU nang
gia dot bien. Mgt lin nUa trong logic eua CNTB ngUdi ta
eo'
tinh
Id
di yeu to' thiet hai
ve xa hgi eua eon
tinh
thu nhap hay mflc tang trfldng ma chi dfla tren mgt ye'u to' thi
trfldng.
Khia
eanh thfl hai eua khung hoang thfle pham
la
khung hoang eau true, la
sfl pha buy nen kinh te nong dan de tao ra nen san xuat TBCN dge canh, gay 6
nhiem dat dai, moi trfldng va nfldc, xua dudi hang trieu nong dan ra khdi da't cua hg,
va bang each do luon tai tao khung hoang.
Khung hoing nang Ifldng cd cung xu hfldng. Trong 50 nam tdi day loai ngfldi se
thay ddi ngudn
nang
Ifldng. Chflng ta ehi edn khoang 45 nam sfl dung diu
Ifla,
60
nam dung
khi
do't tfl nhien, khoang 200 nam dung than,
va
ne'u dung nang Ifldng
nguyen tfl thi ta ebi cdn 1,5 nam nfla thoi. Ta dang d tan eung cua nen van minh.
Van de la tiet kiem
va
dieu tiet bdt viee sfl dung nang
lUdng.
CNTB da dung nang
lUdng
phi ly va khong ed each nao ban ehe viec dung nang Ifldng. Hg lai doi hdi dau
tfl cho nang Ifldng mdi, nhflng tfl ban tai ehinh luon kim ham diu tU nhU vay. Chi
con mgt xu hUdng la dung nang
lUdng
sinh hgc va tim giai phip eho va'n de
khi
hau.
Neu nang
lUdng
sinh hge mudn ddng gdp 25-30% nang
lUdng
the gidi thi phai danh
100 trieu ha rUng, se phai pha buy cae khu rflng, phi buy da dang sinh hgc, md rgng
nen nong nghiep dge eanh. Trong 20 nam tdi phai dudi chflng 60 trieu dan ra khdi
da't cua hg, dieu se tao ra khung hoang ve di cfl, dieu khong mang
tinh
hdp ly theo
quan diem XHCN nbUng lai eo ldi vdi quan diem TBCN vi no mang lai ldi nhuan, no
khong biet den yeu
tdben
ngoai sin xuat la sinh thai va xa hgi.
Cudi cung la khung hoang sinh thai. Khi C02 trong
khi
quyen tfl 1970 den nay
luon cd sfl tang trfldng.
Khi
ga va hieu flng nha kinh, giao thong, nha d,
va
ca nong
nghiep eung tham gia lam eho Ifldng khi C02 trong
khi
quyen gia tang. Nong nghiep
ddng gop eho hien tfldng nha
ki'nh
hdn giao thong. Ngfldi ta ngay cang san xuat ra
nhieu C02, va ngfldi ta dang phi buy cic md than. Ndi hap thu
khi
C02 la rflng va
dai dfldng. Ta da thay hau qua eua pha rflng nhfl neu tren. Nfldc bien thi ngay cang
ndng len, ma't din kha nang hip thu khi C02, ke't qua la sin xuit ngay cang manh,
tang trfldng ndng, thi lai cang nhiiu
khi
C02. Cac bao cao khoa hgc ngay
cang
eho
thiy tinh hinh tdi te. Ne'u nhiet do tang them 2 do thi 20% dien
tieh
tren the' gidi se
bien mat, nd se pha buy da dang sinh hge, nhflng te hdn la pha buy xa hgi. De'n 2020
niu khong lam gi se ed khoang 20 - 200 trieu ngfldi phai di efl vi khong so'ng dflde b
ndi hg vin sdng, dae biet d khu vflc Trung A, dao, thanh
phd Idn
gin biin. Nhfl vay ta
dang dflng trfldc khung hoang
khi
hau nghiem trgng. Sfl co tinh
Id
di ye'u td ben
Francois Houtart 105
ngoai ciia san xuat va logic cua CNTB muo'n dinh nghia sfl tang trfldng ma khong
tinh
de'n yeu
to'
ben ngoai ed the dem lai hau qua khdn Ifldng. Cae nfldc khae nhau cd
dong gdp khae nhau vao viec gia tang Ifldng
khi
C02 trdng
khi
quyen. Ude
tinb
My
va Chau Au lam nay sinh
khi
C02 nhieu nhit, va hien nay eae nfldc dang phat trien
nong nhfl Trung Quo'e eung dang ddng gdp Ifldng
khi
C02
ngay
cang gia tang.
\^
the
My va Chau Au khong the la bai hgc eho nfldc khae. Nhflng ehung ta
chi
ed mgt hanh
tinh de sdng. Hy vgng kha nang tai ket eau moi trfldng tfl nhien tfl 2008 da bi can
kiet. Cae giai phap flng phd mang
tinh
toan eiu da khong dflde mgt so' nfldc thong
qua du cae phong
trao
xa hgi keu ggi dieu nay xay ra lien tue. Mdi nam khung hoang
sinh thai lai den gin hdn. Ta dang tren tiu Titanic, ai cung gap nguy hiem ngay ca
ngfldi ngdi hang ghe diu.
Ve chu nghia
tii
do mdi
[
Phai tfl do mdi muo'n tfl do hda nen kinh te dan den lam tang nhiet do vi khdng
tinh de'n yeu
to'
ben ngoai sin xuat. Viec tang mflc nfldc bien lam giam din eac tang
bang, gay anh hfldng trflc tiep den eac eon song
Idn
nhfl d Hymalaya hay rflng d My
La tinh, anh hfldng de'n hang trieu ngfldi. Anh hfldng cua logic kinh te cua CNTB rat
Idn.
Nd ebi de cao mgt gia tri la ldi nhuan trong khi bd qua mgi ye'u
to'
ben ngoai san
xuit. Tai nguyen va ngudn
Ifle
tren the gidi khong dflde chia se cdng bang. 80%
ngudn
Ifle chi
do 20% dan nim gifl. Day la dae trflng eua CNTB. San xuat ra cua eai
va dieh vu ngay cang
Idn
nhflng chi danh cho 20% dan, eho mgt nhdm ngfldi ed
it
sfle
mua. Ong Stiglitz luon ndi phai sfla chfla lai bg may tai chinh de khdi dgng lai sfl
tang trfldng, phat trien
va
thinh vfldng, nhflng la sfl tang trfldng nao, phat trien nao,
thinh vfldng nad? Tdi dge trong mgt tap ehi mgt loat bai viet ve Viet Nam trong tfldng
lai.
Toi thay hg chi ban thong qua GDP, khong ndi gi ve tai hga moi trfldng. Toi
khong cho la d Viet Nam khong ed nghien cflu ve moi trfldng, ma la trong tfl duy cac
nha kinh te nd loai trfl eac linh vflc khae. Ngfldi ta ndi Viet Nam phai trd thanh nfldc
cong nghiep
vao
nam 2020. Vfla qua tdi ed d Dai Loan, toi di 200 km tfl Dai Bae den
tinh
ben eanh, ehi toan thay nhfl thanh phd, chi edn mgt vai khoang ddng, mgt khong
gian hoan toan
6
nhiim. Vay ta ed dinh lay Dai Loan lam hinh miu phat trien cbo
Viet Nam khong? Dd
la
mo hinh phat trien, dd la van de
Idn
ma ta dang phai ddi
dign.
Chu nghia tfl do mdi dfldc nhieu ngfldi xem nhfl mgt cd hgi eho Chau A vi sfl tang
trfldng dung la tuyet vdi. Cai gi xay ra d Trung
Qude?
Theo Thfl trfldng bg Moi
trfldng Trung Quo'e, 25
nam
qua sfl phat trien Trung Qude bi triet tieu bdi 6 nhiim,
vdi 70 trieu ngfldi udng nfldc ban, mdi nam cd 70 nghin ngfldi chet vi
6
nhiim. Do cd
phai mo hinh cho Viet Nam khong?
(3
eae nfldc XHCN eu cung vay. Do cung
chi
la
mgt thfl ehu nghia tfl do mdi.
6 eae
nfldc A Rap, trfl Irae va Afganishtan, hg coi ehu
nghia tfl do mdi nhfl sfl xam
Ifldc
ve van boa. Chau Phi hi tae dgng nhieu nhat cua
106 Ban ve khung hoang todn cdu vd md hinh Chu nghia Xd hgi
ehu nghia tfl do mdi. Chau Au la bi quyen cua CNTB, ngay ca dang xa hgi hay cong
doan, khong thay gi khae ngoai kinh te thi trfldng.
Chi
cd My La tinh
la
thay dfldng
ra khdi logic
nay,
chi cd Viet Nam va Trung Quo'e cdn quan niem ve CNXH, nhflng
cung dang hi anh hfldng.
Chu nghia tfl do mdi dfldc
vi
nhfl sfl xam Iflde. Vdi mflc tang trfldng giam ty le vdi
sfl phat trien quo'e gia, ddng thdi la sfl ap dat dge tai quan sfl, nhfl Pinoche, bing viec
du nhap d at CNTB tfl ben ngoai nhflng khong phat trien dfldc chu nghia dan tgc,
dflde Cdi nhfl sfl xam Iflde ve kinh te. Vi the eae pheng trao xa hgi nay sinh d Nam
My, phong trao eua thd dan va nhan dan deu eho'ng lai chu nghia tfl do mdi. Hg dau
tranh cho sfl tien bg xa hgi, sfl
qude
hflu hda eac eong ty da qud'c gia, cae dfl an xa hgi
ma trfldc day luon nam trong khuon khd eua nen kinh te ma da sd la cae nha tfl ban
chiem gifl.
Chu nghia xa hoi va
tifoTng
lai cua loai
ngvCbi
Toi ket luan bing mgt suy tfl ve
Ifla
chgn. Neu ta dang trong khung hoang ve
van minb, lieu XHCN cd eho ta mgt eon dfldng khong khi
tinh
den lich sfl, van dgng
eua ly luan de di den thfle tien? Toi eho ring ta ed the noi ve khai niem mo hinh
trong khuon khd kinh nghiem de xay dflng ly thuyet ddi ehgi vdi cac eugc khung
hoang
khae
nhau. Cd 4 dinh hfldng
Idn
tfldng dfldng vdi 4 van de
Idn
lien quan den sfl
tdn tai loai ngfldi
• Moi quan he vdi tfl nhien
• Cach sin xua't * .
*
• Cach song
• Td chfle ebinb tri xa hgi, va each nhin the' gidi bing dao dflc va van hda.
Theo 4 ddi bdi nay ta co the' suy nghi
the'nao
vl tfldng lai eua sfl kie'n tao CNXH?
Sfl dung bin vflng va hdp ly cae ngudn
Ifle
tfl nhien la xu hfldng mdi. Khong khai
thae tu nhien nhU CNTB ma ton trgng tU nhien. Quan
diim
eho ring tU nhien la vo
tan trong ddng tU tudng vd tie'n bg xa hgi trong the' ky vfla rdi la khong chip nhan
dUdc. Trong tUdng
lai
ta khdng chip nhan sU thinh vUdng cd
tinh
ca nhan
khi si '
d^ng
eae nguon
lUc
ed ban nhU nUde, khong dUde phep lam tang nhiet do trai da't va
khi
quyen. CNXH nhu da tdn
tai
da khdng ehu y de'n
khia
canh
nay,'
nhU ta tha'y sfl
pha buy
moi
trUdng d
Lien
X6 trUde day. Trong tU duy eua Mae da ed y tudng vd va'n
de
nay^Mae
cho rang
djc
trUng eua CNTB la phi hoai 2 ngudn
lUe
chinh la tU nhien
va lao dgng, va ta ed the hinh dung sU pha hoai nay di de'n dau.
^
ThU hai, trong dinh hudng mdi
Iiy
lai sU Uu tien gia tri sfl dung dd san xuit ra
eua
cai
eho eon
ngUdi
hdn la gia tri trao ddi. CNTB
ehi
ehfl y de'n gia tri trao ddi ta't
Francois Houtart 107
ca deu trd thanh hang hda, ca dieh vu cong, de
tieh
tu tfl ban
ma
thdi. Nhan manh
vao gia tri sd. dung cd nghia la dfla ra mgt dinh nghia khae ve kinh te. CNXH yeu cau
nen kinh te khong phii la tao ra gia tri gia tang eho ldi
leh
ca nhan, ma la tao ra ed
sd nen tang cho cuge so'ng vat chit, van hda va tinh thin tren khip banh tinh. Khong
the de cao duy nhit xua't khau, dieu da dem lai hau qua
tan
pha moi trfldng, khien
viec
sii
dung nong nghiep khong phai nhfl ngudn so'ng
ma
de xuit khau. Xua't khau
khong phai muc dich tfl than, ma de chdng lai tfl ban tai chinh. Ngfldi ta khong hinh
dung dflde phat trien ma khong di kem xuat khau. Brazil xuat khau ethanon, hau
qua la khoang 30 trieu ngfldi dan hi anh hfldng. Nha nfldc ed nd
Ifle
phan phoi lai cho
dan nhflng khong tao ra tae dgng tdt. Rdi ngfldi ta ehi muo'n sin xuit dd nhanh hdng,
c6 ldi cho
tieh
luy TBCN. De tan dung cong nghe mdi nhat, ngfldi ta tieu dung nang
Ifldng d mflc do khung khiep, tao ra them nhieu
khi
C02 ed hai.
Thfl ba, ta hinh dung the nao ve CNXH? Chi cd mgt dinh hfldng cd ban la nen
dan chu pho thong hda khong ehi trong ehinh tri, ma trong mgi dinh ehe, trong kinh
te,
quan he nam nfl. Ta can phai lam nhieu viee, nhat la tang efldng sfl tham gia cua
cac chu the ggi la xa hgi eong dan. Khai niem nay tuy md hd nhflng bam y eo sfl tham
gia ngfldi dan d ting ldp thip, nong dan, Khong chap nhan quyen phu quyet eua 5
efldng qude
Idn
eho dfl hg manh tdi dau.
Thfl tfl la
tinh
da van hda. Phat trien khong cd nghia la Tay Au hda, la sfl ba
quyen cua van hda Chau Au va sfl loai trfl tat ea eae nen van hda va tri thfle ban dia,
nha't la tri thfle truyen tho'ng. Dieu quan trgng la phai de cao tit ca tri thfle, tit ca
van hda, ta't ca ton giao ed the ddng gdp vao xay dflng tim nhin dao dflc eon ngfldi. Co
the cho ring 4 dinh hfldng ndi tren la khdng tfldng. Toi ddng y. Nhflng khong ed nd la
sfl cham dflt cua hanh tinh va nhan loai. Khung hoang la de ta tfl duy lai, ed the day
la
tin
hieu eoi khong tfldng la mue tieu ed the thfle hien dflde. Toi hi vgng mgt ngay
nao dd mgt tuyen ngon toan eiu ve tai san eua toan nhan loai nhfl tuyen bo' toan cau
ve quyen con ngfldi ma trong dd ed 4 yeu
to'
ed ban neu tren se dfldc nhan dan the gidi
thong qua.
Vu Manh
Ltfi
tdng thuat