Tóm tắt luận án: Ve giáp (Acari: Oribatida) ở hệ sinh thái đất cao nguyên Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HA NOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

HA TRA MY

ORIBATID MITES (ACARI: ORIBATIDA) IN THE SOIL
ECOSYSTEMS AT THE MOC CHAU PLATEAU,
SON LA PROVINCE

Major: Zoology
Code: 942.01.03

SUMMARY OF PH.D. THESIS IN BIOLOGY

Ha Noi - 2022


This thesis has been completed
AT HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

Scientific Advisor:

Prof. D.Sc. Vu Quang Manh

Referee 1: Assoc Prof. Dr. Nguyen Van Quang
Organization: Hanoi University of Sciences-Vietnam National University, Hanoi
Referee 2: Assoc Prof. Dr. Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien
Organization: Vietnam Academy of Sciences and Technology
Referee 3: Assoc Prof. Dr. Pham Dinh Sac
Organization: Vietnam National Museum of Nature

The thesis will be reported at the school assessment council
at Ha Noi National University of education
on ... date...month... the year 2022

The thesis can be found at:
- National Library of Vietnam
- Library of Hanoi National University of Education


1
INTRODUCTION
1. Scientific basis and importance of research issues
Soil microarthropods, especially oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) are an important
component of soil biodiversity, playing an important role in the biological processes that take
place in the soil ecosystem. Soil oribatid community structures and their changes according to
species diversity, population densities as well as vertical and partial distributions, are related to
ecosystem conditions. Therefore, an analysis of the oribatid community structures as
bioindicators of soil quality, and as a factor that can contribute to the sustainable development of
the soil ecosystem is a problem of great scientific and practical significance. Due to their vital
importance, oribatid community structures have been studied actively throughout the world.
Studies on Vietnam's oribatid community structures (Acari: Oribatida) are not enough,
especially those taking part in the Northwest mountainous region. The tea plantation at Moc Chau
highland area is a good model for this study purpose. Based on the scientific and practical
importance, my Ph.D. proposed study project is:
Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) in the soil ecosystems at the Moc Chau plateau, Son
La province.
2. Objectives of the study
To study species diversity and the change of the Oribatid community structure related to
some natural factors and human impact in soil ecosystem at the Moc Chau plateau; and as the
scientific basis for sustainable management biodiversity resources and soil ecosystem in Vietnam.

3. Research content
1. To study the species diversity and taxonomic structure of the oribatid mite (Acari:
Oribatida) community in the soil ecosystem at the Moc Chau plateau, Son La province and
compare with some related areas.
2. To study community structure of the oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) and the change
according to five habitats: (a) Natural forest, (b) Man-made forest, (c) Scrub and grassland, (d)
Cultivated land with perennial crops and (e) Agricultural land with annual crops.
3. To study the community structure of the oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) and the change
in the years, and the cycle of day - night.
4. First step role evaluation of the oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) in the soil ecosystem of
the study area.
4. New contributions of the thesis
1. The thesis has produced a full list have 151 of known species of the oribatid mite
community, belonging to 94 genera, 49 families and 29 order families in the Moc Chau plateau,
Son La province. Recording 62 species for the first time for the fauna of oribatid mite in Moc
Chau plateau, among them 44 species for the first recorded of Vietnam.
2. Adding new data on the classification structure of oribatid communes in the study area
were analyzed according to level family, genera, species, and compared with the Northeast Red
river delta, and Northcentral region of Vietnam.
3. Adding new data on the structure of the oribatid commune according to the ecological
indicators including the number of species (S), individual average density, species abundance (d),
species diversity (H’), Jaccard index (J’), Simpson index (1-lambda). Determining community
structures have changed through habitats following the decline of forest cover, through the


2
seasonal cycle of the years, through the cycle of day and night.
4. The study has determined six dominant species in the study area, including Arcoppia
arcualis (Berlese, 1913), Rostrozetes ovulum (Berlese, 1908), Scheloribates mahunkai Subias,
2010, Perxylobates vietnamensis (Jeleva&Vu, 1987), Masthermannia mamillaris (Berlese, 1904)

và Tectocepheus minor Berlese, 1903. They can be considered as biological indicators, of the
effects of natural factors and human impact on the soil ecosystem in the study area.
5. The layout of the thesis
The thesis consists of 132 pages, 3 opening pages, 28 overview pages, 12 pages of time,
location and research method, 87 pages of results and discussions, 2 pages of conclusions. The
thesis has 16 tables and 28 pictures, 4 maps, 1 diagram. There are 19 reference pages with 41
Vietnamese documents, 115 English documents and 24 other foreign language documents.
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW
1.1. Overview of research on Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) in the world
The fauna oribatid of the world currently knows about 11,207 species and subspecies, in
more than 1,300 genera and 163 families (Subias, 2020). Europe is the birthplace of this major
research with the first studies of Hooke (1665), Koch (1835) up to now, the number of researches
works in this continent is still the most. In Asia, America, Africa, Australia, the research was
studied later, but the number of works also increased rapidly. The current trend is to study the
oribatid mites in Asia, especially in the tropical regions. Research in the Arctic and Antarctica is
less than in other parts of the world. Research on oribatid mites in island areas is getting more
and more attention.
The main research directions for oribatid mites in the world are fauna research, species
diversity investigation is still being increased, besides the publication and description of new
species for science and biological characteristics of the oribatid mites. Research on morphology
- anatomy, biological characteristics - development, reproduction, behavior, paleontology to
investigate evolution and phylogeny, use of molecular genetics in taxonomy and evolution, origin
and evolutionary tendency, classification, the ecological relationship of the oribatid with the
environment, special attention to the role and significance of the bioindicator of they as well as
the effects of some groups such as infectious vectors, parasitic helminths... The biological
geography, recently, the number of species of the oribatid mites recorded by geographical regions
in the world decreased in the order: 3.891 Paleárticas > 2.576 Orientales (India - Malaysia) >
2.312 Neotropicales > 1.939 Etiopicas> 1.488 Australians > 1.523 Neárticas > 137 Antárticas
and Subantárticas (Subias, 2020).
1.2. Study on the oribatida mite (Acari: Oribatida) in Vietnam

Until now, the study of the oribatid mites in Vietnam is about 50 years, it divided into three
periods: The period (1967-1986) building the first base for research of the oribatid mites general
and Microarthropoda particular in Vietnam. This period recorded 73 species. Next, the period
(1987- 2007) formed an in-depth research direction on the ecosystem and fauna research of the
soil Arthropoda with two dominant groups are Oribatida and Collembola. The research areas
have been expanded, conclusion recorded 150 species. The period 2008 - now. The development
of the team of young qualified researchers is strongly increasing, the number of species oribatid
recorded is highest in the period with 726 species belonging to 245 genera, 90 families and 41
order families.


3
The research of the fauna oribatid Vietnam was conducted from North to South, but the
most concentrated research in Northeast region and Red river detail region, Northwest has a small
number of studies. Recently, the East region and Southwest of Vietnam is studied a lot by foreign
scientists.
The main research direction in Vietnam includes species diversity survey, description and
announce new species, the community structure of the oribatid mites related to the change of the
environmental conditions, research for the role and significance of the bioindicator, determining
the possibility of parasitic organisms carrying vector of the oribatid mites and the characteristics
biological geography of the oribatid fauna.
1.3. Study on oribatida mite (Acari: Oribatida) in Moc Chau plateau, Son La province
The study area is in Moc Chau district, Son La province, in the Northwest region of
Vietnam. In Son La province, there have been some studies by Vu Quang Manh et al., to evaluate
the density and diversity of species composition, animal location characteristics, and the role of
the group of the oribatid mites and springtails in the Northwest of Vietnam, in the period 1982,
1984, 1987 - 1996, 2000, 2003 - 2006, in Son La city and some places in Moc Chau district,
including mount Pha Luong (1507 m high) in Tan Xuan commune, Xuan Nha nature reserve and
Na Hieng village in Xuan Nha commune. Up to now, all the research on the oribatid mites has a
little in the study area.

1.4. Overview of natural and social conditions of the study area
1.4.1. Geographic location, topography and soil
Moc Chau is a mountainous district in the southeast of Son La province. The average
altitude above sea level is 1,050 m. Geographic coordinates 20o63' N and 104o30' - 105o7' E. Moc
Chau has a Karst, the total area of natural land is 108,166 ha. There are two basic types of soil:
reddish-brown and ancient alluvial soil.
1.4.2. Climate and hydrology
Due to the profound influence of the northeast monsoon, there is a subtropical climate
element here. The climate is cool, the average temperature is from 18oC to 23oC, the difference
between day and night is 8oC; The average humidity is 85%, the average annual rainfall ranges
from 1,400 mm to 1,500 mm. Winters are cold and often get frost. Moc Chau is the meeting place
of many rivers and streams, including the Da River flowing through which is a large river located
in the north of the district.
1.4.3. Animal - plant resources and human factor
Area of special-use forest in Moc Chau is 2,338,112 ha; protection forest 27,690,867 ha;
production forest 23,052,472 ha. Forest cover 47% of the total natural area. There are about 456 species
of plants in 4 branches and 48 species of wildlife belonging to 19 families, 8 orders.
Moc Chau district has two towns, namely Nong Truong and Moc Chau. The agriculture here
develops in association with the cultivation of sloping land in which tea cultivation is popular. Also, the
climate here is an advantage for people to develop their economy with tropical flowers, fruits, and
vegetables.


4
CHAPTER 2. TIME, LOCATION AND RESEARCH METHOD
2.1. Subject, place and time of study
Subjects of study: The oribatids mites belonging to the Oribatida order, the Acari sub-class
(Arachnida), class, the Arthropod sub-phylum (Chelicerata), the Arthropods phylum
(Arthropoda), and the domain animals (Animalia).
Study location and time: The study began from 2016 to 2020, in the soil ecosystem of Moc

Chau district, Son La province, according to the following contents: Collecting samples according
to the five habitat types of the study area: natural forests, man-made forest, scrub and grassland,
cultivated land with perennial crops, and agricultural land with annual crops. Sampling in four
seasons (spring - summer - autumn - winter) and cycle day and night (6:00 - 12:00 - 18:00 - 24:00)
at the tea planting landscape of the study area. Add more the qualitative samples collected at the
man-made forest habitat in some places in Chieng Hac, Phieng Luong, Tan Lap, Cho Long,
Chieng Son communes.
The soil samples after being collected were filtered, analyzed, and classified for the oribatid
mites at the practice room of the Department of Animals - Department of Biology, Center for
Research and Education of Biodiversity (CEBRED). Hanoi National University of Education,
some samples of the oribatid mites were analyzed with colleagues at the Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences, Sofia.
2.2. Research Methods
2.2.1. Soil sample collection
Follow the method of Ghilarov & Krivolutsky (1975). Depending on the characteristics of
the studied habitat, samples are collected from 3-5 vertical deep layers of the soil ecosystem: (0)
The layer of Forest litter samples; (-1) Surface layer in the ground, 0-10cm deep; (-2) The middle
soil layer is deep in the ground, > 10-20cm; (-3) Soil layer deep in the ground, >20-30cm. For
the floor (0) collection with surface area (25x25) cm². For soil layers from (-1)  (-3) will be cut
by a metal box of size (5x5x10) cm3, surface area 25cm2. Each location was repeated 5-7 times,
a distance of about 3-5m. The total number of soil samples collected is 302 samples.
2.2.2. Oribatid extraction
Modifications of Berlese-Tullgren funnels were used for the extraction of oribatid mites
from the obtained materials, as described in detail by Edwards (1991). An extraction lasted 7 days
in the laboratory at a normal condition of 27 ˚C -32˚C. Extracted oribatid mites were preserved
in 70% ethanol. Then under a microscope they were sorted and counted adults only. Oribatids
were mounted in lactic acid on temporary cavity slides, and identified to a species level as
possible.
2.2.3. Methods of analysis and species identification of Oribatid
Identification of species names was performed on microscopy with a room degree of 40100X. First, based on morphological characteristics separating the mites into groups of similar

shapes. Then transfer each oribatid to a concave microscope slide, a small amount of lactic acid
that partially covered the depression, and cover the lamination. Use your hands to move the lamel
to observe the oribatid mites in different positions with different magnifications. Oribatid species
were identified and classified according to Ghiljarov and Krivoluskij (1975), Balogh and Balogh
(1992), Schatz et al. (2011), and Subias (2020).


5
2.2.4. Methods of analysis and data processing
The structure of species composition, distribution characteristics of the oribatid mites
populations were analyzed according to the mathematical-statistical method, using Primer V6.1.6
software and excel tool to calculate ecological indicators including species abundance (d), Peilou
index (J '), Simpson's dominance index (1 - λ), Shannon-Weiner index (H'), Bray-Curtis
similarity coefficient and dominance curve K-dominance.
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Diversity of the composition of Oribatid mited (Acari: Oribatida) in the study area
3.1.1. List of the composition of oribatid mites in the study area
Research results of 302 sample soils with 3728 individuals are obtained in the study area.
It has recorded 151 species, of which 21 species were newly identified to genus "sp.", Belonging
to 94 genera, 49 families, and 29 families. This result contributes 44 new species to the Viet Nam
Fauna (accounting for 29.14% of the total species) and 62 new species to the Moc Chau plateau,
Son La province (accounting for 41.06% of the total species). The results are presented in Table
3.1.
Table 3.1. Diversity of species composition and distribution characteristics of the
oribatid according to some major natural and human factors in the soil ecosystem
Moc Chau Plateau, Son La Province

Ordinal
numbers

I
i
1
1
II
ii
2
2
3
3
III
iii
4
4
5
6

Species

PARHYPOCHTHONIOIDEA
GRANDJEAN, 1932
Gehypochthoniidae Strenzke, 1963
Gehypochthonius Jacot, 1936
Gehypochthonius rhadamanthus
Jacot, 1936
BRACHYCHTHONIOIDEA
THOR, 1934
Brachychthoniidae Thor, 1934
Brachychthonius Berlese, 1910
Brachychthonius sp.

Poecilochthonius Balogh, 1943
Poecilochthonius italicus (Berlese,
1910)
COSMOCHTHONIOIDEA
GRANDJEAN, 1947
Cosmochthoniidae Grandjean, 1947
Cosmochthonius Berlese, 1910
Cosmochthonius lanatus (Michael,
1885)
Cosmochthonius reticulatus
Grandjean, 1947
Cosmochthonius
sublanatus Mahunka, 1977

Habitat
(a, b,
c, d, e)

Distribution characteristics
Day and
night
Soil
Seasons
cycle
vertical
Number of
(X, H,
(6:00,
layers
individuals

T, Đ)
12:00,
(+1, 0, (+, ++, +++)
18:00,
1, -2, -3)
24:00)

Đ

-2

+

X

-1, -3

++

đt a

+

18h

New
species

*,**

-1

+

c

-3

+

*,**

b

0

+

*,**


6

Ordinal
numbers

iv
5
7
8

IV
v
6
9
7
10
V
vi
8
11
9
12
VI
vii
10
13
11
14
12
15
16

17
13
18

VII
viii
14

Species

Sphaerochthoniidae Grandjean,
1947
Sphaerochthonius Berlese, 1910
Sphaerochthonius splendidus
(Berlese, 1904)
Sphaerochthonius suzukii Aoki, 1977
PROTOPLOPHOROIDEA
EWING, 1917
Protoplophoridae Ewing, 1917
Cryptoplophora Grandjean, 1932
Cryptoplophora
abscondita Grandjean, 1932
Prototritia Berlese, 1910
Prototritia sp.
HYPOCHTHONIOIDEA
BERLESE, 1910
Hypochthoniidae Berlese, 1910
Eohypochthonius Jacot, 1938
Eohypochthonius crassisetiger Aoki,
1959
Malacoangelia Berlese, 1913
Malacoangelia remigera Berlese,
1913
LOHMANNIOIDEA BERLESE,
1916
Lohmanniidae Berlese, 1916
Cryptacarus Grandjean, 1950
Cryptacarus tuberculatus Csiszar,

1961
Javacarus Balogh, 1961
Javacarus kuehnelti Balogh, 1961
Papillacarus Kunst, 1959
Papillacarus aciculatus (Berlese,
1905)
Papillacarus undirostratus Aoki,
1965
Papillacarus sp.
Papillacarus (Vepracarus) Aoki,
1965
Papillacarus (Vepracarus) hirsutus
(Aoki, 1961)
(=Papillacarus arboriseta Vũ &
Jeleva, 1987)
MESOPLOPHOROIDEA EWING,
1917
Mesoplophoridae Ewing, 1917
Apoplophora Aoki, 1980

Habitat
(a, b,
c, d, e)

Distribution characteristics
Day and
night
Soil
Seasons
cycle

vertical
Number of
(X, H,
(6:00,
layers
individuals
T, Đ)
12:00,
(+1, 0, (+, ++, +++)
18:00,
1, -2, -3)
24:00)

New
species

đt c

++

*

đt a

+++

*,**

đt a

+++

*,**

d

-3

+

-1, -2, -3

++

-1, -2, -3

++

X

-1

+

X, Đ

-1, -2, -3

++

-1, -3

++

-1, -2, -3

++

-2

+

-1, -2, -3

++

X, T, Đ

12h, 18h,
đt12h

a, c, d, e,
đt d

b, c, d, e,
đt d
c
c

X, H, T,

Đ
T

a, c, d, e

6h, 18h,
đt6h,
đt12h

*


7

Ordinal
numbers

19

20
VIII
ix
15
21

22
16
23
IX
x

17

24

25
18
26

X
xi
19
27

20

28

21
29

Species

Apoplophora pantotrema (Berlese,
1913)
(=Apoplophora lineata Mahunka,
1987)
Apoplophora sp.
EPILOHMANNIOIDEA
OUDEMANS, 1923
Epilohmanniidae Oudemans, 1923

Epilohmannia Berlese, 1910
Epilohmannia minuta aegyptica
Bayoumi et Mahunka, 1976
(Epilohmannia pallida aegyptica
Bayoumi et Mahunka, 1976)
Epilohmannia sp.
Epilohmannoides Jacot, 1936
Epilohmannoides xena (Mahunka,
1983)
EUPHTHIRACAROIDEA JACOT,
1930
Euphthiracaridae Jacot, 1930
Acrotritia Jacot, 1923
(=Rhysotritia Markel et Meyer,
1959)
Acrotritia hyeroglyphica (Berlese,
1916)
(Rhysotritia hauseri Mahunka, 1991)
Acrotritia sinensis Jacot, 1923
(Rhysotritia rasile Mahunka, 1982)
Microtritia Märkel, 1964
Microtritia tropica Märkel, 1964

PHTHIRACAROIDEA PERTY,
1841
Phthiracaridae Perty, 1841
Hoplophorella Berlese, 1923
Hoplophorella hamata (Ewing, 1909)
(Hoplophorella cuneiseta Mahunka,
1988)

Hoplophorella
(Protophthiracarus)Balogh, 1972
(=Notophthiracarus Balogh et
Mahunka, 1967)
Hoplophthiracarus usitatus
(Niedbała, 1989)
(=Notophthiracarus usitatus
Niedbala, 1989)
Phthiracarus Perty, 1841
Phthiracarus abstemius Niedbala,
1989

Habitat
(a, b,
c, d, e)

a, d, đt d

Distribution characteristics
Day and
night
Soil
Seasons
cycle
vertical
Number of
(X, H,
(6:00,
layers
individuals

T, Đ)
12:00,
(+1, 0, (+, ++, +++)
18:00,
1, -2, -3)
24:00)
-2, -3
++

a

-2

++

-1, -2, -3

++

a, b, c

-1, -2, -3

+

a, c

-1

++

0, -2

+

a, b

Đ

a, đt a

T

a, c

X

18h

-1, -3

+

X, T, Đ

6h, 12h,
18h, 24h,
đt12h,
đt24h

-1, -2, -3

++

H

-2, -3

+

H

-3

X

-1

c, đt b, đt
c

++

New
species

*

*

8

Ordinal
numbers

XI
xii
22
30
xiii
23
31
32
33
34
xiv
24
35
36
37
xv
25
38
26
39
XII
xvi
27
40

XIII
xvii
28
41
XIV
xviii
29
42
30

Species

CROTONIOIDEA THORELL,
1876
Trhypochthoniidae Willmann, 1931
Trhypochthonius Berlese, 1904
Trhypochthonius tectorum (Berlese,
1896) (Hypochthonius)
Malaconothridae Berlese, 1916
Malaconothrus (=Trimalaconothrus)
Berlese, 1916
Malaconothrus lineolatus J. Balogh et
P. Balogh, 1986
Malaconothrus tardus (Michael,
1888)
Malaconothrus sp1
Malaconothrus sp2
Nothridae Berlese, 1896
Nothrus Koch, 1835

Nothrus crassisetus Mahunka, 1982
Nothrus pulchellus (Berlese, 1910)
(=Nothrus parvus Sitnikova, 1975)
Nothrus silvestris Nicolet, 1855
Crotoniidae Thorell, 1876
Camisia Heyden, 1826
Camisia nova (Hammer, 1966)
Heminothrus Berlese, 1913
Heminothrus quadristriatus
(Hammer, 1958)
NANHERMANNIOIDEA
SELLNICK, 1928
Nanhermanniidae Sellnick, 1928
Masthermannia Berlese, 1913
Masthermannia mammillaris
(Berlese, 1904)

PLATEREMAEOIDEA
TRÄGÅRDH, 1926
Pheroliodidae Paschoal, 1987
Pheroliodes Grandjean, 1931
Pheroliodes weknckei (Willmann,
1930)
GUSTAVIOIDEA OUDEMANS,
1900
Astegistidae Balogh, 1961
Astegistes Hull, 1916
Astegistes sp.
Cultroribula Berlese, 1908

Habitat
(a, b,
c, d, e)

Distribution characteristics
Day and
night
Soil
Seasons
cycle
vertical
Number of
(X, H,
(6:00,
layers
individuals
T, Đ)
12:00,
(+1, 0, (+, ++, +++)
18:00,
1, -2, -3)
24:00)

X, T, Đ

-1, -2, -3

++

T

-3

+

X

-1

+

-1

+
+

a
đtX

đt c
c
đt a, b, c,
e

a, b, c, d,
e, đt e

X, T, Đ

6h, 12h,

18h, 24h,
đt6h,
đt12h,
đt18h,
đt24h

++
+

*,**
*,**

-1

++

*

+

*,**

-3

+

-1, -2, -3

++

đt a, đt c

+++

T, Đ

*,**

-1

đt18h
H

New
species

-1, -3

+

*,**


9

Ordinal
numbers

43
31

44
xix
32
45
XV
xx
33
46
XVI
xxi
34
47

48

Species

Cultroribula lata Aoki, 1961
Furcoppia Balogh et Mahunka,
1966
Furcoppia parva Balogh et Mahunka,
1967
Gustaviidae Oudemans, 1900
Gustavia Kramer, 1879
Gustavia aethiopica Mahunka, 1982
ZETORCHESTOIDEA
MICHAEL, 1898
Zetorchestidae Michael, 1898
Zetorchestes Berlese, 1888
Zetorchestes schusteri Krisper, 1984

AMEROBELBOIDEA
GRANDJEAN, 1954
Eremulidae Grandjean, 1965
Eremulus Berlese, 1908
Eremulus avenifer Berlese, 1913

49

Eremulus sp.
Damaeolidae Grandjean, 1965
Fosseremus Grandjean, 1954
Fosseremus laciniatus (Berlese, 1905)

50

Eremobelbidae Balogh, 1961
Eremobelba Berlese, 1908
Eremobelba japonica Aoki, 1959

xxii
35

xxiii
36

51
xxiv
37
52
XVII

xxv
38
53
39
54
40
55
41
56
57

Eremobelba sp.
Staurobatidae Grandjean, 1966
Stauroma Grandjean, 1966
Stauroma sp.
OPPIOIDEA SELLNICK, 1937
Oppiidae Sellnick, 1937
Amerioppia Hammer, 1961
Amerioppia cocuyana (Balogh, 1984)
Oppia Koch, 1835
Oppia sigmella Golosova, 1970
Graptoppia Balogh, 1983
Graptoppia arenaria Ohkubo, 1993
Multioppia Hammer, 1961
Multioppia brevipectinata Suzuki,
1976
Multioppia calcarata (Mahunka,
1978)

Habitat

(a, b,
c, d, e)

a, b, c, d,
đt a, đt b

Distribution characteristics
Day and
night
Soil
Seasons
cycle
vertical
Number of
(X, H,
(6:00,
layers
individuals
T, Đ)
12:00,
(+1, 0, (+, ++, +++)
18:00,
1, -2, -3)
24:00)
X, T, Đ
12h,
0, -1, -2,
++
-3

New
species

e, đt e

-1, -2

+

a, đt a

-2

+

-1

+

0, -1, -2,
-3

++

-1, -2, -3

++

-1, -2, -3

++

-1, -2, -3

+

a

-1

++

d

-2

+

-2, -3

+

*,**

c

-1

+

*,**

a, c, d, đt
c

-1, -2, -3

++

*,**

18h

-1

+

*,**

24h

-1, -2

+

*,**

H

a, b, c, d,

e, đt a, đt
b, đt d
c, d, đt c

a, b, c, d,
e,
đt a, đt b,
đt c

T

b

X, H, T,
Đ

Đ

6h, 18h,
24h, đt6h

12h

*,**


10

Ordinal
numbers

58

Multioppia tamdao Mahunka, 1988

59

Ramusella Hammer, 1962
Ramusella pinifera Mahunka, 1988

42

60
61
43
62
44
63

45
64
46
65
66
47
67
48
68

49

69
50
70
51
71
72
xxvi
52
73
xxvii
53

Species

Ramusella sp.1
Ramusella sp.2
Pulchroppia Hammer, 1979
Pulchroppia mahunkarum Balogh et
Balogh, 2002
Arcoppia Hammer, 1977
Arcoppia arcualis (Berlese, 1913)

Brassoppia (Plaesioppia) Balogh,
1983
Brassoppia peullaensis (Hammer,
1962)
Microppia Balogh, 1983
Microppia minus (Paoli, 1908)
Microppia minusminus (Paoli, 1908)
(Oppia minutissima Sellnick, 1950)

Lauroppia Subías et Mínguez, 1986
Lauroppia neerlandica (Oudemans,
1984)
Oppiella Jacot, 1937
Oppiella nova (Oudemans, 1902)

Subiasella Balogh, 1983
Subiasella exigua (Hammer, 1971)
Karenella Hammer, 1962
Karenella pluripectinata (Balogh,
1961)
Striatoppia Balogh, 1958
Striatoppia opuntiseta Balogh &
Mahunka, 1968
Striatoppia quadrilineata Hammer,
1982
Lyroppiidae Balogh, 1983
Lyroppia Balogh, 1961
Lyroppia scutigera Balogh, 1961
Machuellidae Balogh, 1983
MachuellaHammer, 1961

Habitat
(a, b,
c, d, e)

a, b, c, d,
e, đt b

Distribution characteristics

Day and
night
Soil
Seasons
cycle
vertical
Number of
(X, H,
(6:00,
layers
individuals
T, Đ)
12:00,
(+1, 0, (+, ++, +++)
18:00,
1, -2, -3)
24:00)
X, T, Đ
6h, 12h,
-1, -2, -3
++
18h, 24h,
đt6h
X, Đ

-1, -2, -3

+++

đtX

X

-3

+
+

b

T

-1, -2

++

a, b, e

X, T, Đ

6h, 12h,
18h, 24h,
đt6h,
đt12h,
đt18h

-1, -2, -3

+++

đt12h,

đt18h

-3

+

12h, 18h,
24h
12h, 18h,
24h

-2, -3

++

-1, -2, -3

+++

*,**

-2

+

*,**

0, -1, -2,
-3

++

b

-1

+

*,**

e

-2

+

*,**

a, d, e

-1, -2

++

b

0

+

-1

++

d

d

X, T, Đ

a, b, c, d,
đt a

X, T, Đ

6h, 12h,
18h, 24h

New
species

c

a, b, c, d,
đt a

đtX

T

12h, 18h,
24h, đt6h,
đt12h,
đt18h,
đt24h

*,**

*,**

*,**


11

Ordinal
numbers

74
xxviii
54
75
XVIII
xxix
55
76

56
77

78

57
79
58
80
81
82

59
83
84
85
86
87

60

Species

Machuella ventrisetosa Hammer,
1961
Quadroppiidae Balogh, 1983
Quadroppia Jacot, 1939
Quadroppia quadricarinata (Michael,
1885)
TRIZETOIDEA EWING, 1917
Suctobelbidae Jacot, 1938
Kuklosuctobelba Chinone, 2003
Kuklosuctobelba finlayi (Balogh et

Mahunka, 1980)
(=Suctobelba finlayi (Balogh et
Mahunka, 1980))
Novosuctobelba (Leptosuctobelba)
Chinone, 2003
Novosuctobelba (Leptosuctobelba)
crisposetosa (Hammer, 1979)
(=Suctobelbella crisposetosa
Hammer, 1979)
Novosuctobelba (Leptosuctobelba)
sabahensis (Mahunka, 1988)
(=Suctobelbella sabahensis Mahunka,
1988)
Suctobelba Paoli, 1908
Suctobelba sexnodosa (Balogh, 1968)
Suctobelbella Jacot, 1937
Suctobelbella pseudoornatissima
(Balogh et Mahunka, 1981)
Suctobelbella sabahensis Mahunka,
1988
Suctobelbella subcornigera
subcornigera (Forsslund, 1941)
(=Suctobelbella semidentata
Hammer, 1982)
Suctobelbella (Flagrosuctobelba)
Hammer, 1979
Suctobelbella (Flagrosuctobelba)
kaliurangensis Hammer, 1979
Suctobelbella (Flagrosuctobelba)
magnifera (Mahunka, 1978)

Suctobelbella (Flagrosuctobelba)
peracuta (Balogh et Mahunka, 1980)
Suctobelbella (Flagrosuctobelba)
ruzsinszkyi Mahunka, 1983
Suctobelbella (Flagrosuctobelba)
semiplumosa (Balogh et Mahunka,
1967)
Suctobelbella (Ussuribata) Rjabinin,
1975
(=Discosuctobelba Hammer, 1979)

Habitat
(a, b,
c, d, e)

a, c, đt c

Distribution characteristics
Day and
night
Soil
Seasons
cycle
vertical
Number of
(X, H,
(6:00,
layers
individuals
T, Đ)

12:00,
(+1, 0, (+, ++, +++)
18:00,
1, -2, -3)
24:00)
0, -3
+

đt c

12h

-2

đt12h

c

Đ

12h

New
species

*,**

++

*,**

+

*,**

-1, -2

+

-1

+

a

-1

+

*,**

c

-2

+

*,**

-3

+

*,**

a

-1

+

*,**

c

-2

+

*,**

-1, -2, -3

++

T, Đ

18h

a, b, c, d,

đt b
đt a

Đ

b, c, đt c

X, Đ

a, c, d

X, Đ

18h, đt12h

+
12h, 18h

-1, -2, -3

+

-1, -2, -3

++

*,**


12

Ordinal
numbers

88
89

90
91
92
61
93
94
95
96
XIX
xxx
62
97
xxxi
63
98
XX
xxxii
64
99

100
101
XXI

xxxiii
65
102
XXII
xxxiv
66
103
XXIII
xxxv

Species

Suctobelbella
(Ussuribata)baliensis Hammer, 1982
Suctobelbella (Ussuribata)
multituberculata (Balogh et Mahunka,
1967)
Suctobelbella (Discosuctobelba)
similidentata Mahunka, 1983
Suctobelbella (Ussuribata)
variosetosa (Hammer, 1961)
Suctobelbella sp.
Suctobelbila Jacot, 1937
Suctobelbila minima Hammer, 1979
Suctobelbila ornata (Hammer, 1979)
Suctobelbila quinquenodosa Balogh,
1968
Suctobelbila sexnodosa Balogh, 1968
OTOCEPHEOIDEA BALOGH,
1961

Tetracondylidae Aoki, 1961
Dolicheremaeus Jacot, 1938
Dolicheremaeus montanus
Krivolutsky, 1971
Otocepheidae Balogh, 1961
Megalotocepheus Aoki, 1965
Megalotocepheus sp.
TECTOCEPHEOIDEA
GRANDJEAN, 1954
Tectocepheidae Grandjean, 1954
Tectocepheus Berlese, 1896
Tectocepheus minor Berlese, 1903
(Tectocepheus cuspidentatus Knulle,
1954)
Tectocepheus velatus (Michael, 1880)
Tectocepheus velatus elegans
Ohkubo, 1981
HYDROZETOIDEA
GRANDJEAN, 1954
Hydrozetidae Grandjean, 1954
Hydrozetes Berlese, 1902
Hydrozetes thienemanni Strenzke,
1943
CYMBAEREMAEOIDEA
SELLNICK, 1928
Cymbaeremaeidae Sellnick, 1928
Scapheremaeus Berlese, 1910
Scapheremaeus humeratus Balogh et
Mahunka, 1967
LICNEREMAEOIDEA

GRANDJEAN, 1954
Licneremaeidae Grandjean, 1954

Habitat
(a, b,
c, d, e)

c

Distribution characteristics
Day and
night
Soil
Seasons
cycle
vertical
Number of
(X, H,
(6:00,
layers
individuals
T, Đ)
12:00,
(+1, 0, (+, ++, +++)
18:00,
1, -2, -3)
24:00)
-1
+

New
species

*,**

X, Đ

-2, -3

+

T

-1

+

0, -1, -2

+

-1, -3

+

-1, -2, -3
-2,-3
-1, -2

+

+
+

*, **
*

d, e

-1, -3

+

*,**

d

-1

+

*,**

a

0, -1

+

0, -1, -2,
-3

++

0
-2, -3

++
++

a, b
a, b, c, d,
đt a, đt b
c, d
c

T

c

a, b, c, d,
e,
đt b, đt e

H, Đ

b
e, đt b, đt
c

12h, 18h

12h, 18h
24h

12h, 18h,
24h,
đt12h,
đt24h

đtX

a

*,**

*

*

+

-1

+

*,**


13

Ordinal

numbers

67
104
XXIV
xxxvi
68
105

XXV
xxxvii
69
106
XXVI
xxxviii
70
107

108
71
109

72
110

XXVII
xxxix
73
111
XXVIII

xxxx
74
112
xxxxi
75

113

Species

Licneremaeus Paoli, 1908
Licneremaeus sp.
MICROZETOIDEA
GRANDJEAN, 1936
Microzetidae Grandjean, 1936
Berlesezetes Mahunka, 1980
Berlesezetes ornatissimus (Berlese,
1913)
(Microzetes auxiliaris Grandjean,
1936)
ACHIPTERIOIDEA THOR, 1929
Achipteriidae Thor, 1929
Achipteria Berlese, 1885
Achipteria coleoptrata (Linnaeus,
1758)
ORIBATELLOIDEA JACOT, 1925
Oribatellidae Jacot, 1925
Lamellobates Hammer, 1958
Lamellobates molecula molecula
(Berlese, 1916)

(=Lamellobates palustris Hammer,
1958)
Lamellobatesocularis Jeleva et Vu,
1987
Lamellobates (Paralamellobates)
Bhaduri et Raychaudhuri, 1968
Lamellobates (Paralamellobates)
misella (Berlese, 1910)
(=Oribatella ceylanica Oudemans,
1915)
Oribatella (Bioribatella)Subías, 2017
Oribatella (Bioribatella) superbula
superbula (Berlese, 1904)
(=Oribatella meridionalis Berlese,
1908)
ZETOMOTRICHOIDEA
GRANDJEAN, 1934
Zetomotrichidae Grandjean, 1934
Pallidacarus Krivolutsky, 1975
Pallidacarus sp.
ORIPODOIDEA JACOT, 1925
Mochlozetidae Grandjean, 1960
Unguizetes Sellnick, 1925
Unguizetes clavatus Aoki, 1967
Caloppiidae Balogh, 1960
Zetorchella Berlese, 1916
(=Chaunoproctellus Mahunka,
1992)
Zetorchella rugosa (Mahunka, 1992)

Habitat
(a, b,
c, d, e)

Distribution characteristics
Day and
night
Soil
Seasons
cycle
vertical
Number of
(X, H,
(6:00,
layers
individuals
T, Đ)
12:00,
(+1, 0, (+, ++, +++)
18:00,
1, -2, -3)
24:00)

đt a

a, b, c, e,
đt a, đt b,
đt c

+

X, T, Đ

6h, 12h,
18h, 24h,
đt12h

H

a

a, c, d, đt
a

H

c

0, -1, -2,
-3

++

-1

+

0

+

0, -1, -3

++

-1, -2

+

*

++

*,**

đt c

a, c, đt a,
đt c

12h, đt12h

b, đt c

New
species

*

-1, -2, -3

+

-1

+

*

0, -2

+

*,**


14

Ordinal
numbers

xxxxii
76
114
xxxxiii
77
115
78
116

xxxxiv
79
117
80
118
119
81
120

Species

Hemileiidae Balogh et P. Balogh,
1984
Hemileius Berlese, 1916
Hemileius tenuis Aoki, 1982
Liebstadiidae Balogh et P. Balogh,
1984
LiebstadiaOudemans, 1906
Liebstadia humerata Sellnick, 1928
Poroscheloribates Arillo, Gil-Martín
y Subías, 1994
Poroscheloribates incertus (Balogh,
1970)
(=Areozetes incertus Balogh, 1970)
Scheloribatidae Grandjean, 1933
Cosmobates Balogh, 1959
Cosmobates nobitis Golosova, 1984
Euscheloribates Kunst, 1958
Euscheloribates clavatus (Mahunka,
1988)

Euscheloribates samsinaki Kunst,
1958
Scheloribates Berlese, 1908
Scheloribates africanus (Wallwork,
1964)

121

Scheloribates fimbriatus Thor, 1930

122
123
124

Scheloribates pallidulus(Koch, 1841)
Scheloribates parvus Pletzen, 1963
Scheloribates perisi Pérez-Íđigo, 1982

125

Scheloribates philippinensis CorpuzRaros, 1980
Scheloribates (Bischeloribates)
Mahunka, 1988
Scheloribates (Bischeloribates)
mahunkai Subias, 2010
(Bischeloribatesheterodactylus
Mahunka, 1988)

82
126

127
xxxxv
83
128
84
129
xxxxvi

Scheloribates (Bischeloribates)
praeincisus (Berlese, 1910)
Oripodidae Jacot, 1925
Oripoda Banks, 1904
Oripoda excavata Mahunka, 1988
Truncopes Grandjean, 1956
Truncopes orientalis Mahunka, 1987
Protoribatidae Balogh et P. Balogh,
1984

Habitat
(a, b,
c, d, e)

Distribution characteristics
Day and
night
Soil
Seasons
cycle
vertical

Number of
(X, H,
(6:00,
layers
individuals
T, Đ)
12:00,
(+1, 0, (+, ++, +++)
18:00,
1, -2, -3)
24:00)

New
species

b

-1

+

a, b

0

+

a

-1

+

*

a, b, c, d,
đt a, đt c

0, -1, -2

++

*,**

-1, -3

++

0, -1, -2

++

0, -1, -2,
-3

++

-1, -2, -3

++

-2, -3

+
+
++

T
a, d

a, b, c, d,
đt a, đt b,
đt c
a, c, d, e,
đt b

X

6h, 12h,
24h

H, T
đtH
a, b, c, e,
đt c

0, -1, -2,
-3
-2

H

a, b, c, d,
e, đt a, đt
b,
đt c, đt d

X, H, T,
Đ

a

X

c
H

6h, 12h,
18h, 24h,
đt6h,
đt12h,
đt18h,
đt24h

*,**

*

*,**

+

0, -1, -2,
-3

+++

-1, -3

++

-1

+

-2

+

*


15

Ordinal
numbers

85
130

Perxylobates Hammer, 1972
Perxylobates brevisetus Mahunka,
1988

131

Perxylobates taidinchani Mahunka,
1976

132

Perxylobates vietnamensis (Jeleva &
Vũ, 1987)
Perxylobates sp.
Protoribates Berlese, 1908
(=Xylobates Jacot, 1929)
Protoribates capucinus Berlese, 1908
(=Xylobates monodactyla Haller,
1884)
Protoribates paracapucinus
(Mahunka, 1988)
(= Xylobates paracapucinus
(Mahunka, 1988)
Protoribates sp1
Protoribates sp2
Haplozetidae Grandjean, 1936
Indoribates Jacot, 1929
Indoribates microsetosus Errmilov &
Anichkin, 2011
Peloribates Berlese, 1908

Peloribates barbatus Aoki, 1977
Peloribates guttatus Hammer, 1979
Peloribates kaszabi Mahunka, 1988

133
86
134

135

136
137
xxxxvii
87
138
88
139
140
141

89
142

143
XXIX
xxxxviii
90
144
145
146

91

Species

Rostrozetes Sellnick, 1925
Rostrozetes ovulum ovulum (Berlese,
1908) (=Rostrozetes areolatus
Balogh, 1958)
(=Rostrozetes foveolatus Sellnick,
1925)
(=Rostrozetes punctulifer Balogh et
Mahunka, 1979)
(=Rostrozetes trimorphus Balogh et
Mahunka, 1979)
Rostrozetesshibai (Aoki, 1976)
GALUMNOIDEA JACOT, 1925
Galumnidae Jacot, 1925
Galumna Heyden, 1826
Galumna aba Mahunka, 1989
Galumna flabellifera orientalis Aoki,
1965
Galumna incisa Mahunka, 1982
Pergalumna Grandjean, 1936

Habitat
(a, b,
c, d, e)

Distribution characteristics
Day and

night
Soil
Seasons
cycle
vertical
Number of
(X, H,
(6:00,
layers
individuals
T, Đ)
12:00,
(+1, 0, (+, ++, +++)
18:00,
1, -2, -3)
24:00)

a, b, c, d,
e, đt b

X, T, Đ

a

X, T, Đ

6h, 12h,
18h, 24h,
đt6h
6h, 12h,

18h, 24h,
đt6h,
đt12h

-1, -2, -3

++

-1, -2, -3

++

-1, -2

++

-1

+

a

-1

+

a, b, đt a

-1, -2

++

a, b
d

0, -2
-1, -2

+
+

e

-1, -2, -3

+

-1
-3
-1, -2

+
++
++

-1, -2, -3

+++

-1

++

-1, -2
0, -1, -2,
-3
-2

++
++

a, b, c, d,
đt a
24h, đt24h

a

a

H
X
X, H, T,
Đ

X, H, T,
Đ

X

a, b

a, b, c, d,
e, đt a
c

đt12h
6h, 18h,
đt6h,
đt12h
6h, 12h,
18h, 24h,
đt6h,
đt12h

+

New
species

*

*

*,**


16

Ordinal
numbers

147
148
92
149

xxxxix
93
150
94
151

Species

Pergalumna indivisa Mahunka, 1995
Pergalumna margaritata Mahunka,
1989
Trichogalumna Balogh, 1960
Trichogalumna vietnamica Mahunka,
1987
Galumnellidae Balogh, 1960
Galumnella Berlese, 1916
Galumnella geographica
Mahunka,1995
Galumnopsis Grandjean, 1931
Galumnopsis sp.

Number of species in 5 habitats / 4 seasons / 4
day and night cycles / 3 soil layers
Total species
Total general

Total family
Total superfamily
Total number of new species for Vietnam
Total number of new species for the study area

Habitat
(a, b,
c, d, e)

b, c,
đt a, đt b
a, b, c, đt
a, đt b, đt
c

Distribution characteristics
Day and
night
Soil
Seasons
cycle
vertical
Number of
(X, H,
(6:00,
layers
individuals
T, Đ)
12:00,
(+1, 0, (+, ++, +++)

18:00,
1, -2, -3)
24:00)
đt12h
+
X, H, T, 24h, đt12h -1, -2, -3
++
Đ
H, T

đt12h

0, -1

++

H

-2

+

++

67

0, -1, -2,
-3
136

a, c, đt c
108

41

New
species

*

151
94
49
29
44
62

Note: I: Order of super-family, i: Order of family, 1: Order of genus, 1: Order of
species
Type of habitat: a: natural forest, b: man-made forest, c: scrub and grassland, d: cultivated
land with perennial crops, e: agricultural land with annual crops.
Season: X: Spring, H: Summer, T: Autumn, Đ: Winter, đtT: qualitative spring sample, đtH:
qualitative summer sample.
Day-night cycle: 6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00, q6h: qualitative sample collected at 6 am, q12h:
qualitative sample collected at 12 am, q18h: qualitative sample collected at 18h, q24h: qualitative
sample collected at 24h.
Deep soil layer: (0) Forest litter samples, (-1) Surface soil layer deep in the ground 0-10cm,
(-2) Middle soil layer deep in the ground, > 10-20cm, (-3 ) Soil layer deep in the soil, > 20-30cm.
Number of individuals: (+) Species met with 1 individual, (++) Species met 2-20
individuals, (+++) Species met from > 20 individuals in the sample.

Symbol: New species for the study area (*), new species for Vietnam (**)
This is the first list of species composition of the oribatid mites recorded in the Moc Chau
plateau soil ecosystem, Son La province. The order of taxa is sorted based on the classification
system of Subias (2020).
3.1.2. Taxonomic structure of the oribatid mites in the study area
Compared with the data of Vu Quang Manh (2020), in the study area, the rate of superfamily structure (29/41) and family (49/90) is quite high, occupy for 50% higher than the whole
country, at general in the family (94/245) and species in the genus (151/726) occupy for a lower


17
percentage than the whole country. The taxonomic structure of the oribatid mites in the study area
is not very diverse in species composition. The largest super-family is Oripodoidea with eight
families, most families have only one family (occupy for 72, 41% of the total number of families).
The largest family is Oppiidae with the 14 genera having 61.22% of total families having only
one genus and the largest genus is Scheloribates has six species with 68.08% of total genera
having only one species.
3.1.3. Comparing the diversity characteristics of the species composition of the oribatid mites
community in the study area with related regions
Compare the species composition of the study area in the Northwest with the three regions
of the Northeast, the Red River Delta and the North Central Coast. Using Bray - Curtis similarity
to compare the similarity of species composition between regions.
* The classification structure between regions, shown in Table 3.3 and Figure 3.4.
At the family level, the number of families decreases in order: Red River Delta (ĐBSH) (64
families, accounting for 75,29% of the total number of families)  Northeast (ĐB) (61 families,
accounting for 71.76%)  North West (TB) (60 families, accounting for 70.59%)  North
Central Coast (BTB) (39 families, accounting for 45.88%).
At the general level, the number of general gradually decreased from the ĐBSH (139
varieties, accounting for 64.06% of the total varieties)  TB (123 varieties, accounting for
56.68%)  ĐB (121 varieties, 55.76%)  BTB (68 varieties, accounting for 31.34%).
At the species level, the number of species decreases in the following order: ĐBSH (343

species, accounting for 52.29% of total species)  ĐB (278 species, accounting for 42.38%) 
TB (230 species, accounting for 35.06%)  BTB (127 species, accounting for 19.36%).
* The structure of species composition between regions is presented in Table 3.4 and Figure
3.5: Thus, the data show that the TB region (including the study area) has a low level of similarity
in species composition with the ĐBSH, BTB and ĐB, reaching an average of 39.48%, recording
53/656 species common to all four regions, there are 97/230 species found only in the TB region,
accounting for 42.17% of the total species of the TB region and 14.79% of the total species of all
four regions.
3.2. Community structure of the oribatid mites according to the five habitats in the study
area
3.2.1. Distribution characteristics of the oribatid mites according to the five habitats
In the five habitats recorded 108 species belonging to 73 genera, 41 families, and 25
families. The number of taxa is usually highest in RTN habitats and tends to decrease in order:
Natural forest (RTN)> Scrub and grassland (TC)> Man-made forest (RNT)> Cultivated land with
perennial crops (CLN)> Agricultural land with annual crops (CNN). The number of superfamilies in the year of habitat is highest in RTN (19) > TC (17) > CLN, RNT (14, 13) > CNN
(11). The number of family names ranges from RTN (27) > TC (20) > RNT, CLN (19, 18) >
CNN (15). The number of generous ranges from RTN (43) > TC (39) > RNT, CLN (31, 30) >
CNN (20). The number of species in the five habitats ranges from 22 to 57 species, 8 species are
distributed in all five habitats, 14 species are distributed in four habitats, 8 species are distributed
in three habitats, 18 species are distributed in two habitats, and up to 50 species are distributed in
only one habitat (accounting for 46.29% of the total number of species in the five habitats).


18
3.2.2. Biodiversity according to the five habitats
Table 3.6. Some quantitative indicators of the oribatid mites in 5 habitats
Habitats
RTN
RNT
TC

CLN
CNN
Indexes

S

57

39

52

36

22

15720

8200

13040

11000

5040

d

2,89 ± 1,17

2,30 ± 1,15

2,66 ± 0,96

2,28 ± 0,60

1,36 ± 0,95

J’

0,88 ± 0,09

0,87 ± 0,14

0,91 ± 0,06

0,89 ± 0,12

0,92 ± 0,13

H’

1,88 ± 0,54

1,61 ± 0,64

1,76 ± 0,55

1,62 ± 0,36

1,08 ± 0,58

1-Lambda'

0,85 ± 0,11

0,81 ± 0,2

0,88 ± 0,1

0,85 ± 0,14

0,71 ± 0,3

The average
density of
individuals
(individuals/m2)

Note: RTN: Natural forest, RNT: Man-made forest, TC: Scrub and grassland, CLN:
Cultivated land with perennial crops, CNN: Agricultural land with annual crops.
Table 3.6 shows that: The species in the five habitats decrease according to RTN (57) 
TC (52)  RNT (39)  CLN (36)  CNN (22).
The average density (MĐTB) also had the same variation with the number of species, the
highest in the average RTN 15720 (individual / m2), followed by the TC habitat, CLN, and rural
forest with an average of 13040 (individual). / m2), 11000 (individuals / m2) and 8200
(individuals / m2), the lowest is still in CNN habitat with 5040 (individuals / m2).
The abundance of species (d) ranged from 1.36 ± 0.95 to 2.89 ± 1.17; highest in RTN (2.89
± 1.17), highest 5.05, lowest 1.44; This index decreased gradually  TC (2.66 ± 0.96) highest
4.4 lowest 0.96  RNT (2.30 ± 1.15) highest 4.81 lowest 0.66  CLN (2.28 ± 0.60) highest 3.12,

lowest 1.05  CNN (1.36 ± 0.95), highest 3.56, lowest 0.43. The difference in species richness
between the habitats was statistically significant (P <0.05).
The average uniformity (J ') of the population in the studied habitat year was high, ranging
from 0.87 ± 0.14 to 0.92 ± 0.13, with the highest value in the habitat CNN and TC with values of
0.92 ± 0.13 respectively (highest 1, lowest 0.88); 0.91 ± 0.06 (highest 1, lowest 0.82). Among the
habitats, the difference in this index is not large, CLN (0.89 ± 0.12) highest 1 lowest 0.47  RTN
(0,88 ± 0,09) highest 1 lowest 0.71  RNT (0.87 ± 0.14) highest 1 lowest 0.56. The uniformity
between different habitats was not statistically significant (P> 0.05).
The index of negative dominance (1- λ) is generally high in all five habitats, the highest in
TC (0.88 ± 0.1), of which the highest max 1, the lowest 0.61. This index decreased gradually to
highest RTN (0.85 ± 0.11), lowest 1, lowest 0.63 and CLN (0.85 ± 0.14), highest 1, lowest 0.36>
RNT (0.81 ± 0.2) highest 1 lowest 0.34 > CNN (0.71 ± 0.3) highest 1 lowest 0.2. So the
dominance index will be in the opposite direction, the occurrence of dominant species is highest
in CNN habitat and lowest in TC. The difference in mean inverse dominance index in different
habitats was statistically significant (P <0.05).


19
Shannon diversity index (H ') ranges from 1.08 ± 0.58 (the lowest in CLN habitat) to 1.88
± 0.54 (the highest in RTN habitat). Species diversity in the five habitats was low. Figure 3.9
shows that combining the analysis of the K-dominance curve with the number of species in the
habitat shows that the RTN habitat has the highest species diversity in the five habitats, the path
of this habitat shows the variation. Sustainably, the following tends to increase the number of
species, followed by TC. The RNT habitat at first had a stronger increase in the number of species
than the TC habitat, but its path showed an unstable trend of the community with the increasing
number of species later. The graph also shows that the cultivated land habitats such as CLN and
CNN cultivated habitats have the weaker sustainability and diversity of the communities in which
the diversity is the lowest in the CNN habitat.
3.2.3. Dominant species structure
In the five habitats in the study area, there are a total of 16 dominant species of the oribatid

mites with rates ranging from 5.21% to 32.36% (table 3.7). There are no dominant species in all
five habitats of the study area. There is only one dominant species in the four habitats is M.
tamdao dominant in four habitats (RTN, RNT, TC, CLN) with a rate of variation (7.98% 11.12%). There are four dominant species in two and three habitats, the remaining species are
dominant in only one remarkable habitat type such as P. vietnamensis which is very dominant in
the RTN habitat (14.25%). In particular, when switching from a natural environment to an
environment that is more influenced by human factors, it is noted that there are several oribatid
species with a dominant rate, prominent in cultivated land habitats perennials and perennial crops:
Scheloribates mahunkai; Masthermannia mamillaris and Tectocepheus minor. These databases
can be considered as indicators of soil ecological conditions in the study area and can predict the
process as well as the trend of changing conditions. habitat in the habitat year.
3.2.4. The similarity in species composition of the oribatid mites community between habitats
Using the similarity coefficient Bray - Curtis (Sjk) to evaluate the similarity of the
composition of the species of the oribatid mites between different habitats.
The level of similarity in species composition between the habitats of the study area is
generally not high, about 28.58% - 54.23%, in which, the similarity in species composition is
highest among scrub and grassland habitats and cultivated land with perennial crops with 54.23%.
Next, the natural forest habitat (RTN) is similar to the two habitats TC and LN, at 50.41%. The
biota of man-made forest (RNT) is similar to the three habitats of RTN, TC, and high-quality
forest, with an average of 45.98%. The similarity of the lowest species composition of
Agricultural land with annual crops (CNN) with the remaining four habitats (RTN, RNT, TC,
CLN) was only 37.1%.
3.3. The structure of oribatid communities by four seasons in the study area
3.3.1. Distribution characteristics of oribatid according to four seasons
Surveying in four seasons - summer - autumn - winter in the tea-growing habitats of the
study area, 67 species of 47 varieties, 28 families, and 21 families were recorded. The distribution
trend of taxon grades decreased gradually in order: spring > winter > autumn > summer.


20
3.3.2. Seasonal biodiversity

Table 3.10. Some quantitative indicators of the oribatid mites in four seasons
Seasons
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
Indexes
S
35
21
31
32
The average density of
individuals
15800
1200
9560
16840
(individuals/m2)
d
4,21± 1,12
3,35± 0,17
3,25± 0,79
4,15± 0,20
J’
0,73± 0,04
0,99± 0,01
0,75± 0,17
0,67± 0,14
H’

2,23± 0,24
2,12± 0,11
1,85± 0,08
2,04± 0,42
1-Lambda'
0,84± 0,04
0,98± 0,02
0,78± 0,11
0,74± 0,13
The number of species decreases from spring> winter> autumn> summer with the number
of species respectively 35, 32, 31, 21.
Average density (MĐTB) (individuals / m2) has the highest variation in winter (16840
individuals / m2), decreases until spring (15800 individuals / m2) > autumn (9560 individuals /
m2) > summer (1200 individuals / m2).
The abundance of species (d) decreases in the following order: spring (4.21 ± 1.12) > winter
(4.15 ± 0.20) > summer (3.35 ± 0.17) > autumn (3, 25 ± 0.79). The average species abundance
index (d) in different seasons was statistically significant (P <0.05).
Jaccard index (J ') is highest in summer and decreases in the following order: summer (0.99
± 0.01)> autumn (0.75 ± 0.17)> spring (0.73 ± 0.04) > winter (0.67 ± 0.14). The uniformity
difference between seasons is statistically significant (P <0.05), the difference between autumn
and spring is not statistically significant (P> 0.05).
The index of inverse dominance (1- λ) decreased from summer > spring > autumn > winter
with indexes of 0.98 ± 0.02; 0.84 ± 0.04; 0.78 ± 0.1; 0.74 ± 0.13. The mean of the dominance
index in the different seasons was statistically significant (P <0.05), so the dominance index in
the seasons also had a statistically significant difference.
The diversity of species in the four seasons is not high, average ranging from 1.85 ± 0.08
to 2.23 ± 0.24. H' descending in order: spring (2.23 ± 0.24) > summer (2.12 ± 0.11) > winter (2.04
± 0.42) > autumn (1.85 ± 0.08). The average H' species diversity index in different seasons has a
statistical meaning (P <0.0.5). The k-dominance curve (Figure 3.15) shows that spring will be the
time when the most diverse and stable community is located with the position of the lowest curve.

In the winter period, although the survival rate of dominant groups is high, the path of the graph
is quite stable in the following period there is an increase in the number of species. In the summer
period, although the level of dominance is not as high as the winter period, the path of the graph
clearly shows the unsustainability of the community, the later the number of species decreases,
the curve is very high. Autumn is the most unsustainable time of the community in four seasons,
the highest level of dominance combined with the decrease in the number of species is also very
high, so this period the diversity of the community is the lowest in the four seasons.
3.3.3. Dominant species structure
Table 3.11 shows that although spring has a large number of dominant species, their
dominance level is not too big. In the summer period, although the dominance rate is quite stable,


21
in this period, the community has a very low number of species and the diversity is not high, so
it does not represent a good development of the community. Meanwhile, although the autumnwinter period has fewer dominant species than the previous two periods, the dominance rate is
highly disparate between species, especially the data shows that the concentration is very high in
some groups such as: In autumn there are R. ovulum ovulum species reaching 51.88% of the total
number of individuals, in winter P. brevisetus species is reaching 38.95% of the total number of
individuals, so with strong growth in these two periods. The presence of these species may have
an indicator of changing conditions during the climatic transition of seasons in the study area.
3.3.4. Species composition similarity of the oribatid community between four seasons
The similarity of the species composition of oribatid between the four seasons ranged from
18.22% to 70.24%. Spring and winter have the highest similarity of 70.24%. The autumn period
as the transitional period is similar to the two spring and winter seasons, with an average of
59.52%. Summer tends to be separate from the other three seasons, autumn, spring and winter,
which are similar at only 18.22%.
3.4. Structure of Oribatid mites in a day-night cycle in the study area
3.4.1. Characteristics of distribution of Oribatid mites in the day and night cycle
In the day-night cycle, 41 species of 31 genera, 18 families and 15 superfamilies were
recorded, the species distribution was quite spread between time points. In the four survey times,

at 6:00 a.m., the lowest number of species-level taxa was recorded, the number of taxa levels
increased and reached the highest at 12:00 and 18:00.
3.4.2. Biodiversity in the day and night cycle
The highest number of species between 16:00 and 18:00 with 25 species to 24:00
decreasing to20, the lowest at 6:00 a.m. with only 14 species. The difference in the number of
species recorded between times is statistically significant with (P<0.05).

Indexes

Table 3.14. Some quantitative indicators of the oribatid mites
The day-night cycle
6h00
12h00
18h00

S
The average density of
individuals (individuals/m2)

24h00

14

25

25

20

4560

24160

17240

6760

d

2,1 ± 0,42 2,76 ± 0,91

3,02 ± 0,29

2,6 ± 1,04

J’

0,78 ± 0,11 0,65 ± 0,19

0,75 ± 0,19

0,80 ± 0,21

H’

1,59 ± 0,10 1,75 ± 0,56

2,00 ± 0,33

1,63 ± 0,67

1-Lambda'
0,74 ± 0,08 0,72 ± 0,16 0,80 ± 0,12 0,78 ± 0,16
The average density tends to decrease gradually from 12h00 (24160 individuals / m2) >
18h00 (17240 individuals / m2) > 24h00 (6760 individuals / m2) > 6h00 (4560 individuals / m2).
Species abundance (d) of Oribatid at 18:00 on average with 3.02 ± 0.29, the highest at 3.33
and as low as 2.76. Next up was 12:00 at 2.76 ± 0.91, the highest of 3.48 and the lowest was 1.74.
At 24:00 reached 2.6 ± 1.04, the highest was 3.45 lowest was 1.44. Species abundance was lowest
at 6:00 a.m. with 2.1 ± 0.42, the highest was 2.53 and the lowest was 1.7. The average species
abundance index (d) at different times is statistically significant (P<0.05).


22
Jaccard index (J ') of Oribatid mited between times is generally not high, ranging from 0.65
± 0.19 to 0.80 ± 0.21. (J') the highest at 24:00 on average with 0.80 ± 0.21, As high as 0.95 and
as low as 0.55, the index gradually declined in order of 24h00 (0.80 ± 0.21) > 6h00 (0.78 ± 0.11)
> 18h00 (0.75 ± 0.19) > 12h00 (0.65 ± 0.19). The average uniform index (J') at different times is
statistically significant (P<0.05).
The reverse dominance of the population is not high, proving that there is a possibility of
the dominant species in all four study periods, since the average inverse advantage index at other
times of error is statistically significant (P<0.05) infers that the dominant index also differs
statistically between times. Figure 3.21 shows that the k-dominance curve in this graph has three
times with the lowest three curves of 18h00 - 12h00 - 24h00, these are also the three times with
the highest diversity (H'), specifically the highest average species diversity (H') at 18h00 reaching
2.00 ± 0.33, highest 2.26, lowest 1.62. The index gradually decreased in order, as of 12:00 a.m.
reached 1.75 ± 0.56 highest 2.39 and lowest 1.37; At 24:00 the average reached 1.63 ± 0.67
highest 2.35 lowest 1.04, finally, the level of species diversity (H') reached its lowest value at
6h00 with an average of 1.59 ± 0.10, the highest 1.67 lowest was 1.48. The average diversity
index (H') between different survey times is statistically significant (P<0.05).
3.4.3. Dominant species structure

The data show that, in four-time points, the probability of emergence of a dominant species
group is quite high, but the dominance level at 12:00 tended to be more stable with not too large a
difference. The remaining three survey time points had larger differences in dominance rates caused
by some very dominant species in the community. So maybe the 12h00 period has potential for the
growth of the species, but note that this is not a real favorable factor because in this condition, it also
partly creates greater selectivity, some species are not adapted to this moment, and there are also
emerging more active species.
During the four survey time points, it is noteworthy that two species are continuously dominant
or very dominant: A. arcualis and R. ovulum ovulum, especially R. ovulum ovulum, which has a very
high degree of dominance even at 24h00 they make up half of the population of the community.
During the study, we also recorded that R. ovulum ovulum species was also dominant continuously
in all four seasons and also in tea cultivation habitat, in addition, A. arcualis species dominated
continuously in four periods of time. Spots were also found in four seasons and S. mahunkai
dominance in four seasons was also found in this farming habitat in relatively high numbers. Thus,
the increase and dominance of these species are very significant, they can be considered as an
indicator related to a monoculture of perennial tea in the study area.
3.4.4. Species composition similarity of Oribatid mites in the day and night cycle
The level of similarity in the composition of oribatid mites species between four times in
the cycle of day-night ranges from 56.72% to 79.59%. In which, the similarity of species
composition reached the highest level between 12:00 and 18:00, reaching 79.59%. The time of
6h00 and 24h00 are similar on average with 69.8%. Finally, the time from 12:00 to 18:00 is
similar at an average of 56.72% with the time from 6:00 to 24:00.


23
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION
1. Conclusion
1. In the Moc Chau plateau ecosystem, Son La province has identified 151 species of
Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) of 94 genera, 49 families and 29 super-families. There are 21
new species identified as “sp”. Of the identified species, 62 are new species for the study area,

including 44 species first discovered in Vietnam.
2. The taxonomic structure of Oribatid in the study area has a low level of taxonomic
diversity. The largest superfamily is Oripodoidea with eight families, the largest family Oppiidae
has 14 genera; and the genus Scheloribates is the largest, with six species identified. The diversity
of oribatid mites in the study area is highly specialized, with 75/151 species accounting for
49.67% of the total, only found in the study area. 16 species have been identified, reaching a
species similarity of 25.58%, common to the Northwest, Northeast, Red River Delta and North
Central regions.
3. According to the type of habitat, the species diversity of Oribatid decreases in the
following order: natural forest (57) > scrub and grassland (52) > man-made forest (39) > land for
perennial crops (36) > agricultural land with annual crops (22). Species richness (d) decreased in
the order of natural forest (2.89) > scrub and grassland (2.66) > man-made forest (2,30) >
perennial cropland (2,28) > annual crops (1,36). The Jaccard index (J ') tends to vary from annual
crops (0.92) > scrub and grassland (0.91) > land for perennial crops (0.89) > natural forest (0.88)
> man-made forest (0.87). The probability of emergence of dominant species decreases from the
habitat of agricultural land with annual crops > man-made forest > perennial cropland > natural
forest > scrub and grassland. Shannon diversity (H') in the year of low habitat on average
decreased in the following order: natural forest (1.88) > scrub and grassland (1.76) > perennial
cropland (1.62) > man-made forest (1.61) > annual crops (1.08).
4. According to the seasonal climate of the year, the diversity of Oribatid mites decreases
in the following order: from spring (34) > winter (32) > autumn (30) > summer (22). Species
richness index (d) fluctuates according to seasons, spring (4.21) > winter (4.15) > summer (3.35)
> autumn (3.25). The Jaccard index (J ') is highest in summer and decreases in order summer
(0.99) > autumn (0.75) > spring (0.73) > winter (0.67). The occurrence of dominant species is
highest in winter, the probability of occurrence of dominant species decreases from winter >
autumn > spring > summer. The Shannon diversity index (H') is highest in spring and gradually
decreases from spring (2.23) > summer (2.12) > winter (2.04) > autumn (1.85).
5. In the vertical cycle of day and night, the diversity of Oribatid mites decreases in the
following order: the highest number of species is at 12h00 and 18h00 (25) > 24h00 (20) > 6h00
(14). Species richness (d) decreased gradually from 18h00 (3.02) > 12h00 (2.76) > 24h00 (2.60) >

6:00pm (2.10). The degree of Jaccard index (J ') fluctuates in the order 24h00 (0.80) > 6h00 (0.78) >
18h00 (0.75) > 12h00 (0.65). The probability of emergence of dominant species is highest at 12:00, this
index decreases in the order of 12:00 > 6:00 > 18:00 > 24h00. The Shannon diversity index (H')
decreases in the order of 18h00 (2.00) > 12h00 (1.75) > 24h00 (1.63) > 6h00 (1.59).
6. Six dominant species of Oribatid have been identified in the study area that can be considered
as biological indicators, contributing to the assessment of soil environmental quality under the influence
of natural and human factors in Moc Chau plateau, Son La province.