Những bài học kinh nghiệm rút ra từ lịch sử thư viện đại học Hoa Kỳ

MghiSn ctiu - Trao ddi

NHCTNG BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM RUT RA
TL) LICH SU THU VIEN OAI HOC HOA KY
IS. Nguyen Huy Chuong
Trung tdm TT-TV DHQG Hd Noi
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7 6fl/ hoc kinh nghiem nltra tie lich sir thirviSri dai hoc My.
e tir nam 1636 Idii Thu vien Dai
hpc Harvard dupe thanh lap den
nay, nganh Thu vien Dai hgc My
da cd lich sir hon 370 nam, trd thanh he
thdng thu vien dai hpc to Idn va hien dai
nhat tren the gidi. Dd la mdt thanh qua lich
su dang tran trpng. Bat ky qudc gia nao cd
y dd phat trien nen giao diic dai hpc va he
thdng thu vien dai hpc cua minh, khdng
nhieu thi it, deu cd the nit ra nhung kinh
nghiem bd ich, nhung bai hgc cd y nghia
sau khi nghien cim thanh qua lich sii nay.
Kinh nghiem chdc chdn la nhieu nhung lai
tiiy thudc vao dinh hudng ciia ngudi mudn
tim hieu. Ve phan minh, chimg tdi xin neu
len nhimg kinh nghiem dudi day, dirp'c coi
nhu thu hoach ban dau, trong qua trinh
nghien cim ve thu vien dai hpc My.

K

1. Kinh nghiem dau tien la nhan thirc

ciia ngudi My ve tam quan trong cua tri
thirc, tuc la tam quan trpng cua sach va thu
vien, ddi vdi su nghiep giao due eua mdt
qudc gia ciing nhu sir phat trien cua xa hdi
ndi chung. Day khdng phai la uu diem cua
rieng ngirdi My, rat nhieu dan tdc Idiac tren
the gidi ciing nhan thirc dugc van de nay.
Nhung, xet quy md va chat lugng cua he
thdng thu vien dai hpc My ngay nay, mdt
ket c|ua lau dai va lien tiic cd gdng cua dan
tdc My, it ra ciing phai thira nhan rdng,
ngudi My la mdt trong nhiing dan tdc quy

M

trpng sach, ham me tri thiic vao bac nhat
tren the gidi. Suy chg cung, sire manh ciia
con ngudi bao gid ciing la siix; manh cua
hoat ddng cd tri tue. Dd la kinh nghiem co
tinh phd bien cua mgi xa hdi. Coi trpng hi
thirc, phat trien tri thirc va bien nd thanh tai
san chung ciia cang nhieu cang tdt nhiing
con ngudi sdng trgng xa hdi la mdt trong
nhiing con duOTg hieu qua nhat ddi vdi bat
ky dan tdc nag. Nhiing dieu kien va dac
trung cua xa hdi My lam chg nhan thirc nay
sdm dugc khdng dinh, tag thanh ddng lire
xa hdi sau rdng va ben vung cho su phat
trien giao diic va ctia thu vien dai hoc.
Ngudi nhap cu vao My trgng mpi thdi ky

deu sdm nhan ra rang, chi cd the tdn tai va
phat trien dugc tren vimg dat mdi neu cd tri
thirc vugt trdi. Tdn trpng, de cao va khao
khat tri thirc, nhat la nhung tri thirc tien
tien, sdm trd thanh mdt tmyen thdng dang
quy ciia ngudi My. Tir nhiing hi sach gia
dinh cua cac cu dan chau Au dau tien den
dat My, cac thu vien ndi nhau xuat hien
ciing vdi cac trudng hgc, tir nhung cudc
ung hd, quyen gdp sach, den cac chien luge
xay dimg mang ludi thu vien rdng khdp
tren tgan lanh thd,... Bat ky luc nao, trudng
hgp nag, deu cd the nhan ra su quan tam
cua ngudi My ddi vdi sir nghiep phat trien
thu vien. Cd the cgi thai dd nay la mot
trong nhthig tinh each My, mdt uu diem Idn
THONG TIN va TU LIEU - 3/2009


Mghi§n cCm - Trao ddi
gdp phan quan trgng vag su phat trien ciia
nganh giag due dai hgc My va su phat trien
cua nude My ndi chung.
2. Kinh nghiem thii hai la ve dan chii
hda. xa hdi hda su nghiep xay dung va phat
trien thu vien ndi chung, thu vien dai hpc
ndi rieng. Neu xet ve quy md va mtic dp
cua dac trung nay thi phai cdng nhan day la
mdt net doe dao trong lich sir thu vien dai
hoc My. Neu nhu tinh than tdn trpng va

khao khat tri thiic va sach khdng phai la uu
diem cua rieng ngudi My (viec hien tang
sach, quyen gdp sach khdng phai chi d My
mdi ed) thi dan chii hda, xa hdi hda su
nghiep thu vien mdt each sau sdc, rdng rai,
thudng xuyen va ben bi nhu d My chinh la
cai khd cd noi nao tren the gidi vugt qua
dupe. Dac tnmg nay cua nganh thu vien dai
hpc My gan lien vdi lich sir nen giao due
dai hpc g My, mdt nen giao due dai hpc ma
cac trudng dai hpc dau tien deu la tmdng
dan lap va tu thuc, hoan toan khdng cd vai
trd cua nha nude. Cac thu vien dai hpc dau
tien, gdn lien vdi cac trudng dai hpc dau
tien nay di nhien ciing la ket qua ddng gdp,
bieu tang, du cd the rat nhd be, eua cac ca
nhan, cac td chirc xa hdi hgac tdn giag, vao
su ra ddi ciia eac thu vien nay. Xa hdi hda
lien tuc la nhan td quan trpng hang dau
trong linh vuc phat trien thu vien dai hpc
My, neu biet rdng, mdt niia cac trudng dai
hpc g My khdng phai la trudng cdng lap.
Hgn nua, nhung tmdng dai hgc Idn nhat va
cd uy tin nhat d My cung la trudng tu, thu
vien g dd cung thu-dng cd quy md dd so,
chinh la ket qua cua phuong thirc xa bdi
hda. Xa hdi hda ludn gdn lien vdi dan chu
hda. Su nghiep phat trien thu vien ndi
chung, mdi khia canh cua sir nghiep dd ndi
THONG TIN vd TU LIEU - 3/2009

rieng deu khdng dap khudn, ap dat, chd dgi
mdt each thu ddng. Trai lai, tir viec quan ly
hanh chinh, quan ly chuyen mdn, tim kiem
cac ngudn tai chinh den viec ddi mdi va
phat trien nghiep vu,... deu di6n ra mdt
each dan chu. Mpi phuong phap, cung
each, quan niem, chii tnrong deu dugc tu dg
bdc Id, cg xat vdi nhau va binh ddng trude
phan xet eiia tinh hieu qua. Chinh vi the ma
cdng viec trg nen rat nang ddng.
Cac hiep hdi thu vien g My kha nhieu,
nhu ALA, ACRL, ARL, AALL,... trong
dd, quan trpng nhat la ALA. Chiing la
nhung td chiic boat ddng theo cung each
dan chii, la cau ndi giiia nganh thu vien vdi
Chinh phu My va cac eg quan nha nude, cd
the coi la bieu tugng va sir phat trien cao dp
dac tinh dan chu va xa hdi hda cua su
nghiep thu vien dai hgc My. Vira la nhirng
eg quan ngdn luan dan chti, vira la eg quan
chi dao nghiep vu va true tiep kiem tra ddn
ddc boat ddng d eg sd, cac td chirc nay boat
ddng that su, tao nen sue manh phat trien to
Idn eua nganh nghe tren rat nhieu linh viie
nhu tai chinh, cdng nghe, nghiep vu, tieu
chuan hda, lien thdng, gidi thieu cac td
chiie trong he thdng thu vien dai hpc My
vdi nhau va vdi cac he thdng thu vien dai
hpc khac tren the gidi. It nhat la trong linh

vue thu vien dai hpc, khdng cd td chirc nao
d My duge thiet lap ra de trang tri, chi :d
tinh hinh thiie ma deu cd tac dung xa hdi
thiet thuc, va nd ciing bi giai the neu cai
thuc chat ay khdng cdn.
3. Kinh nghiem thir ba la vai trd ctia Nha
nude trong su nghiep phat trien thu vien dai
hpc My. Tir nam 1939 trd ve trude, vai trd
nay chua ndi bat, mac dii eac thu vien dai
hpc, nhat la thu vien dai hpc cdng da nhan


MghiSn cuu - Trao ddi
dupe sir hd trg dang ke ve kinh phi va
nhiing dao luat tao ra hanh lang phap ly cho
cac hirdng dai hpc va thu vien ctia chiing
phat trien. Tir nam 1940 h-g di, chinh gidi
My da nhan thirc sau sdc vai trd to Idn ciia
khoa hpc va giao due ddi vdi su phat trien
cua dat nude. Nhiing tham vgng tg Idn cd
tinh chat tgan cau, nhiing thach thiic ma
nude My phai ddi mat trgng sudt lich sti the
gidi hien dai budc nd phai gdng minh len va
chpn con dudng chiem linh va sii diang hieu
qua nhiing thanh tim ctia cudc each mang
khoa hpc ky thuat lan thii hai, cua cudc
each mang thdng tin va nen kinh te tri thirc.
Nude My dau tu rat Idn chg giao due, nhat
la giao due bac cao. Nha nude cd hang loat
cac dao luat tao ca hanh lang phap ly va

ngudn tai chinh, tao dieu kien thuan Igi
chua timg cd cho su phat trien giao due,
trong dd cd phat trien thu vien dai hpc. Vdn
cd eg sd xa hdi hda sau rdng, khi cd sir dau
tu mang tam chien luge cua Nha nude, thu
vien dai hpc My da cd mdt bude phat trien
cd tinh each mang tren tat ca cac phuong
dien ciia su nghiep thu vien dai hpc, trd
thanh mdt he thdng thu vien dai hoc dd sd
va hien dai nhat tren the gidi. Hiem thay d
mdt cu dan nao ma tinh xa hdi hda trong
linh vue phat trien thu vien lai sau rdng
bang g cu dan My, nhung chi khi cd su vao
cudc va quyet tam cao cua nha nude, ndi
each khac la chi khi phat trien thu vien dai
hpc trd thanh van de cd tam vdc chinh tri,
thi he thdng nay mdi cd duge thanh tim nhu
ngay nay.
4. Kinh nghiem thir tu la ve dc thuc tiln
cua ngudi My trong lich su xay dimg va
phat trien thu vien dai hpc. Tinh thiie tien
vdn cd trong tinh each My, the hien g mgi

ITnh vuc cua ddi sdng xa hdi. Mgi dac tnmg
lich sii ctia dan tdc My deu bi chi phdi boi
tinh each nay. Ddi vdi mdi ngudi My, vi
khdng cd chd dira tmyen thdng nag ngoai
ket qua hgat ddng cua ban than minh de ctiu
lay minh, nen khdng cd chd cho nhimg ao
mdng, nhiing tgan tinh khdng cd tinh hien

thue. Hp bat budc phai ddi dien vdi tinh
trang "tdn tai hay khdng tdn tai", nen mudn
sdng duge thi phai gianh cho ky dugc
nhiing nhu cau ciia cudc sdng. Ddi vdi hing
ngudi, trang thai "cudc dau tranh cua tat ca
chdng lai tat ca" la trang thai kha gan gQi.
Chinh vi vay ma tu tudng ctia John
Locke (1632-1704) dugc da sd ngudi My
chia se. Dac tinh nay vdn khdng phai la
xau. Nd chi trd nen xau d hinh thai tha hda
ciie dgan eiia nd la chti nghia thirc dung,
mdt thir chti nghia ca nhan ich ky, chi coi
Igi ich ca nhan ciia minh la chan ly va co
dat dugc bat chap bdng phugng tien gi.
6c thirc tien, ludn ludn lay hieu qua lam
thudc dg cdng viec va cgn ngudi, lam mtic
tieu chi phdi qua trinh tim kiem each thiic
hgat ddng. Trgng linh vuc thu vien dai hoc,
bieu qua bao gdm kha nang dap img nhu
cau sii dung tin xet ca ve chiing loai lan
chat lugng thdng tin, kha nang phat frien,
bien ddi khdng ngimg de dap ting dupe
nhung bien ddi ciia ddi sdng. Ca hai mtic
tieu nay deu ludn ludn bien ddi trong hien
thuc nen giao due dai hpc My. La mdt bo
phan hiiu eg ciia he thdng giag due dai hpc,
g quy md mdi trudng ciing nhu d quy mo
nen giag due dai hgc nude My, thu vien
ludn ludn ndm trgng trang thai ddng. Ngudi
My da phai lien tuc tim kiem giai phap,

ngudn luc de phat trien nhimg md hinh va
bien phap quan ly mdi mdi khi xuat hien
nhirng ddi hdi mdi ciia giao due dai hgc ve
THONG TIN va TU LIEU - 3/2009


Mghi6n cuu - Trao ddi
muc tieu, ndi dung va nhat la phuong thirc
dao tao. Chi xet rieng ve mat nghiep vu, da
cd the thay nhiing cai tien dan dan ngay
trong giai doan trude nam 1876. Nhiing
kinh nghiem tich liiy dupe trong giai doan
nay da dan den bude ngoat ve chat cua linh
vuc nghiep vu, vdi cac dai bieu xuat sdc
nhu Dewey, Wilson,... Nhirng bien phap
tim ngudn tai chinh, nhiing bude phat trien
cua lien thdng thu vien, nhiing ddi thay to
Idn ciia boat ddng thu vien dai hpc My
trong thdi dai CNTT,... viec chuyen trpng
tam ciia cdng tac thu vien, lay ngudi dimg
tin lam tmng tam,... tat ca deu tham dam
tinh than thue tien trong su nghiep phat
trien thu vien dai hpc My. Cd the coi day la
mdt bai hpc eg ban, duge duy tri trong sudt
qua trinh lich sii thu vien dai hpc My, gdp
phan quyet dinh vao su thanh cdng cua nd.
5. Kinh nghiem ap dung CNTT vao hoat
dong thu vien cung du-pc cac nha nghien
ciiu coi la mdt thanh cdng. CNTT da tao ra
mdt gia dd cdng nghe tuyet vdi, tao nen

bude ngoat cd tinh each mang cho hoat
ddng thu vien dai hpc My. Nhiing klia nang
to Idn ma CNTT mang lai lam cho cdng tac
thu vien thay ddi sau sdc va toan dien, den
miic toan bd di san truyen thdng cua nghe
thu vien da bi lung lay, mac dii cdn lau mdi
bi xda bd. Sach, quy md vat ly truyen thdng
ciia thdng tin cd the dupe thu nhd tdi hang
trieu lan, tham chi nghe xuat ban ciing cd
nhiing ddi thay duxii dang xuat ban dien tu.
CNTT duge img dung rdng rai trong cac
linh vue quan ly ngudn tai nguyen thdng
tin, thao tac mirgn va tra sach, hoat ddng bd
sung, bien miic, thu miic, tra cim, cac san
pham va dich vu thdng tin nang cao,...
Quan trgng hgn ca la viec CNTT tao ra
bude phat trien vugt bac cho boat ddng lien
THONG TIN vd TU LIEU - 3/2009

thdng thu vien, mdt trang thai tieu bieu cho
tinh hien dai va y nghia xa hdi to Idn ciia he
thdng thu vien dai hpc My, gdn lien vdi mdt
md thirc hoat ddng cd tinh hien dai khac, la
boat ddng chuan hda.
6. Kinh nghiem ve chuan hda va lien
thdng thu vien cd y nghia rat dac biet trong
xu the toan cau hoa hien nay. Chuan hda
mpi hoat ddng la mdt phuong thiic boat
ddng cd tinh bien dai. Dd la phong each ctia
nhirng dan tdc cdng nghiep, cd kha nang

ddn ddt nhiing hinh thirc hoat ddng phire
tap, cd nhieu ndi dung, dien ra d nhirng mdi
trudng hoat ddng khac nhau nhung lai cd
chung mdt muc dich, nhu hoat ddng ciia thu
vien dai hpc. Nhiing kliia canh can phai
dupe chuan hda ctia boat ddng thu vien dai
hpc kha phong phu nhu quy md bd suu tap,
nhung tieu chuan ve quy trinh va phuong
phap nghiep vu, trinb dd xu- ly ky thuat, eg
sd vat chat trang thiet bi, trinh dd hpc van
va chuyen mdn ciia can bd, ty le nhan vien
cd nghiep vu,... Tat ca deu nhdm phat trien
tam vdc cua thu vien dai hpc va nang cao
tinh hieu qua cua boat ddng thu vien trong
su nghiep giao due chung. Tham khao
nhung tieu chuan nham chuan hda thu vien
dai hpc, chiing ta se thay nd rat cu the,
klidng "dao to biia Idn" ma gian di, ddi
thu-dng va rat thue te.
Lien thdng thu vien cd the coi la bai hpc
thuc tien thanh cdng nhat trong giai doan
hien dai ciia lich su thu vien dai hpc My.
Viec dp dung CNTT la co sd vd ciing quan
trpng cho lien thdng thu vien. CNTT cang
phat trien thi hieu qua cua lien thdng cang
Idn. Nhd sir phat trien ciia lien thdng thu
vien, sire manh, tiem nang ciia ca he thdng
thu vien dai hpc My dugc nhan len nhieu
lan. Cdng ddng nhimg ngudi diing tin la

Mghien cuu - f f a a M .
nhiing ngudi dupe hudng Igi ich dau tien,
va trpng tam ctia cdng tac thu vien ciing cd
nhieu thay ddi. Hoat ddng lien thdng chg
phep ngay ca nhiing thu vien ngheo ciing
cd the dap img ddi hdi cao ca ve sd lugng
va chat lupng thdng tin. Vi the, van de chu
yeu khdng cdn la mdi thu vien phai nhat
thiet cd mdt suu tap Idn, ma la hieu qua eua
lien thdng, lam cho ngudi dimg tin d thu
vien ciia minh cd kha nang tiep can vdi
nhung thdng tin d mgi noi. Nhin ve mat xu
hudng phat trien, phai thira nhan rdng boat
ddng lien thdng cd gia tri nhu mdt cudc
each mang trong linh -vuc thu vien. Xet ve
mat ly thuyet, nd dem lai kha nang lam cho
mdi ngudi cd the sd hiiu lupng tri thirc toan
nhan loai da dat tdi trong linh viic ma ngudi
dd quan tam.
7. Kinh nghiem ve ddi mdi cdng tac td
chirc. quan ly
Trong su thanh cdng cua thu vien dai
hpc My cd phan ddng gdp quan trpng cua
nhung tim tdi trong linh vuc quan ly. Nd
cung dupe chi phdi bdi nguyen ly bieu qua.
Ngudi My ua thay ddi, khdng cam chiu
dimg lai d mdt trang thai nao qua lau, ludn
klidng thda man vdi nhiing gi da cd. Nhiing
md hinh quan ly cd tinh chat quan lieu

mang lai hieu qua trong giai doan dau da
du-pc thay the dan dan. Cac md hinh mdi cd
tinh chat linh boat va hieu qua hon nhu md
binh dai hpc, md hinh nhdm dpi, md hinh
khdng bien gidi,... da phat huy hieu qua Idn
hon va dang dupe nhan rdng.
Klidng cd cai gi hoan my, hudng hd la
mdt hien tupng xa hdi va nghiep vu phiic
tap nhu boat ddng thu vien dai hpc. Nhung
chan ly cua nhan thtic la thanh cdng eua
boat ddng di6n ra dirdi sir chi dao cua nhan
thirc. Thanh cdng ciia thu vien dai hpc My
12

chimg td nhiing dac trung, nhirng kinh
nghiem ma lich sti hinh thanh va phat trien
cua nd mang lai la rat cd gia tri. Viec van
dung nhung bai hgc nay la rat can thiet ddi
vdi sir nghiep phat trien thu vien dai hpc
Viet Nam, nhung cung phai van diing mot
each phu hgp thuc tien, ttic la tren eg sdcac
dieu kien kinh te, xa hdi va thuc trang ciia
nen giag due dai hgc dat nude ta.
Tai lieu t h a m k h d o
1. Nguydn Huy Chuong (1993), "LJng dung tin hpc trong c^c
thu vien dai hpc d My", Tin hoc va ddi sdng (3-1-4), tr. 51-52.
2. Nguydn Huy Chuong (1999), 'Thu vien Dai hpc My - mot sd
cai each chii yeu nham dSp img nhu cau nang cao chat lupng dao
tao", Tap chi Khoa hoc-Khoa hocXa M t . X V (4), tr 1-6.
3. Nguydn Huy Chuong (2003), Mot so van de vS noi dung

cong nghe thong tin trong chuong trinh dao tao thu vien a My vk
bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam, Ky yeu Hpi thao khoa hpc nang
cao chat lupng dao tao can bp thu vien-thong tin. Ha Npi.
4. Nguydn Huy Chuong (2005), Lich sir hinh thanh va phat
triSn he thong thong tin - thu vien dai hoc My va dinh hudng van
dung mot so kinh nghiem vao thu vien dai hoc Viet Nam. Luan An
tien si, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi.
5. Budd John (1998), The Academic Library, Libraries Unlimited, Inc., Colorado.
6. DeVinney Gemma (1986)," Academic Librarians and Academic Freedom in the United States: A history and analysis", Libri
Vol36(1), pp. 24-39.
7. Hamlin Arthur T. (1981), The University Library in the United States: Its origins and development, Philadenphia University
of Pennsylvania Press
8. Jones Jr., Plummer Alston (1989)," The History and Development of Libraries in American Higher Education", College &
Research Libraries News Vol. 5 (7), pp. 561-564.
9. Kent Allen, Lancour Harold (1971), "College Libraries",
Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, Volume 5 pp.
269-281.
10. Shores Louis (1935), Origins of the American College
Library, 1638-1800
11. The History of Academic Ubrary in the United State
/>12. Weiner Sharon Gray (2005), "The History of Academic
Libraries in the United States: a Review of the Literature", Library
Philosophy and Practice Vol. 7 (2)

T H O N G TIN v a TU LIEU - 3 / 2 0 0 9