Quan điểm của vi lênin về kiểm soát quyền lực nhà nước và sự vận dụng, phát triển trong thực tiễn ở việt nam

I NGHIEN CUly - TRAO 06l

QUAN DIEM CUA V.I.LENIN VE KIEM SOAT QUYEN
Udc N H A NU'OIC VA Sir VAN DUNG, P H A T TRIEN
TRONG THU'C TIEN Cf VIET NAM
Trinh Xuan Thang
Tom tat: BUdng tiidi, cdc nhd kinh dien ciia chu nghta Mdc - Lenin hdn rat nhieu v&
van ie nhd nUdc. Trong do, vdn de iiiSm sodt quyen life nhd nUOc (QLNN) dUdc Lenin
noi tdi khd sdu sdc hdi le ong id nhdn thdy nguy ca tha hoa quyen life vd mong muon
xdy dung mot cd quan quyen life thifc sif cua nhdn ddn, hudng den ldi ieh chung cua
nhdn ddn. Bdi viet ldm ro nhiing quan diem cua Lenin ve vdn ie kiem sodt QLNN vd sU
van dung quan Hem ndy vdo thUe tiin Viet Nam.
Tiikhda: V.L.Lenin, nhd nUdc, quyen life, kiem sodt quyen life, thifc tiin Viet Nam
Abstract: Marxists - Leninists have a lot of discussions about the state. In particular,
the issue of control of state power is mentioned quite profoundly by Lenin because he
realized the risk of alienation of power and the desire to build a real power agency of
the people, aiming to common benefits of people. The article clarifies Lenin's views on
the issue of control of state power, issues that are further researched, developed and
creatively applied in Vietnamese practical conditions.
Keywords: V.L Lenin, the state, power, control of power, reality in Vietnam
Ngdynhdnbdi:14/7/2019

Ngdysitabdi:18/9/2019 Ngdy duyet idng: 25/11/2019

1. Quan diem cua V.I.Lenin \S Idem
scat quan ly nha nUdc

cdn thiet phdi thifc hien kiem sodt quyen
lUc cua bo mdy nhd nUdc.

Quan diem ciia V.LLenin ve kiem soat

QLNN dugc the hien kha toan dien ca ve
Sli can thiet cua viec kiem soat QLNN va
nhflng phuong thiJc, dieu kite cu the de
dam bao kiem soat QLNN co hieu qua.
NhCngquandi&inaydUacthe-hientrong
nhi& tac pham kinh dien cua Lenin, bao
gom ca nhflng bai vie't, bai phat bieu cua
Lenin duoc ghi chep lai.

Qua thtrc tien lanh dao trong nha nitdc
Xo viet, V.LLenin da thay dugc nguy cO
* ^ ^°^ QLNN ngay ca trong thdi ky xay
'^^"S "ha niidc xa hpi chu nghia. QLNN
'* '*° '^''™ ' ' ^ "^ l^y™' "hilng nhflng
"g'^^i'J^?^ "Y quy^n van co nguy co
' ' ' ' ™ 1"''™' ' " " W ^ . long quyen,
^""^ """= ^^" ^ "°S "^'^"^ ^ '^'"^^
f"' ''^ ""^^ "^^ °^*= ''^ *™h *ie't
che dd ng ngoai va dd ng tren nhan dan.

Thd nhdt, quan diem ciia Lenin ve sU Nguyen nhan cua sU tha hoa quyen Ittc
''' ThS, Hoc vien Chinh tri khu vUc IV

4 I Tap chi Khoa hoc Noi vu


\ \ \ NGHliN cifu-TRAOe6l
do ho^n canh tU ban chu nghia van con
ton tai, SCf huTu tii nhan va nhflng nhu cau
tif loi ca nhan van ton tai, trinh do dan

tri thap, chiia du siic Idem soat QLNN...
"Trong cac to chiic chinh tri va cong doan
cua chiing ta, vien chiic bi hu hoa (hay noi
diing hOn la co xu hifdng bi hu hoa) bdi
hoan canh tii ban chu nghia; hp co xu
hilcfng bien thanh nhiing ngilcfi quan lieu,
nghia la thanh nhflng nhan vat co dac
quyen, thoat ly quan chiing va dflng tren
qudn chiing" [ 1, tr. 141 ]. Vi vay, de han che
sfl tha hoa quyen Iflc cua vien chfle nha
nfldc, bao dam cho QLNN dfloc thflc hien
CO hieu qua, Lenin chi ra yeu cau phai thiet
lap dflcfc CO che kiem soat QLNN.
Thd hai, quan diem ciia Lenin ve thiet
lap cd chi'kiem sodt QLNN td ben ngodi vd
ben trong bo mdy nhd nddc.
Trong CO che kiem soat quyen Iflc tfl
ben ngoai bo may nha nfl6c, Lenin nhan
manh d^n viec nhan dan tham gia kiem
soat QLNN. Day la cd che hflu hieu de bio
dam cho cac co quan nha nfldc thflc sfl
boat dpng vi lpi ich va y chi cua ngfldi chu
ma hp dflp c uy quyen "Cuoc dau tranh
chong sfl lech lac quan lieu chu nghia cua
cac to chfle Xo viet, dflp c dam bao bdi
tinh vifng chac cua nhflng moi lien he gan
lien cac Xo viet vdi nhan dan nghia la vdi
nhflng ngfldi lao dpng va nhflng ngfldi bi
bdc lot" [2, tr.347]. Ngfldi dan sau khi da
uy quyen cho co quan nha nfldc thi vl.n

phai CO quyen ki^m soat bp may nha nfldc
do de khong bi mat quyen, lam quyen.
Cac cO quan nha nfldc phai luon giii moi
lien he vdi nhan dan, chiu sfl kiem soat
cua nhan dan de khong trd thanh quan

lieu, thanh bp may dflng tren nhan dan.
Nhan dan cd quyen kiem soat QLNN
trflde het phai cd quyen lfla chpn ngfldi
dai dien thflc sfl xflng dang de hp tin cay
uy quyen cho minh "Quan chung phai cd
quyen dflp c de bat trong npi bp cua ho
bat ky mpt cdng nhan nao len phu trach
chfle vu lanh dao" [3, tr.49]. Tuy nhi^n,
quyen bau efl lfla chpn nhflng ngfldi dai
dien eho minh chi thflc sfl ed y nghia khi
gan quyen do vdi quyen bai mien nhflng
dai bieu ma hp thay khong con xflng dang,
khong con la dai di^n thflc sfl cho lpi ieh
va nguyen vpng cua hp nfla "Mpi eo quan
dflpe bau ra hay hpi nghi dai bieu deu cd
the eoi la cd tinh chat dan chu chan chinh
va dai bieu thflc sfl cho y chi cua nhan dan
khi nao quy^n bai mien eua efl tri doi vdi
nhflng ngfldi trung efl dflpc thfla nhiln va
ap dung" [4,tnl30]. De nhan dan thflc sfl
cd quyen kiem soat doi vdi nhflng dai dien
ma hp uy quyen tren thflc te, Lenin nhac
nhd "Thflc hanh mpt che dp dan chu day
du hon, do tinh chat it hinh thflc hon va

de dang hon eua viec bau efl va bai mien
cac dai bieu" [5, tr.44]. Lenin nhan manh
dieu nay bdi le doi khi quyen bau efl va bai
mien eua nhan dan dflpc ghi nhan ve mat
phap luat nhflng van khong the thflc hien
tren thfle te vi nhflng quy trinh, thu tue de
thflc hien nhflng quyen do qua phflc tap.
Vi vay, khong dam bao quyen thflc sfl de
Idem soat QLNN cua nhan dan. De dam
bao cho nhflng thu tue do de dang thflc
hien thi nhan dan phai la ngfldi trflc tiep
quyet dinh cac the thflc, quy trinh thflc
hien quyen bau efl va bai mien. Trong tae
pham "Nhflng nhiem vu trflde mat eua
ehinh quyen Xd viet", Lenin viet "quan
Tap chi Khoa hoc Noi vu | 5


) NGHliN CCfU-TRAO D6I

chung tfl quy dinh lay the thflc va thdi han
bau efl, hoan toan ed quy^n tfl do bai mien
nhflng ngfldi ma hp da bau ra" [5, tr.44l.
Dieu nay van cdn nguyen y nghia trong
boi canh hien nay.
De nhan dan cd the thflc hien quyen
bau efl va bai mien nhflng dai bi^u cua
minh, thi van de quan trpng la nhan dan
phai Idem soat dflpc boat dpng cua nhflng
ngfldi dai dien cho minh. Khong kiem

soat dflpc hoat dpng cua cac can bp, nhan
vien nha nfldc, khong biet hp eo hoat
dpng thfle sfl dai dien eho y chi va nguyen
vpng cua nhan dan hay khdng thi khong
thflc hien dung dan quyen bau efl va bai
miln "Quan chung phai cd quyen dflpc
thay doi nhflng ngfldi lanh dao cua minh,
phdi cd quyen dflp e hieu ro va kiem tra
moi mpt bflde nhd nhat trong hoat dpng
eua nhflng ngfldi dd" [5, tr.49]. De kiem
soat dflp c hoat dpng cua can bp, cong
chfle nha nfldc, theo Lenin phai thanh
lap nhflng eo quan thanh tra chuyen theo
doi, giam sat hoat dpng cfla dpi ngu nay.
Nhflng CO quan thanh tra nay co the la to
chfle thanh tra cua quan ehung "Thu hut
toan bp quSn chung lao dpng, nam gidi
va dac biet la phu nfl, de hp tham gia vao
Ban Ihanh tra eong nong" [6, tr.74]. Dong
thdi, eae ed quan thanh tra cua nha nfldc
cung can ed sfl phoi hpp, tham gia cua
nhan dan "Nhflng nhan vien thupc Ban
Kiem tra Nha nfldc cd traeh nhiem theo
mpt ban hfldng dSn rieng, thu hut cac dai
dien hoac cac nhdm cua ban thanh tra
cdng ndng tham gia tat ea eae boat dpng
cua minh" [5, tr.79]. Khdng chl thong qua
hoat dpng eua eac td chfle ehuyen traeh
ve thanh tra de nhan dan ed the vach ra
] Tap chi Khoa hoc Noi vu

nhflng sai pham trong boat ddng eua cae
can bd, cdng ehflc nha nfldc, ma Lenin
edn nhan manh d^n hinh thflc tiep edng
dan, ngfldi dan dflp e gfli eae ban kien
nghi, to cao cua minh mot each de dang
va thuan lpi nhat ve viee thflc hien nhi^m
vu cua nhflng ngfldi dai dien cho minh
den nhflng ngfldi va co quan cd tham
quyen. Trong So thao quy che ve cdng tac
quan ly cae Xd viet, Lenm viet "De d^u
tranh chong cae benh le me quan lieu va
phat hien tot hon nfla cae hi^n tflpng lam
dung, cung nhfl de vach mat va sa thai
eae cdng ehflc bat IflPng da chui vao cac
cP quan X6 viet, nay dat ra nhflng quy
tac sau day: Quy che ve ngay gid md cfla
tiep cdng chung can phai dflp c yet thi d
tflng CO quan chang nhflng d trong ma ea
d ngoai nfla de ai eung ed th^ den eae eo
quan Xd viet ma khdng can cd giay phep
gi ca. Phai nhat thiet to ehflc phong tiep
khaeh sao eho viee lui tdi CO quan dflpc
tfl do, hoan toan khdng can cd giay phep
nao ca" [5, tr.75]. Th^m ehi, L^nin edn ySu
eau cae ep quan nha nfldc nhfl eo quan tfl
phap, kiem tra nha nfldc phai ho trp toi da
cho nhan dan ed the de dat nhflng y kien,
kien nghi, to eao eua minh bang each viet
don hd khdng lay tien cho nhflng ngfldi

khdng bi^t chfl... Nhfl vay, nhan ddn ed
quyen kilm soat mpi hoat dpng eua can
bd, cdng ehflc nha nfldc - nhflng ngfldi
dai di^n eho y chi va quyen Iflc cfla hp de
dam bao cho hoat dpng. Dd la diing vdi
chfle nang, nhiem vu ma hp da uy quyen,
tranh lam quyen, long quyen la mot npi
dung quan trpng trong eo che nhan dan
tham gia kiem soat QLNN. 6 day, quyen
bau efl, flng efl hay gap gd nhflng co quan


\ \ \ NGHliN cufu - TRAO D6I
chfle nang de gfli cac yeu ciu, kien nghi,
to eao cua nhan dan chinh la nhflng each
thflc the hien quyin Ifle cfla nhan dan
doi vdi nhflng can bd thflc hien tdt hoae
khong tot nhflng quyen ban ma nhan dan
daflyquyin eho.
Hoat ddng eo ban cua nha nfldc la
quan ly xa hpi bang phap luat, ban hanh
khudn kho phap luat, to chfle thfle hien
va kiem tra viec thflc hien phap luat dd
dam bao mpi hoat dpng cua xa hpi deu
trong khudn khd dd. Vi vay, theo Lenin,
n h ^ dan kiem soat QLNN la kiem soat
mpi boat dpng eua nha nfldc, kiem soat
khdng ehi nhflng cp quan dan efl do nhan
dan bau ra ma Idem soat tSt ca cac cP quan
nha nfldc "Nguyen tac dan chfl ve to chfle

- dfldi hinh thflc cao nhat cua nd, tfle la
viec cac Xd viet thflc hien nhiing de nghi
va nhflng yeu cau de cho quan chflng tich
cfle tham gia khdng nhflng vao viec thao
luan nhflng quy tac, nhflng quyet dinh va
cac da o luat chung, khdng nhflng tham
gia vao viec kiem tra viee chap hanh cac
quy tac, quyet dinh va dao luat dd ma cdn
trflc tiep tham gia thi hanh chflng nfla" [5,
tr.48-49]. Day la nhflng gia tri can tiep tuc
van dung, phat huy. Tuy nhien, trong co
che nhan dan kiem soat QLNN theo quan
dilm cua Lenin, van dung vao boi canh
mdi hien nay van can tiep tue ed sfl bo
sung, phat trien. Lenin mdi dfla ra nhflng
yeu eau, dinh hfldng cP bdn edn hien nay
chflng ta can phai phat trien nhflng hinh
thfle, bien phap cu the de thflc hien cac
yeu eSu do.
Lenin khdng chi ndi den eP che kiem
soat auyen Ifle d ben ngoai ma cdn ban

ve van dl kiem soat QLNN trong ndi bd,
gifla cac nhanh QLNN vdi nhau. Ci day,
Lenin ndi vl viec cac eo quan tfl phap
dflpe quyen kilm soat boat ddng ban
hanh cae dao luat, nghi quyet, quyet dinh
hanh chinh cua eac cd quan dan efl (Qudc
hpi, hpi ddng nhan dan d dia phflOng) va
ep quan hanh phap "Ngfldi ta se sai lam

vl nguyen tac neu ndi rang uy vien cdng
td khdng dflpe quyen khang nghi doi vdi
nhflng quyet dinh cfla Ban chap hanh Xd
viet tinh va eua eae eO quan ehinh quyen
khae eua dia phflpng" [5,tr.230]; "Uyvien
cdng td chiu trach nhiem lam sao cho bat
efl quyet dinh nao eua bat efl cO quan hanh
ehinh dia phflong nao cung khdng dflpc
di ngflpc lai phap luat, va chi ed tren quan
diem d d, uy viln cdng td mdi cd traeh
nhiem khang nghi ddi vdi mpi quyet dinh
ngflpc vdi phap luat nhflng lam nhfl the,
fly viln cdng to khdng ed quyin dinh ehl
viec thi hanh quyet dinh, ma ehi cd trach
nhiem dflng nhflng bien phap can thiet de
lam eho sfl nhan thflc vl phap ehe dflpc
hoan toan nhat tri trong toan nfldc edng
hda" [5, tr.231]. Thdng qua cd che nay,
CO quan edng to ed tham quyen Idem tra,
giam sat boat ddng ban hanh van ban quy
pham phap luat va cae quyet di nh hanh
ehinh cua eac cd quan nha nfldc khac, bao
gdm ck eP quan thude nhanh lap phap va
hanh phap. Day chinh la co che Idem soat
quyen Ifle eua nhanh tfl phap ddi vdi lap
phap va hanh phap. Nhfl vay, Lenin da
dfla ra di nh hfldng la gifla eac cd quan
nha nfldc can cd sfl kiem soat quyen Ifle
lan nhau, nhflng d day mdi chi ndi den
CO quan tfl phap kiem soat hoat dpng eua

CO quan hanh phap, lap phap; cdn ed ehe
Tap chl Khoa hpc Noi vu | 7


I NGHliN COU - TRAO D6I

phan cua Ban Chap hanh Tnmg fldng cac
Xd viet toan Nga. Dai da so cac uy vien eua
Ban chap hanh Trung fldng deu la nhflng
ngfldi gifl chfle vu" [5, tr.235]; can phai
Thd ba, quan diem cua Linin ve dieu
tang dai bieu ehuyen traeh, nhflng ngfldi
kien de ddm bdo tinh hiiu ldc trong kiim
khdng gifl bat efl ehflc vu nao trong ed
sodt QLNN.
quan nha nfldc tham gia vao eac Xd viet,
Lenin Ididng chi dl cap den eae ed ehe cd quan lap phap "Thfla nhan la can phai
kiem soat QLNN bao gdm cd che kiem dam bao it nhat 60% thanh vien cua Ban
soat ben trong va ben ngoai ma cdn dfla Chap hanh Trung fldng cae Xd viet toan
ra nhflng yeu eau, dieu kien de dam bao Nga la edng nhan va ndng dan, nhflng
tinh hieu Iflc trong kiem soat QLNNl.Dd ngfldi nay khdng gifl mdt ehflc vu nao
la dam bao tinh doe lap, du quyen Ifle trong ed quan Xd viet, it nhat 67% thanh
cfla cae chu the kiem soat doi vdi eae ddi vien eua Ban Chdp hanh Trung fldng eae
tflpng Idem soat. De dam bao tinh doe lap Xd viel^toan Nga phai la dang vien cdng
dd, theo Lenin trflde het phai cd sfl phan san" [5, tr.236]. Cd dam bao dfldc tinh
cdng quyin Ifle, giao nhiem vu mpt each ddc lap nay mdi dam bao dflpc tinh khaeh
ddc lap, rd rang gifla eac co quan nha quan va hieu qua trong boat ddng eua cae
nfldc. Neu cp quan tfl phap lai thfle hien chu the kiem soat quyin Ifle trong bd may
nhflng nhiem vu hanh chinh thi khdng nha nfldc. Day la nhflng nguyen tae van
the kiem soat cac cd quan hanh ehinh cdn nguyen gia tri trong thflc hien kiem

dflpe: "Vien kiem sat trong khi lam edng soat QLNN ma chung ta can tiep tuc van
viec kiem sat eua minh, khdng ed bat efl dung, ke thfla.
mdt quyen hanh ehinh nao, nd khdng ed
2. Sfl van dung quand iem cua
quyen bieu quyet trong bat efl mdt van de
V.LLenin ve kiem soat QLNN trong thflc
nao thude pham vi hanh ehinh. Uy vien
tien d Viet Nam va nhiing khuyen nghi
cdng td cd quyen va cd bon phan chi lam
Vecdban, nhflng tfl tfldng ve kiem soat
mpt edng viee ma thdi" [5, tr.229-230]. Dl
dam bao tinh ddc lap cfla chu the kiem QLNN cua V.I.Lenin da dflpc nghien cflu
soat vdi doi tflpng kiem soat thi edn phai van dung mdt each phu hpp trong dilu
tranh sfl kiem nhiem cua dpi ngu can bd, kien thflc tien d nfldc ta. Ben canh d d,
cdng ehflc. CJ day Lenin ndi neu dai bieu cung ed mdt sd ndi dung van dung cdn
trong Cd quan lap phap lai kiem nhiem eac ban che hoae trong quan diem eua Lenin
ehflc vu trong cd quan hanh phap, tfl phap chfla dflpe de cap den thi can ed nhflng
thi cung rat khd de co quan lap phap cd dinh hfldng tilp tue hoan thien. The do,
the kiem soat boat ddng cfla cp quan hanh ndi dung van dung tfl tfldng cua Lenin
phap, tfl phap "Ky hpp eua Ban chap hanh va dinh hfldng tiep tuc hoan thien ed ehl
Trung flpng cae Xd viet toan Nga da eho kiem soat QLNN d nfldc ta ed the gom:
thay rd sfl sai lam trong viec xep dat thanh
Thd nhdt, xac di nh rd yeu cau quan
kiem soat eua ed quan lap phap va hanh
phap ddi vdi ed quan tfl phap thi ehfla
dfldc chi ra cu the.

8 I Tap chi Khoa hoc Noi vu

\\V

trpng can phai xay dflng va hoan thien eO
che Idem soat QLNN. Sau mdt thdi gian
dai, chung ta ehfla chu y ding mflc den viec
xay dflng co chl kiem soat QLNN, dae biet
la CO ehe Idem soat gifla eac nhanh quyin
Iflc, thi den nay da cd sfl chuyen bien rd
vl mat nhan thflc ly luan va sfl quylt tam
cua Dang ta trong viee xay dflng va hoan
thien cd che Idem soat nay. Tfl quan diem
eua Chu nghia Mae - Lenin ve sfl can thilt
phai thflc hien Idem soat quyen Ifle eua
bd may nha nfldc va dieu kien thflc tien
cfla Viet Nam, Van kien Dai hdi lan thfl
XI cua Dang da xac dinh rd nhiem vu cap
thilt phai xdy dflng, hoan thien eP che
Idem soat QLNN gifla cae eo quan trong
viec thflc hien cac quyin lap phap, hanh
phap, tfl phap de d ap fl ng yeu eau xay
dflng va hoan thien Nha nfldc phap quyen
XHCN Viet Nam: "Nghien cflu xay dflng,
bd sung cac the cbe va cd che van hanh cu
the de dam bao nguyen tae tat ea QLNN
thudc vl nhan dan va nguyen tac QLNN
la thdng nhat, cd sfl phan edng, phoi hpp
va Idem soat gifla cac co quan trong viec
thflc hanh quyen lap phap, hanh phap va
tfl phap" [7, tr.247]. Quan dilm chi dao
tren cua Dang da dflpc Hien phap nam

2013 quy dinh thanh nguyen tac trong to
ehflc QLNN cua Nha nfldc phap quyin
XHCN Viet Nam: "QLNN la thong nhat,
cd sfl phan edng, phdi hpp, kiem soat gifla
cac CO quan nha nfldc trong viee thiic hien
eae quyen lap phap, hanh phap, tfl phap"
(Khoan 3, Dieu 2). Chinh vi vdy, qua trinh
xay dflng va hoan thien Nha nfldc phap
quyen d Viet Nam hien nay thfle chat
cung la qua trinh hoan thien ed ehl Idem
soat QLNN, dae biet la Idem soat gifla eae

NGHIENC(fU-TRAODOI

nhanh quyen Ifle. Nhiem vu nay tiep tuc
dflpc Dai hdi XII eua Dang ta xae dinh la
rncit trong nhflng nhiem vu quan trpng
trong xay dflng va hoan thien bd may Nha
nfldc ta hien nay "Xae dinh rd ed che phan
cdng, phdi hpp thflc thi QLNN, nhat la cd
ehe kiem soat quyen Ifle gifla cac cd quan
nha nfldc trong viec thflc hien eac quyin
lap phap, hanh phap, tfl phap tren eo sd
QLNN la thdng nhat" [8, tr.l76]. Dac bilt
trong bdi canh hien nay. Dang va Nha
nfldc ta phai doi mat vdi nhieu thach thflc,
nhat la van nan tham nhiing, lang phi dien
ra phflc t^p; cac hien tflpng long quyin,
lam quyin, vi pham quyin ddn chfl, chay
theo lpi ich ca nhan, lpi ieh nhdm; tinh

hpp Hien, hpp ly cua cac quyet dinh quan
ly nha nfldc chfla cao... cang eho thay yeu
eau bflc thiet cua viec hoan thien de dam
bao van hanh hieu qua eO che kilm soat
QLNN nham khae phuc va ban che tdi da
nhflng bieu hien tieu cfle tren.
Thd hai, van dung quan diem eua Lenin
vl xdy dflng eP ehe kilm soat QLNN tfl
ben ngoai va ben trong bd may nha nfldc.
Ddi vdi CO che kiem soat quyin Iflc tfl
ben ngoai bp may nha nfldc, chflng ta da
ghi nhan quyen bau efl va bai mien cua
nhan ddn ddi vdi cac dai bieu eua minh.
Day la mdt trong nhflng quyin cd ban
eua eong dan nham phat huy dan ehu va
dam bao sfl kiem soat quyin Iflc cua nhan
dan ddi vdi bd may nha nfldc. Tuy nhien,
ehi mdi ed quyen bau efl la dflpc dam bao
thfle hien, cdn quyin bai mien cua nhan
dan van chfla dflpc bao dam thflc hien
tren thfle te d nfldc ta vi nhflng quy trinh
de thflc hien quyin nay van edn nhilu
Tap chl Khoa hpc Npi vu |


I NGHliN CCfU - TRAO o6l

phflc tap. Cho den nay van ehfla cd ed ehl
quy dinh eu the quy trinh va chfla thflc
hien lan nao quyin bai miln cua nhan dan

ddi vdi cac dai bieu cua minh. Do vdy, cdn
phai tiep tue nghien cflu ban hanh eac quy
dinh dl dam bao thflc hiln eO ehe nay.
Ben canh do, vile van dung quan dilm
cua Lenin ve quyin Idem tra hoat ddng
cua can bd, cdng ehflc va cae ed quan nha
nfldc thdng qua eae cd quan thanh tra cua
chinh nhan ddn hoac tham gia phdi hpp
vdi cac CO quan nha nfldc thi hien nay,
chung ta da thanh lap ban thanh tra nhan
dan, ban giam sat ddu tfld cpng ddng,...
Tuy nhien, dl phat huy hieu qua cd ehe
kiem soat nay nhfl hien nay thi eae bien
phap, hinh thflc de nhan dan ed the kiem
soat boat ddng cfla can bd, edng chfle va
cac cd quan nha nfldc can phai dflpc md
rdng va da dang hdn nfla doi vdi tflng ddi
tflpng can bd, edng chfle va eP quan nha
nfldc eu thi. Vi du, nhfl nhdn dan giam
sat boat dpng cua cae eP quan, dai bieu
dan efl bang each nao, theo ddi va truyen
hinh trflc tiep eae cupc hpp Qude hpi, Hdi
ddng nhan ddn (HDND), thdng qua theo
ddi eflpng linh tranh efl eua eae dai bieu
ma hp da dfla ra trflde khi bau efl, hay la
nhan dan theo ddi va giam sat boat ddng
cua can bd, cdng ehflc eua eP quan hanh
phap, cP quan tfl phap. NghTa la can phai
md rdng va cu the hdn nfla eac hinh thfle
de nhan dan kiem soat. Cae hinh thflc de

nhan dan the hien y ehi eua minh khi da
cd kit qua Idem soat, d a biet boat ddng
cua can bd, cdng chfle dd ed dung nhiem
vu hay khdng, ed thfle sfl dai dien cd y
chi va quyen ldi cua nhan dan hay khdng
cung phai cd sfl bd sung, phat triln rapt
10 I Tap chi Khoa hoc Ndi vu

each da dang hon nfla theo quan dilm cfla
Lenin, khdng chi thdng qua quyen bau
efl, quyen bai mien dai bieu dan efl, hoae
din cae phdng tilp cdng dan ma cd the
gfli cae kiln nghi din chinh cd quan ndi
can bd cdng tac, khieu kiln len cd quan
tfl phap de hp tham gia khi ed dau hieu vi
pham hay thdng qua cae td chfle bao ehi...
Ddy la nhflng ndi dung cdn ed sfl bo sung,
phat trien quan diem cua Lenin. Ddng
thdi, trong co che kilm soat QLNN ben
ngoai, Lenin ehu yeu nhan manh din ehu
thi thflc hien quyin nay la nhan dan, edn
eae chu thi khac chfla dflpe ndi den nhilu
nhfl CP che kilm soat quyin life cua Dang
va cae td chfle ehinh tri - xa hdi, eae td
chfle xa hdi ddi vdi bp may nha nfldc. Vi
vdy, can tiep tue ed sfl bo sung, phat trie'n
ve eO che Idem soat eua cac ehu the ben
ngoai nay ddi vdi QLNN.
Ddi vdi cP che kiem soat quyen Iflc
ben trong bp may nha nfldc. Nhflng quan

diem, dinh hfldng vl kiem soat quyin Ifle
gifla cac cd quan nha nfldc d nfldc ta trong
thdi gian qua da the hien ro sfl van dung,
phat triln tren nin tang tfl tfldng eua
Lenin. Vai trd Idem soat quyen life eua ed
quan tfl phap ddi vdi quyen Ifle lap phap
va hanh phap dflpc thi hien rd hdn theo
quan dilm cfla Lenin vdi chfle nang kilm
soat chung cfla Viln Kilm sat nhan dan d
nfldc ta. Trong qua trinh thfle hien chfle
nang nay, Viln Kilm sat nhdn dan da thfle
hien kha hieu qua viec kiem soat tham
quyen ban hanh van ban quy pham phap
luat eua cae eo quan nha nfldc cdp bd va
ehinh quyen dia phflOng. "Tinh den nam
2001, Vien Kiem sat da nghien cflu hang
tram nghin van ban, phap hien, khang


\ \ \ NGHliN COU-TRAO D6I
nghi gan 10 nghin van ban vi pham phap
ludt, trong do cd khdng it la van ban cfla
cae eO quan cap bd, cdn lai la eua chinh
quyen dia phflong" [9]. Tuy nhien, den
Hien phap 1992 sfla ddi nam 2001 thi Viln
Kiem sat khdng edn tham quyen kiem
soat chung nfla. Dac biet, theo quy di nh
eua Hien phap nam 2013, quyin tfl phap
dflpe xac dinh la quyen xet xfl do Toa an
nhan dan thflc hien thi vai trd kiem soat

quyen Iflc cua tfl phap ddi vdi cac cd quan
nha nfldc khae chu ylu thupc vl Toa an
nhan dan. Do dd, den nay van ehfla ed eo
ehe nao thi hien vai trd cua Vien Kiem sat
nhan dan trong viec kiem soat quyen lap
pbap va banh phap. Trong van dl nay hien
nay, d nfldc ta van chfla thflc hien day du
tfl tfldng cua Lenin. Ddng thdi, ddi vdi
vai trd kiem soat quyen Iflc cfla cd quan
hanh phap ddi vdi quyen liic lap phap va
tfl phap cflng chfla cd nhflng dinh hfldng
eu the trong tfl tfldng cua Lenin va den
nay chflng ta vSn chfla xdy dflng dflpe eO
ehe de dam bao Idem soat quyin Ifle eua
ed quan hanh phap ddi vdi quyen lap phap
va tfl pbap. Ngoai quyin dl xudt, xay dflng
va trinh ehinh sach ddi vdi Qudc hpi, the
che phap ly chfla ed quy di nh nao cho
thdy sfl tac ddng trd lai cua Chinh phu ddi
vdi Qude hdi d nfldc ta. Vi vdy, day van
la nhflng van de ldn dat ra vl mat ly luan
va thflc tien can tiep tuc nghien cflu de
cd sfl bd sung, van dung cho phu hpp vdi
yeu cau xay dflng Nha nfldc phap quyen
XHCN d nfldc ta hien nay.
Trong qua trinh xay dflng va hoan thien
ed che kiem soat QLNN d nfldc ta cflng cd
nbieu diem van dung sang tao quan diem
rua T pnin_ Chane han, ddi vdi vai trd kiem

soat cua ed quan lap phap ddi vdi quyen
Iflc hanh phap va quyin tfl phap mac du
chfla dflpe dl cap va ban luan ehi tilt trong
tfl tfldng cfla Lenin, nhflng ehung ta cung
da xay dflng dflpe nhflng eP ehe eu the vl
cd che kiem soat nay thdng qua nhflng
hinh thflc giam sat eua cP quan quyen
Iflc (Qude hdi va HDND eac cap) ddi vdi
cd quan hanh phap, cO quan tfl phap va
thdng qua eO ehe lay phieu tin nhiem, bd
phieu tin nhiem ddi vdi nhflng ehflc danh
trong bd may banh phap va tfl phap do
Qudc hpi va HDND bau hoae phe ehuan.
Co che kiem soat nay vdn dang van hanh
trong thflc tien, nhflng can phai tilp tue
dflpe nghien cflu de ddi mdi, hoan thien
ca vl Iy ludn va thflc tien thi mdi ndng cao
hieu qua kiem soat quyin Iflc cua cd quan
lap phap ddi vdi quyen hanh phap va tfl
phap.
Thd ha, van dung quan diem cua Lenin
ve dil u kien de dam bao tinh hieu Ifle
trong kiem soat QLNN.
Quan diem eua Lenin vl ylu cau, dieu
kien de dam bao tinh hieu Ifle trong kiem
soat QLNN dd la dam bao tinh ddc lap, dfl
quyen Iflc cua cac ehu the kilm soat ddi
vdi eac ddi tflpng kiem soat. De dam bao
tinh ddc lap dd, theo Lenin trflde hit phai
ban che viee eac dai bieu trong cd quan

lap phap lai kilm nhilm cae ehflc vu trong
CO quan hanh phap, tfl phap. Tuy nhien,
trong thflc tien td ehflc bd may nha nfldc
d nfldc ta chfla thflc sfl dam bao dflpc yeu
eau nay. Thflc te eo cau dai bieu trong eac
CO quan dan efl d nfldc ta cho thay, ty le
dai bieu Qude hdi ehuyen traeh cdn it, dai
bilu Qude hdi, HDND lam viee trong eac
Tap ehi Khoa hpc Npi vu | II


I NGHliN CUU - TRAO D6I
ca quan hanh phap, tfl phap cdn nhieu
tao ra tam ly ne nang, ne tranh trong hoat
ddng kilm soat quyen Iflc. Tyle dai bieu
Qude hdi ehuyen trach khoa XIV (nhiem
ky 2016-2021) mdi chi chiem 36% trong
tong sd dai bilu Qudc hdi [9], Ty le nay
thap hon nhilu so vdi cP cau dai bieu
qudc hdi cua nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi.
So ddng dai bleu kiem n h i l m eae chfle vu
trong bd may hanh chinh nha nfldc dan
tdi sfl chdng cheo, gay nen nhflng tinh
hudng "vfla d a bdng, vfla thoi cdi", thieu
khach quan va ddc lap trong kiem soat
hieu qua QLNN.
Nhflng yeu eau, dilu kien dam bao tinh
hieu Ifle eua kiem soat QLNN la dam bao
tinh doe lap gifla ehu t h i va doi tflpng
k i l m soat QLNN ma Lenin dfla ra la rat

dflng dan. Tuy nhien, van can tiep tuc cd
sfl bo sung, phat triln. Tinh doe lap gifla
eae ehu the va ddi tfldng Idem soat QLNN
ngoai nhflng yeu eau vl phdn cdng nhiem
vu, quyen Iflc rd rang gifla cac ed quan,
tranh co che kilm nhiem, mdt ngfldi lara
d ea hai cd quan nhfl theo quan dilm cua
Lenin cdn ed the bd sung nhflng yeu cau
khac nfla dam bao tinh dpc lap nhfl eae
CP quan nay khdng quyet djnh ngan sach
boat dpng, hay khdng cd quyen chi phdi
d i n cdng tac can bd cfla nhau. Chang han,
ddi vdi yeu cau ddc lap, ehl tuan theo phap
ludt trong boat ddng cua cP quan tfl phap,
nhflng thfle te co quan tfl phap van chiu
sfl tac ddng, chi phdi v l ngan sach va bien
e h l cdng chfle tfl cd quan hanh phap, lap
phap nen ehfla dam bao dflpe sfl ddc lap
thfle sfl eua eP quan tfl phap d nfldc ta
hien nay.
12 I Tap ehi Khoa hoc Noi vu

Cd the ndi, tfl tfldng cua Lenin d a de
cap d e n nhflng van d l khai quat va kha
toan dien ve kiem soat QLNN. Co che,
dilu kien dam bao tinh hieu Ifle kiem soat
QLNN ma Lenin ndi d e n van la nhflng
dinh hfldng, ylu eau van cdn ed gia tri ddi
vdi viee xay dflng va hoan thien cP c h l
Idem soat QLNN d nfldc ta hien nay. Tuy

nhiln, trong qua trinh nghien cflu van
dung nhflng quan d i e m eua Lenin, van
can ed sfl bo sung, phat triln eho phu hpp
vdi thfle tien, d a p flng yeu eau xdy dflng
Nha nfldc phap quyin XHCN d Viet Nam
hien nay.
T A I LIEU THAM KHAO
1. LInin: Todn tap, Nxb Tien bd. Mat x
cdva, 1976,tdp33,tr 141
2. Lenin: Toan tap, Nxb Sfl That, H,
1963, tap 27, tr 347
3. Lenin ve bp may eua Dang va Nha
nfldc, Nxb Thdng tin ly ludn. Ha Npi,
1985, tr 49
4. Lenin: Todn tap, Nxb Tiln bd, Mat x
cdva, 1977,tap25, tr 130
5. Lenin ve bd may eua Dang va Nha
nfldc, Nxb Thdng tin ly luan, Ha Ndi,
1985, tr 44
6. LInin: Toan tap, Nxb Sfl That, H,
1963, tap 40, tr 74
7. Dang Cpng san Viet Nam: Vdn kien
Dgi hdi Dgi bieu Todn qudc ldn t/ji?X/,Nxb
Chinh tri Qudc gia,H, tr 247
8. Dang Cdng san Viet Nara, Vdn kiin
Dgi hgi Dgi bieu Todn qudc ldn thd XR,
Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia, 2016, tr 176
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