THONG TIN
PHAT
TRI^N
TRUYEN
THONG
DAI CHONG
TRONG XU
TH^
TOAN
CAU
H6A
THONG
TIN
Nguyen Van Sanh*
Nhilu
thi
ky qua,
bao
in luon dflde coi
la
cong cu hflu hieu phan anh thong tin
xa
hoi.
Cung vdi khung hoang
va
suy thoai kinh te
toan
ciu, nhflng ban
chi
cua bio in va chilu
hfldng
ngay cang
md rong
bao
mang da
lam
nghiem trong them thach thflc phit trien
cua cic phfldng tien truyin thdng truyin
thdhg. Bai viet gidi thieu xu the phat trien
va mot so' van de cin dflde quan
tam
trong
dilu kien Viet Nam.
1.
Xu the phat trien thong tin dai
chung qua nhufng chang
dvliing
Trong xu the dUdng dai, edng ehung cd
nhu cau
ngay
mot gia tang ea vl noi dung
va
chit
lUdng
thong tin mang tinh
toan
eiu.
Toan
cau boa thong tin dUde coi la qua trinh
chuyen tai lien tue, nhilu ehilu diln ra d
khip moi ndi tren
thi
gidi. Dd cung la khai
nigm dUde
dung de mieu ta nhflng thay ddi
kinh tl xa hoi tao ra bdi mo'i quan he lien
kit
chat che gifla
cae
qudc gia, td chflc va
moi ca nhan vdi dae diem noi bat la dfla ra
dflde
each
nhin quo'c gia trflde nhflng van de
mang tim quo'c tl. Nhd kha nang
kit
no'i
Internet md rong, xu hudng tieu thu cua
ngUdi truy
cap
da nhanh chong thay ddi
eflng vdi
lUdng
thdng tin
tran
ngap tren
nhilu phUdng tien cd the biln ddi tflng phut,
titog
gid.
Toan
ciu boa thong tin lien quan den
truyin bi md hinh c6 sut tham gia ddng
loat
cua cong ehung vdi noi dung
van
boa chiem
phin quan trong. Dd cung la bo phan cau
thanh thong tin dai chung de chuyen
din
ngudi thu hudng. Mot mo hinh
van
boa c6
the
dUde
chap nhan theo nhilu phUdng
thflc,
nd phu thuoc
vao
ban chat tflng
nIn
van
boa cung nhfl kha
nang
tiep can
va
biln
ddi thong tin. Theo do, toan eiu hoa (TCH)
khong ddng boa hoac lam cho tflng
nIn van
boa ngheo di ma
ngUde
lai, cd the tilp nhan
theo nhflng each rieng thong qua tien trinh
lai tao. Nhilu nha phan tich cho rang, chia
khda TCH
van
h6a
la
sU tdn tai cua he
tho'ng truyin thong dai ehung de tao cam
giac ddng thdi vdi kha nang xuit hien d rit
nhilu ndi (Phan Quang 2005).
vao thi
ky thfl XIX, nhan loai tflng
chflng kiln hien tfldng toan ciu boa thong
tin vdi sU ra ddi cua hang loat bao viet d cac
quo'c gia. Nhd bao chi,
trilt
hoe chinh tri, coi
ngudn cua tinh thin dan chii, dUde phUdng
tien truyin thong dai chung quang ba de.
toan thi
gidi biet den
va nIn van
boa bao
gdm ea
van
hoc, hoi boa, am nhac, thdi
trang, du lich da quay theo nhip
ciia
cac
phUdng tien truyin thong
Nhilu
thi
ky qua, trflde sU phat trien
manh me eua cong nghe truyin thong,
bao
in
* Nguyen VSn Sanh, Tien si, Vien Nghien
ciiu
Phat trien Dong bang song
Cxiu
Long
•
Dai hoc Can Thd.
SA'40
(5/2011)
QUAN LY KINH
TE
nM THONG
TIN
PHATTRliN
TRUYEN
THONG
OAI
CHONG
luon dUdc coi la cong cu phan anh thong tin
xa hoi, gifl vai trd trung tam dUa tin. The ky
thut
Vn
sau cong nguyen, ngUdi Trung Qudc
da dung chfl khac go in tren giay va cong
nghe in gdm da ra ddi vao the ky thfl DL Nuta
dau the ky XV (nam 1448), con chfl kim loai
ra ddi da khac phuc
dUdc
nhiii^
ban che ciia
cong nghe
in bing
ban khic gd. Theo each sip
xep,
nhiing
1^
til
rieng le vao khuon, edng
nghe in mdi da tao ra nhiing thong diep bat
ky dUdc in tren mot chat heu nhat dinh. Nhd
tien bo trong cong nghe in ah, nhiing td bao in
diu tien mang ten Newbook lin
lUdt
ra ddi
trong the ky XVI. Nhiing nam sau nay, thuat
ngffl
Newspaper da trd nen phd biln (Pierre
Albert
2003,
NCEIF
2010)
Cung vdi
sil
ra ddi dien thoai, trong the
ky XIX mo hinh cap nhat tin tflc bang dien
thoai (telephone newspaper) da dam nhan
dUdc viec eung cap thdng tin ea vl thdi
sil,
chflng khoan, hoa nhac
va
ngdn ngfl eho
ngfldi thue bao. Hinh thflc cap nhat thong
tin dien thoai giam din khi xuit hien
phUdng tien phat thanh (board cast) tfl
nam
1906.
Ngay nay, radio tren Internet dflde
danh gia cao bdi khong doi hoi dang ky bang
tan, khong cin lap dai phat sdng va bo
truyin
tin
hieu ma vin guti dUdc thong tin di
den moi ndi (NCEIF 2010).
Theo da phat trien cua each mang
KH&CN,
nam
1911, Boris Rosing da che tao
thanh cong he thdhg truyin hinh (TV) suf
dung gUdng phat hinh hudng tdi dhg cath-
ode cl dau nhan. TV din chiem Uu the trong
nhieu mang chuyen tai vao niia sau the ky
XX, khien bao in da phai canh tranh
vit
va
vdi phat thanh va truyen hinh trong khing
dinh vai trd eung cip thong tin (thdi gian tut
1940 den het thap nien 1990,
lUdng
bao in
phat hanh 5 nhieu nUdc phat trien da giam
tuf 2 den 3 lan). Mac du bao in gap kho khan
trUdc nhiing
ehfldng
trinh phat thanh va
truyen hinh ngay cang phong
phii,
song
nhieu phan
tich
cung da chi ra, nhflng
phUdng tien truyen thong nay chUa the thay
the dUdc han bao in. Hiep hoi bao
chi
toan
cau (WAN) cho biet, tren the gidi con tren 1
ti ngUdi vin doc bao in hang ngay
Tfl sut ra ddi va phat triem manh may
tinh
ca nhan, nhflng nam niia cuoi the ky
XX loai ngUdi cung da chflng kiln
sil
phat
trien vUdt bac cua cong nghe truyin thong
qua Internet. Theo dd, bao dien tuf da hoi tu
dUde Idi
the ciia bao viet, bao ndi va bao
hinh. Nhd kha nang
kit
noi toan cau vdi tdc
do lan tda cao, khong it dU bao cho rang se
den luc ngUdi thu thap thong tin khong doc
tren nhflng trang bao viet.
2.
Bao mang, dong thai va giai phap
phat trien
Sau td Internet dau tien eua khoa bao ehi
dai hoc Florida (Hoa Ky) xuat hien thing 10
nam 1993;
nam
1994, nhilu phien ban
online cua tap
chi
Hotwired
va
hang loat
bao khac da dua ra nhiJng website, md ra
thdi dai thong tin
tnic
tuyen. Do bio mang
cd the dap flng nhu cau thong tin vio bat cii
thdi diem
nao
nen he thdhg nay da
lam
thay
ddi nhanh thdi quen tilp nhan thong tin eua
dong dao cong chiing.
Tfl Uu
thi
hoi tu, bao mang ed sflc chiia
rong
Idn
ea vl khong gian
va
thdi gian, ddng
nghia vdi dung
lUdng
thong tin gin nhfl
khong bi gidi han. Vdi bao mang, ngUdi doc
khong chi cap nhat d dang chfl viet
ma
cdn
cd the nghe phat thanh va xem truyin bmh
ngay tren trang web. Nhd kha nang tfldng
tac nhieu chilu, ban bien tap cd the tien
hanh nhflng trao ddi tnle tuyen vain de dUdc
nhieu doc gia quan tam; day chinh la Uu the
ma phat thanh, truyen hinh bi ban che va
cang kho khan gip boi do'i vdi bao in
Vdi
Idi
the chuyen tai nhanh, manh; sflc
chfla thong tin khdng
Id
va kha nang tUdng
QUAN LY KINH TE
So
40
(5/2011)
PHATTRI^N
TRUYEN
TH6NG
DAI
CHCING
THONG TIN
[TJ^
tic nhilu chilu, mang Internet da giam
dUdc ap
lUc rao
can cua cac phUdng tien
truyen thong truyin thdhg,
lam
cho ban tin
tren mang trd nen da dang. Cung mot luc
nghe binh luan, ngUdi dung internet cdn cd
the tham khao dUdc ngudn tin thu thap,
hinh anh ghi lai tfl hien trfldng hoac
kit noi
them nhiing tfl heu cd lien quan tren nhflng
dfldng link. Mot
Idi
the kha quan trong khac
la bao dien tut cd the giam dflde
din
75% chi
phi san xuat
va
phit hanh. TrUdc ddi hoi
phat trien thong tin dai ehung mang tinh
toan
ciu md rong , bao mang dUde coi la giai
phip thich nghi de tim lai dau an
hoang
kim cua bio
chi.
Tuy nhien, kha
nang
nay
cung gap khong it kho khan.
So vdi
heb
sii hang the ky cua nganh bao
chi,
bio mang mdi cd tren 10 nam phat
trien, song da thu hut dUdc dong dao ban
doc.
Nhflng khao sat tai nhilu nflde phat
trien cung da nit ra, tren 70% ngfldi My eho
ring, bao chi truyin tho'ng chfla phan anh
diy du thong tin; d nhilu qudc gia da cd tren
50%
dan
cfl dung internet trong cap nhat
thong tin. Theo nhilu phan tich,
ngay
nay,
mang thong tin dien tut da trd thanh cong cu
khong the thilu trong hinh thanh cich lim
viec cua con ngfldi
va
tiln bo cong nghe da
giup cho ngudn thong tin hien dai
ngay cang
trd nen hflu ich hdn (NCEIF 2010).
Tren nguyen
tie
coi trong sfl that va do
chinh xac, muc tieu cua bao mang
la
dem
den doc gia nhflng cong cu cd the tham gia
hieu qua vao nhiing giao tiep cong ddng.
Cong chung thflc sfl ehao ddn nhiing gi
thuoc vl tap hdp tin tflc, san xuat va xua't
ban thong tin; thflc te
nay
da tao dong
Iflc
de
md ra thdi ky phat trien day nang dong eua
bao chi. Cho den nay, phin
Idn
ten tudi
Idn
trong cong nghe thong tin toan ciu deu
dang kinh doanh bing
each
cung cap noi
dung thong tin miln phi eho ngfldi sut dung
interrnet va ban quang cao cho khach hang.
Tuy nhien, doanh so' quang cao tren inter-
net edn khiem tdh (nam 2007,tai My, ngudn
thu nay mdi chiem chufng 7,5% tdng doanh
sd^
quang cao). Nhilu nha nghien eflu cho
rang, phai mat nhilu
nam
nfla tang trfldng
quang eio tren bio mang mdi vfldt qua dUdc
quang cao tren bao in.
Phan tich kho khan trong thu
phi
inter-
net,ehuyen gia eua Paid Content da ehi ra,
thong tin la Enh
vile
phit trien nhanh
va
manh me nhat,
lUdng
eung dang
Idn
hdn ciu
din
din
khong ai ed the ban thfl dang qua dU
thfla (NCEIF 2010). Mat khac, bao mang da
tren 15
nam
mien phi, kho dao
ngUde
dUde
thdi quen khdng phai tra phi truy cap
va
quan trong hdn dd la, muoh thu
dUde
phi
truy cap ddi hdi edng nghe truyin thong
toan
eiu phai ddng loat tien hanh; cae nha quang
cao khong tan ddng thu phi bdi ho se bi mat
di dang ke
lUdng
ngUdi doe quang cao.
Tfl nhflng ly do tren day, gidi phan tich
cho ring, cac nha xuit ban eon phai tilp tuc
cung cap nhflng noi dung thong tin miln phi
va
thu
Idi
qua quang eio. Do
so'
ngfldi mudn
tra tiln truy cap thdng tin edn rat khiem tdn
nen viec can
lam
la cd chinh sach
mim
deo
de dilu tiet va thu dflde
Idi
nhuan kinh
doanh. Nhiing giai phap dflde dl cap da tap
trung
vao
tang tinh
nang
mdi
va
xay dflng
mo hinh thanh
toan
hflu hieu (NCEIF
2010).
Hau
hit
an pham dflde
Ifla
ebon tren
bao mang da hfldng
vao
thu hut doe gia
mien phi noi dungnhilu nhat de thu
Idi
tfl
quang cao. Ngoai ra nha cung cap con dfla
ra nhiing
tinh nang
miln
phi
khic nhfl
email, diin din hoac tao
blog
mdi de
nang
cao Ifldng ngfldi truy cap. Viec bit buoc doc
gia dang ky tai khoan tren website la each
lam de thu
phi
nhflng khong dl dflde cha'p
nhan; do viy, cin cd nhiing giao dien gian
ddn trao ddi thong tin de dang
va
quan
trong la dam bao nhflng bai viet cd chat
Ifldng cao.
SA'40
(5/2011)
QUAN LY KINH TE
rn?Ti
THONG TIN
PHAT
TRI^N
TRUYEN
THONG
DAI
CHONG
S.Van
de doi
vofi
Viet Nam
So vdi nhilu nude dang phat trien,Viet
Nam da phat trien cong nghe thong tin
va
mang internet kha nhanh. Den nay, ngUdi
Viet da tilp
can va
suf dung internet tren
dien rong, tac dong cua bao mang trong ddi
so'ng
xa
hoi da ra't
dang
ke. Vdi sU phat trien
nhanh eua mang dien thoai,
bao
mang dang
chuyen tfl may
tinh
de lan sang dien thoai
di dong
va
tflng dia chi bao mang rieng le se
din chuyen qua nhflng ndi tdng hdp thong
tin. Nhilu dU bao cho rang, dich vu tdng hdp
tin tflc se ngay cang da dang
va
hfldng den
nhilu nhom do'i tUdng khac nhau (NCEIF
2010).
Trong xu the hien dai, bai
vilt
tren
bao in se nhanh chong hien thi tren trang
tin tdng hdp
va
tfl day, noi dung dUde chia
xe den nhilu nhom doc gia rieng eua tufng
trang mang. Xu the
nay
se phat triln nhanh
vi nd tilt kiem cong sflc, thdi gian va tiln
bac cua nhflng nhom ngfldi cd lien quan.
Tuy nhien va'n de nan giai chinh la quyln
tic gia va
Idi
ich eua nhflng td chflc lim dieh
vu eung ca'p thong tin.
Bao chi nfldc ngoai cd the buoc ngUdi doe
phai tra tiln, nhUng bao ehi dien tut d nUde
ta lai ra't kho lam, mot bai hay dUde dang tai
d dau dd vin cd the nhanh chong hi hang
chuc trang khac tai vl, xut ly rdi bien thanh
a'n pham cua minh. Trong thilc te, mot
trang web tdng hdp cd the bo tiln ra de doe
thdng tin, sau dd xut ly thanh a'n pham rieng
tilm an nguy cd
lam
dd vd mo hinh tinh tiln
qua mang eua mot td bio khic. Ro ring la
viec khong bao ve ndi ban quyln sd hflu tin
bai tren mang khien chung ta rit kho tiln
binh dUdc nhflng giai phap ma the gidi da
qua qui trinh thut nghiem.
Khao sit vl thdi quen cua ngUdi Viet
Nam da rut ra, so' dong ngfldi doe den nay
edn
ehuong
bao in, song do mflc do phd cap
cua bao mang, bo phan ding ke dang thay
ddi each flng xut. Thay vi phai mua nhilu td
bao in, ho
liia
ebon mot td nhat dinh de
doe.
sau dd tim each bd sung thong tin truy
cap
dUde tuf nhflng td bao mang. Nhin ehung,
ngUdi dan Viet Nam can tin tflc vln
mudnj
doc bao, xa hoi vin can nhflng nha
bao
chuyen tac nghiep,
san
lung tin tflc de kip
thdi cap nhat thong tin xay ra va phfldng
tien internet vin la cong cu tim
kilm
nhanh
nha't nhflng
gi
dien ra trong ddi sdhg xa hoi.
4.
Thay cho
ld?i
ket
Trong toan cau boa thong tin, xu the
chuyen hoa khong chi bao ham sfl thay ddi
hinh thflc chuyen tai thong tin, ma quan
trong la bao hieu mot cuoe each mang ve
phong cich lam bao
va
chuyen tai thong tin
ea vl noi dung va hinh thflc trinh bay. Nhiing
td bao
va
tap ehi muo'n thanh edng phai nam
bat
va
ddn nhan dflde cd hoi chuyen minh.
Cung nhu ngUdi
lam
bao, doc gia ngay nay
khdng chi la ngUdi tilp nhan thu dong thong
tin
ma
cdn thilc sut tham gia vao qua trinh
phan tich
va
binh luan. Chinh vi dilu nay,
ngUdi lam bao khong the ap dat quan diem
chu quan cua minh trong bii vilt ma can la
ngudi tao ra dUde nhflng
ddi
thoai binh dang
cung ban doc
va
gay dflng
dvidc
d ho nilm tin
khach quan vl sfl phat trien. Nha bao
can,
phai thim nhap dflde vao trung tam
cua
nhiing trao doi, do'i thoai de ed each nhin, suy
nghi tha'u dao va sfl sang tao vl phfldng thflc
phit trien nhflng dieh vu hip din cong
ehung chfl khong eflng nhic theo nhfl each
lam
truyin tho'ng lau nay./.
TAI
LIEU
THAM KHAO
.
Phan Quang (2005), Thong tin dai
chiing, vdn hoa dai chung vd vdn hoa
ddn tgc, NXB Thong ta'n, Ha Noi.
• Pierre Albert (2003), Lich sii bdo
chi^
NXB Thi
gidi.
Ha
Noi.
. NCEIF (2010), "Bao chi
thi
gidi vdi vin dl
suy thoai bao
m".
Ban tin thong tin ebon
loc
so'
32,
Ha
Noi thing 12
nam
2010.
"^
I
Toan cau hoa thong tin, dong nhat vdn
hoa, Ky yeu hoi
thao.
Ha Noi 2008.
m
QUAN LY KINH TE
SA'40
(5/2011)