Phát triển tư duy phê phán cho sinh viên thông qua dạy học phần tâm lí học đại cương

Nguyin Chi Tang, Pham VSn Hieu

Phat trien tif duy phe phan cho sinh vien
thong qua day hpc phan Tam ii hpc dai cifdng
Nguyen ChJTang\ Pham Van Hieu^

' Email; chitarg_sp@yahoo com.vn
' Email;
TrKOig Cao fl^ng SU ptiam BS Ria - VDng Tiu
689 each Mang Tiiang TSm, ttiSnh pho Ba Ria,
tirh Ba Ria - Vurg Ttii, Viet Nam

TOM TAT: Td duy phe phin cd vai trd het sdc quan trgng va can thiet doi vdl
mdi ngudi noi chung vi ngddi hgc ndi rieng. Tuy nhien, nhdng nghien cdu vS
su hinh thanh ra phit trien tu duy phe phin cho hgc sinh, sinh vien trong qui
trinh day hgc van con ban che. Trong bai viet niy tac gii phin tfch va lim
sing to mgt so vin dell luan cabin vS tuduy phe phin (Khii niem tuduy phe
phin; fvJdt sd kT ning de phit trien td duy phe phin; Mot sd dau hieu chdng td
sinh vien cd tu duy phe phin), ddng thdi dUa ra md hinh thiet ke bai day trong
hgc phan Tam li hgc dai cUOng nham phit trien tu duy phe phan cho smh vien.
lis KHOA: Phat trien tu duy phe phan; tti duy phe phan; Tam li hqc dai cifdng.
•> Nhan bai 15/8/2019 -> Nhan ke't qua phan bien va chinh sila 20/9/2019 • • Duyet iJang 25/10/2019

1 . Dat van d e

Nghi quyet Hoi nghi Trung ucmg 8 khoa XI ve Doi moi
can ban, toan dien giao due va dao tao (Nghi quyet so 29NQ/TW) cua Dang da neu ro: "Doi moi can ban, toan dien
giao due va dao tao la doi mcri nhimg van de Ion, cot loi,
cap thiet, tu quan diem, tu tucmg chi dao den muc tieu, ngi
dung, phuang phap, ea che, chinh sach, dieu Icien bao dam
thuc hien". "Chuyen phat trien giao due va dao tao tir chu

yeu theo so lugng sang chu trong chat lirgng va hieu qua,
dong thoi dap iing yeu cau so lugng". De quan triet quan
diem nay, Dang ta cQng da de ra nhiem vu, giai phap rat cu
the, do la; "Tiep tue doi mcri manh me phucmg phap day va
hpc theo huong hien dai, phat huy tinh tich cue, chii dgng,
sang tao va van dung kien thiic, kT nang (KN) cua nguoi
hgc, khac phuc loi truyen thu ap dat mgt chieu, ghi nho
may moc. Tap trung day each hgc, each nghi, khuyen khi'ch
ttr hgc, tao eo so de nguoi hge ty cap nhat va doi moi tri
thuc, KN, phat trien nang lire". Nhu vay, doi moi phuang
phap day hgc (PPDH) la mgt yeu cau biic thiet can dugc coi
trgng trong mgi nha truang, trong hoat dgng ciia moi giao
vien (GV).

phap giang day hgc phan Tam h' hgc (TLH) dai cuong nham
phat triln TDPP cho sinh vien (SV).
2. Npi d u n g nghien eu'U
2.1. Cd si li luan ve \ti duy phe phan

a. Khdi niim TDPP
Theo R, Ennis (1987), TDPP !a: "Su suy niem hgp li tap
trung vao viec quyet dinh nen tin dieu gi hay lam dieu gi".
Mgt nguai co TDPP thuang: 1/ Danh gia do tin cay ciia cac
nguon thong tin; 2/ Xae dinh ket qua, nguyen nhan va gia
thiet; 3/ Danh gia chat lugng cua cac luan ehiing, bao gom
ea su thiia nhan nguyen nhan, gia thiet va bang chimg; 4/
Phat tnen va bao ve quan diem ve van de; 5/ Dat nhiing cau
hoi lam ro thich hgp; 6/ Lap ke hoach thuc nghiem va xem
xet de cuong thuc nghiem; 7/ Xae dinh cac dieu khoan phu
hgp voi ngii canh; 8/ Cong bang, khach quan, khong thien

vi; 9/ Co gang thu thap day dii thong tin; 10/ Riit ra ket luan
khi da dugc chimg thuc, nhung voi su than trgng [ 1, tr, 1 SO].
Paul va Scriven cho r5ng: TDPP la mgt ti6n trinh tu duy
tieh cue va thanh thao trong viec khai niem hoa, phan tich,
tdng hgp, va danh gia nhimg tin tire thu nhan dugc tir su
quan sat hay do kinh nghiem, suy niem, li luan, hay giao
Thuc tien viee doi moi PPDH trong nha truang hien nay tigp (voi cac ngudn tin khae) de huong dSn hanh dgng va su
da dugc trien khai, GV tieh cue hudng iing nhung hieu qua tin tuang. Richard Paul va Linda Elder dk ra mgt eau tnic
chua dugc nhu mong muon. Co khong it GV van truyen thu CO ban vSn thuang dugc ggi chung la cau tnic Paul-Elder,
kien thiic theo loi truyen thong, mgt chieu, hgc sinh ITnh hoi cho viee giang day va dao tao KN TDPP, g6m ba phan- 1/
tri thirc thu dgng. Doi moi PPDH khong chi van dung dugc Phan tich tu duy; 2/ Danh gia tu duy; 3/ Cai thien lu duy [2],
PPDH hien dai vao trong nha truang ma dieu co ban la
Eichhom (2014) dua ra dinh nghia: TDPP la mgt su tu
giup nguoi hgc tham gia hoat dgng nhan thiic tieh cue, dgc duy CO ki luat, tu dinh huang, phan anh mgt trinh do cao
lap sang tao va biet each hgc. Trong qua trinh day hgc, GV vk KN va kha nang tu duy - tu duy vk su tu duy eua chinh
phai chu y den cac phuang phap phat trien tu duy cho hgc minh trong liic suy tu dg lam cho su tu duy ciia minh tro
sinh, dac biet la nhiing tu duy bac cao nhu tu duy phe phan nen tot hem [3].
(TDPP). Day la mgt viee Iam khong he de dang, doi hoi
Phan Thi LuySn da cong b6 mgt s6 cong trinh nghien
phai CO nhimg nghien ctiu, tim toi, iing dung va chia se kinh ciiu ciia minh vk dk tai nay va tac gia da dua ra dinh nghTa:
nghiem ciing dong nghiep. Xult phat tir nhijng li do tren, "TDPP la tu duy co suy xet, can nhSc, danh gia va Hen he
trong bai vi6t nay, chiing toi trinh bay viec doi mai phuang mgi khia canh ciia cac nguon thong tin vai thai do hoai
So 22 thang 10/2019

13


NGHIEN COTULfLUAN

nghi tieh cue, dua tren nhiing tieu chuin nhat dinh dk tim

ra nhiing thong tin phii hgp nhat nhkm giai quyet cac vkn
de datra" [4].
Tir viee nghien ctiu, tim hiSu cac khai mem vk TDPP tren
day, ehiing toi nhan thiy, cac tac gia da d^ cap tai tinh tich
cue, ki luat, su tin tuong va hoai nghi, sir suy xet, can nhlc,
phan tich, tong hgp va danh gia trong khai niem. TiSp thu
nhirng tu tucmg tren, chiing toi dua ra khai niem vg TDPP
nhu sau lam khai nigm cong cu trong bai viet eiia minh:
TDPP la each nghT va lap luan logic tich cue, co ki luat su
dung cac thao tac tri tug vao viec phan tich, tong hgp, danh
gia su viee, xu huong, y tuong, gia thuygt... tir su quan sat,
kinh nghiem, chting cii, thong tin, su suy xet, li le nham
muc dich nhan thirc dung, chinh xae va khoa hge ve su
vlt va hien tugng (diing - sai, tot - xau, hay - do, hgp li khong hgp li, nen - khong nen, can - khong can, each duy
nhat - nhieu each ...) va nit ra quyetdjnh, each irng xii cua
ca nhan, nha do ca nhan dua ra quygt dinh phii hgp de giai
quygt van dg tot nhat,
b. Mgt so KN dephdt triin TDPP
• KN quan sAt: KN quan sat la each nhin nhan hien
tugng, su vat mgt each chi riet, co phan tieh va phuc vu
cho muc dich ro rang. Khac voi quan sat thong thucmg, KN
quan sat khong nhin mgi thu' mgt each ngau nhien, ma quan
sat CO chii dieh, roi ghi nho, xau chuoi nhirng dieu lien quan
de van dung giai quygt van de mgt each toi im va nhanh
chong. Trong bat ki ITnh vuc nao deu doi hoi con nguai
phai CO KN quan sat. Dg ren luygn KN TDPP cho SV, rlt
cln toi KN quan sat, vi no giiip SV nhan ra ban chat van de
nhanh chong, tir do co nhan thiic chinh xae, khoa hgc, dua
ra nhung phuang phap, y tuang thieh hgp nhlt, Quan sat la
mgt KN bai no khong don thuan phu thuge vao thi giae ma

no con CO the ren luyen dg phat trien han nira. Va ren luyen
eae KN mem trong do co KN quan sat se giup ich rat nhieu
cho su phat trien cua ban than,
Cdch quan sdt de dgt hieu qua cao:
- Quan sdt di tim ra y nghia: Quan sat khong ehi la mo ta
lai nhiing gi nhin thay ma phai di liSn vai su phan rich, binh
gia dg tim ra y nghTa, gia tri cua chi tiet, su kien,
- Quan sdt phdi cd suy ludn, phdn dodn: Quan sat khong
CO nghTa chi la nhin, trong ma la thay duoc sir vat, hien
tugng. Quan sat khac voi hoat dgng nhin, trong vi quan sat
CO su tham gia cua hoat dgng tu duy nhu: phan tich, tong
hgp, suy luan, phan doan...
- Quan sdt trong su so sdnh: So sanh nhiing gi quan sat
duge a sir vat, hien tugng nay vai su vat, hien tugng khae
hoae so sanh vai ban than chiing trong cae thai diem, hoan
canh, giai doan.,, khac nhau de lam noi bat ngn nhirng net
dac s^c cua chiing. Chinh sir so sanh, doi chieu nay lam eho
sir quan sat co chieu sau hon.
- Huy dpng cde gidc quan Irong quan sdt vd than trgng
khi kit ludn: Quan sat phai co sir tap trung, chii y eao do.
Khi quan sat cln sir dung cac giae quan dg nhan biet eae
dac digm, tinh chit rlt da dang cua cac sir vat, hien tugng.
u

TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM

- Lua chpn thai diem di quan sat bai vi nuat uvc^ -.
sat chi thuc hien dugc trong thai gian, khong gia" "^^ ^i^^i
doan dien rign nhlt dinh nao do cua sir kien. Quan sat nen
ket hgp vai cac phuang phap khae di dam bao dg tin cay va

CO so phap li cho thong tin da thu thSp,
Cdc bu&c quan sdt thu thap thong tin:
- Buae thii nhlt: Phai xae dinh dugc mot each so bg
(diach thg eiia quan sat, can chi ra nhirng dac trung, cac tinh
huong va nhung digu kien hoat dgng cua doi tugng quan sat
va nhirng bign doi eiia chiing.
- Buac thii hai: Phai xae dinh duoc thoi gian quan sat, dia
digm va thai di6m d6 thuc hien quan sat, tho'i gian va each
thiie tiep can voi doi tugng.
- Buac thii ba: Lira chgn each thiic quan sat. Can eii vao
ngi dung quan sat, can cii vao tirng doi tugng quan sat eu
thg va timg loai quan sat ma lua chgn cho phuang phap cho
phii hgp dg thu thap thong tin.
- Buoe thii tu: Tign trinh quan sat thu thap thong tin.
- Buae thii nam: Thuc hien viec ghi chep thong tin tir
quan sat.
- Buoe thii sau: Tign hanh kiem tra.
• KN thu thap thong tin: KN thu thap thong tin la biet
thu thap thong tin co trgng tam, bao dam thu thap cac thong
tin cln thiat, khic phuc tinh trang thu thap thong tin dan
trai, thilu cac thong tin can thiet.
- Xdc dinh nhu edu bdo dam thong tin- Moi SV co nhu
cau khac nhau doi vol van dg bao dam thong tin eho hoat
dgng hgc tap, nghien ciru cua minh. Khi xae dinh nhu cau
bao dam thong tin, can phai tra loi ddy dii cac cau hoi: VSn
de dang giai quyet can co nhixng thong tin nao? Thong tin
hien co eon thieu nhung ngi dung gi? Nhijng thong tin quan
trgng nhlt de xii li van de?
- Xdc dinh edc kenh vd ngudn thdng tin: Tren co so xae
dinh nhu clu thong tin, vigc xae dmh kgnh va ngu6n thu

thap thong tin la buac tigp theo eua qua trinh thu thap thong
tin. Ct day, chii the thu thap thong tin cln xae dinh ro thong
tin se thu thap tir ngu6n nao. Nguon thong tin tren thuc tg
CO the phan loai theo nhirng each tiep can khac nhau nhung
tdng thg CO thg dugc chia thanh thong tin thir elp va so elp.
- Thiit lap hinh thuc vd che do thu thap thdng tin: Dgc
va ghi chep; Viec thu thap thong tin thir clp gin lign v6i
viec dgc va ghi chep tai lieu. Khi thu thap thong tin qua
nguon thir cap can chii y kT thuat dgc va ghi chep, sao chup
mgt phln hoae toan bg van ban, tai lieu. Viec sao chup van
ban, tai lieu can dugc lua chgn khoa hge, xae dinh diing ngi
dung can sao chgp dg thuan lgi trong qua trinh xii li, tranh
su qua tai vi kh6i lugng tai lieu sao chup; Thao luan nhom
dg thu thap thong tin; Th6ng kg s6 lieu, tinh ti lg, tinh xae
suit; Quan sat, so sanh va d6i ehieu thong tin thu thap dugc
eo tir nhigu ngudn khac nhau, phan loai, so sanh, phan tich
trinh tu, nguyen nhan tac dgng, mo hinh. Khi phan loai
so sanh, phan tich trinh tu, nguygn nhan tac dgng, md hinh
cln chil y: Ngudn thong tin bat ngudn tir dau? Thdng tin co
phan anh \k ciing mgt ddi tugng hoae vl cac ddi tugng co


Nguyen Chl TSng, Pham Van Hieu

dac diem tucmg ddng nhau khong? Thdng tin dugc thu thap
Khi d^y bai tudng hjgng, giang vien ngu van di: Hay neu
blng kT thuat nao? Mirc do dang tin cay ciia cac ki thuat thu quan diim ciia ban than vi y kign eua Gorki cho ring, ban
thap thdng tin?
chat Clia tudng tugng cung la tu duy ma thdi, nhung la loai
• KN xu- li thong tin: KN xir li thong tin lit bigt xir li tu duy chu yiu blng hinh anh. Di dua ra dugc quan diim

thdng tin chinh xae, khoa hgc dat hieu cao ddi vdi hoat Clia ban than vi y kiin ciia Gorki nhu da neu thi SV phai
dgng cua ca nhan,
cd KN thu thap thdng tin (thu thap thdng tin thii cip) qua
- KNxir li thdng tin ticc thai: Trong hgc tap, eo trudng hop dge, nghien cim giao trinh, tai lieu, sach bao cd Hen quan,
truoc nhiing thong tin vira thu nhap dugc, SV phai dua ra truy cap ngudn thdng tin dang tin cay tren mang intemet.
nhiing cau tra lai, nhiing quyet dinh va bien phap giai quyit Khi da thu thap dugc thdng tin thi cln KN xir li thdng tin.
cu thi, ngay tai thdi diem tigp nhan thdng tin ma khdng co Thdng tin dugc xir li tdt se la co sd di giai quyit vin di ed
thdi gian de nghign cim, xii li. Ddi vdi truong hgp nay, viec hieu qua.
xu !i thdng tin cSn phai duge thuc hien chu dgng, tich cue
c. Mdt sd ddu hieu chimg to SVcd TDPP
dg cd the dua ra quyet dinh diing dan.
Dg danh gia TDPP ciia mdt ngudi khdng phai la dl, vi thi
- KNxir li thdng lin theo quy trinh: Tap hgp va he thong can phai chi ra dugc nhiing diu hieu rit cu thi, do la:
hoa thdng tin theo timg van dg, ITnh vuc, Phan tich va kigm
- Quan sat nhiiu khia canh toan dien chir khdng chi quan
tra do chinh xae ciia cae thdng tin, ti'nh hgp li cua cae tai sat be ngoai, phdi hc^ dugc cac giac quan tiin tdi phan anh
heu, sd lieu; Cung cap, phd bien thdng tin; Bao quan, luu dugc ban chat van de;
hU thdng tin.
- Khdng riep thu thu dgng, luon nghi ngd va di ehung
- Ung dung cdng nghe thdng tin trong xir li thdng tin.
minh do tin cay;
•KN ra quyet dinh, lap ke hoach va giai quylt van de:
- Khdng bang idng vai nhimg gi da dugc nhan thiic ma
KN giai quygt van de va ra quylt dinh la mgt trong nhiing ludn td md tim higu va dat cau hdi, ddng thdi chii dgng tim
yeu to quan trgng dg dat duge thanh cong ma bat ki ai cung cau tra ldi cho thich dang;
can phai biet. KN ra quygt djnh la mdt qua trinh lua chgn
- Bigt xau chudi van dg mgt each logic;
CO y thiic giija hai hoae nhieu phuang an dg chgn ra mgt
- Xem xet rat kT van dg trudc khi dua ra quyit djnh;
phuong an, Dudi day la 6 budc de giai quyet vin di;

- Nhan thiie khach quan, khoa hgc khdng cam tinh;
Bu&c 1: Phat hien van de, phan rich thdng tin, sa bg di - KN dua ra quyet dinh tot: Phat hien ^an de, nguyen
ra nhiem vu,
nhan, giai phap va thuc hien hoan chinh,
Bu&c 2: Tun ra nguygn nhan.
Bu&c 3: De ra giai phap.
2.2. Thiet ke bai day trong hoc phan Tam \\ hoc dai ciMng
Bu&c 4: Chgn ra hudng giai quygt tdi uu (buae ra quyit nham phat trien td duy phe phan cho sinh vien
dmh).
Vg cau tnic bai day, gidng nhu mdt gid day thdng thudng
Bu&c 5: Lap ke hoach va rign hanh giai quyet van de.
gdm cd: 1/ Muc tigu bai day (vg kien thiic, ve KN, vg thai
Bu&c 6: Quan sat va danh gia chat lugng.
do); 2/ Phuang phap, phuong tien day hge (phuong phap,
Vi du minh hga: Dgy chuang IV - Hoat flong nhan phuang tien); 3/ Chuan bi (giao vign, SV), 4/ Tien trinh lgn
thirc
ldp (On djnh td chiic; Khai quat kign thiic, KN da hgc cd
Khi day bai cam giac tri giac, de giiip SV hieu ro khai lien quan den bai hgc va dat van de vao bai mdi; Giang bai;
niem cam giae, dae digm cua cam giac, hau het giang vien Ciing CO bai hgc; Giao nhiem vu ve nha).
khi d£iy deu tiin hanh mgt thi nghiem dan gian chii khong
Di phat triin TDPP cho SV, cln van dung cac PPDH
chi dung thuygt trinh, chang han thi nghiem nhu sau: Giang truygn thdng kit hgp vdi PPDH hien dai de xay dung chi
vien ggi mgt SV lgn tham gia thi nghiem, yeu clu SV d tiit hoat dgng ciia thiy va trd cimg vai viec. Cu thg: Sii
dirdi chii tam quan sat thi nghiem. Giang vign cho SV tham dung PPDH dam thgai, neu van de, thao luan, hoat ddng
gia thi nghiem quay mat xudng ldp, dimg khan vai bit mat, nhdm, giai quyit vin de thiit ki phan giang bai mdi. Md
yeu cau xde ban tay phai ra va dua ra trudc mat. Giang vien hinh thilt ki nhu sau (xem Bang 1):
dat mdt vat (hdn bi) vao tay SV tham gia thi nghiem va hdi"
Thiit kg bai hgc nhlm phat trien tu duy phan bien cho SV
Hien tai, em nhan biet dugc gi? Hinh dang vat the nhu thg la viec lam rlt cln thiit va cd y nghTa ldn, giup cho ngudi
nao? Kich thudc ra sao? Nang hay nhe? Ciing thdi diim hgc nhan thirc vin di mgt each khoa hgc, khach quan va the

do em cd nhan bigt dugc tat ca nhiing dieu giang vien hoi hien rd chinh kiln khoa hgc eiia minh. Song, khdng phai
treo khdng? Ciing nhirng cau hdi tren nhung lan nay (lan 2) bai nao, phln kiin thiic nao cung dugc thiet ke theo hudng
giang vien ygu clu SV dugc nam ban tay lai va cu dgng nan phat tnin tu duy phan bien cho SV ma cdn tuy theo timg
bop vat the. Cung nhirng cau hdi tren nhung lan nay (lan 3) ngi dung, timg chuang, bai, kien thiic cu the, dieu kien hge
giang vien md khan bjt mat SV len tham gia thi nghiem ra. tap va tinh hudng day hgc cu the eho phep, Dudi day ia thiet
SV quan sat chi tigt, ti mi va so sanh kgt qua tra ldi eiia SV kl ndi dung va phuong phap ea ban eho mdt gid day trong
len tham gia thi nghiem. Cd KN quan sat SV dg dang tigp Chuang 1 ciia hge phln TLH dai cuong lam vi du minh hga
nhan khai niem va dac diim cua cam giac.
(xem Bang 2).
S622thang10/2019 15


NGHIEN cau LILUAN

Bang 1 : Mo hinh thiet ke phat trien TDPP cho SV

Neu van de. Ngoai each ffinh nghla nay ban hay i3i;a ra each dinh nghla khac ciia minh
Cac each dien dat khai niem cd diem gi chung, ban hay phan tich va chiing mmh.

Cac noi dung khac

- Ca nhan suy^ ngfn

Ban hay neu len vi du minh hpa cho khai mem.

' ' " " ' * «
- Thao luan

Hay neu cac quan diem ve khai niem va phan ticti, danh gia cSc quan diem do

cac cau h o i ^ i i a ^

nhom as t r i Mi

- C^ nhan suy nghi tfl t r i Idl c^c

GV (Jat cau hoi, chang han:
NOI dung do eo cac hieu nao khae nfla, hay phan tich va ehiing mmh,
Chinh xae - Cd the biet them dieu gi chi tiet hdn khong'' Ciiinh xae dieu do la gi?
Nhflng thdng tm ed lien quan den ndi dung bgn da thu thap dUdc la gi? Chiing cd y

cau hoi CLia GV,

^ _

- Thao luan theo nhom de tra Iffl
cac cau hdi eua GV.

nghla nhfl the n^o?
Nhflng tai lieu khae ngoai giao trinh, dfla ra noi dung nhfl the nao? Hay Sanh gia va
dfla r a y kien cua ban than,
Neu nhin nhan van de d gdc nhin khac thi sao?

Bang 2: Thiet ke noi dung cho gitt day trong ChKdng 1 c£ia hoc phan TLH dai ciTOng
Cau hoi kich Ihlch lli duy phan b .
CliaSV
Ban hay neu va phan tich nhflng dac diem

- Ca nhan suy nghi

1.1. f}ac diem ciia TLH so vdi cac khoa hoc khac

khac biet ciia TLH so vdi cac khoa hoc

tfl tr^ ldi c^c cau h6l

- TLH nghien cflu cac hien tfldng tam li vfla gan gui. cu the, gan bd vdi con

khac

1 . DOI TUpNG, NHIEM VU, Vj TRi VA Y NGHIA CUA TLH

CLia GV,
-

ngflcii vfla rat phflc tap, to/u tflflng

Thao

luan

theo

- TLH la ndi hoi tu nhieu khoa hoc nghien cflu ddi song tam If con ngfldi.

Ban hay lay mpt sd vi du de minh hpa cho

nhdm de tra ldi cac

- TLH la mpt bd mdn khoa hoc cd ban trong he thong cae khoa hpc ve eon

dac diem ciia TLH so vdi cac khoa hpc

cau hoi ciia GV,

ngflcii, fldng thdi nd la mdn nghiep vu trong he thong cac khoa hoc tham gia

khac.

vao viec dao tao con ngfldi, hinh thanh nhan each con ngfldi ndi chung va
nhan each nghe nghiep ndi rieng.
1.2. Odi Ifldng cua TLH
Ooi tfldng CLia TLH ia cac hien tfldng tam li vdi tfl cSch \h cdc hien tfldng tmh

Ddi tfldng nghien cflu ciia cac tnJdng ph^i

tlian do the gidi khach quan tae ddng vao bd nao eiia eon ngfldi gay nen.

TLH khac nhau cd diem gi chung va rieng?

TLH nghien cilu sfl hinh thanh, van hanh va phat then eua hoat ddng tam li,

hay phan tich, chflng minh.

cac quy luat cua hoat dong tam li va cd che tao nen chimg.

Theo ban TLH cdn cd nhiem vu nao kh^c,

1.3. Nhiem vu ciia TLH

cho vi du mmh hoa,

- Ngliien cOu ban chat hoat fldng tam li ea ve so Ifldng va chat Ifldng.

TLH buy tam neu ra nhiem vu ciia TLH la

- Phat hien cac quy luat hinh ttianh va phat tnen tam li,

gi? Ban hay neu len nhan xet va danh gia.

- Tim ra cd che eiia hien tfldng tam li
- Dfla ra cac giai phap hOu hieu cho sfl hinh thanh va phat then tam li, sfl
dung tam li trong nhan to con ngfldi cd hieu qua nhat.
2. B A N C H A T C U A H I E N TlidNG TAM Li NGliill
2 . 1 . Khai niem ve tam l i
• Tfl dien tieng Viet (1998} dinh nghia mpt each tong quaL tam li la y nghi,

Chii nghia duy tam sieu hinh quan mem

tinh cam.,, lam ttianh flfll song ndi tam, the gidi ben trong ciia con ngfldi.

nhfl the nao ve tam li ngiidi? Quan di^m

- Tam li bao gom tat ca cae hen tfldng tlnh than, tdn tai trong dau dc con

cuahpcdhanehegi''

ngflcii, dieu khien, dieu chinh cae hoat ddng eua eon ngJdi

Ban hay neu len mdt sd quan diem eiia cac

2.2. Bdn chat hien tfldng tarn 11 ngifili

tn/dng phai TLH khSc,

a, Quan niem duy tam, cho rang:

Mat tien bp va han che ciia quan niem duy

- Tam li con ngfldi la do thfldng fle. do trdi sinti ra va nhap vao xae con

vat may mde la gi?

ngfldi.
- Ouan niem nay khong the giai thich dfldc ban chat hien tfldng tam li cori
ngfldi, dan den cho hieu tam li con ngfldi nhfl mdt cSi gi than bi, khong the
nghien cflu dfldc.
b, Quan niem duy vat may mdc, cho rang- Tam li con ngfldi la do vat chat tnJc tiep smh ra "nao . . . tiet ra mat",
- Quan mem nay da flanh ddng tam li vdi sinh li, phii nhgn^vai trd cua chii
the, tinh tich cflc nang dpng ciia tam li, ptiu nhan bSn chat xa hdi v^ tinh
iich si! cua tam li ngfldi.

16

TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM


I^p^^^^h

Nguyen Chi T3ng, Pham Van Hieu

cau hii i(ichlhich III duy phan bien
bdaSV
c. Quan niem khoa hoc (duy vSt bien chflng va duy vat lich sfl) cho rang:
* Tam li ia chflc nang cita nao.
* Tam li ngfldi la siJ phan anh hi^n thflc khSch quan tac fldng vao nao ngfldi
thong qua chu the,
Hinh Snh tam li mang tinh sinh dpng, sang tao va tinh chii the.
* Tam li ngflcii co ban chat xa hdi - ljeh sfl

3. Ket lu|n

Ccic quan diem ve ban chat hien tfldng tam
11 ngfldi ed diem nao giong va khac nhau?
Hay phan tich, chflng minh quan niem ciia
duy vat bien chflng va duy vat lich sfl ve
ban chat tam ii ngflcii la flung
Tam li ngfldi khac xa ve chat so vdi tam li
ddng vat, hay cho vi du minh hoa.

day hpc. Dieu nay rk kho thuc hien, nhung khong phai la

TDPP la thao tac tri tue trinh do cao, ktiong nhtmg chi
phan tich, so sanh, xem xet, tong hop, dua ra nhan dinh va
danh gia nhung thong tin hay lap luan den tir nhieu nguon
khac nhau, ma con la su suy nghT chinh ve su suy nghT cua
ca nhan minh. Phan tich nhung quan niem va nghiSn cun
ban chat cua TDPP, chiing ta cang t h i y d u g c y nghia va t i m
quan trong cua viec phat trien TDPP cho SV trong qua trinh

khong thuc hien dugc. Bai vigt nay, chiing toi chia se viec
thiet ke bai day hgc phan TLH dai cuong nhSm phat triSn
TDPP cho SV. Chiing toi hi vgng, day la nhiing chia se huu
ich ciing dong nghiep dk qua do m6i QV se co nhiJng each
thuc tot nhat va hieu qua cao de d6i moi PPDH noi chung
va phat trien TDPP cho nguoi hgc noi rieng.

Tai li^u tham khao
[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

Robert H. Emus, R, (1993), Critical Thinking Assessment,
Source: Theory into Practice, Vol. 32, No. 3, Teaching for
Higher Order Thinking, Published by: Taylor & Francis,
Ltd,pp.l79-186.
Scriven, M, & Paul, R, (1987), Defining Critical Thinking,
ticahhinking,org/pages/defuiing-criticalthinkiiig/766 {10.11 2018).
Eichhom, R, (20\4), Developing thinking skills- Critical
thinking at the army management staff college. Retrieved
from />royhtm.
Phan Thi Luyen, (2008), Ren luyen tuduy phe phdn cua
hoc sinh trung hgc phd Ihdng qua dgy hgc chu de phuong

[5]

[6]
[7]

[8]

trinh vd bdt phuang trinh, Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet
Nam, Luan an Tien sT.
NguySn Quang Uan (Chu bien) - Nguyen Van Luy - Dinh
Van Vang, (2007), Gido uinh Tdm li hoc dgi cucmg (In
ldn thie 6). NXB Dai hoc Su phara, Ha Npi.
Dewey J, (1910), How We Think, Boston. D. C Heath &
Co., 224p
Ennis, R, (2013), The Nature of Critical Thinking.
Outlines of General Critical Thinking Dispositions and
Abilities, Retrieved from ticalthinking,net/
longdefinition.html.
Walton, D, (1989), Dialogue theory for critical
thinking. Argumentation (3), p. 169-184,

DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS FOR STUDENTS
THROUGH TEACHING GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
Nguyen Chl Ta^g^ Pham Van Hieu^

' Email. chitarg_sp@yahoo com vn
^ Email, hieupvl
Ba Ria - Vung Tau College of Education
689 Cach Mang Thang Tam, Ba Ria city,
Ba Ria -Vung Tau pravince, Vietnam

ABSTRACT: Critical thinking is very important for all people in general

and learners in particular However, the research on the formation and
development of critical thinking for students in the teaching process is still
limited. In this article, we analyze and clarify some theoretical issues of critical
thinking, including its concept; some skills to develop critical thinking; and
some indications of students having critical thinking skills, then put forward
a model of lesson design in the general psychology module to improve the
critical thinking skills for students.
KEYWORDS: Critical thinking development; critical thinking; general psychology.

So22thang10/3D19

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