Chủ nghĩa nữ quyền và phân tâm học

Chu nghia nir quyen va phan tam hoc

Nguyen Viet Phirong***
Tom tat: Phdn tdm hpc do nhd tdm ly hpc, nhd triit hpe nguai Ao Sigmund Freud sdng
lgp vdo cuoi thi ky XIX. Ngay tie khi ra dai, cdch tiep can "dpc ddo vd khdc la " cua phdn
tdm hoc da thuc su gdy chdn dpng gi&i hpc thugt luc bdy gi&. Han mpt the ky da troi qua,
phdn tdm hpc dd gieo dnh hu&ng sdu dam nai nhiiu trdo luu triit hpc duong dgi. Tic giUa
thi kyXX, phdn tdm hpc bdt ddu dupe cdc nhd tu tuang nu quyin tiip can nghiin cim nham
phuc vu cho chiin luac nU quyin. Bdi viit tap trung ldm ro moi quan h4 da diin giUa chu
nghia nit quyen vd phdn tdm hpc, qua do eung cdp mpt cdi nhin phong phii han vi cd hai
khuynh huong ly ludn dang thinh hdnh a phuang Tdy ngdy nay.
Tir khoa: Phdn tam hpc, Sigmund Freud, Chii nghTa nd quyfln, Gidi, Tinh due
Abstract: Psychoanalysis was founded by an Austrian psychologist and philosopher,
Sigmund Freud, in the late nineteenth century. From the very beginning, the "unique
and unusual" approach of psychoanalysis has truly stunned the academies at the time.
It has deeply influenced the contemporary philosophical movements for more than
a century. Since the mid-twentieth century, feminist thinkers have begun to study and
examine psychoanalysis for their feminist strategy. The paper focuses on the multifaeeted
relationship betweenfeminism and psychoanalysis, which thereby provides a more diverse
view of both contemporary prevailing theoretical tendencies.
Keywords: Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, Feminism, Gender, Sexuality

1. Dan nhap
Phdn tam hpc do nha tam ly hpc, nha
triflt hpc ngudi Ao Sigmund Freud (18561939) sang lap vdo cufli thfl ky XIX. Ngay
tir Idii ra ddi, phdn tdm hpc da thuc sy gay
chdn ddng gidi hpc thudt, tiidm chi luc bdy
gid ngudi ta nfli dfln mdt cupc each mang
vfl tu duy trong triet hpc hifln dai.
•^ sy nghiep
w

• ' tao' cua
'
-v,
Trong
sang
minh,
Freud da trifln khai phan tdm hpc vao nghifln
'•> TS., Khoa Ly luan chinh tri, Tnrong Dai hgc Khoa
hoc, Dai hpc Hu6; Email:

ciiu nhiflu mdng dfl tai khae nhau, tu con
ngudi den van hoa. Trong ly thuyet ve tinh
due, dii khong dac biflt chd trpng nhung it
nhdt Freud da cfl gdng tim hiflu vfl tmh due
nir. Nhimg kifln gidi cua Freud vfl tinh dye
cua nir gidi da gdy nhiflu tranh luan liic bdy
g^^ ^^ ^^^ ^ | ^ ^^^ ^-^ ^ - ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^
.,.., ,.i
,, „,
-^ ,-x ,,
,
giai tir nhieu phia. Co mpt dieu dang luu y
la, ban thdn Freud ciing cam thdy khflng hai
long vdi nhiing kifln gidi eua dng vfl tinh due
'^^^ ^ 0 * "^^ F^eud, tinh due nii gidng nhu
mpt "luc dia tham u" (dark continent) rad


28

Thong Kn Khoa hpc xa hOi. so 11.201S

flng chua tun thdy lfli vdo. Nam 1924, Freud Freudianism) nhu Ernest Jones, Karen
ddnh tiiu nhdn rdng, hiflu biflt cua flng vfl Homey va Clara Thompson. Tuy nhifln, cac
tinh due nii la "khong thoa dang, day thiflu nhd phdn tam hpc thupc "thfl hp thii ba" nay
sot va it nhieu eon raa ho" (M. Nolan, K. lai khflng phai la cac nha nii quyen va su
phfl phan cua hp ddi vdi phdn tam hpc cua
O'Mahony, 1987: 59).
Tu giiia thfl ky XX, chu nghTa nu Freud ciing khdng xuat phat tifln co sd ly
quyfln dd co nhiing budc chuyfln rainh ludn cua chu nghTa nir quyfln. Dd chinh la
raang tinh budc ngoat. Khflng ehi dung lai can cu dfl ehiing tdi cho rang, sy phfl phdn
d thue tien phong trdo xa hpi ddu tianh eho ciia Simone de Beauvoir ddi voi tu tuong
quyfln phu nii, cdc nha nii quyfln bat dau Freud trong tde phdm Gi&i tinh thic hai {Le
chii y hon den phat tiifln ly ludn. Trong Deuxieme Sexe, Paris: Gallimard, 1949)''*
bfli cdnh dfl, cac nha tu tuong nu quyfln da cfl the xem nhu la su ddi difln ddu tien giua
tim dfln phan tam hpc nhu la rapt "ngudi chu nghTa nir quyfln va phdn tam hpc.
ban khflng mdy thdn thifln". Mfli quan he
Vao giua the ky XX, nha triflt hpc nii
giiia chu nghTa nu quyfln vd phdn tdm hpc, quyfln hifln sinh Phdp Simone de Beauvoir
vi thfl, trd thanh mpt tiong nhiing vdn dfl la ngudi dd tao ratiflngvang Ion d chdu Au
gay can va kich tinh. Khi nghifln cuu vfl khi xudt bdn tac pham Gi&i tinh thu hai phan tam hpe, eae nha nu quyfln, mpt mat, mpt trong nhiing cong trinh nghifln ciiu dfl
da tim thdy d d6 nhiing gpi y thii vi vfl sp dupe danh gia la mpt "sy gpi md hiru ich
vdn dfl tinh dye nir, nhung mat khac quan nhiing van dfl quan trpng" eua chu nghTa nu
trpng khong kem, hp ciing phe phan quyflt quyfln hifln dai. Giai tinh thii hai dupe xuit
Hflt nhung khia canh dupe xem Id "khflng bdn thanh hai quyfln, trong do Beauvoir da
tuang thich vdi chifln lupc nii quyfln". danh toan bp chuong 2 Phdn I cua quyfln
Diflu do phan nao cho thdy chu nghTa nir thii nhdt - Les fails et les mythes (gom ba
quyfln va phdn tdm hpc co mfli quan he phdn, chia thanh 11 chuang) dfl phfl phan
phue tap, trong dd viia thfl hien khia eanh quan diflm phdn tam hpc nhdm muc dich
"doi difln" (hiflu theo nghia xung dot) vira "rauon xem xflt phdn dong gflp cua nfl

thfl hifln khia canh "gap go" (hiflu theo vao viec nghifln cuu phy nii" (Simone de
nghTa tich hpp). Bai viflt tap tmng phdn Beauvoir, 1956: 65).
tich mfli quan he phuc tap giiia chu nghTa
Ngay trong phdn dau cua tac phdm,
nir quyfln va phdn tdra hpc, qua do cung Beauvoir nhdn manh rang, phan tdm hpc
cdp mpt eai nhin phong phii hem vfl cd hai ve thyc chdt khflng phai la mpt tmong
khuynh hudng ly ludn dang thinh hdnh d phai triet hpc va Freud ciing khflng phai
phuong Tdy ngdy nay.
la nhd triflt hpc theo dung nghTa cua thuat
2. Sy doi dien dau tien giira chu nghia nir ngii nay. Chinh bdn than Freud cung khflng
quyen va phdn tam hoc: Tac pham Gi&i bifln minh hp thong cua ong nhu la mpt
tinh thii hai ciia Simone de Beauvoir
Vdo nua ddu thfl ky XX da xudt hien '"' Trong bai viet nay, chiing toi sir dyng tac pham
sy phan dfli phdn tdm hpc tir phia cae dai Le Deuxieme Sexe ciia Simone de Beauvoir qua
bail dich Anh ngir ciia H.M. Parshley (Simone de
biflu nii cua tiuong phai Freud-mdi (Neo- Beauvoir, 1956).


Chii nghia nii: quyen va...

29

hpc thuyflt triflt hpc bang cdch Idng tranh CO hai" (Simone de Beauvoir, 1956: 67).
rapi su edng kich thudc ITnh vyc siflu hinh Theo Beauvoir, nhihig kien gidi cua Freud
hpc (Simone de Beauvoir, 1956: 66)**'. Tuy vfl tinh due nii va su phat trifln cua tinh due
nhifln, Beauvoir nh$n thdy phan tam hpc nii la cfl thfl chdp nh|ui dupe va to ra rdt
ciia Freud cd the cung cdp nhiing ung dyng tam die rdng "Freud da dua ra dnh sdng
triflt hpc hiiu ich eho van dfl nghifln cim nii mpt vdn de ma tmdc do ngudi ta ehua thdy
gioi; rang, phia sau tdt ca nhiing Icfi khdng dupe tdm quan trpng ciia no" (Simone de
dinh ciia Freud, la nhimg dinh dfl siflu hinh Beauvou, 1956:66).

Xudt phat tir each hiflu nhu the, Freud
hpc: sit dung ngdn ngii cua dng, tdc la chdp
nhan rapt nfln triflt hpc (cua phdn tam hpc da kham pha ra tinh due au thdi. Ngay tu khi
- NVP) (Xem: Simone de Beauvoir, 1956: diia tie mdi sinh ra cho dfln tmdc khi "phiic
66). Theo Beauvoir, chinh sy nhdp nhdng cdm Oedipus" (Oedipus complex) xuat hifln
nay cho thdy viec phfl phdn phan tdra hpc la thi chua eo su phan biet ro rang giira cac
gioitinhhiflu theo nghTa liic ay chi co nhiing
cdn thiflt nhung phuc tap.
Trong Giai tinh thie hai, Simone de bfl tiai raa thdi (cac bfl gai tiong giai doan
Beauvoir tan ddng quan niflm cua Freud tifln Oedipus ciing dupe vi nhu cac be trai).
cho rang bdn nang tinh due giii vai tro quan Do dd, theo Freud, khong cdn thiflt phai tach
trpng tiong ddi song eiia con ngudi, nhung biflt tinh dye nara va tinh due nil.
Trong phdn tdra hpe eua S. Freud,
ba ciing phfl phan phdn tam hpc ciia Freud
d hai diflra cflt yeu; quyet dinh lugn tinh phuc edm Oedipus la mpt trong nhiing npi
due nam va khdi niem uy quyen. Theo logic dung quan trpng co mfli lifln he gdn giii
kifln giai cua Beauvoir, cdi sau xudt hifln vdi tinh dye va vdn de khdc biflt gidi. Khi
phdn tich vfl phiic edm Oedipus, Freud
nhu la he qua tat yflu cua cdi tmdc.
Beauvoir dd khai quat quan niflra cua da cho thdy mpt cai nhin thifln vi. Theo
Freud vfl vai tio cua tinh due trong qua Freud, phiic cam Oedipus dupe dp dung
tiinh phdt trifln ngudi d ea nam gidi va nu de giai thich vfl su phat trifln tam sinh
gidi nhu sau: tinh due eua hai gidi tinh la due trfl em d cd hai gidi tinh. Phuc cam
dflng nhdt trong thdi ky tha au nhung sau Oedipus ngay tii ddu thfl hifln ham mufln
do bat ddu phan biflt liic budc vao giai doan tinh due cua cac be trai hudng dfln ngudi
sinh due. O cac be tiai, khi dat den giai me vd thii ghet ngudi cha. Phuc cam nay
doan sinh due thi qua trinh phat tiifln coi cung ton tai d cac bfl gai nhung vdi Freud
nhu da hoan thanh vifln man. Nhung d cae do chang qua chi Id "phuc cara Oedipus
be gai "tinh hinh phuc tap hon nhiflu" bdi phii dinh" (negative Oedipus complex).
trong dien ngon eua Freud, "nam gidi chi Ngudi ta ndi den cai gpi Id "phiic cam

cfl rapt giai doan sinh due, cdn nu gidi thi Electra" (Electra complex - la loai phirc
cam ton tai d cdc be gai trong giai doan
'*' Trong An Autobiographical Study {Mgt nghien tupng tmng duong vat thfl hifln hara mufln
cuu CO tinh tir thudt, 1924), Freud luu y, "tham chi tinh due huomg dfln ngudi cha va thai dp
khi toi tach h5n khoi mpi quan sat thuc nghidm thi
toi cung can trong tranh ne mpi su lien h? voi triet thil dich hudng dfln ngudi me) nhu la loai
phdc cara doi chpi vdi phuc cdm Oedipus,
hpc" (Din theo: Juliet Mitchell, 1974: 306).


Thdng nn Khoa hpc xa hpi, so 11.201S
tuy nhifln ban than Freud trfln thyc tfl lai
khflng thua nhdn loai phuc cam nay'*'.
Mpt lan nua, voi viec xem tinh due eiia
nara gidi nhu la hinh radu chudn va cd tinh
khong chu y dfln tinh dye cua nir gidi thi
duong nhu Freud da vdp phai nhiing kho
khan nhdt dinh khi cfl gang tun hiflu mpt
each thdu dao vfl tinh phuc tap va da dang
ciia nhiing xung dot phiic cdm d nir gidi.
Theo lap ludn eua Beauvoir, do dupe xdy
dyng tifln nfln tang cua quyflt dinh luan
tinh due nam va mo hinh ldy nam gidi lam
tmng tdra, nfln ro rang phan tdm hpc ciia
Freud khflng thfl tranh khoi dinh kifln dfli
voi nu gidi. Beauvoir viflt: "Freud chua
bao gid ban tdm nhiflu dfln sfl phan ciia nil
gidi; ro rang la ong da rad phdng hue tianh
mo td nii gioi theo phdc dfl sfl phdn ciia
nam gidi va ehi cdi bifln mpt each so sai.

Ong thira nhdn libido cua nu gidi ciing tifln
trifln nhu cua nam gioi nhung lai hdu nhu
khflng nghifln cuu no mpt cdch chi tiflt (...)
Noi each khac, Freud da khflng ddt vdn dfl
libido ciia nir gioi trong tinh dpc dao ciia
no ma chang qua chi la hinh thdi phdi sinh,
hay thara chi la mpt 'sy leeh huong' so vdi
hinh mau chudn Id due ndng eua nara gidi
ma thoi" (Simone de Beauvoir, 1956: 65).
<"' Nha tam ly hpc Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961)
la nguoi de xuong thuat ngii "Phuc cam Electra"
(1913). Trong mot so bai nghien ciru ve tinh due nii,
Freud da the hien thai do phii nhan loai phiic cam
nay. Ch3ng han, Freud viSt: "Toi khong thay bat
cu mpt su tien bp hay phat trien nao khi xuit hi?n
thuat ngu 'phiic cam Electra', va cung khong ung hp
viec su dung no" (S. Freud, 'The Psychogenesis of
a case of homosexuality in a woman', 1920); "Phiic
cam Oedipus chi co the ap dyng mpt each chinh xdc
vai cac be trai va chiing ta diing khi bac bo thuat
ngu 'phuc cam Electra' v6i no liic nhin manh tinh
tuong dflng giira hai gioi tinh" {S. Freud, 'On Female Sexuality', 1931) (Dan theo: Juliet Mitchell,
1974:312).

Quan niflm quyet dinh ludn tinh due
nam nhu the qua dfl cao gia tri cua cai gpi
la "tupng trung duong vat" nfln da khflng
thdy su tac dpng cua cdc yflu td ngoai tai.
Beauvou: doi hdi can phai dat quan niflm do
trong bdi cdnh triflt hpe vd xa hpi thi mdi

cd the tim thay nhiing cdu tia loi thoa dang
cho vdn dfl nir gioi. Bd ly gidi, sd dT nii gidi
ghen ti vdi nam gidi khflng phdi bdt nguon
tu sy uu trpi vfl raat gidi phdu hpc cua nam
gioi ma goc rfl sdu xa cua nd nam trong su
dp dat cua quyfln lyc xa hpi va hara mufln
tid thanh thong tri cua nam gioi. "Neu be
gdi cam thay ghen ti duong vdt thi do chang
qua chi nhu Id bieu tupng cua nhiing dac
quyfln raa cae be trai dupe huong ma thfli?"
(Ddn theo: Neem Tandon, 2008: 80).
Tu lap tmomg hipn sinh, Beauvoir tiep
tuc phfl phan khai niflm uy quyfln trong
phdn tdm hpc cua Freud. Theo Beauvoir,
Freud ludn tim cdch thay thfl khdi niflm
gid tri bang khdi niflra uy quyfln nhung ban
than flng ciing thira nhan rang khong cfl
each ndo nhdn thiic cai uy quyfln dy.
MEIC du nhat tii vdi phan tam hpc ciia
Freud trong viec thira nhdn vai fro quan
tipng eiia tinh dye tiong ddi song ciia con
ngudi nhung, theo Beauvoir, khong nen xem
tinh due la nhdt thanh bat bifln kiflu "giai
phdu hpe la dinh menh" nhu chu tmong cua
Freud. Cdn phdi nhdn thuc ro "than xdc va
tinh due la bieu hifln cu thfl cua hifln hiiu va
chi xudt phat tir hien hiiu nguoi ta moi cfl
thfl tira thay y nghTa cua chiing" (Simone
de Beauvoir, 1956:72). Do thiflu vifln tupng
dy, phdn tam hpc ddnh chip nhdn nhiing sy

kifln khflng giai thich dupe. Theo Beauvoir,
dfl giai quyflt mdu thuan nay, phan tdm hpc
chi cd thfl tim thay chdn ly eua minh tiong
boi canh lich su boi le no khong tutientioi


Chu nghia nu quyen va...
roi xuflng, cung khdng phai tir dudi ddt chui
len md do ehinh doi sflng con ngudi tac tao.
Dfli voi nil gidi eung vay, song Id sdng tiong
thfl gidi, lifln he vdi thfl gioi nfln can phdi
nhan thuc ve tinh nu tiong boi canh xa hpi
cua hp. Vdi each tiflp can nhu the, Beauvoir
mufln dat lai van dfl so phdn cua nii gioi theo
mpt loi hoan todn khdc vdi phdn tdra hpe
cua S. Freud, theo dd, ba xera xet nii gidi
ttong thfl gioi gid tri chu khong phdi the gidi
uy quyfln kiflu Freud va xac dinh hanh vi
eiia hp frong vien tupng eua ty do. Ba ciing
nghT rang, nii gioi cd du nang lyc lya chpn
giiia viec khang dinh sy siflu vupt vd sy tha
hda ciia minh (Simone de Beauvoir, 1956:
76). Beauvoir phdn biflt ro "nhd phdn tdm
hpe mo ta be gai mong mufln dflng nhdt vdi
cha hoae me, phan van giiia khuynh hucmg
'nam' va khuynh huong 'nil'; chung toi thi
quan niflm bfl gai phan van giiia mpt bfln la
vai tio khdch thi, vai tro tha nhdn do nguoi
ta dfl xudt vd mpt bfln la su doi hfli quyfln ty
do ciia minh" (Simone de Beauvoir, 1956:

77). Trfln ca sd do, Beauvoir di dfln ket ludn:
"Nu gioi dupe xae dinh nhu rapt con ngudi
di tim nhung gia fri frong long the gidi gia
hi, eai thfl gioi ma chiing ta can nhan thuc
dupe CO cdu kinh tfl vd xd hfli; chiing ta se
nghien cuu hp frong vifln tupng ddi sdng
thflng qua toan bfl vi tri cua hp" (Simone de
Beauvoir, 1956: 78), rdng "ngudi ta khong
sinh ra la phu nii, ma tr& thdnh phy nii"
(Simone de Beauvoir, 1956: 273).
Chiing toi nghT rang, vdi lap tmdng cua
chii nghTa hifln sinh, Beauvoir da cung cap
cdeh tiflp can khdc vdi Freud khi phdn tich
vfl trang hudng hifln hiru ciia nii gidi va kha
ndng sieu vuot hodn canh (thudng thi hoan
canh nay bi Freud va rapt sd nha khoa hpc
han dinh trong nhirng dii kipn sinh hpc bdt

31
bifln - NVP) dfl dat dfln ty do vdi tu each Id
mpt chd the dieh thyc chu khong phdi nhu
la tha nhdn tiong mfli quan he vdi nam gidi.
Dfln day, khong kho dfl ly gidi tai sao
sy phfl phdn eua Beauvoir dfli vdi quan
diflm phan tdm hpc the hien frong Gi&i tinh
thii hai lai co mpt siic hiit manh me dfln nhu
thfl va thyc sy trd thanh ngufln edm hirng
Ion lao cho nhung nghifln ciiu nii quyfln vfl
phdn tdm hpc.
3. Chii nghTa nir quyen phan t3m hpc: Cau

tra Idi mang tinh phd dinh
Tiep budc Beauvoir, tiong nhung
thdp nien 1970 vd 1980, ldn sdng nghien
ciiu phdn tdm hpc cua Freud tu gflc nhin
nu quyfln ludn da dien ra manh me, nhdt la
td phia cac nha nii quyfln hoat dpng frong
ITnh vyc phdn tdra hpc. Luc nay, nguoi ta
bdt ddu nfli dfln "chii nghia nu quyfln phan
tdra hpc" (psychoanalytic feminism) vdi tu
each la mpt nhanh cua chii nghTa nu quyfln
hifln dai.
Co thfl noi, khuynh hudng phfl phan
dong vai fro chu dao trong cac nghifln cim
cua chu nghTa nu quyfln phdn tdm hpc, difln
hinh Id nghifln ciiu ciia Luce Irigaray.
Trong tac phdm Giai tinh khdng phdi
la Duy nhdt, nha triflt hpc nii quyfln Luce
Irigaray da phfl phdn dinh kifln cua Freud
dfli vdi tinh due nu, "boi vi trong qua trinh
xay dyng ly thuyflt ve tinh due, Freud da
lara sdng td nhung thd thiic ddy toan bp tien
len mac du no vdn chua ro rang, khudt tdt
va bi an: sy thd a doi voi van dfl tinh due
an sau chan ly cua mpi khoa hpc vd logic
cua mpi diln ngdn. Diflu nay xudt hifln ro
rang trong each ma Freud nghien cuu vfl
tinh due nu. Tuy nhifln, tren thuc tfl, tinh
dye ndy chua bao gid (dupe Freud - NVP)
xac dinh vdi mpt sy tdn frpng dfli vdi cac

32
gidi ma chi voi nam gioi md thfli" (Irigaray,
1985: 69); va, "tdt cd nhiing tuyfln bo cua
Freud vfl tinh due nii dflu bd qufln mot sy
that Id nii gidi ciing cd tinh dgc thii cua
riflng nd" (Irigaray, 1985: 69).
Theo ly giai cua Irigaray, phdn tam hpc
cua Freud duoc xay dyng fren lap trudng
trung tinh (neutial) vfl tinh due phat xudt
tir sy khdng dinh ve sy hai hda giiia ban
sde tinh due cua nam gidi va nii gidi. Cd
the day la mot phdn ly do giai thich tai sao
Freud da khflng thay dupe net ddc sdc cua
tinh dye nil so vdi tinh due nam frong qua
tiinh phat trifln cua chiing.
Khi xem xet vdn dfl ham mufln tinh due,
Freud gid dinh mpt phu nir "binh thuong"
lufln hudng tinh dye dfln ngudi dan dng
rad hp yflu vd do dd mfli gidi tinh cfl thfl
thoa man hara mufln dfli vdi ngudi khac
gidi tinh. Vdi cai nhin vfl bdn sac tinh due
nhu thfl, Freud xay dung hinh mdu vfl phiic
cam Oedipus eua phu nu tu nhiing co sd va
chuan mye tinh due ciia nam gidi, hay tham
chi ong cho rang tinh dye nii ehdng qua chi
la ban sao meo mo cua tinh due nam ma
thfli. Trong cd hai tmdng hpp ndy, Freud c6
gang hieu nil gidi nhu la mpt hinh thdi bfl
khuyet eiia nam gidi. Irigaray xem dieu nay

nhu Id rapt he thflng don tinh chiu sy chi
phfli cua sy dfli lap phdn chiflu. Lap trudng
tmng tinh ve tinh due nay cua Freud dupe
Irigaray chuyfln tai kha ddy du frong tiflu
ludn "Giac raa co xua ve sy cdn xung" (An
old dream of symmetry). Tuy nhifln, nhan
dfl ciia tiflu luan cdn ngy y vfl niflm tm ciia
Irigaray rdng gidc ma nay chi dupe gia dinh
trfln rapt "diflm mii" (blind spot).
Voi Irigaray, frong phan tdm hpc cua
Freud coraptsfl "vdn dfl" edn phai nghiflra tiic
phfl phan. Freud khflng chi giaratinisu khdc

Thoii!,

biflt tinh dye tiianh rapt gidi tinh duy nhdt
frong mdt xa hpi "lay tupng trung duong vdt
ldm trimg tdm" (phallogocentrisra), raa con
gidi hantinhdue cua nir gidi vd phd buy mfli
quan he giira nhiing nguoi phu nii, khdi dau
la radi quan he giua mp va con gai. Irigaray
cdn chu y dfln phuang each ma ly thuyflt tinh
due eua Freud vfl can ban chi dyafrenca sd
mpt gioi tinh duy nhat - gidi tinh nam. Gidi
tinh nam dupe xem la "he chuan tinh due".
Irigaray viflt: "Tinh due nu lufln bi quan
niflmfrenco sd ciia cac tham so cua tinh due
nam" (Ddn theo: Neem Tandon, 2008: 87).
Td phfl phan "he chudn tinh dye nam"
va dinh kifln gioi trong phdn tam hpc ciia

Freud, Irigaray da de xuat rapt quan niflm
khac gan lifln vdi nhip dap eua thdi d^i hon
vfl van dfl nay tifln co sd sy khde bi$t gidi
tinh. Irigaray viet: "Khae biet gidi tinh Id
rapt tiong nhung vdn dflfriflthpc Ifln trong
thdi dai chung ta... Moi thdi dai chi cfl duy
nhdt mpt van dfl xuyfln suflt dfl suy tu. Vd
chac han hifln nay, khac bipt gidi tinh la van
dfl CO thfl tid thdnh euu canh cua chung ta
nflu chung ta khdng ngimg suy tu vfl no"
(Dan theo: Nancy A. McHugh, 2007: 315).
Irigaray eho rang, giira nam gidi vd nii
gidi tfln tai nhiing khdc biflt vfl tinh due,
theo d6 tinh due nam la nhdt qudn, con tinh
due nii khdng phai la "mpt" ma la "da". Vi
thfl, khflng thfl dya vdo tieu chudn tinh due
nara dfl xac dinh tinh dye nii, va do do cung
khdng thfl xdc dinh nu gidi nhu ta tha nhdn,
la anh do, la tam guong phan chieu trong
mdi quan he voi nam gidi. Di xa hon, tii
chd khang dinh tinh di biit va da dgng ciia
tinh due nir so vdi tinh due nam, Irigaray
yeu cdu phu nu phdi tich cyc hoat dflng dfl
nhdn thiic tinh chu the nii "khdc biflt" ciia
rainh chii khdng dom gidn bi gidn lupc vdo


Chil nghia nu: quyen va..
tinh chu thfl nam gidi. Ddy cfl the dupe xem
la mpt vdn dfl triflt hpc he tipng nhdt ciia

thdi dai nhu Irigaray timg noi.
4. Tich hpp phan tam hpc vdi chu nghTa nu
quyen: Trudng hgp Juliet Mitchell
Juliet Mitchell Id mptfrongsfl it nhiing
nhd nii quyfln co thifln chi bdo vfl phan tdm
hpe cua Freud. Trong nghifln ciiu cua minh,
Mitchell no lyc tich hpp phdn tdra hpc cua
Freud vo'i chii nghTa nii quyfln. Ddy Id mpt
nhiflm vy khflng hfl dfl dang khi biflt rang
phdn tam hpe cua Freud thudng bi cac nha
tu tucmg nil quyfln xem la dieh thu khdng
dpi frdi chung.
Tac phdra Phdn tdm hpc vd chu nghia
nU quyen (Psychoanalysis and Ferainism)
cua Juliet Mitchell dupe danh gia la "mpt
nghifln ciiu quan tipng vfl sy huu dung
cua phdn tdra hpc ddi voi chu nghTa nu
quyen" (Xem: Nancy A. McHugh, 2007:
81). Mitchell viflt tac phdm nay frong bfli
cdnh chu nghTa nir quyfln dang phdt trien xu
hudng phfl phan phdn tam hpc Freud nhu Id
san pham cua nfln van hda nam tri ciing cd
viing chac cho thdiih tri dp biic cua nam gioi
dfli vdi nii gidi. Phan dfli cai nhin phu dinh
ay, Mitchell cho rang, nghifln cuu phdn tdm
hpc cua S. Freud se rdt cdn thiflt dfli vdi nhdn
thdc vfl sy dp bde ddi vdi nii gidi. Do do
khi tiflp can nghifln ciiu phdn tam hpc cua
Freud thi khong nfln xem no nhu la mpt "su
bifln gidi" (prescription), raa nhu larapt"sy

khdc hpa" (description) vfl each thuc rad
nen van hda nam quyfln khdi sinh. Chi khi
xudt phat tu mpt tinh thdn nghifln ciiu nhu
thfl thi chiing ta moi cd thfl md duomg cho
chu nghia nu quyen den voi phdn tdm hpc
dfl kifln tao nhung >' tudng va hiflu biflt mdi.
Theo ly giai ciia Mitchell, cfl thfl hiflu
dupe phdn tdra hpc cua Freud la san pham

33
tinh thdn cua nfln vdn hoa nam quyfln,
nhung cdn phai thiy rdng ban than Freud
chua bao gid tuyfln bd ro rang nii gidi tiiap
kem vfl ra^t sinh hpc so voi nam gidi ma
chi dfl xudt mpt phuongtifln"khoa hpc" de
hiflu lam the nao nii gidi lai dupe xac dinh
nhu the frong nfln van hfla ldy nam gidi/
giong dye lam trung tam. Vdi suy nghT fren,
Mitchell khong xem phfl phan Freud la chu
dich, ma ba mufln sii dung phdn tdm hpc
ldm cflng eu dfl quay trd lai phe phdn chinh
ban thdn nfln vdn hda nam quyfln dy.
Phdn tich su phfl phan cua cdc nha
tu tudng nii quyfln tien boi (Simone de
Beauvoir, Kate Millet, Eva Figes, Shulamuth
Fuestone...) doi vdi phdn tdra hpc cua Freud,
J. Mitchell nhdn thay tiong su phe phan ay,
hp da hieu sai vfl phdn tdm hpc, nfln khflng
thdy dupe gid tri va kha ndng img dung phdn
tdra hpc vao ly thuyflt nir quyfln. Mitchell

nhdn manh, bat cii mot su choi bo Freud
ndo ciing se gay tdn that cho chifln lupe nii
quyfln bfli vi phdn tdm hpc da cung edp mpt
sy phan tieh vd phfl phdn cdn thiflt dfli vdi
nfln van hoa nara quyfln (Neem Tandon,
2008: 83). 6 diflm nay, chiing toi nghT rang,
mpt sy bdo ve Freud cflng khai nhu tim thdy
frong nghifln cuu cua Mitchell khfl efl the
thuyflt phuc dupe cac nha tu tudng nii quyfln
liic bay gid, no da frd thdnh dfl tdi cho cdc
cupc franh luan lau dai. Nhung xflt d mpt
chiflu eanh khac, eo the nhdn thdy diflm tich
cyc tiong sy bao vfl Freud cua Mitchell dfl
la ba da nfl lyc tmy tira nhirng diflra tuong
dong nhdt dinh giiia phdn tdm hpc va ehu
nghTa nii quyfln. Dieu nay rat can thiflt bdi le
chu nghTa nii quyfln nhu Id mflt ly thuyflt vdi
thara vpng tao ra mpt sy chuyfln bifln to ldn
frong nhan thdc vfl moi quan he giiia cac gioi
tinh ciing nhy huong dfln giai trir su ap birc


34
dfli vdi nir gidi thi thiflt nghi se khd cd the
dat den myc dieh ay nflu tach biflt hodn toan
khoi dong tu tuong duong dai raa phdn tam
hpc ciia Freud la mpt nguon khoi ly ludn hiiu
ich eho chien lupe nir quyfln. Cdng lao vd
dflng gop cua Mitchell doi vdi viec nghien
CIIU Freud la rdt ddng tian frpng. Khong phai

ngdu nhifln khi Peter Gay xem Phdn tdm hpc
vd chu nghia nic quyen cua Mitchell Id mpt
"dong gop bd ich va cd tinh thdn frach nhiflm
nhdt" doi voi luan ban tu goc dp nii quyfln vfl
phan tdm hpc cua Freud (Peter Gay, Freud:
A Life for Our Time, London, 1989, p. 774.
Xera: , muc tu "Juliet
Mitchell").
Cdch tiflp can theo huong "tich hpp"
cua Mitchell da nhan dupe sy chia sfl ciia
gidi hpc thudt. Trong mpt nghifln eiiu vfl
phan tdm hpc va chu nghia nir quyfln nam
1987, Maeve Nolan vd Kathleen O'Mahony
viflt: "Phdn tdm hpe va chii nghia nii quyfln
cfl the doi thoai vdi nhau vfl nhiing mue tiflu
chung. Cd hai deu gidi quyflt vdn de tinh
due, thach thdc trat ty hifln hanh va no lyc
'lot tdm mat na' cua y tiiuc va xa hpi dfl
nhdn thuc dupe ngpn nguon thdm sau dang
sau chiing. Phdn tdm hpc Id mpt cflng cy
khd dT hiiu ich cho viec hiflu biet ddy du vfl
su phirc tap ciia tinh chii thfl va vdn dfl tinh
due cdn thiet dfli vdi chii nghTa nii quyfln.
No giiip giai thich ve tinh nir, lam thfl ndo
tinh nu tfln tai va each thuc ehung ta npi tai
hoa no. Phdn tdm hpe khong raang tinh ehdt
giao dieu ma chi mo ta vd danh gia. Khi
nfl lyc gidi ban vai trd cua nii gidi, phdn
tam hpc da cho thdy rapt cdi nhin day du
vfl nhiing nghich ly cd hiiu tiong no" (M.

Nolan and K. O'Mahony, 1987: 159).
Qua su nhin nhdn cua Mitchell ve
phdn tdm hpc, cdn danh gid hpp ly va

Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hpi. s611.201S
diing miic ddng gdp nhat dinh cua ba
trong viec xac lap rapt huomg tiflp can
khoan dung va tich hpp ddi vdi phan
tdra hpe. Diing nhu danh gid eua Neem
Tandon trong Chd nghia nH quyen: Mpt
su chuyen doi he hinh: "Vdi viec nhan
manh su huu ich cua phdn tdm hpe cua
Freud (nhat la qua kien giai ciia Lacan),
Mitchell da md d u d n g cho nhiing nghien
ciiu phfl phan sau hom vfl phdn tdm hpc vd
gidi" (Neem Tandon, 2008: 83).
Sy danh gid tifln ciia cac nha nghifln
cuu ty nfl da thdm dinh nhiing hat gia tn
quj" gia tiong each tiflp can ma Mitchell
dd gidi thiflu cho chiing ta tiong qua trinh
nghifln cdu vfl phdn tdm hpc.
5. Ket luan
Qua cac tiang viet ciia cac nhd tu tudng
nii quyfln thfl ky XX, mpt mat, phdn tam
hpc hifln ra nhu mpt ly thuyflt co tinh each
mang ttong cai nhin vfl vdn de tinh due,
nhung raat khac, nd ciing cung cdp nhung
CO sd dfl bifln minh cho su tmomg tfln ciia
chfl dp nam quyen va cdu true gidi frong
xd hpi.

Xudt phat tir tinh chat phiic tap vd da
chieu cua van de nghien euu nfln trong
khudn khd rapt bai viflt khd cd thfl cung cdp
mpt nghifln ciiu ddy du, toan difln vfl mfli
luong duyfln giiia chu nghTa nir quyfln vd
phdn tam hpc. Chi cd mpt dieu chiing toi tin
ehac rang, tuy S. Freud khflng phai la mpt
nhd tu tudng nir quyen, ngay tu dau flng
ciing khong cfl y hudng nir quyfln, nhung se
la khflng thda dang nflu phii nhdn sue hiit va
tdra anh huomg cua phdn tdm hpc dfln qua
trinh dinh hinh va phat trien ly ludn cua chu
nghia nii quyfln hien dai a
(xem tiep trang II)


Cupc chi^ thuong mai Fffy - Tmng..

n

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Liin hap Budi sdng, Singapore ngdy
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(tiip theo trang 34)
Tai lifu tham khao
1. Beauvoir, Simone de (1956), TTie
Second Sex, translated by H.M. Parshley,

Jonathan Cape, London.
2. Peter Gay (1989), Freud: A Life for Our
Time, London, ,
"Juliet Mitchell".
3. L. Irigaray (1985), This Sex which is
not One, Cornell University Press, New
York.

4. J. Mitchell (1974), Psychoanalysis and
Feminism, Basic Books, New York.
5. M. Nolan, K. O'Mahony (1987), "Freud
and Feminism", Studies: An Irish
Quarterly Review", Vol. 76, No. 302
(Summer), pp. 159-168.
6. Nancy A. McHugh (2007), Feminist
Philosophies A-Z, Edinburgh University
Press Edinburgh.
7.N. Tandon (2008), Feminism: A
Paradigm Shift, Atlantic Publishers &
Dishibutors (P) Ltd, New Delhi.