Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến mức độ strees ở giáo viên mầm non

C A c YEU TO ANH HUONG DEN ML/C DO
STRESS O GlAO VIEN MAM NON
TS. Trinh Viet Then
Tnrdng Dai hoc Vdn Hien.
TOM TAT
Bdi viet ndy de cdp den cdc yeu to dnh huong den mirc do stress a gido vien
mdm non. Nghien cuu duac tien hdnh tren 635 gido vien gidng day tai cdc truang mdm
non cong lap vd ngodi cong lap tren dia bdn thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh. Phuang phdp
dieu tra bdng bdng hoi va phong vdn sdu duac su dung trong nghien cuu ndy. Kel
qud cho thdy, cdc yeu td nhu: tinh lac quan. bi quan: nguon ho tra lir dong nghiep;
nguon ho Ira tir phu huynh cua tre; nguon ho tra tir gia dinh; long yeu nghe. thai
gian ddnh cho cong viec a nhd co lien quan den nghe nghiep cua gido vien la nhiing
yeu to doc lap lac dong co khd ndng du bdo mirc do stress a gido vien mdm non.
Kiem dinh mo hinh long hap cdc yeu to cho thdy. mo hinh ket hap cdc yeu to' su ho
tra tir dong nghiep. ho tra tit phu huynh cua tre, tinh lac quan, bi quan cho thdy phu
hap nhdl va cd the du bdo co y nghia mirc do .stress a gido vien mdm non
Tu' khoa: Stress; Mirc do stress, Gido vien mdm non. Stress a gido vien mdm non.
Ngdynhdnbdi

16112/2016; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi 25/3/2017.
ABSTRACT

The purpose of this .study was lo investigate factors affecting stress level of preschool
teacher. This study investigated 635 preschool teachers at Private and Public Nursery School
in Ho Chi Minh City Research methods utilized in this study were questionnaire survey and
m-depth interview The findings indicated that factors as optimism, pessimism, supportive
colleagues, job-related lash done at home were independent variables capable to predict
stress level of preschool teacher. Analyzing linear and multilinear regression model .showed
that .supportive colleagues, supportive parents, being optimistic and being pessimistic were
the most suitable faclors and could significantly predict stress level ofpre.school teachers
Kc>'words: Stress level; Pre.school teacher. Faclors affecting on stress level oJ

preschool teachers
1. Dat van de
Cac nghien cuu ly lu^n va thyc ti6n cua cac tac gia dugc lian hanh trong
nuac va Ircn the giai cho thay, c6 vk nhiSu y6u to anh huong d^n muc do stress
o giao vien mam non. trong do co cac \ c u 16 nhu. tinh lac quan, bi quan, nguon
TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So 4 (217). 4 - 2017

79


hd trgr xa hoi; long yeu n ^ 6 ; thdri gian d M i cho hoat dpng nghe nghiep [8], [9],
[16], Cac yiu t6 nay co thi du bio duoc mue do stress d gi4o vien mam non.
- Tinh lac quan, bi quan cua gido viin mam non: Tinh l^c quan hay bi
quan dugc coi la m6t trong nhChig thien hudng ciia nhan each. Tinh th&i lac
quan dugc Scheier va Carver dinh nghia la lu6n dugc mong dgi, tin tuong tang
iihihig diSu tSt dep se xay ra. Vdi nhthi| dac diim nay, each suy nghT, thai do
noi chung cua nguoi lac quan d6i vdi the gidi, con ngucri xung quanh luon theo
chilu hudmg tich cue. Nho thi no eho ph6p con ngucri (tag pho hieu qu4 hon
tniac nhiing tmh hu6ng kho khan, bSt ngftr, giam di nguy co cua benh tfit [5], [7],
Tinh lac quan, bi quan cd mil liSn h8 vdi siie kh6e a cdch nhin nhan va umg xil
ciia ca nhSn vdi binh tat cua muih cung nhu vdi tSt c4 nhimg gi xay ra trong
cugc s6ng hang ngay. Cach itag xil tich cue, hgp If ciia nhttng ngucri lac quan sS
t?o diiu kien eho vific khic phuc nhung hSu qua khong mong muon va tao each
sing lanh manh. Con each ung xil bi quan, thiiu niem tin co the lam benh tat
thSm phit (riln va cugc s6ng them nang nl. Ngucri giao vien mam non co tmh
thin lac quan co thi giiip ho co each nhin nhan, danh gii, ling xu vdi cac van de
xay ra trong boat d6ng nghi nghiep mgt each diing dSn, chinh xac, c6 tinh thin
thoai mai, thiic day giao vien hoan thanh tot cong viec.
- 5{r hdi idng ddi vdi nghe nghiep cua gido vien mam non: Stress trong
cong viec dugc coi la mgt dac diim cua eong viec cd lien quan den sir hai long

cua ngudi lao dgng. Nhieu cong viec doi hoi nguoi lao dpng phai doi mjt vdi cac
rac roi eiia nhimg khaeh hang kho tinh, bit man hoac thoi gian lao dgng trong
ngay keo dai va cac hinh thuc stress khac nhau. NhiJng cSng thing keo dai nhu
viy gay hai cho sHc khoe tinh thin ciia cong nhin va lien quan din su khdng hai
long vdi cong viec (Hart, 1999) [4, tt. 39].
Cong viec va gia dmh la hai khia canh quan trgng trong cugc song eua mgt
ca nhan. Nhihig thay doi tai noi lam viec va thay doi nhan su da duge nhieu nha
nghien ciiu chii y tim hilu mdi quan h6 giiia cong viee va cugc s6ng gia duih eiia
nhan vien. Su hai long va cang thing tam ly trong boat dgng nghi nghiep diu co
nguon goc tCr cong viee va cu5c s6ng gia dmh eiia ca nhan. Toan ciu hoa di lam
thay doi moi truong lam viec din den eo cau lai cong in viec lam, khii lugng
eong viSc nhieu, thoi gian lam vi6c keo dai, canh tranh trong cong viee. Diiu kien
vit chat cung nhu tinh than co anh hucmg dang kl din mure do hai long cong viec
cua nhan vien v i mirc do thucmg xuyen ving mat tai noi lim viec cua hg
(Termant, 2001). Su hai long cong viee co tam quan trgng song eon doi vdi hieu
qua cua mgt to chuc cung nhu hieu qua hoat dgng cila ci nhin. "Su hai long cong
viec dugc ggi li mgt sir kit hgp tam ly, moi hircmg va sinh ly lim eho mgt ci
nhan thirc su cam thay hii long vl cong viee cua minh" (Hoppoek, 1935).

80

TAP CHI'TAM LV HOC, So' 4 (217), 4 - 2017


Hai long cong viec la mot khai niem linh boat va phuc tap. M6i ngirai cam
nhan no mot each khac nhau. No thucmg dugrc xem xet trong boi canh tac ddng
ciia ydu t6 ben ngoai. No gidng nhu su nhan thijrc npi tSm cua mpt ngucri va cam
xuc ma CO th6 lien quan den nhung thu nhu mpt cam giac con nguoi dat duac mpt
cai gi do (Mullins, 2005). Thii hai, do la thai dp doi vai cong viSc, la m6t trong
nhiJng thai dp tich cue hoac la tieu cue (Abdul, Ismail va Jaafar, 2010). Thuc te

cho thay, mot nguai co thai dp tich cue doi voi cong viec neu nguoi do co miic dp
cao ctia su hai long cong viec v^ mpt ca nhan co thai dp tieu cue d6i vai cong viec
neu nguai do co su bat man tii cong viec. Nguoi quan ly sii dung nhan vien co
thai dp tich cue nhu mpt su thay the cho sir hai long trong cong viec cua nhan vien
(P. Robbins va Coulter^ 2004) [14].
Doi voi giao viSn mam non, su hai long cong viec the hien qua thai dp,
each ung xu" vai tre, voi dong nghiep mpt each tich cue trong boat dpng nghe
nghiep va tinh hieu qua trong cong viee 6 miic dp cao. Su hai long trong cong
viec se giup giao vien no lire, khac phuc va hoan thanh nhiem vu trong nhung
dieu kien, hoan canh cong viec kho khan mang tinh dac thu ciia nghe giao vien
mam non.
- Nguon ho tra xa hgi cua gido vien mam non: Theo tae gia Phan Thi
Mai Huang (2007), cho dua xa hpi la nhung noi ma con nguoi co the nhan duac
cac nguon cam xiic, thong tin, iing hp, tra giiip... thong qua nhung moi quan he
xa hpi. Cac nguon ho trp xa hpi ve ca ban co the gom: gia dinh, ban be, dong
nghiep, cac to chiic va ton giao, tin nguang. Khi cho dua xa hpi viing chac thi
cupc song tam ly ciia con nguai cang co dieu kien de phat trien on dinh hon.
Cho dua xa hpi ciia moi nguai tuy thupc vao pham vi hoat dpng ciia ca nhan [5,
tr. 78-82].
Co bang ehiing phii hpp cho thay, nhan vien nhan duac nhieu su ho tra thi
CO trai nghiem cang thang va kiet siic thap ban nguai khac (Lee va Ashforth, 1996)
va noi nhan vien dang phai doi mat vai nhu cau tiem an ctia cang thang, xung dot
va cac van de tai nai lam viec. co sy ho trp tir nhimg nguoi khac c6 the lam giam
tac dpng cua ap lyc den ca nhan, giiip ca nhan hanh phiic ban (O'Driscoll va
Cooper, 2002). Nghien ciiu cua Greenglass. Fiksenbaum va Burke (1996) chi ra
rang, su ho trp tir cac dong nghiep va nguai giam sat da c6 mpt anh huong dang ke
den su kiet siic a giao vien va cam xiic co lap lam tram trpng them kinh nghiem
stress. Mpt phan lap va danh gia stress a 1.110 giao vien nguai Canada eho thay, co
su tuang quan chat che giGa stress o giao vien va su ho trp xa hpi (Dussault.
Deaudelin, Roycr va Loiselle, 1997). Trong danh gia stress ciia 424 giao vien o Diic

(Van Dick, 1999) cho thay, ho trp xa hpi co tac dung tich eye doi voi siic khoe va
cung la mpt hieu ling dem giup giam stress trong hoal dong nghe nghiep [13, tr 39|.

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So 4 (217), 4 - 2 0 1 7


Trong trucmg mim non, mSi lop hgc tuy thuoc vao sT so ciia tre s6 c6 tu
hai giao vien hoic bao miu ciing phu trach. Do do, trong boat dgng ngh6
nghifip, giio vien tiip nh|hi sir h5 trg x i hdi frirc tiip tir d6ng nghigp (giao vi6n,
bao miu, nguai quin 1^), til phu huynh ciia tre v i tir gia dinh khi ed cic thih
hulng, sir kien xay ra gay stress 6 giio vi6n, ddng thoi day eiing chinh la cho
d\ra xa hgi giiip giio vi6n ling phd vdi stress vi tu tin trong cong viec. Sir ho
teg xa hgi thi hien thong qua cim xilc x i hdi hay hinh dgng giiip dO giio vign
nhim giii quyit cic tinh hudng, su kien xiy ra teong ho?t dgng nghe nghiSp.
Trong nghien eilu niy, chiing toi tim hilu su tac ddng cua su ho teg x i hgi doi
voi giio vien tir dSng nghi6p, ttr phu huynh cua tre v i tir phia gia dinh cua giio
vien khi giao vien gip steess.
- Thdi gian ldm vi^c cua gido vien mSm non: Nhi6u eong teinh nghien
ciiu eho thiy, thoi gian lam viec cua giio vien li mgt ttong nhiing yeu to du
bao mile do stress d giio vien msmh nhit. Cac tie gii Torres, Lambert, Lawyer
(2009) tiln hinh nghien ciiu sttess cong vi6c tten 370 giio vien trung hgc. Kit
qui cho thiy, gin mgt nira giio vien bio cao lim viec tit 46 - 65 gig moi tuin.
S6 giir lam vice mSi tuan la yeu td du bio ldm nhit ttong tit ca cic yeu to inh
huong din mile do sttess eong viSc; yeu t6 diing thii bai la gidi tinh, phu nu eo
mue do sttess cao hon nam gidi [15], Trong cic nghien eilu ve stress d giio
vien mim non ciia cac tic gii Kelly v i Berthelsen (1995, 1997) [8], [9]; Tsai,
Fung, Chow (2006) [16]; Zmsser, Bailey, Curby, Denham va Bassett (2013) [17]
cho thay, giio vien ngiy cing phii dap ling nhieu hon cic cong viec tir nudi
duong, cham soc cho din giio due tte, giao vien eo cam giac khong du thdi
gian dl thuc hiSn cic cdng viec. Ngoii cic cong viee tai trudmg mim non, giio

vien phii lam ci nhiing viec co lien quan den nghe nghiep tai nhi nhu chuan hi
dd diing day hgc, hoan thinh cic thii tuc giiy td co lien quan. Nhu vay, thdi
gian lim viec ed lien quan den nghe nghiep cua giio vien mam non dugc xac
dinh bao gom thdi gian lam viee tai trudmg va thdi gian lam viec tai nhi co lien
quan den nghe nghiep, diy li hai yeu to cd the du bio mUe do steess cua hg.
Trong nghien ciru nay, chiing toi tim hieu cic yeu to teen tie dgng nhu
the nio din mile do sttess 6 giao vien mim non d thanh pho Hd Chi Minh.
Nhirng yiu to nay da dugc xic nhin li tic dgng den sttess nhung a moi truang
lam viec va van hda nude ngoii, cnua hoan loan duge chiing minh d moi trudng
giio due mam non teong nude.
2. Phirang phap nghien ciru
Mau nghien ciru
Nghien eiiu dugc tien hanh tren 635 giio vien mam non, teong do bao
gdm 65% giio vieij thuge cic truong eong lip va 35% giio vien thuge cac trucmg

82

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd' 4 (217), 4 - 2017


ngo^i cong l|ip thupc mot s6 quan, huyen tren dja ban thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.
Tu6i trung binh mlu = 32,09, trung binh tham nien cong tac = 8,97.
Cdng cu nghiin c^u
Phuong phap didu tra bSng bang boi dugfc sir dung dk tim hieu sir tac
dong ciia cac yeu t6 din muc do stress a giao vien mam non. Bang hoi gom
cac thang do va npi dung sau:
- Thang do mirc do stress a gido vien mdm non: Thang duoc xay dung
dua tren cac thang do va bang hoi ve stress ctia cac tac gia trong nuoc va nude
ngoai [2], [3], [6], [7], [10], [U], [12], [16]. CJ day, stress a giao vien mam non
duac danh gia dua tren cam nhan ca nhan ciia giao vien ve miic dp tac dpng cua

tac nh^n gay stress 6 hp, bao gom nhihig tac nhan eo Hen quan den to chiic nha
trucmg mam non, ap lire cong viec, dae diem ciia tre va nhiing thay doi sinh ly a
giao vien. Co 5 miic dp tac dpng cua eac tac nhan den giao vien mSm non gom:
khong tac dpng = 0 diem = khong bi stress; tac dpng 1 lan/thang ^ 1 diem =
stress thap; tac dpng 1 lan/tuan hoac 2 lan/thang = 2 diem ^ stress trung binh; tac
dpng 2 - 4 lan/tuan hoac 5 - 1 6 iWtbang ^ 3 diem = stress cao; tac dpng tren 5
lan/tuan hoac tren 17 lan/thang = 4 diem = stress rat cao. Du: lieu thu duoc tu
khao sat thuc tien da duoc phan tich de xae dinh dp tin cay ciia thang do stress a
giao vien mam non. Thang do gom 39 menh de, vai dp tin cay Alpha ciia
Cronbaeh = 0,951. Miic dp stress ciia tiing ca nhan la trung binh cua cac menh
de thanh phan sau khi doi diem cae menh de nghich dao. Diem cang cao co y
nghTa la miic dp stress cang cao.
- Thang do tinh lac quan, bi quan: Thang do duoc xay dyng dua tren sy
tham khao thang do ve tinh lac quan - bi quan cila cac tac gia trong va ngoai
nuac [3], [5], [7] va tir khao sat thyc tien boat dpng nghe nghiep cua giao vien
mam non. Thang do bao gom 18 menh de vai dp tin cay Alpha eiia Cronbaeh
^ 0,742. Thang do co 7 menh de danh gia tinh lac quan, 5 menh de danh gia
tinh bi quan va 6 menh de la co chiic nang kiem soat. Moi menh de co 5 miic
dp lya ehpn tu "'hoan toan dong y" den "hoan toan khong dong y". Cach danh
gia: khong tinh diem cac menh de lam day. Doi vai menh de the hien tinh lac
quan dupe tinh diem nhu sau: hoan toan dong y ^ 4 diem; dong y = 3 diem;
khong dong y cung khong phan doi = 2 diem; khong dong y ^ 1 diem; hoan
toan khong dong y = 0 diem. Doi vai cac menh de the hien tinh bi quan thi eho
diem nguac lai
- Thang do nguon ho tra xd hoi: Bao gom thang do danh gia nguon ho
tro tii dong nghiep bao gom 12 menh de, vai dp tin cay Alpha eiia Cronbaeh ^
0,925, cac menh de the hien su h6 tro tu dong nghiep va can bp quan ly truang
mam non doi voi giao vien khi giao vien gap stress: Thang do danh gia ngudn

TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, So 4 (217), 4 - 2017

83


hS teg tir phu huynh eua tr6 bao gdm 10 m?nh dl, vdi do tin c?y Alpha ciia
Cronbaeh = 0,888, cac m8nh dl thi hien su h6 ttg tCt phu huynh cua tre doi vdi
giio vi&i khi giio vien gip sttess ttong hoat dgng nghi nghi?p tai trucmg;
Thang do dinh gii ngudn hS trg til gia dinh giio vien bao gdm 8 menh de, vdi
do tin cay Alpha cua Cronbaeh = 0,923, h$ s6 tai cic menh dl cila thang do > 0,5,
cic mSnh dl thi hien su hd ttg tir gia dinh ddi vdi giio vien khi giao vien gip
sttess trong boat dgng nghi nghifip tai trudng.
Mdi mgnh dl dugc danh gii vdi 5 mUe dd, tuong ling vdi 5 mile di£m:
0 diem = hoan toin sai; 1 digm = sai nhieu hem diing; 2 diem = nira diing niia
sai; 3 diim = dung nhiiu hon sai; 4 diim = hoin toin diing. BiSm trung binh
cang cao thi giao vien nhan duge su h8 teg x i hdi cang cao til dong nghiep,
phil huynh cua tee v i gia dinh giao vien khi giao vien gap steess.
- Thang do su hdi Idng ddi vai nghe nghiep: Mile do hai long ddi vdi
nghe ngbigp eda giio vi6n dugc danh gii theo thang do miic do tir hii long rit
eao la 10 diem vi khdng hai long chdt nio li 0 diim. Giio vien eho diem cang
cao thi mile do hii Idng vdi cdng viec eua minh cing cao va ngugc lai.
- Thang do thai gian ldm viic cita gido vien: Thoi gian lim viec ciia
giao vien lien quan den nghi nghiep dugc dinh gia theo mgt ngiy lam viec 24
gid. Thdi gian lim viee cua giao vien dugc do v i dinh gii theo hai hinh thiic li
thoi gian giio vien lam viec tai truong v i thdi gian giio vien lam viee tai nhi
ed lien quan den cdng viee tai trudmg. Thdi gian lim vide dugc tinh bang gid.
Phdn tich thdng ke
- Phdp hdi quy tuyen tinh don duge sii dung dl tim hieu su tie dgng va
kha nang du bio mirc do steess d giao vien eiia timg bien doe lap. Trong phan
tich niy, mure dd sttess d giio vien ii biin phu thuge, cae yeu td hd ttg tit ddng
nghiep, bd trg tir phu huynh eua tre, bd trg tir gia dinh, Idng yeu nghe, tinh lac

quan, bi quan, thdi gian lam viee tai trudng va thdi gian dinh cho cdng vi& d
nhi cd lien quan den nghi nghiep la biin ddc lip.
- Phin tich hdi quy bdi vdi phuong phap hdi quy loaiteritdin (Stepwise
regression) dugc sir dung dl xae dinh nhiing mo hinh cic yiu td tac dgng cd y
nghia nhat den mile do stress cua giao vien mim non vdi 6 yiu td doc lip da
dugc nhic den d tren.
3. Ket qua nghien cu-u
3.1. Muc do stress dgido vien mdm non
Ket qua nghien eilu thuc tien cho thiy, giio vien mim non hien nay ed ttii
nghiem sttess d mirc do ttr khong hi stress din steess rit cao, teong dd, da sd giio

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 4 (217), 4 - 2017


vien cd mile do til khdng bj steess din stress nhe. Ket qui niyteaingugc vdi nghien
cim ctia Kelly va Berthelsen (1995, 1997) [8], [9]; Tsai, Fung vi Chow (2006) [16];
Zmsser, Bailey, Curby, Denham vi Bassett (2013) [17] cho thay, giio vien mam
non d tic vi Hdng Kong hien nay dang rit stress.

Mean = 0.9873
Std. Dev = 0.67767
N = 636

Ghi chii 0- Khdng bi stress, i- Stress nhe: 2- Stress trung binh: 3- Stress cao:
4- Stress rdt cao.
Bieu do 1: Muc do stress d gido vien mdm non
Theo Kyriacau (2007, 2009), mirc dl) stress d giao vien trong hoat dong
nghe nghiep tiiy thuoc vao sir nhin nhan, danh gia cua moi giao vien trude su tac
dpng ctia cac tac nhan gay stress 110], [11]. Ngoai ra mirc do stress d giao vien
cdn phu thuoc vao nhicu yeu to khac nhu: nguon trg giup xa hgi, long yeu nghe,

tinh lac quan, bi quan,... Vay mirc do stress d giao vien mam non chiu su tac
dpng tir cac yeu to nao? Chiing toi da tien hanh nghien cuu, phan tich va tim
hieu cac yeu td tac dpng cdng nhu kha nang du bao cua cac yeu to anh hudng
den mirc dp stress o giao vien mam non, Moi mgt yeu to cd su anh huong, tac
dgng va du bao miic dp stress d giao vien la khac nhau. Viec tim hilu yiu td du
bao mirc dp stress d giao vien mam non la can thiet va ddng vai trd quan trpng
rat Idn trong vice giiip giao vicn vucrt qua stress.

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd4 (217), 4-2017

85


3.2. Cdc yiu td dnh hirdng din mirc dS stress dgido vien mam non
Ket qui phin tich hdi quy dom bien (bang 1) eho thiy, cic yeu td hd ttg
tir ddng nghiep, hd teg tir phu huynh cua tee, hd teg tir gia dinh, long yeu nghe,
tinh lac quan, bi quan vi thdi gian dinh cho cdng vice d riba cd lien quan den
nghe nghiep ed the du bio duge miic do steess cd y nghia thdng ke. Tuy nhien,
tit ci eae yeu td niy diu cd mure do du bao thip, dao dgng tir 1,2% (yeu tdthdi
gian danh cho cdng viec d nha cd lien quan din nghi nghiep) den 9,8% (hd ttg
tir ddng nghiep).
Bdng 1: Yeu Id du bdo mirc dd stress dgido vien mdm non
Bien phu thuoc: Mirc do stress

B

t

P

R'

F

Ho tro tir dong nghiep

-0,301 ••

-8,288

0,000

0.098

68,692

Ho trg til' phri huynh cua tre

-0,266"

-7,529

0,000

0,082

56,689

Ho trg tir gia dinh

-0,133"

-3,506

0,000

0,019

12.294

Long yeu nghe

-0,359**

-4,167

0,000

0,027

17,360

Lac quan, bi quan

-0.342"

-5,865

0.000

0.052

30,401

0.319

1,304

0,193

0,003

1,702

0.181"

2,761

0,006

0.012

7,621

Bien doc tap:

Thai gian lam viec tai truong
Thoi gian lam viec a nha {cong viec lien
quan den nghe nghiep)

Ohi chi ** CO tuang quan vai mice do stress (p < 0,01j .

So lieu tren cho thay. cac yeu to hd trp tir ddng nghiep. hd trg tir phu
huynh cua tre, ho trg tir gia dinh, long yeu nghi. tinh lac quan. bi quan co
tuong quan nghjch chieu vdi mirc dp stress d giao vien mim non. Khi giao
vicn nhan duoc nhieu sir ho trp tir ddng nghiep, ho trg tir phu huynh cua ire, hd
trg tir gia dinh va long yeu nghi, tinh lac quan. bi quan cao thi mirc do stress d
giao vien_se giam. Ngupc lai. giao vien cang it nhan dugc su hd trg tir ddng
nghiep. hd trp tir phu huynh cita tre, hd trg tir gia dinh va long \cii nghi. tinh
lac quan. hi quan thap thi mirc dp stress a giao vicn se tang.
Yeu to thdi gian danh cho cong viec d nha cd lien quan din nghi nahiep
cd tuong thuan vdi mirc dp stress d giao \icn. Khi giao \icn danh'nhilu thdi
gian d nha cho cong \icc cd lien quan din nghi nghiep thi giao \icn co mirc do
stress cao va ngugc lai. giao vien danh it thdi gian d nha cho cong \ icc co lien
quan den nghe nghiep thi giao vien cd mirc dc) stress thip.
86

TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, Sd 4 (21 7), 4 - 2 0 1 7


Trong 7 yiu td dugc kiim dinh hdi quy don hiyin, kit qua kiim dinh cho
thiy, yiu td thdi gian lim viec tai trudng khdng cd hrong quan vdi mirc So steess
d giao vien mim non (khdng cd y nghia thdng ke).
Khi xet rieng timg yiu td tic dgng eho thiy, mirc do du bao li rat thap,
tuy nhien, teong thuc tl cho thay, khd cd the chi cd mgt yiu td tic dgng ma
khdng cd cic yiu td khic gay nhieu. Vi vay, phep phan tich hdi quy bdi
stepwise (dua dan vao cic bien tae ddng va loai din ra nhirng bien khdng cdn y
nghia) da duge sti dung de phit Men md hinh hdi quy tdi uu v i sit hon vdi
thue te. Toan bg 6 yeu td tic dgng den mire do stress d giio vien dugc dua vao
phan tich hdi quy bdi (mdi tuong quan cao nhat giUa cac bien tac ddng nay cd

gia tn 0,313). Ket qua dugc hiin thi d bang 2.
Bdng 2: Ba md hinh du bdo su thay ddi mirc do stress a gido vien mdm non
Cac mo hinh
1

2

3

B

(Hang so)

1,902

Ho tra tu dong nghiep

-0,298

Beta

t

P

16,698

0,000

-0,313

-8,244

0,000

(Hang so)

2,060

17,525

0,000

Ho trg tir dong nghiep

-0,222

-0,233

-5,633

0,000

-0,187

-4,502

0,000

15,154

0,000

Ho tro til' phu huynh cua tre

-0,172

(Hang so)

2.320

Ho trg tir dong nghiep

-0,190

-0,200

-4,632

0,000

Ho trO' til' phu huynh cua tre -0,155

-0,168

-4,002

0,000

Tinh lac quan, bi quan

-0,108

-2,631

0,009

-0,161

R'

F

0,098

67,956

0,127

45,159

0,136

32,699

Ket qua phan tich hoi quy bdi stepwise cho thay, cd 3 md hinh du bao
tdi uu, gdm: (1) Hd trg tir ddng nghiep (giai thich dugc 9,8% nhirng thay ddi
trai nghiem muc dp stress d giao vien mam non); (2) Hd trg tir ddng nghiep, hd
trg tir phii huynh cua tre (giai thich dugc 12,7% nhirng thay ddi trai nghiem
mirc dp stress d giao vien mam non); (3) Hd trg tir dong nghiep, hd tip lir phu

huynh cua tre, tinh lac quan, bi quan (giai thich dugc 13,6% nhung thay ddi
trai nghiem mirc do stress d giao vien mam non).
Tir ket qua hdi quy bdi neu tren, cd the xay dung phucmg trinh thay ddi
tnirc dp stress d giao vien mam non tir nhung thay ddi cua biin tac dpng.

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd 4 (217), 4 - 2017

87


Mile do steess d giio vien mim non = 2,32 (hang s6) - 0,200 (ho trg tu
ddng nghiep - 0,168 (hd ttg tir phu huynh eda tte) - 0,108 (lac quan, bi quan).
Trong md hinh niy, su h5 trg tir ding nghiep li bien cd tic dOng m?rJi
nhit (Beta = -0,200) v i tinli lac quan, bi quan la biin cd tie dOng yeu nhat
(Beta = -0,108) tdi mirc do stress d giio vien mam non.
Kit qui phin tich ciing cho thiy, trong tap hgp da biin, tic ddng cua
yiu td sir trg giiip tir gia dinh, long yeu nghi, thdi gian lim viec d nhi cd lien
quan din nghi nghiep trd nen yeu di (khdng cd y nghia thdng ke).
Nhu vay, khi xiy dung cic bien phap nhim giam sttess eho giao vien
mim non, cin chu j den mgt sd bi?n phip quan trgng til ket qui tren. Trude bet,
cin ting cudng su hd ttg tir ddng nghigp, tir phu huynh cua ted ddi vdi cong viec
ciia giio vien mim non. Su hd trg cd thi bing nhiiu cieh nhu thay ddi nhan
thurc (su tin tudng, su ghi nhin...), cim xiie (yeu thuang, thdng cam...) vi hinh
vi giiip dd, tuong thin tuong ii, hudng vao nhiing tic nhan giy sttess, nhiing teai
nghiem sttess vi each ting phd vdi stress d giio vidn. Tuy nhien, de sg hd ttg dat
hieu qui cin phai cd cich thire, bien phap hd teg cu the va ed sir phdi hgp nhip
nhang giira giio vi6n, cin bg quan Iy, cic luc lugng khac teong trudng vi vdi
phu huynh eua tte. Thir hai, xet vl khia canh ci nhan, tinh lac quan, bi quan li <
yeu td tie dgng den miic do stress d giao vien, dieu niy cho thiy, giio vien can
cd tinh thin lac quan ciing vdi cich nhin nhan va danh gia cic khia canh stress d

giao vien mgt cich tich cue ttong boat ddng nghe nghiep.
4. Ket luan
Tren ca sd kSt qui nghien ciru tren, cd thd khing dinh su ho ttg tir ddng
nghiep, su hd trg tir phu huynh cua tte, su hd ttg tir gia dinh cua giio vien, Idng
yeu nghe, tinh lac quan, bi quan, thdi gian lam viec d nha cd lien quan den nghe
nghiep la nhirng yeu td cd kha nang du bio mire dp stress d giio vien mim non.
Tuy nhien, mirc do du bio cua cic yeu td dugc dua vio kiem tra trong nghidn
cim nay la khdng cao. Vi vay, cd the mire do steess d giio vien mim non cdn
chiu su tie dpng eua nhieu yeu td khae niy sinh trong boat dgng nghe nghiep va
phu thudc vao cac khia canh khae lien quan den mu:c do steess d giao vien mim
non nhu: tie nhin gay sttess, nhirng teii nghiem stress, each ling phd vdi steess d
giio vien vi nhihig he qua lien quan den steess. Do dd, cin ed cac nghien eiiu
phat trien nham phit hien mdt each diy du hon cic yeu td anh hudng din mire
do steess d giao vien mam non.
Md hinh su hd trg tir ddng nghiep, ho teg tir phu huynh eua tre, tinh lac
quan, bi quan ed the du bao cd y nghia v i tic dgng den mire do stress d giio
vien mam non. Dieu nay cho thay, de glim stress d giao vien mim non, can bd
quan ly, cic lue lugng khae trong nha trudng vi phu huynh eua tre cin cd each
88

TAP CHI TAM Lf HOC, Sd 4 (217), 4 - 2017


thuc, bien phdp phSi hop t6t voi nhau trong cac boat dpng, d6ng thoi giao vien
chn CO tinh thhn lac quan trong hoat dpng nghe ngbiSp.
Tk\ lieu tham khao
1. GerrigRJ. vaZimbardo P.G., Tdm ly hoc vd ddi song, ^^XB Lao dpng, 2013.
2. Pham Manh Ha, Ddnh gid mirc do cdng thdng tdm ly (stress) cua gidng vien Dgi
hoc Quoc gia Hd Noi, nguyen nhdn vd nhirng bien phdp phdng ngira, De tai nghien
cim cap CO so, Dai hgc Khoa hoc Xahpi va Nhan van, QX09.10, 2011.

3. D6 Thi L | Hang, Cdng thdng cua hoc sinh trung hoc pho thong. Luan an tien sT
Tam ly hoc, Hpc vien Khoa hpc xa hpi, 2014.
4. Le Van Hao va Larsen K.S., Hdnh vi to chuc trong mot the gidi dang thay doi,
NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi, 2012.
5. Phan Thi Mai Huong (Chu bien), Cdch ung phd cua tre vi thdnh nien vai hodn
cdnh kho khdn, NXB Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi, 2007.
6. Dang Phuong Kiet (Chu bien), Tdm ly vd sire khoe, NXB Van hoa thong tin, 2000.
7. Dinh Thj Hong Van, Cdch irng phd vdi nhiing cdm xuc dm tinh trong quan he xd
hoi cua tre vi thdnh nien thdnh pho Hue, Luan an tien sT Tam ly hpc, Hpc vien Khoa
hpc xahpi, 2014.
8. Kelly A.L. and Berthelsen D.C., Preschool teachers' experience of stress. Teaching
and Teacher Education 1:345-357, 1995.
9 Kelly A.L. and Berthelsen D.C., Teachers coping with change: The stories of rwo preschool
teachers, Australian research in early childhood education, Joumal of Australian research
in early childhood education 1: 62 - 70, 1997.
10. Kyriacou C , Essential Teaching Skills, Third edition published in 2007 by: Nelson
Thomes Ltd, 2007.
11. Kyriacou C , Effective Teaching in schools theory and practice, This edition printed
in 2009 by: Nelson Thornes Ltd, 2009.
12. Kyriacou C. and Chien P.Y., Teacher stress in Taiwanese primary .schools, Joumal of
Educational Enquiry, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2004.
13. Paulse J., Sources of occupational stress for teachers, wilh specific reference lo
the inclusive education model in the western cape. The degree of Master Atium in the
Department of Industrial Psychology, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences.
University of the Western Cape. 2005.
14. Saeed K. and Farooqi Y.A., Examining the Relationship between Work Life Balance.
Job Stress and Job Sali.sfaclion Among University Teachers (A Case oj University of
Giiirat). Internationa! Joumal of Multidisciplin;ir\' sciences and eneineering. Vol. 5, No 6.
June. 2014

TAP CHI TAM LyH0C,S64 (217), 4 - 2 0 1 7

89


15. Torres R^., Lambert M.D., Lawver R.G., Job Stress among Secondary Ag Teachers:
An Explanatory Study, American Association for Agricultural Education Research
Conference Proceedings, May, 20 - 22,2009, Louisville, K.Y.
16. Tsai E., Fung L., Chow L., Sources and manifestations of stress infemaleidndergarten
teachers. International Education Joumal, 2006, 7 (3), pp. 364 - 370, ISSN: 1443 - 1475,
© 2006 Shannon Research Press.

17. Zinsser K.M., Bailey C.S., Curby T.W., Denham S.A. and Bassett H.H., Exploring
the predictable classroom: Preschool teacher stress, emotional supportiveness and stude
social-emotional behavior in private and Head Start classrooms. Dialog, 16 (2), 90 - 108,
Copyright © 2013, ISSN: 1930 - 9325.

90

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, S6'4 (217). 4-2017