Vấn đề tàng thức trong duy thức học của phật giáo

VAN DE TANG THQC
TRONG DUY THQC HOC
CUA PHAT GIAO
ThS. 05 Thanh Xuan

TOM TAT
Tdn gido Id vdn de dugc nghien cdu khd nhieu d Viet Nam, song nhiing khia
cgnh tdm ly ciia tdn gido, trong dd cd nhiing khia cgnh tdm ly cda Phdt gido cdn chu
dugc nghien citu nhieu. Dieu ddng ndi Id tren thuc le, Phdt gido ndi rieng vd Idn gido
ndi chung Id hien tugng xd hpi mang dam net nhdt mdu sdc eua tdm ly, phdn dnh ldm
ly con ngudi d ldng bdc sdu nhdt. Bdt viet ndy cda mpt nhd lu hdnh quan tdm den
khoa hgc tdm ly, mpt ngudi dang ldm ludn dn lien sy tdm ly hgc ve vdn de duy thdc
hgc cda Phdt gido. Qua bdi viet ciia minh, tdc gid mudn gia di thdng diep ve mpt vdn
de cua Phdt gido lit gdc dp cda Tdm ly hgc, Triet hgc vd Phdt hgc. Trong bdi viet cd
the cd nhimg khdi niem, nhiing thudt ngii cdn khd mdi me ddi vdi nhieu ngitdi, nhimg
qua khdi niem ndy chung ta se hieu them nhttng triet ly mang dam tinh tdm ly hgc cd
Phdi gido.
TO khoa: Duy thifc hgc; Tdng thifc; Phdt irien; Nghiep.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 19/12/2012; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/2/2013.

Duy thOe hgc (The theory of mere-consciouness (Vijfiaptimatra-vada))
la mdt mdn Phit hgc phin tich ban chit, die didm, qua trinh hinh thinh vi phat
trien eia cic hien tugng tim ly cung nhu eac sy vit, hien tucmg khac. Duy thOc
hge khuyen nhiing ngudi tu hanh nen ed mdt cii nhin vd ngd va gidi thodt khdi
nhan thtte nhim lin vd bdn thdn vi the gidi (ty nhidn, xa hdi va tu duy/tim ly).
Qui trinh nay dugc ggi la gide ngp; ddng thdi, Duy thOc hgc cung dua ra Id
trinh dat ddn sy giie ngd dd. Trong pham vi eiia mdt bai bao, chung tdi xin
trinh biy vi'n dd tdng thifc trong duy thOe hgc.
1. Khai niem
Khii niem tdng thuc la mgt khai niem then chdt va quan trgng trong
toan bd Duy thOc hgc, tuy nhidn, trudc hd't, dd hidu khai nidm tang thOc, chung

ta ein tim hidu mdt sd khai niem lien quan la alaya, alaya va alaya-vijfiina.

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TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd 3 (168), 3-2013


u. Alaya
Theo Nguydn Giie, ttt ddng ttt V/i mi ed tO laya nghTa li mit, chim, vi
cud'i eung la alaya la khdng mit, khdng chim. Theo tO didn SE, alaya nghTa li
khdng tan ra, thu&ng tryc; khdng ngung nghi, Theo tO didn Phit hge thi alaya
ed nghTa la khdng ngOng nghi, khdng mi't, lien tuc.
b. Alaya
Theo Nguyen Giie, tO aVli mi cd dlaya nghTa li sy ling xud'ng, chd d,
kho chOa. Theo tO didn SE, dlaya ed nghTa li ngdi nha, nhi kho (a house,
dwelling); dd dung, noi trii in (a receptacle, asylum),
Theo to didn PE thi dlaya cd ba nghTa: 1) NghTa gdc: chd dau, tOc Ii chd
lou lai, ngdi nha; 2) NghTa thO hai la "bam vao", quyen luydn, khit khao, giO
chat liy, them khit.
Theo tO didn Phit giao thi dlaya cd nghTa la chd d (nhi, eung dien, chd
diu, chd tru...).
c. Alaya-vijhdna
Theo tO didn CE (Trung Qudc - Anh) thi, thdc a-lgi-da [la thOe mi]
trong dd luu trtt hat gid'ng cia tit ca hidn tugng. Cd sd eia nhin thtte hay y thtte.
Theo to didn Phit giio thi dlaya-vijndna cd nghTa Ii ting thOc, chan
thOc.
Theo to didn Phit hgc Han - Vidt, Ting thOc la a-lai-da thOe, thOc thO 8
trong sd 8 thOc. A-lai-da dich Ii tang, cd nghTa la chtta dung tit ei cic chung tO
(hat gidng).
Tdng thdc (the storehouse consciousness, the eighth-consciousness) li

khii niem trung tim, la ndn tang cua Duy thOc hgc. Tdng thdc cdn dugc ggi li
vd mpt thicc (thOc nim gitt cic hat gidng cia tat ci sy vit hien tugng, nd cd the
thay ddi nhung khdng bj mi't bin), de bdt thifc (thOc thO tim), bdn thdc (thOc
lam can ban cia cic sy vit hidn togng), thtic chii (thOc chi dao trong tim thOe),
chiing tdthdc (thOe chtta dung eac hat gid'ng va sinh tru&ng mudn vit), sa sdtna thtic (thOc it khoanh khic diu tidn, khi mudn vit trong vu try sinh thanh), sa
ndng bien (cii nang bidn (parr ama) diu tidn bidu hien ra ngi va phip), de
nhdt thdc (thtte diu tien). Tdng thdc cd ba chOc nang: ndng tdng, sd tdng vi ngd
di chdp tdng; ndi eich khae, ehOc ning eua ting thtte la giH gin hay duy tri
ning logng va bieu hien ra ca thd, tim ly (bay thtte trude) vi thd gidi (ty nhien
va xa hdi).

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Khai niem tdng thiic cia Duy thOc hgc khi rdng, trong dd, vd thdc cia
Phin tim hgc la mdt phin cua khii nidm nay. Theo dd, vd mat tim Iy, tdng
thdc la chd chOa dong nhOng kinh nghidm cua ci nhin vdi tu duy, cam xue,
udc mong, kbit vgng... noi chtta dyng nhung thdi quen cd hun, nhOng kha
ning da thuin thuc, nhttng mo udc ehua thanh.
Vd mat ning lugng, tdng thdc chi'nh li ddng lye, li nang luc cia tii sinh,
VI thd, trong triet hgc Phat giao, tdng ihire via cd vai trd cia nang logiig, vtta Ii
ngudn gdc cia cii bidt, cai thi'y, nd lim chi thd cam Ong vdi khach thd.
Die tinh cua tdng thdc la nhin thOc dugc sy vit vi nhin thOc dugc chi'nh
minh. Ca chu thd lin khich thd ddu li so chuydn bidn cua tdng thiic. Khi tdng
thiie vd minh vgng ddng nd ty tach minh ra lim hai: mdt ehu thd nhin thOc va
mdt khich thd bj nhin thOc. 6 mdt gdc dd nhi't djnh, ta cd thd ndi: chinh tdng
thdc li ydu td tgo tde ra thd gidi, mat khac ta cOng cd thd ndi tang thirc "thay"
thd gi6i dung nhu "nghiep cam" cua nd. Didu dd cd nghTa la tdng thiic hay

nghiep liic ci nhin vi cgng ddng tao ra con ngu&i va eac sy vit, hidn tuiJng
trong vu try theo co chd chuyen bien. Vi do dd, Duy thOc hgc eho ring thoc tai
chi la nhiing hinh anh xuit hien trong thdi gian va khdng gian. Chung (thyc tai)
tie ddng lin nhau dd sinh thanh theo nhttng quy luat nhi't djnh, nhung chung
khdng cd mdt chi thd, mdt chi't lieu chung. Chung chi Ii cii va tro, hai trang
thai ndi tidp nhau, khdng cd mdt cai gi di tO cii qua tro. The gicSi hidn tugng
khdng hd ddc lip tdn tai tren co sd ty ti'nh rieng, m i nd li khich the xui't hien
cung mdt luc vdi chi thd. Khieh thd khdng ed ty tinh ridng biet, ndu chi thd
diet thi nd diet theo. Ndi cich khic, dd'i tugng nhin thOc cua ting thtte la chi'nh
nd (Idnh cdnh). Trong tang thOc, khi ehu thd ty nhan thOe lai ehinh minh, thi
ddi tuong eua nd (tttc la chinh nd) lap tOc bien thanh the gidi ngoai canh, trd
thanh cii mi ta ggi li thyc tai. Khi cd mgt ddi tucmg khich quan thi phai cd
mdt chu thd dd nhan thOc cii khich quan dd. Dieu dd cd nghTa la, tO tang thOc,
the gidi va thin tim dUdc hinh thinh, do thuc "ehuydn bie'n" hay "bie'n hidn" ra.
Tinh each eua the gicSi lin thin tim cua dong tim thOc dd phu hgp vdi cic hat
gid'ng dang hien hinh trong ting thOc, dung veil nghiep lyc dang tic dung,
2. Phan loai tang thufc
Cin cO vao chOc ning duy tri, pham vi hoat ddng vi th&i didm chin mudi
mi ting thOe doge cd nhttng cich phin loai khic nhau:
- Cin ett vio chdc ndng, .tang thtte dugc chia ra lam ba loai: ning tang,
sd tang vi nga ii chip ting.
-^ Ndng tdng; ehttc nang duy tri sy hien httu cia cac su vit hien togng
hoac trong trang thii phat hidn hoac trong frang thai tidm in.

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TAP CHITAM ly HOC, Sd 3 (168), 3-2013


+ Sdtdng; Ii ndi dung eua tit ca nhOng gi dugc duy trt.

+ Chdp tdng: tang thOe thudng bi mat-na thue nhim lin li thit cd cai tdi
vi that cd cic sy vit hidn tucmg.
- Cin cO vio phgm vi hogt dpng ma tang thOc dugc chia thinh ting thOc
ci nhin vi ting thOc cdng ddng.
•I- Ting thOc ci nhin chinh li nghiep rieng. Dd la vd thOc (theo Phin tim
hgc), eo thd, hoan canh xa hdi, ly Ijch v.v... cia mdt ca nhan.
-I- Ting thOc cgng ddng chi'nh Ii nghiep chung. Nghiep chdng cua cdng
ddng Ii hinh thii kinh td - xa hdi, chd dd chi'nh tri, van hda, Ijch su, phip luit,
v.v... cua mdt qudc gia hay mdt cdng ddng nio dd. Rdng hon, nghiep chung
cdn la thd gidi mi mdt loai sinh vit dang sd'ng (diy la didm khic biet vdi vd
thOc cdng ddng cia Phin tim hgc). Khi ndi "thOe tao ra the gidi" thi thOe dd li
tang thOe cdng ddng.
- Vdi tu cich li hat gid'ng va can cO vio mdi quan he nhdn - qud, thi
tang thOc dugc chia thinh: Dj th&i nhi thuc, Dj loai nhi thue.
Tdng thifc li mdt td hdp du loai hat gid'ng ma tidn trinh chin mudi cua
ching cd nhidu khic biet, nen tdng thifc cd mdt tdn khae la di thuc thifc; di la
khic, thue li chin (ripening, vipdka). Di thue la chin khdng ddng ddu, chin mdt
each khac nhau. Khi chin, cic hat gid'ng trong ting thOc mdi bidn hanh d nhttng
th&i didm khic nhau.
-1- Di thdi nhi thtic (ripening at differenl times) la khdng chin cung mdt
lic. Khi nhung hat gidng cd sdn va trao truyen gieo vao ting thOc va dugc cing
cd se chin trudc hay chin sau tuy thdi gian.
+ Di logi nhi thuc (ripening of different varieties) li chin tuy theo loai.
Trii chudi khi chin se thanh chud'i chin chO khdng thinh mang ciu chin, mang
ciu khi chin se thanh mang ciu chin chO khdng thanh chudi chin.
-I- Bien di nhi thuc (ripening and changing) li khi chin thi bien dang ma
khdng gid'ng nhu khi mdi sinh. Trai cam khi ehua chin thi xanh vi ehua, khi
chin rdi thi ving vi nggt.
Mdt hat gid'ng mdi hinh thanh cai nhin ggi la nghiep nhan (aetion-ascause (karma-hetu)). Cii nhan dd khi chin se dua de'n mdt kdt qui ggi la nghiep
qua (action-as-result (karma-phala)). Dj thuc thtte la tdng thd cic hat gid'ng, khi

chin se tao ra mdt ke't qua tdng hcjp ggi la di thuc qua. Con ngudi, ca tinh, nhin
cich trong gid phut hien tai la mdt di thuc qua, kd't qui cia nhidu loai hat gid'ng
da chin.

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vay di thuc thdc (tang thtte) la su kdt hop eia tit ca cac nghidp nhin khi
cic nghiep nhan dd chin. Khi dd, tim ly la mdt thtt nghidp qua, d mdt vj tri gin
nha't vdi tdng thd cic nghidp nhan. Dj thuc la ddng lyc siu xa din dit eon ngudi
tdi nhttng noi cd sinh boat (mdi trudng, hoan canh, cinh gidi, thd gidi tii sinh,
V.V..) mi ci nhin dd ua thich.
Dj thye theo luat ddng thanh tuang Ong, ddng khi toong ciu (the Law of
Affinity) di tao ndn mdt sOc manh khidn cho cac ci nhin tip hgp lai thinh mdt
cdng ddng. SOc manh dd ggi li nghidp lyc. Khi ca nhin tham dy vao gidi hay
dia nao dd la vi trong Dj thuc thOc ei nhin i'y da sin co nhOng hat gid'ng thi'ch
hgp vdi gidi hay vdi dja dd.
3. Mgt sd dac diem cua tang thiic
Ting thtte vOa ehuydn bidn vOa phit tridn mdt cich lidn tuc. Tang thOe
gdm cd trong ty thin nd chi thd (ning ting) vi ddi tugng (sd tang): hai phin
nay ludn ludn bidn chuydn linh ddng. Nd dugc vi du nhu ddng sdng - nude
trong ddng sdng lien tuc trdi chay nhtmg con sdng vin nhu viy. Trong thd gi&i
hien tugng, dac didm niy dugc xem la tinh lien tuc cia nhin qua: nhin qua trdi
chay, ndi tidp nhau lien tuc mi thit ra cic su vat, hien tugng vin ludn gitt dude
hinh thOc, hinh thd, hinh thii eua nd. Sy van ddng lidn tyc cia nhin vi qua ggi
li ddng chiy.
Ting thOc khdng cd hinh thii, khdng cd dung tich. Trong the gidi hidn
tugng, mdi sinh vit cd ting thtte cua minh, tri tue va kien thOc khdng thd

chuydn ddi tO ting thtte niy sang tang thOc khae dooe Tang thOe khdng chi li
kha ning bao tri hat gidng tim ly ma edn bao tri sinh mang cua cie loai vit va
the gidi vit Iy trong dd cac loii vat tdn tai.
Sau khi chet, ting thtte niy din nghidp tii sinh, chuydn bidn hay trinh
hien ra eho ea nhin mgt thd gidi mdi, mdt hoan canh mdi tuy theo nghiep rieng
vi nghiep chung. Khi giac ngd, thtte niy chuydn thanh Dgi vien cdnh tri (Great
perfect mirror wisdom).
4. Ket luan
Mgt trong nhttng co sd Duy thtte hgc quan trgng nhit cua mat-na thOc
chinh la tang thOc, tOe chinh the cua the gidi. Tang thOc gdm ca ty nhien, xa
hgi vi tim ly, gdm ca ci nhin va cdng ddng. Mat-na thtte li sy chuydn bien tO
ting thOe vdn dugc xem li co chd hoat ddng cua nd (mat-na thtte) trong qui
trinh hinh thinh vi phat tridn. Cd thd ndi, vi'n dd tdm ly - nghTa rgng nhi't cua
mat-na thtte - la sin pham khdng chi cua xa hgi ma con cia to nhien, khdng ehi
cua ci nhin m i cdn cia cdng ddng.

TAP CHi TAM ly HOC, Sd 3 (168), 3-2013


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3 4 5 6)
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TAPCHITAM ly HOC, Sd 3 (168), 3 - 2013