Nhu cầu xây dựng và giữ gìn hạnh phúc gia đình của thanh niên các dân tộc thiểu số vùng tây nam bộ

Bai viel siJ dung so lieu ciia de tai Quy khoa hoc cong nghe: "Nhu cau tinh than ciia
thanh nien cac dan toe thieu sd vung l a y Nam Bp ci nydc ta hien nay va mpt so nhan
tP tac dpng" do TS. Vu Ngoc Ha lam chii nhiem, de tai dupc Quy Nafosted tai tra.

NHU CAU XAY DLJNG VA GlQ GIN
HANH PHUC GIA DINH CUA THANH NIEN
CAC DAN TOC THIEU SO
VUNG TAY NAM BO
ThS. Pham Minh Thu
Vien Tdm ly hoc.

TOM TAT
Nghien cicu lien hdnh khdo sdt tren 1.471 thanh nien ddn tpc thiiu sd vimg
Tay Nam Bo. So lieu thu duqc cho ttidy, ddi vdi thanh men cdc ddn tpc thieu so viing
Tay Nam Bp yeu to quan trqng died mpt gia dinh hanh phiic td vq chdng yeu thuang
nliau. ddm hdo vi kinh ti vd tiep den Id giic gin md'i quan he vdi cha me. ong bd.
Nhicng mong mud'n xdy dung vd gid gin hanh phiic gia dinh ciia thanh nien cdc ddn
tpc tliieu sd viing Tay Nam Bd ve viec giic gin cdc mdi qudn he vdi cha me, dng bd va
ddm hdo cdng viec cd thu nhqp trpi han so vdi nhdng mong mud'n khdc. Nhieng mcmg
mudn ndo d micc cao thi cung duqc hq ddnh gid mice dp dqt duqc ticang icng. Ben cqnh
dd, SIC khdc biet vi mong mudn vd viec dqt duqc nhicng mong mudn dd ciia thanh nien
d ticng ddn tpc deu cd nhicng net dqc trtcng rieng xudt phdt td dqc thii cita tinh ddn tpc.
Tfl khoa: Nhu cdu xdy dung vd gid gin hanh phiic gia dinh; Thanh nien ddn
loc thiiu so viing Tdy Nam Bp, Quan niem ve gia dinh hanh phiic
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 04/12/2013; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/6/2014.
Mddau
Gia dinh la mdt mdt phan rat quan trgng dd'i vdi ta't ea mgi ngudi. Su
gan ke'l, rang budc gifla cac thanh vien trong gia dinh ciing nhflng mdi quan he
khac nhau nhung deu ciing hudng tdi mdt mue dfch chung la xay dung va gifl
gin gia dinh hanh phiic. Tuy nhien, quan niem ve mdt gia dinh hanh phiic d mdi
mdt the he, mdi mdt dan ldc, mdi mgt viing mien deu cd nhflng net rieng va cd

86

TAP CHI'TAM LV HOC, Sd7 (184), 7 - 2014


nhOng bien chuyin theo thdi gian sao cho phu hgp vdi cudc sd'ng. Sy khac nhau
ve quan niem se dSn tdi sy khac nhau d nhu ciu dd. Vay dudi con mat cua
thanh nidn cac dan tpc thiiu sd d vung Tay Nam Bd hien nay thi nhu can xSy
dyng va giO gin hanh phuc gia dinh se nhu nao?
Vdi each hiiu, nhu cSu xay dyng va giu gin hanh phuc gia dinh la mong
mud'n xay dyng va giO gin hanh phuc gia dinh, nghien cdu nay nham tim hiiu
cac va'n di: 1/ Thanh nien dan tdc thiiu sd vting Tay Nam Bd quan niem the
nao vi mdt gia dinh hanh phuc, nhihig gia tri nio dugc hg hirdng tdi; 2/ Nhihig
mong mud'n xay dyng va giO gin hanh phuc gia dinh gi ma hg chu y de'n; cd sy
khac biet gi d nhimg nhdm theo cac bien gidi ti'nh, dan tdc, tinh trang hdn nhan;
3/ NhiJng mong mud'n dd da dat dugc din dau?
Phuong phap nghi£n ciini
Nghien cdu dugc tien hanh bang phucmg phap dieu tra bang bang hdi va
phdng va'n sau ban ca'u true. Sd mSu dugc hdi la 1.471 thanh nien dan tdc thiiu
sd tren cac dja ban ciia 5 tinh vung Tay Nam Bd: Kien Giang, An Giang, Bac
Lieu, Tra Vinh, Sdc Trang nam 2013. Sd lieu khao sat duoc xd ly bang phan
mim thd'ng ke toan hgc SPSS 13.0.
Ket qua nghien curu
1. Quan niem cua thanh nien cdc ddn tpc thieu so vdng Tdy Nam Bp
ve gia dinh hanh phiic
Di lim hiiu y kie'n ciia thanh nien vi nhung diiu quan trgng tao nen
mdt gia dinh hanh phuc, nghien cuu yeu cau khach the lya chgn 3 Irong sd 7
diiu ma hg cho IS quan trgng nha't de tao nen mdt gia dinh hanh phuc. Kit qua
nghien cdu dugc hiin thi d bang 1, thi hien kha rd quan niem vi mdt gia dinh

hanh phuc ma thanh nien dan tdc thiiu sd vung Tay Nam Bd hudng tdi.
Bdng 1: Quan niem cua thanh nien cdc ddn tpc Ihieit sd
vimg Tdy Nam Bq ve gia dinh hanh phiic
Quan niem v^ gia dinh hanh phuc
1. Vg cll6ng yeu thircfng vii quan ISm lan nhau
2. Dam biio kinh 16' de d;ip img nhu cliu song cua gia dinh
-3. Phung dudng cha me, ong b;i
4. Cham sdc vi'i giiio due con
5. Duy Iri v;i dam bao moi quan he ciia gia dinh vdi ho hang va
nhQng ngirai xung quanh
6. Sinh dc con ciii
7. Hoa hop v^ quan he linh due

Ty le %
78,5
70,0
54,6
.M.l

Thiir bac
1
2
3
4

47,6

.•;

16,4

14,1

6
7

Gill ciui• Ty It' % tlii'u iditg sdtigtrirt lid liri

TAPCHITAMLVHOC, So'7 (1X4), 7 - 2014

X7


Nhin chung, so lieu thu duge eho tha'y, quan niem eua thanh nien ve
mdt gia dinh hanh phuc kha tap trung. Cd th^ nhan tha'y:
- Nhutig dieu dugc nhieu ngudi lua chgn nhiLt la: Vg chdng yeu thuong
va quan tam lan nhau (chigm 78,5% y ki6^n lira chgn); Dam bao kinh te' d^ dap
flng nhu e^u sd'ng cua gia dinh (chie'm 70,0% y kie'n lua chgn); Phung dudng
cha me, dng ba (chie'm 54,6% >' kie'n lua chgn).
- NhiJng dieu dugc ft ngudi lua ebon nhat la: Hda hgp v6 quan he tinh
due (chie'm 14,1% y kie'n lua chgn); Sinh de con cai (chie'm 16,4% y kie'n lua
chgn).
So lieu tren cho tha'y, thanh nien danh gia cao v^ tinh cam vg chdng.
Ddi vdi hg, sfl gan ke't tinh cam vg chong la dieu quan trgng nha't, rang budc
viing chac d^ tdn tai va phat tri^n gia dinh. Theo y kie'n cua cac ban thanh nien
thi "Thanh nien nam nUden dp tudi kit hon duoc tu do tim hieu, yeu duc/ng vd
tu nguyen kit hon. Cd thuong nhau thi mdi den vdi nhau, mdi vu0 qua duqc
nhdng kho khdn sau ndy" (nam, 26 tu6i, dan tdc Hoa, Bac Lieu). Di^u quan
trgng tie'p theo la v^ va'n de kinh te. Cd the ndi day la quan niem kha thuc te' va
thang than, khae ban vdi quan niem hudng tdi cudc sd'ng tinh thin "mdt mai
nha tranh hai trai tim vang". Dd'i vdi hg, dam bao ve kinh te' se giup cho gia

dinh cd cudc sd'ng on dinh, ed dieu kien d^ lo cho con cai an hgc, lo cho cha
me va nhflng mdi quan he khac. Nhin xa hon thi dam bao ve kinh te' cung giup
eho eudc .sd'ng vg chdng cd co hdi g ^ gui, chia se quan tam de'n nhau. Ben
canh dd, thanh nien cung cho rang, dieu quan trgng thfl ba de tao dung mdt gia
dinh hanh phfle, dd la phung dudng cha me, dng ba. Day la diem kha ndi bat,
mang net dae trung dao hie'u thuan eua ngudi Viel Nam.
Sd lieu cijng eho thay, sinh de con cai va hda hgp quan he tinh due gifla
vg chong la hai dieu ma thanh nien cho la it quan trgng nha't. Mdt sd y kie'n eua
cac ban thanh nien cd the ly giai ve van de sinh de con eai nhu sau: "Viec sinh
con cung la diiu c/uan trgng, nhung khong nhdt thiet Id phdi sinh con ngay khi
kit hem, CO the vdi ndm khi kinh tedn dn da" (nam, 24 dan tdc Hoa, Bac Lieu);
"Em cung thich co nhiiu con, nhung hien nay, cdc cap vcy chdng cung chi sinh
tU mpt den hai ccm de nudi dqy con cho tdt" (nfl, 22 tuoi, dan tdc Khmer, Tra
Vinh). Cd the hieu, cdng tac tuyen truyen dan sd ke' hoach hda va cac phucfng
tien thdng tin dai ehflng da cd ft nhieu tac ddng de'n nhan thflc cua thanh nien.
Ve van de "hda hgp trong quan he tinh due" cung ft duge thanh nien trong dien
khao sat lua chgn. Don gian vi "Chuyen dd Id cdng quan trgng lam chd, nhung
no hen te nhi, kho noi Idm!" (nam, 26 tudi, dan tde Khmer, Sdc Trang) hoac cai
tum tim cudi lang tranh ciia mdt ed gai khi ehung tdi phdng va'n. Su e de, ngai
ngung d nhung thanh nien nay ly giai cho sfl lua chgn dd. Vi vay, trong bay
dieu quan trgng de tao dung mdt gia dinh hanh phfle thi viec sinh de eon cai va

88

TAP CHfTAM LV HOC, Sd7 (184), 7-2014


hda hgp trong quan he tinh due vSn dugc thanh nien cho la quan trgng nhung
khdng nam trong thfl bac dugc uu tien.
Tdm lai, ke't qua thu dugc cho tha'y, vdi thanh nien cac dan tde thi^u sd

vung Tay Nam Bd, 6i gia dinh hanh phue thi vSn de tinh cam vg ehdng va vin
de dam bao kinh te' gia dinh vdn la quan trgng nha't, vugt trdi hon so vdi nhung
va'n de khac,
2. Nhu cdu xdy dimg vd giQ gin hanh phiic gia dinh cda thanh nien
cdc ddn tpc thieu sd viing Tdy Nam Bp
Nghien cflu da tha'y dugc quan niem eua thanh nien cac dan tdc thi^u sd
ve gia dinh hanh phfle, nhung nhu eSu xay dung va giu gin hanh phue gia dinh
cua hg hudng tdi nhflng mong mudn gi va mong mud'n nao la nhieu nha't? Vdi
thang diem do mflc dd nhu c^u dugc tfnh theo chieu tang dan tfl 0 de'n 10 diem
(trong dd, 0 diem la khdng cd nhu c5u, 10 di^m la cd nhu eau nhieu nhat), cau
tra ldi se cd d bang dudi day.
Bdng 2: Nhu cdu xdy dung vd gid gin hanh phuc gia dinh
cua thanh nien cdc ddn tpc thieu so viing Tdy Nam Bp
DTB

DLC

1. M6t c6ng vific co thu nhap 6n dinh

Cac mong muon

9.32

1,704

2. Cd nha 0 va liSn nghi sinh hoal

9,09

1,960

3. Diim biio vt mat dinh dirSng vii sure khoe cho con

8,7.')

2,598

4. Day con nfin ngucri/lnrdng Ihanh

8,96

2,511

.'). Dam bao viec hoc hanh cho con

8,92

2.511

6. Till hien linh yeu thucmg, tdn trong giira va chdng

8,88

2.511

7. Vo chong chia se, trao doi cac viin di vai nhau

8,71

2.574

8. Ho
7,59

3.261

9. Biio diim tinh due an loan cho va chong

8,08

3.174

10. Cd that nhilu con

3,73

3.709

5,54

3.823

12. Ki'nh Irong, li phep vdi cha me, dng ba

9,44

1.691

13. Cham sdc siie khoe cho cha me, dng ba

9,58

1.187

14. Diim bao. duy Hi ciic md'i quan h^ cua gia dinh vdi ho hang, gia

9,13

1.692

15 Dam bao mdi quan h4 ciia gia dinh vai hang xdm, liing gieng

8,93

1.887

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 7 (184), 7 - 2014

«9


Ke't qua thd'ng ke cho thay, cd 5 nhu cSu ndi trdi nhat trong nhflng mong
mud'n xay dung va gifl gin hanh phuc gia dinh. Dd la: Cham sdc sflc khoe cho
cha me, dng ba (DTB = 9,58); Kfnh trgng, le phep vdi cha me, dng ba (DTB = 9,44);
Mdt cdng viec cd thu nhap dn dinh (DTB = 9,32); Dam bao, duy tri eae md'i
quan he eua gia dinh vdi hg hang, gia tdc (DTB = 9,13); Cd nha d va tien nghi
sinh hoat (DTB = 9,09). Va hai mong mudn lien quan tdi chflc nang duy tri ndi
gid'ng ciaa gia dinh ft dugc lua chgn nha't la: Cd that nhilu con (DTB = 3,73) va
Cd con trai (DTB = 5,54).

Nhflng sd lieu tren cho thay, thanh nien cac dan tdc thi^u sd tap trung
vao mong mudn tao dung va gifl gin md'i quan he vdi dng ba, eha me, hg hang
va cd mong mud'n dam bao co sd vat cha't cho gia dinh thdng qua dam bao mdt
cdng viec cd thu nhap va nhiJng dieu kien nha d va tien nghi sinh hoat han la
nhirng mong mud'n khae.
Thuc te' qua viec tim hi^u va quan sat tai cac dia ban khao sat, nhihig gia
dinh cap vg chdng tre ngudi Khmer thudng chi sd'ng vdi cha me khi mdi lap gia
dinh, nhung khi cd con thi sd'ng tach rieng (an rieng, d rieng) mac du ddi sd'ng
cd rat nhilu khd khan; gia dinh thanh nien ngudi Hoa thi cd thi sdng chung
hoac rieng... Tuy nhien, du van sd'ng chung hay rieng thi md'i quan he ciia hg
vdi cha me van ra't gdn bd va giflp dd hd trg nhau. Nhieu cap vg chdng thanh
nien khi di lam thudng gfli eon eai cho dng ba cham nom. Suy nghT cfla hg ve
mong mud'n nay cung ra'l don gian: "Cha me, dng bd thi phdi cham sdc chd,
ngudi gid md, vc'fi lai ong bd giup minh trdng con cho minh di Idm thi minh phdi
cham nom" (nfl, 29 tudi, dan tde Hoa, Tra Vinh). Dieu nay ly giai cho su mong
mud'n giu gin md'i quan he vdi cha me, dng ba eiia thanh nien d ea ba dan tde,
dong thdi cung ly giai eho su mong mudn ve mdt edng viee ed thu nhap on
dinh, bdi cd mdt edng viec tfle la cd thu nhap va cdng viee dn dinh se dem lai
thu nhap 6n dinh cho ban than va dam bao eho cudc sd'ng cua gia dinh. Y kie'n
cua Ihanh nien va eiia can bd Doan cung khang dinh dieu nay: "Theo quan
diem cd nhdn, qua viec tiep can vdi nhiiu ddi tuong khdc nhau thi thd'y, thanh
nien hien nay chu y nhiiu din nhu cdu vat chdt nhiiu hem. Vi thuc tehien nay,
nhiiu thanh nien vdn chua co viec lam, nen hg mong muem cd viec lam, co thu
nhqp la rdt leyn vd mong mdi Idn nhdl Id co viec lam, thu nhqp on dinh. Vd Iqi,
thanh nien Id luc lucfng lao dpng chinh nen hg rdt mong mpdn. ngay cd vdi
ngucfi dd cd hay chua co gia dinh" (nam, 37 tuoi, dan tdc Kinh, can bd Doan,
Tra Vinh); "Thanh men d day rdt cham chi, chiu kho lam dn, nhung cung it
viec. NhCeng tricdng hgp khong cd viec lam diu khien gia dinh lo Idng vi khdng
CO viec tdm se chcfi bcfi, la cd" (nam, 26 tudi, dan tdc Khmer, Sdc Trang).
Ve chflc nang duy tri ndi gid'ng, cd thi nhan tha'y, cdng tac tuyen truyen

dan so, ke' hoach hoa gia dinh tai cac dia ban khao sat da cd nhflng hieu qua
nha't dinh, ft nhat la tac ddng tdi nhan thflc, lua chgn va mong mud'n eua hg.
90

TAPCHITAMLyHpC.Sd7(184),7-2014


Qua y ki^n eua cac can bd tai eae dia ban khao sal thi tudi ke't hdn cung da tang
hon so vdi trudc kia - 10 nam trudc (trudc kia thi so lugng thanh nien ke't hdn d
dd tu6i 1 8 - 2 0 tuoi nhilu hon v^ nhilu trudng hgp tao hdn, nhung hien nay,
tudi ke't hdn trung binh la 22 - 26, nhilu trudng hgp mudn hon va ra't hiem
trudng hgp tao hdn.
Ben canh dd, nhung mong mud'n lien quan tdi nudi dudng, cham sdc va
giao due eon cai eiia thanh nien d ca ba dan tdc eung la diem dang luu tam. Tai
eae dia ban khao sal, md'i quan tam de'n con cai (the" he sau) cung da duge thanh
nien quan tam ban, ma theo hg la "can phai quan tam hon so vdi the' he minh",
"gid thi de ft hon trudc, ma thanh nien cung ed hieu bie't nhilu hon vl cham sdc
con nhu an udng the' nao cho khoe manh, rdi day cai gi cho con bie't. Be la the,
rdi Idn thi cung phai lam sao eho con tranh xa cam dd, khdng dugc ludi hge.
Tre eon gid deu phai eho di hgc bet, biet chfl thi se hgc dugc nhilu hon, chfl
nhu d Thanh Son nay cd nhilu ngudi nhu chiing tdi edn khdng bie't chfl, chi bie't
ndi tie'ng Kinh thdi. Nhan thflc la the' nhung cung hoi khd thuc hien, nhung bie't
the' thi eung da la hon rdi. Minh chi mud'n ddi con minh lam sao eho tdt ban"
(nam, 27 tuoi, dan tdc Khmer, Tra Vinh). Su quan tam va quye't tam nay dugc
nhan thay rd nha't d mdt .so dia ban, dac biet la d Tra Vinh. Tren eac dudng phd
chi'nh, hoae dgc dudng qudc Id d tren thanh phd cflng nhu ndng thdn diu cd
nhiiTig pano, ap phfch vdi nhflng khau hieu mang ndi dung khuyen khfch hge
tap dl thoai ngheo, de cd nhilu hie'u biet ban. Day la mgi boat ddng truyln
Ihdng rat eo y nghTa va huu ich ve va'n de hgc tap, khuyen cao tdi mgi ngudi
dan, trong dd cd nhihig ngudi thanh nien dang la cha, la me hay dau tu va ddng

vien con cai hgc tap.
So sdnh nhu cdu xdy dung vd giu gin hqnh phiic gia dinh ciia ihanh nien
cdc ddn tpc thieu sdtheo cdc tieu chi
Mac dtl trong mau nghien cflu, vi dilu kien khach quan tai cac dia ban
khao sat, nen khach thi nghien cihi Iheo eac tieu chi khong cd su phan bd can
bang, tuong duong. Tuy nhien,.nhung sd lieu ciing vdi qua trinh tim hieu, quan
sat, phdng va'n sau, nghien eflu ed thi thay nhung dilm dang luu tam them Ifl
cac mong mud'n nay va dugc thi hien trong bang dudi day.
Theo tieu chi giifi, trong khi hSu he't nhflng mong mud'n cua thanh nien
diu cd su tucmg dong, khdng cd su khac biet hoac khac biet ra'l it ihi mong
mud'n hoa hgp vl quan he linh due vg chong (nam DTB = 7,83; nfl DTB - 7,18;
p < 0,001) va mong mudn vl bao dam linh due an loan eho vg chdng (nam
DTB = 8,36; nfl DTB = 7,64; p < 0,001) lai co su khae biet Idn. Cd le, ddi vdi
nfl, dl xay dung va gifl gin hanh phue gia dinh thi nhflng mong mudn khac ndi
trdi hon nhflng dilu ma dd'i vdi hg la te nhi, tham kfn, rieng tu.

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 7 (184), 7 - 2 0 1 4


Bdng 3: Nhu edu xdy dung vd gid gin hqnh phiic gia dinh ciia ihanh nien
cdc ddn tpc thieu so'vimg Tdy Nam Bp (theo cdc tieu chi)
Tinh trang
hdn nhan

Gidi tinh
Cac mong mudn

Nam

Dan toe

NB

Da ket
hdn

Chua
ke't hdn

Hoa

Cham

Khmer

1 Cqng vice CO Ehu nhilp on dinh

9,30

9.35

9,28

9,34

9.58

8.84

9,44

2. C6 nha d vii lien nghi sinh hoat

9,02

9.21

8,93

9,14

9.22

8,71

9,23

3 Bao dam dinh dudng vii sijc
khoe cho con

8.67

8,86

9,07

8.63

8.62

8,17

9,19

4 Day con
thiinh

nen

ngitdi/lrudng

8.94

8,97

9,45

8.79

8.90

8,37

9,37

5. Diim biio viec hoc hanh t h o
con

8,90

8,91

9,34

8,77

8,78

8,29

9,40

6. The hicn ilnh yCu Ihuong, tdn
trong giOa va chdng

8,90

8,84

9,34

8.72

8,81

8,19

9,36

7. Vo chdng chia se. Irao ddi cac

viin de vdi nhiiu

8.69

8,75

9,10

8,.58

8,77

8.11

9,08

8. Hoa hop quan he tinh due va
chdng

7,83

7,18

8,55

7,26

7,68

6.94

7,92

9. Biio dUni linh due an loan cho
va chdng

8.36

7,64

8,88

7,81

8,00

7.43

8.56

10. Cdlhai nhieu con

3,85

3,51

411

3,61

3,60

471

3,21

11 Cd con Irai

5,67

5,31

573

5,47

5,71

5.41

5,48

12. Kinh trgng, II phep vdi cha
mc, dng ba

9.47

9,38

9,43

9,43

9,23

9.49

9,55

13. Cham sdc sire khoe cho cha
me. dng bii

9,54

9,63

9,59

9,57

9,45

9.68

9.60

14. DAm bao. duy tri cac mdi
quan he ciia gia dinh vdi ho hang,
gia ldc

9.05

9.24

8.95

9,19

8.98

9.24

9.16

15. Dam biio md'i quan he ciia gia
dinh vcri hiing xdm. liing gieng

8.85

9.05

8.65

9,02

8.60

9.26

8,97

Theo lieu chi tinh trqng hdn nhdn, hau he't nhflng mong mud'n cua thanh
nien da ed gia dinh deu cd diem trung binh cao hon va cd su khae biet r5 hon
so vdi thanh nien chua cd gia dinh, dae biet la nhung mong mud'n lien quan de'n
tinh cam eua vg chong, quan he tinh due giua vg chong, cham sdc va nudi day
con (sir khac biet cd y nghTa vl mat thd'ng ke p < 0,001). Thie't nghT, nhflng

92

TAP CHI TAM LyHOC, Sd7 (184), 7 - 2014


thanh nien da cd gia dinh ed nhung trai nghiem thfle te' vl nhirng va'n dl nay
nen mong mud'n cija hg trdi hon ban.
Theo tieu chi ddn tpc, mong mud'n cua thanh nien dan tdc Hoa vl viec
lam cd thu nhap ed phSn trdi hon, tie'p de'n la thanh nien dan tdc Khmer, cudi
cung la Ihanh nien dan tde Cham (l^n lugt DTB = 9,58; 9,44; 8,84). Thdng qua
eae tai lieu ndi vl ngudi Hoa eung vdi thue te' tie'p xuc cd the tha'y, ngudi Hoa
ed dae tfnh ra't chi thu va bie't ti'nh toan lam an, hg khdng thfch choi bdi hoae
tham gia nhung hoat ddng khac. Dieu nay da trd thanh mgt ne ne'p va cd ti'nh
giao due trong gia dinh va cdng ddng tfl the' he nay sang the he khae. Thanh
nien dan tdc Hoa cung cd nhflng dac tinh do. Dd'i vdi hg, phai cd mdt cdng
viec, phai lam chu duge edng viee, Iham chi cd nhiing thanh nien cdn cho rang,
"Niu bdn thdn khdng co cimg viec thi khdng lo dugc cho vq con" (nam, 26
tudi, dan ldc Hoa, Bac Lieu). Dilu nay da nha'n manh de'n y chf, mong mud'n vl
mdt edng viec de dam bao cho cudc sd'ng gia dinh. Tuy nhien, nhflng mong
mudn ve cdng viec ciia thanh nien dan toe Khmer va dan tdc Cham cung manh
me khdng kem qua tam su cua mdt thanh nien dan tde Khmer "Em khdng chi
tqo cdng dn viec lam cho bdn thdn md cdn tqo viec lam cho ndm thanh nien
khdc nda" (nam, 28 tudi, dan toe Khmer, Bac Lieu). Nhu eau vl loai cdng viec

cung cd su khac biet d thanh nien 3 dan tdc trong dien khao sat. Cu the: thanh
nien dan tde Hoa tap trung sfl dung tien vao nhflng cdng viee lien quan de'n
nganh djch vu, budn ban, kinh doanh (nhu md, dau lu vao cfla hang tap hoa,
mua ban phu tung sua xe...); cdn thanh nien dan tdc Khmer thi tap trung vao
chan nudi (nhu mua cay gid'ng, phan bdn...), trong trgt (nhu mua heo, bd, ga,
lam chudng Irai, mua Ihflc an, Ihudc phdng benh...); y kien ciia mgt thanh nien
dan tde Cham: "Nhd em co nuoi heo ndi vd heo thil, heo ndi thi de nd smh sdn
con heo thit thi em mdi .xudl chudng. Mpt ndm diCefc hai lica. Em niwi tic liic em
lap gia dinh, cie lien tuc nhu thi' (nfl, 24 tu6i, dan tde Cham, An Giang) cflng
eho tha'y, edng viee ciia thanh nien dan tdc Cham tap trung vao trdng trgt, chan
nudi (vfla de an vfla dl budn ban), nhung cflng Ihl hien linh nang ddng, linh
hoat trong cdng viec. Rat nhieu thanh nien dan ldc Cham cdn hudng cdng viec
cua minh ra ben ngoai dia phuong, kinh doanh budn ban xa.
VI mong mud'n hudng vl linh cam vg chdng trong gia dinh thi mong
mud'n ciia thanh nien dan ldc Khmer lai trdi hon so vdi thanh nien dan tdc Hoa
va dan tdc Cham.
Cd mdt dae dilm ra'l dang chu y ia: Nhu eau sinh nhilu con va nhu ci1u
sinh eon trai cung it gap d do ludi thanh nien d ca 3 dan toe duge khao sat. Nhu
efiu sinh con trai ft tha'y hon d thanh nien dan tde Khmer la mdt dilu dl hiiu, vi
gia dinh ngudi Khmer vSn Iheo che dd mSu he nen ngudi Khmer vfin thuong va
quy con gai; nhung theo quan niem truyln thdng cua ngudi Hoa (can ed ngirdi
ndi ddi tdng dudng) va quan dilm tdn giao cua ngudi Cham (Iheo dao Hdi) rat

TAP CHITAM LV HOC, Sd'7 (184), 7 - 2014


coi trgng nam gidi. Theo Idi kl ciia mdt thanh nien dan tde Hoa, trong cac cudc
trd chuyen vui ve ciia hg vSn nhan tha'y su coi trgng nay qua y kie'n "phdi cd
cem trai chie...", nhung tren thuc te' khi trao ddi mdt each nghiem tuc gifla hg
vdi nhau thi quan niem da ed su chuyin bie'n "Cem ndo cung eluc/c. cd trai cd

gdi thi td'l, nhieng neu cd hai gdi thi cung thdi. khdng de tula. Vi giir viec sinh
con. nuoi cem ciing duac chit y hem trieifc. rdi cdng tdc tuyen truyin ciing xudng
ihuefng .xuyen. Da sd Id hg nhdc viec .sinh cem dong, trudc ddy cha me hg da
vdy rdi. gicf hg khdc phuc cdi dd" (nam, 31 tudi, dan tde Hoa, Bac Lieu). Nhu
vay, tu ban than thanh nien dan tdc Hoa cung da nhan thay su chuyen bie'n
Irong quan niem va mong mud'n tfl thanh nien the'he trude de'n thanh nien the
he hien tai. Dd'i vdi hg, nhung chuyin bie'n nay la can thie't va phu hop vdi dilu
kien eudc sd'ng hien tai.
Nhu vay, nhin tdng thi, thanh nien eae dan toe thieu so vung Tay Nam
Bg ed mong mud'n tap trung hon vl viec gifl gin md'i quan he vdi eha me, dng
ba, hg hang va mong mud'n va'n dl kinh tl, ve vat cha't cho gia dinh (cu the la
van dl cdng viec cd thu nhap dn dinh va nha d, trang thie't bj trong gia dinh);
nhung ft cd mong mud'n ddng con va khdng quan trgng ve gidi tfnh eua eon. Su
khac biet theo tieu chf gidi giua thanh nien chi lien quan nhieu tdi van de sfle
khoe tinh due. NhOng thanh nien da ket hdn vdi nhflng trai nghiem thuc te'cd
nhung mong mudn thien ban ve tinh cam vg chdng, chain sdc con cai va van dl
sflc khoe linh due. Nhflng mong mud'n vl edng viec dugc thay ro net d thanh
nien dan ldc Hoa, nhflng mong mud'n Hen quan tdi tinh cam vg chdng trdi hon
d thanh nien dan tdc Khmer.
3. Mice dqt duqc cdc nhu cdu xdy dimg vd gia gin hqnh phiic gia dinh
cua thanh nien cdc ddn tpc thieu sd viing Tdy Nam Bp
De tim bilu mflc dat dugc cac nhu c^u xay dung va gifl gin hanh phuc
gia dinh eua thanh nien eac dan tdc thilu so, nghien eflu ehi la'y so lieu tren 372
khach the da ket hdn (chiem 25,4% tdng khach the) dl phan tfch, bdi nhung
ngudi ehua ke'l hdn thi ehua thi ed nhung dilu kien de thuc hien nhflng mong
mudn cua minh. Ke'l qua thu duge dua Iren su tu danh gia mflc dat dugc nhu
Ciiu cua chinh khach the theo ihang diem tang dan tfl 0 den 10 dilm (trong do,
0 diem la khdng dat duge, 10 diem la dat dugc eao nha't) va duge thi hien d
bang 4.
Nhin vao sd lieu cd the tha'y:

- Nhung nhu cau lien quan tdi cae md'i quan he vdi cha me, dng ba duge
thanh nien danh gia mflc dat dugc cao nha't. Cu the: Kfnh trgng, ll phep vdi eha
me, dng ba (DTB = 8,50); cham sdc sflc khoe cho eha me, dng ba (DTB =
8,42); tiep de'n la mflc dat duge eac nhu eau lien quan de'n tinh cam vg chdng.

94

TAPCHfTAM L? HOC, Sd7 (184), 7 - 2014


Cu the: Thi hien linh yeu thucmg, tdn trgng gifla vg chong (DTB = 8,02) va vg
chdng chia se, trao ddi cae v^n de vdi nhau (DTB = 7,75).
Bdng 4: Mice dqt diCe/c ccic nhu cdu .xdy dung vd giic gin hqnh phiic gia dinh
ciia thanh nien cdc ddn tpc thiiu sdvitng Tdy Nam Be)
Mvte dat duac ciia timg nhu cau

DTB

B1.C

1. Mdt cdng viec cd Ihu nhap dn dinh

6.69

2,969

2. Cd nha d va tien nghi .sinh hoal

6.26

3,088

3. Dilm biio ve mat dinh dirang vii si'rc khoe cho con

6.57

3,303

4. Day con nen ngirdi/lrirdng Ihanh

6.55

3.295

5. Dam biio viec hoc hiinh cho con

6.76

3.441

6. The hien linh yen thuang. tdn trong giua vg chdng

».02

2,710

7. Va chdng chia se, Irao ddi Ciic vil'n dd vdi nhau

7<75

2,729

8. Ho.i hap quan hd linh due vo chdng

7.16

3.062

9. Biio dilm tinh due an loiin cho va chong

7.65

3,178

10. Cd thai nhieu con

3.09

3.507

11. Cd con trai

4.61

4.133

12. Kinh Irong. Id phep vdi cha me. dug bii

S.50

2.221'

13. Cham sdc si'rc khoe cho cha me, dng ba

8,42

2.038

14. Diim biio. duy Iri Ciic mdi quan he ciia gia dinh vdi ho hang, gta loc

7.49

2..56I

15. Diim biio md'i quan he cua gia dinh vdi h.ing xdm. lang gieng

7.20

2.527

- Nhdng nhu ciiu Ii6n quan tdi con cai duac thanh nien danh gia dai
duac d mdc tha'p nha't. Cu the: Cd that nhidu con (DTB = 3,09); cd con lr;ii
(DTB = 4,61).
Ke't qua nay cho tha'y, de xay dung va gifl gin hanh phiic gia dinh, Ihanh
nien cac dan ldc thie'u sd vung Tay Nam Bd da nd luc thtrc hien va dai duoc
nhiing mong mud'n cua minh (mong mud'n nao trpi han thi muc dat dupc nhirng
mong mud'n ay ciing trdi han so nhflng mong mud'n khiic).
So .tdnh lin'lc dqt diipc nhu cdu cita llianlt nien cdc ddn lpc ihtcii sd vimg
Tdy Nam Bp theo cdc lieu (hi
Su khac biei mdc diti duac nhu ciiu ciia thanh nien cac dan tdc Iheo cac

ti6u chi cd thd Ihay nhung net ndi bat the hien d bang 5.
TAP CHi TAM fi HOC, Sd 7 (IX4), 7 - 2(114

d.S


Bdng 5: Mdc thuc thien cdc nhu cdu xdy dimg vd giii gin hqnh phiic gia dinh
ciia thanh nien cdc ddn tpc thieu sdviingTdy Nam Bg (theo cdc tieu chi)
Gidi

Mite dat dugc cua tung nhu cau

Dan tdc

Nam

Ntt

Hoa

Cham

Khmer

1. Mi3l cdng viec cd Ihu nhiip on dinh

6,61

6,85

7,46

6,55

6,28

2. Cd nhii 6 va tien nghi sinh hoat

6,13

6,60

6,49

7,23

5,83

3. Dam bao ve mSt dinh dirang va siic khoe cho
con

6,45

6,89

6,63

7,18

6,36

4. Day con nen nguai/trudng Ihanh

6,38

6,88

6,30

7,98

6,28

5. Dam bao viec hoc hanh cho con

6,55

7,25

6,41

8,45

6,48

6. Thi hidn tinh ydu thircmg, tdn trgng giila vg
chong

8,03

8,11

7,58

8,96

7,97

7. Vg chong chia se, trao ddi cac vH'n d^ vdi
nhau

7,76

7,78

7,36

8,66

7,68

8. Hoa hgp quan hd linh due vg chdng

7,16

7,21

7,20

7,71

6,97

9. Bao diim tinh due an toan cho vg chdng

7,56

7,86

7,31

8,50

7,65

10. Cd thai nhilu con

3,11

3,06

2,5i3

4,70

2,81

11. Cd con trai

4,64

4,50

4,15

6,94

4,25

12. Kinh Irgng. Id phep vdi cha me, dng ba

8,34

8,82

8,16

9,22

8,48

13. Cham sdc sire khoe cho cha me, ong ba

8,46

8,40

8,22

9,18

8,34

14. Dam bao, duy tri cac md'i quan hd cua gia
dinh vdi ho hang, gia tdc

7,44

7,65

7,42

8,07

7,36

15. Diim bao md'i quan hd ciia gia dinh vdi hang
xdm, liing gilng

7,15

7,38

6,89

8,09

7,10

So sdnh theo tieu chi gidi, cd the h^u he't khdng cd su khac biet gifla

nam va nfl trong danh gia mflc dat duge eac mong mud'n. Hai mong mud'n dugc
thanh nien danh gia mflc dat dugc cd su khae biet la mong mud'n dam bao viec
hgc hanh cho eon (nam DTB = 6,55; nfl DTB = 7,25; p < 0,05) va mong mud'n
kinh irgng, ll phep vdi cha me, dng ba (nam DTB = 8,34; nfl DTB = 8,82; p < 0,001).
So sdnh theo tieu chi ddn tpc, cd the nhan tha'y, hSu he't nhirng mong
mudn cija thanh nien dan tde Cham dat dugc cao hcfn so vdi thanh nien dan tdc
Hoa va dan tdc Khmer. Tuy nhien, nhijng diem dac trung n6i bat d tflng dan tde
duge ihl hien ro trong mflc dat duge tflng mong mud'n eiia hg vl xay dung va

96

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd 7 (184), 7 - 2014


giu gin hanh phiic gia dinh. Vi vay nghiSn cthi di vao phan tfch nhung di^m dac
tiamg ndi bat cua thanh nien tiing dSn tdc.
Ngudi Hoa van duac biet ddn la ngudi chiu khd lam an hon so ngudi
Khmer va ngudi O a m . Qua thuc, sd lidu thu dupc cho thiy, thanh nidn dan tdc
Hoa danh gia miic dp dat duoc mong mud'n lien quan de'n cdng viec cd tliu
nhap dn djnh trdi han so vdi thanh niSn hai dan tdc cdn lai (Hoa DTB = 7,46;
Oiam DTB = 6,55; Khmer DTB = 6,28). Sir khac bidt cdn thay rd gifla thanh
nien dan tdc Hoa va thanh nidn dan tdc Cham (p < 0,001). Thanh nien dan t6c
Hoa It tham gia nhiJng hoat ddng vui chai giai tri hoac tham gia cac hoat dang
lien quan dd'n cdng ddng, hoac chi'nh tri xa hdi, tuy nhien trong cac hoat ddng
lien quan de'n cdng vide cia chi'nh ngudi dan tpc hp thi hp vSn lien ke't, hd trp
nhau, tham chf cdn cd nhung hdi danh cho nhiing ngudi cung ten ho. Lien quan
tdi gia dinh, thanh nidn dan tdc Hoa ciing tim kie'm va ke't hdn dd'i vdi ngudi cd
cdng an viec lam. 'Viec ke't hdn cua ngudi Hoa cung da cdi md hem so vdi 10
nam trudc. Ne'u ttudc kia ngudi Hoa thudng chi ke't hdn vdi ngudi trong dan tdc
minh, nhung hien nay hp da cd xu hudng md trong viec toa chpn dd'i tupng ke't

hdn ma it cd siI phan biet dan tdc, nhung vSn thien ve dd'i tupng biet lam an
(tfnh toan lam an, nhanh nhen, linh hoat). Cung theo quan sat cua chung tdi thi
tai nhflng dia ban khao sat, nhiing ciia hang tap hoa nam dpc trdn cac true
dudng Idn, dudng chinh - noi thuan tidn cho viec kinh doanh, budn ban thi
thudng la ciia ngudi Hoa. Via ngudi Hoa ngoai viec chi thu lam an, hp cung
chju khd va cd djnh hudng cho viec hpc tap cda con tre, rSt quan tJm de'n viec
hpc tap cua con. Thanh nidn dan tdc Khmer cung la nhOng ngudi chju khd lam
an va nhan tha'y dupc tSm quan trpng ciia cdng viec, thu nhap dd'i vdi gia dinh
nhung su linh hoat, tfnh toan lam an thi khdng bang ngudi Hoa. Tai Bac Lieu,
Sdc Trang mac du sd lupng thanh nien ngudi Khmer vupt trdi han so vdi thanh
nien ngudi Kinh, ngudi Hoa nhtmg cdng viec ciia hp van thudng la lam thue
cho ngudi Kinh hoac ngudi Hoa.
Ddi sd'ng ciia thanh nien dan tdc Khmer cdn gap ra'l nhi^u khd khan.
Mac du cd nhu c^u ve cdng an viec lam, ve nha cira va nhihig sinh hoat trong
gia dinh, nhung thanh nidn Khmer cung van cdn gap nhieu khd khan trong viec
thuc hien. Nhieu gia dinh thanh nien d ndng thdn vSn cdn d trong nhung nha
mil la vdi nhiing trang thiet bj tdi thieu. Nhung vdi tfnh huiSng thien (phSn Idn
ngudi Khmer hfldng theo dao Phat), md'i quan he ciia thanh nidn ngudi Khmer
vdi cha me, dng ba va nhiing ngudi xung quanh ra't hoa ddng va van gifl ne'p ciia
dao ngudi con trong gia dinh. Rat nhieu thanh nien Khmer van len CTiua de tu
trong mdt thdi gian (tuy theo ca nhan) vdi y nghTa la "bao hie'u" ddi vdi cha me.
Sd lieu d bang tren cung cho tha'y, hau he't nhflng mong mud'n cu the di
xay dung va gifl gin hanh phuc gia dinh duac thanh nien dan tdc Cham danh
gia mdc dat dupc d mdc cao han va cd sir khac biet rd so vdi thanh nien dan tdc

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd7 (184), 7-2014

97

Hoa va dan tdc Khmer la nhimg van de: cham sdc, nudi day con cai; quan he vg
chdng, cha me, hg hang va lang gieng. Chflng ta bie't rang, ngudi Cham cd ti'nh
cd ke't edng dong r^t manh. Ngudi Cham thudng sdng theo lang va cd su gin
ke't chat che, tham chi chat che tdi mflc khd cd ngudi dan tdc khac vao sdng
xen ke vdi dan tdc Cham dugc. Nhflng quy dinh, luat le rieng eua ngudi Cham
cflng tao nen nhung net dac trung khac ban so vdi nhimg dan tdc khac, vi vay
sd lieu thu dugc cho tha'y nhijng mong mud'n lien quan tdi md'i quan he vdi eha
me, dng ba, vdi hg hang, lang gieng dat dugc d mflc eao la mdt dilu phu hop
vdi thuc te'. Ngudi Cham theo giao ly dao Hdi, nen su xae nhan trong kinh
Koran vl uy quyen eua ngudi dan dng d vi the' cao hon ban so vdi ngudi phu
nfl. Vl vay, mong mud'n sinh eon trai cung dugc thanh nien ngudi Cham danh
gia d mflc dat dugc trdi hcfn ban. Dong thdi viec nudi day con cai cung dugc
thanh nien ngudi Cham chfl trgng, dac biet la van de hge tap. Do nhflng quy
dinh cua giao ly Hdi giao da bi ban dia hoa nhilu nen phu nfl Cham tai Viet
Nam ngay nay cung da cd nhilu co hdi hudng ngoai trong nhting boat ddng
giao luu, lam an va cung dugc thu hudng nln giao due nhu nam gidi. Su chu
trgng de'n hgc tap dugc thi hien ra't ro khi nhflng hgc sinh nao hge gidi se cd co
hdi dugc gfli sang ban Malaysia dl tie'p tuc hgc len. Vi vay, cd thi bilu nhung
the' he con cai cua hg eung da va dang dugc dSu tu nhilu ve van de hgc tap.
Nhin chung, nhung mong mudn xay dung va giu gin hanh phuc gia dinh
da dugc thanh nien eac dan tdc thilu sd vung Tay Nam Bd danh gia mflc dat
dugc tuong flng vdi nhu c^u cua hg. Theo danh gia cua hg, thi nhiJng mong
mud'n lien quan tdi cac md'i quan he vdi cha me, dng ba, xay dung tinh cam vg
chong van dat td't hon ea; mong mud'n dat dugc thap nha't lien quan tdi so lucmg
va gidi tinh cua eon eai. Xet tren cac tieu chi thi mflc dat dugc hSu bet nhflng
mong mud'n nay khdng ed su khac biet nhilu giua nam va nfl, nhung lai cd su
khae biet rd gifla cac dan tdc. Thanh nien dan toe Hoa ed mflc dat dugc cac
mong mud'n ve edng an viec lam eao hon ea, nhung nhflng mong mud'n edn lai
lai duge ihanh nien dan tdc Cham danh gia mflc dat dugc trdi hon va thien
nhilu ve viee xay dung va gifl gin eae mdi quan he cua hg.

Ke't luan
Tfl nhflng ket qua da phan tieh d tren, cd thi tha'y mgt sd dilm nhu sau:
Thd nhdt, dd'i vdi thanh nien cae dan tdc thilu sd vung Tay Nam Bd thi
nhflng dieu quan trgng nhat dl ed mdt gia dinh hanh phuc la dam bao tinh cam
vg chdng, phai dam bao vl kinh tl. Phung dudng cha me, dng ba la nhiJng net
dac trung dao hieu thuan cua ngudi Viet Nam va cung la dilu quan trgng thfl ba
dl cd mdt gia dinh hanh phuc.
Thu hai, dl xay dung va gifl gin hanh phuc gia dinh, trong sd cae mong
mudn cua thanh nien cac dan tde thilu sd vung Tay Nam Bd thi mong mud'n

98

TAP CHI'TAM Lt HOC, Sd 7 (184), 7 - 2014


trdi hon ea la gifl gin mdi quan he vdi cha me, dng ba va mong mud'n cd mdt
cdng viec ed thu nhSp dam bao cudc sdng gia dinh. Dilu nay r^t phb hgp vdi
quan niem vl mdt gia dinh hanh phfle. Nhung mong mudn nao d mflc cao thi
dugc thanh nien eac dan tde thilu sd vung Tay Nam Bd danh gia mflc dat dugc
cao hon so vdi c^e mong mudn khae.
r/ui" ba, thanh nien eac dan tdc thieu sd vung Tay Nam Bd d mdi dan tde
diu ed nhflng mong mudn va viec dat dugc nhflng mong mudn dd vdi nhflng
net dac trung rieng xu^t phat tfl dae thfl cua dan tdc. Su khac biet nay dugc thi
hien ro d tieu ehi dan tde.
Mac du da thu dugc nhflng ke't qua dang ke, nhung dilm ban che' ciia
nghien cflu nay la chi tim bilu dugc nhu ciu xay dung va gifl gin hanh phue gia
dinh cua thanh nien cae dan tde thilu sd vung Tay Nam Bg ma khdng tha'y
dugc nhu c^u nay d nhung dd'i tugng thanh nien vung miln khae, dan tdc khae.
Day la nhung hudng edn bd ngd cho nhung nghien eun sau nay.
Chii thich

(I) Nghien cflu nay la m6t trong nhflng n6i dung chfnh ciia de tai khoa hoc "Nhu cdu
tinh than cua thanh nien cdc ddn tpc thieu sd viing Tdy Nam Bp d nicdc ta hien nay v
mpt sd nhdn td tdc ddng" duoc thuc hien trong thdi gian tfl nam 2012 din nam 2014
do TS. Vu Ngoc Ha iam chu nhiem, dugc su tai trg cija Quy Phat trien Khoa hpc va
Cdng nghe Que'c gia.

TAP CHi TAM LV HOC. Sd 7 (184), 7 - 2014

99