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TRONG GIAOiNH (!y VIET NAM
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K

BUITHINHlTNGQC

hoang 30 nim gan diy, vdi sy ra ddi eua 1 ^ mg, lim cha, lam eon - dilu mi n^n gidi rit
Tnmg tim nghidn cflu khoa bgc vl phy it ngudi lim dugc. Thdng qua nghidn cflu mdt sl
nft (nay la Vifn Nghidn cflu Gia dinh v i Gidi), trudng hgp cy ttil (bi nfi eua Dgng Thai Mai, cg
nghidn cflu vl vai trd cua phy nu ttong gia dinh ba Vu Nhu Ky, ey an ba Nguydn Chi Dgo...), tic
(hoge ed lien quan ddn
gii Nguydn Xuan Kinh
de tai nay) d nudc ta da
nhan dinh phy nu \^dt
Nghiin cihi vd vai t r i cAa phu nir tPong
tuong ddi phit tridn.
Nam xua rit dim dang,
gia dlnh la linh vuc quan trong song tuong
Nhung nghidn cflu
thio vit, thyc sy Ii ngi
flfil moi d nuoc ta, chi phat tridn khoang vai
thudng dupc ttidn khai
tu&ng ttong nhi. Nhu
chuc nim tro lai flay. Truoc 1854, co thd
theo hai hudng chinh:
trudng hgp b i ndi cua
ke den cac cong trinh Phu ai tfir gia Sinh
dit phy nft ttong bdi

Dang Thai Mai: "Dim
ciia Dam Phuong nir sii. Van Si pbu nQgiii
cinh gia dinh; dit phy nfl
phong cila Dit 8i Ms, Piin nSt v6i gia einh ciia duang mpi vife ttong nhi,
ttong bli eanh ling xi,
Io ddi ngi, ddi ngoai, gjo
Dung - Kim... va mfit sti hai viit trdn hdo
cgng ddng v i cic mdi
Nam Phong, Phu na tan vin, Phsi nu thai tdt,flngphd vdi chfle dich,
quan hf xa hfi.
nha lgi... Cy khdng chi lo
Sam... Cong trinh dau tidn nghidn cilu vai
toan vife nhi mi cdn hilu
trd cda phu nu d Viet Nam tmmg ddi tung
1. Sat phy Dir trong
ngbia ldn... khi cho cac
thd la cudn Pbn ntt Vi$t Nam gaa eac thai
boi cinh gia fflnh
chiu di hgc chu Phip" (1).
aai cua Ld Thj Nhdm Tuydt. Didm ddc ddo
Cd hai hudng nghien
Chung quan diem, nghidn
cua cudn sach la sir dijing kdt hop cdc
cflu chu ydu: thfl nhit,
edu cua Thinh Duy nhin
phuong Phap, khai nidm va chdt lidu cua sii
nhan manh tim quan
manh,ttongkhi d gia dmh
hoc, ddn tdc hoc, vdn hec dd khde hoa SIJT
ttgng va thim chi la vai

Trung Qudc, uy quyen ciia
bidn ddi vai trd, thdn phdn ngudi phu nu
ttd thdng tri cfla ngudi
ngudi cha dupc bidu thi
trong l|ch sii Vidt Nam.
phy nft ttong gia dinh;
ddi vdi mpi thinh vidn, tttt
thfl hai, do ngudi phy nft
trong gia dinh ngudi Viet cd die tnmg li ngudi vg
ttong gia dmh cd dia vi thip kdm, phai chiu nhidu
da thyc sy binh ding vdi ngudi chdng. Sy khac
ttiift thdi, bit cdng nen anh hudng khdng nhd ddn
bift dang luu y nhit, la gia dinh W t Nam cd xu
vai ttd eda hg cung nhu sy phit ttiln gia dinh.
hudng t^p trung vao quan hf vg - ehIng, gia fflnh
Huang nghien euu thie nhdt
Trung Qudc cd xu hudng tip trung vao quan he
Cae nghidn cflu da ehi rd, du phai chiu anh cha - con (2).
hudng tfl tu tudng Nho giao, nhung trong gia dmh
Viet, ngudi vp vin cd vai ttd nhit dinh, ttiam chi
Hu&ng nghiin ciru thir hai
quylt dinh. Tie gii Vu Ngpc Khanh cho ring, phy
Tic gii Ding Cinh Khanh, Le Thi Qu^ cho
nft cd mpt quyln khdng till xem li hinh ding vdi ring do anh hudng cfla tu tudng Nho giio, phu
nam gidi dugc, ma phai dit lenttdnci nam quydn, nu ttong gia dinh khdng bao gid thufc hgng ^lido la quyln lim mg, quyln lim vg. Tie gii khing (ddi tugng nhftng ngudi chfl ttong gia dlnh cd
djoh phu nft cd nang lyc die bidt d chd vfla ed ttid quydn uy tuyft dli ttong ci doi ngi va dli ngoai)

1

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(0)


TU LIEU
m i chi thufc hing su (bic thfl dudi) do hi ttdi
budc bdi cic nguydn tic tam tdng, tfl due. Nhilu
nghien cdu chi rd ngoii vigc lim ttdn nhung
chuc ning cda ngudi me ra, phu nft cdn phii
dim duong vifc sin xuit nhu ho§c bon nam
gidi. Thdi gian lao dgng ttong mft ngiy cda phy
nft thudng dii hon din dng 3 - 6 gid, nhilu
ngudi phii chiu ciitti ching "dlt nit, gia trudng,
ludi nhac, nhau nhgt tli ngiy v i dinh dip, bach
sich vg con..." (3). Tfl dd, bit birtti ding nay
sinh ttong mli quan hg nam nfl, ttong sy tham
gia, hudng lgi cfla phu nft d gia dlnh v i cfng
ddng, trong cie ca hfi dd phy nft phin diu, vuon
ldn khing dinh gii tri, °ing ^vc bin thin.
Cie nghien euu cung chi ra thin phin thap
kem cda ngudi phy nu trong gia dinh, bi ddi hdi
phii If thufc vio ngudi dan dng. Con gdi la eon
nguai ta, ndn "khi sdng thi d qud cha, din khi
ehdt thi lim ma qud ching" (4). "Chl df gia
trudng trong gia dhih phy hf phit triln thanh sy
thing tri cda nam gidi dli vdi nu gidi... Ngudi
phu nu khi da liy chdng chi cd mgt con dudng
tha chdng nudi con v i thyc hidn cac ngbia vy
vdi gia dinh nhi chdng" (5). Tic gii Dd Hoing

nhin mgnh ve dinh kidn tdn tgi trong hf thdng
gia dmh: "Nam gidi try cdt kinh tl gia dinh, phy
nft cd thidn chfle lim edng vifc nfi ttg. Nam
gidi bin chit la phii mgnh ndn thich hgp vdi
nhimg cdng vide ldn, la ngudi chd gia dinh,
ngudi ra quylt dinh; cdn phy nft d vi tri phy
tiiuf e, vi tri thfl ylu" (6). Trong khi x i hfi dang
hudng vio cae hogt dgng vi binh ding nam nft,
vi sy tiln bf cua phy nu, thi dinh kidn nhu tten
lgi l i suy nghi cda khdng it phy nfl. Nhftng suy
nghl dd dugc hp dung dl dinh gia hinh yi cfla
nam gidi v i cfla bin thin. Cic nhi nfl quyln gpi
dd li tiip thu su dp buc.
Tuy nhidn, hiu hit cic nghidn cflu diu gdp
phin thd hifn hoic nhin mgnh thuc tl ring d
nudc ta van tin tai vdn hda mf. Ngudi vp ttong
gia dinh Vift dugc kmh ttgng v i dl cao hon, cd
tinh thin chu dpng hon so vdi ngudi vg ttong
gia dinh Nho giao Trung Hoa. Nguydn tic phu
xu&ng, phu tiiy bao gid cung dugc dit bdn canh
mpt nguyen tic quan ttgng khic li thudn vg
thugn ehdng tdt biin Dong cUng cgn.

Nhflng nghien ciru gan diy thudng d$t phy
nft ttong bli canh gia dinh thdi ky toin eau hda,
hudng tdi phat triln bdn vflng. Vai ttd eua ngudi
phy nu dupe neu bgt vdi tu cich ngudi lao dfng,
tii sin xuat con ngudi, giio dye, hinh thinh
nhin each tte, gin gift, Iruyln thy cie gii tii vin
hda cho ttie hf ttd, vi gift gin sy can bing tim

ly, tinh eim cua cic thinh vien ttong gia dinh.
Chi ra mdi lidn hf mit thidt gifta vai ttd eua phu
nfl vdi phit tiiln gia dinh, gifta vin hda vdi phy
nfl, tic gii Ld Thi cho ring cin thyc hifn binh
ding gidi mdi cd tbl giup ngudi phy nfl dim
nhifm tit nhftng ttich nhifm, vai ttd ciia minh
v i ddng gdp tieh cyc vio gin gift van hda gia
dinh, vin hda din tfe, phit triln xa hgi (7).
2. D$t phu nft trong bli cinh ling x3, cfng
ding v i cic moi quan hf xi hfi
Tic gii Bfli Xuin Dinh cho rang, bdi cinh
hf thing thang bic x i hgi ciia ling x i dugc dya
tten nln ting tu tudng li y thfle hf Nho giio di
gat toin bf nfl gidi ra khdi chon dinh trung va

Mg con t|p v§. Anh Hoing Giang

So 3 8 5 1
Thdng 7-20161


cic hogt dfng x i hfi cfla ling, dk bg bi giam
him trong "chl df nd If gia dinh" (8). Tuy
nhidn, theo tic gii Trin Qudc Vugng, Thinh
Duy, phy nfl ed vai ttd ldn ttong sinh hogt kinh
tl, ddi sdng x i hfi v i ddi sing vin hda tinh
thin. Vai ttd dd duge tbl hifn qua vife nudi dgy
con cii, sin xuit, kinh doanh, quin ly kinh tl,
tii sin gia dlnh; diu ttanh ching ich dd hp cfla
phong kiln xim lupc, gdp phin bio tin, phit

huy tinh hoa vin hda nudc nhi, trudc hit li bio
tin ndi gilng, gin gift, phit triln tilng ndi cua
din tfe. Tic gii Tran Quic Vupng d i chi ra
nhihig bien dli linh boat trong vai ttd cfla
ngudi phy nft: " 6 Vift Nam, ciiu nudc khdng
chi li nhifm vy cfla din dng mi din ba cung lo
cflu nudc" (9).
Tic gii Ld Minh d i khii quit nhftng budc
chuyln ttong vai ttd, vi tri cfla ngudi phy nft
qua cic thdi ky Uch sfl. Tfl thdi c l xua khi din
dng li chfl nd thi phy nft li vgt trao ddi vd cdng
cg sinh de. 6 thdi phong kiln, din dng li gia
trudng, thi phy nfl li vgt mua bdn dd lim phin
mdy de v i phyc vy ching con, gia dinh nhi
ehlng. Trong chiln ttanh, ngudi phy nu tham
gia tich cyc chien dau bio vf td quoc. Nhung
khi hda binh lip lgi, ngudi din dng tfl chien
trudng ttd vd, thi phy nft mit din vai ttd d x i
hgi v i gia ffinh m i hp d i tgo dyng ducfc ttong
khing chidn. Vai ttd tham gia cic hogt dpng x i
hfi, quyln quydt dinh nhiing vifc ldn trong lao
dgng sin xuit, kinh tl, flng xfl vdi hg hing, ling
mgc v i ttong ngi bf gia dlnh, hudng nghidp eho
cic con... diu chfl ylu do ngudi din dng nim
gift (10). Tuy nhidn, ttong x i hfi ngiy nay, phy
nft dang din vuon ldn lim chfl eugc ddi mirtti
bing nghl nghifp, kiln thflc cfla bin thin, di
diu ttong cufc cich mang giii phdng sflc lao
dfng, giii phdng tii ning v i giii phdng ngudi
phy nfl (11).

Cic cdng tiinh nghidn cflu gin diy da phit
hifn v i din lim sing td nhihig vin dl ve vai
ttd cda phu nu ttong qui tiinh phit tiidn, tim
hilu inh hudng cda dli mdi kinh tl xa hfi dit
nudc tdi phy nft. Nhiing chu dl nghien ciru chu
ylu gdm: inh hudng, tic dfng cua nln kinh te
thi trudng ddn mdi quan hf gidi ttong gia dinh

1SI385
Thing 7-2016

v i x i hfi; nghidn cdu vai ttd cfla phy nfl ttong
moi quan hf gidi trong gia dhtti; nghidn cflu vai
ttd cfla phy nfl ttong gia dinh gin vdi phit tridn
bin vftng...
Nghidn cflu cfla Ld Minh nhin nhin phy nu
ttong cii nhln binh ding, khing dinh hp eung
ed quyln v i nghia vy cdng din, vfla li ngudi
lao dgng, ngudi edng din, vfla la ngudi mg,
ngudi thiy diu tidn. Tic gii cho ring sd mdnh
"ngudi thiy diu tien" (12) d ngudi phy nfl cd
inh hudng, tic dfng tryc tilp den khdng chi gia
dlnh, ma cdn din c i x i hfi hdm nay v i mai
sau. Trong khi do, tic gii Trin Thi Vin Anh,
Ld Nggc Hflng dit vai trd cua ngudi phy nft
ttong gia dinh ttong tuang quan vdi vin dl gidi
v i phit ttidn, coi phy nft cd vai ttd hdt sue to
ldn, quan ttgng, cin thilt ttong qui triitti xiy
dyng gia dinh, dit nudc, ddng vai ttd chfl thi
ttong qui trinh hogch dinh, thyc hifn, dinh gii

cic myc tidu phat trien kinh te xa hpi. Theo tic
gii Ld Nggc Van, inh hudng cfla cdng nghifp
hda tgo sy thay dli cic mli quan hf gia dinh.
Trong dd, mdi quan hf vp ehlng, md rfng ra
li gifla hai gidi, li mli quan hf theo ehilu
ngang, hdn nhin chuyln dan tfl the chl kinh tl
li chinh sang the che tim ly v i gia dinh chuyen
tfl chu ylu li don vi sin xuit sang don vi tidu
dflng. Vai ttd cfla ngudi phy nft vi thi cung cd
thay dli nhit dinh ttong vifc ydu duong, hdn
nhan, ttong lya chpn md hinh gia dinh de sdng
v i cic mli quan hf x i hfi (d$c bift li quan hf
ddi 16a).
Mft sl nghien cflu neu ldn thyc ttang hifn
nay cd mpt bg phgn khdng nhd phy nu vfla
phii dim duong vigc nhi, vfla lim cin bf lanh
dgo, quin ly, nghien cflu khoa hgc... Uu didm
cfla phy nu ttong vai ttd lim linh dgo so vdi
nam gidi cung dugc chl ra nhu kha ning kilm
tra, giim sit, xu ly mft s l tinh hudng, khi
ning tham muu, chap hinh tit ban. Cflng vdi
dd, d i xuit hifn nhftng thay dhi thufn lgi ban
dli vdi phy nft ttong vifc tham gia linh dao,
quin ly nhu sy thay dli dinh kiln ciia xa hfi
vl phy nft, ttiay dli tii chtoh ngudi phy nft. TYiy
nhidn, tiieo tic gii Nguyin Thi Thugn v i Trin
Xuin Ky, phy nft vin phii chiu nhilu khd


YTU LIEU

khin, bi phin bift dli xu, khdng cdn dfl sflc
khde, tri tuf dd phan diu, phii chiu nhieu thif t
thdi vd phin cdng lao dfng ttong x i hfi do
phii tdn phi thdi gian, cdng sue cho gia dinh,
it cd CO hgi duge tip tnmg hgc hinh, phii cbiu
dinh kiln gidi.
Nhftng nam gin diy, trudc thyc ttgng mot
bf phgn khdng nhd phy nft Vift Nam kit hdn
vdi ngudi nudc ngoii, mft sd nghidn cflu d i
thi hifn, lim rd vai ttd cfla hp ttong gia dinh
qua qua trinh hda nhip xa hfi, sinh sing vdi
gia dinh ehdng d ngogi qudc. Thdng qua nghidn
cflu trudng hgp nhihig ngudi phy nft Vift Nam
liy chdng ngudi Trung Quic d Vgn VT (Trung
Quic), tic gii Nguydn Thi Phuang Chim
khing dinh du ed nhidu khd khin vl khic biet
van hda, lli sing..., nhung phy nfl d i ning
dfng, chd ddng va thdng minh ttong qui trinh
thich nghi vdi cufc sdng mdi dd cd cupc song
ydn In noi dit mdi (13). Nghien ciru cfla Phgm
Van Bich va Iwai Misaki cho thiy nd lyc vuon
len cfla mpt bp phgn cd diu \^f t lay chdng Dii
Loan dd dim duong vai ttd lam vg, lam me
cung ittiu ttong eie hogt ddng ddi nhin xfl thd
nhim tin tai, hda nhap dugc vdi vin hda nudc
sd tai, mic du liy ehlng Dii Loan "cflng gilng
nhu choi xd s l " (14).

; fife

Airirsi'

Qk khing dinh v i phit huy ban nfta vai ttd
cfla ngudi phy nft ttong gia dinh, tic gii Ding
Cinh Khanh, Ld Thi Quy cho ring cin thay
dli cii nhln vl binh ding gidi. Tuy nhidn, phy
nft v i nhin logi tidn bg khdng thd t l chfle diu
ttanh vu ttang ehlng bit binh ding gidi, m i
cbi ed thi tidn hanh cic hogt ddng nghidn cflu,
xiy dyng lugt phip, lim thay ddi mgt sd quan
niem tdn giao, nhgn thuc eua nhin din, chinh
quyln v i die bift Ii cfla nhung ngudi thin
ttong gia dinh (15).
Nhin chung, cd tbl thiy cic cdng trinh
nghidn cflu vl vai ttd cfla ngudi phy nfl trong
gia dinh d nude ta ttidi gian qua him chda
nhftng phin tich ding chu y vl dli tin?ng tten
nhilu phuang difn, gin vdi tic dfng, inh
hudng cfla bli cinh x i hfi v i nhin thuc, quan
nidm cua con ngudi. Trong bli cinh hfi nhip

ngiy nay, nghien cflu vai ttd cfla phy nft ttong
gia dinh rit cin dupc tilp ti^c vi dd li ydu ciu
buc tiiilt cua thyc tiln, li ca sd quan ttpng gdp
phin dinh gii, nhin nhfn, khoi day tilm ning
nguIn nhan lyc nfl nhim thilt thyc dip flng nhu
ciu xiy dyng, phit triln gia dinh, con ngudi,
dit nudc bin vflng •
B.T.N.N
1. Nguyin X u ^ Kinh, Con nguoi, moi tru&ng vi vin

hda, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi, Hk NOi, 2013, tr.362.
2. Th^nh Duy, Vin hda Vift Nam trudc xu thi toin
cku hoa - thifi cff va Ihdch thirc, Nxb Van hda Thong tin
\k Vi?ii van h6a, H^ NOi, 2007, tr.l21.
3. 15. D|lng C4nh Khanh, Le Thi Quy, Gia ^nh hpc,
Nxb Chinh tri - Hanh chinh, Ylk N$i, 2009, tr.347,357.
4. Trin DSng Sinh, Nhihtg khia cpnh triet hpc trong
tin ngirihtg th& cung to tien cua ngu&i Vi^t 6 ^ng bang
Bic Bp hipn nay, Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia, H4 Ngi, tr. 115.
5. LS Ng9c van, Mpt s6 dpc diim biin doi gia dinh tir
xa hpi nong nghiip truyin thong sangxa hpi cong nghidp
hda. Tap c\aKhoa hgc viphu nii, s6 1,2002, tr.49.
6. D§ Ho^g, ThfTc trpng ^nh kiin doi vdi vai tro cia
nam gidi vi php nu trong gia Xnh, Tap chl 7am ly hpc,
s6 11 (92), t h ^ g 11-2006, tr.ll.
7. LS Thi, Gia dinh, php n& Vift Nam v&i din so, vin
hda vi sgphit triin bin viing, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi, HS
NOi, 2004, tell 7.
8. Bdi XuSn Dinh, i p ling phdp nu&c, Nxb Phap ly.
Ha Npi, 1985, tr 137.
9. Trln Qu6c Vupng, Tri^in thongphp nit Hit Nam,
Nxb Vdn hoa ddn tpc, Hk N^i, 2000, tr. 120.
10. U.Le Minh, Ph^ nit Viit Nam Irong gia £nhvi
xahpi.-bi\b Lao ddng,Ukli9i,
1991,ti.l55-[56,26.
12. L€ Minh, Gia ^nh vi ngu&i php nir, Nxb Lao
dpng, HaNpi, 2000, tr.56-57.
13. Nguyin Thj Phuong Cham, Lim diu nai dAl
khich - Trii nghifm vin hda cia nhihig ngir&iphg n&
Viit Nam tdy chdng Trung Quoc & Vpn VJ (Dong

Hung, Quing Tiy, Trung Quic), Nxb Lao dpng, Hk
Npi, 2012, tr.376.
14. Nguyen Hihi Minh (chu bign), Gia dinh Viit Nam
trong qui trinh cdng nghidp hda, hiin dpi hda vi hpi
nh^p tir cdch tiip c^n so sdnh, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi. Ha
NOi, 2014, tr.467.

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