Về một phần đời sống văn hoá tinh thần của cư dân làng chài (nghiên cứu trường hợp của làng chài sông lô ở thành phố tuên quang, tỉnh tuyên quang

VE MOT PHAN D O I SONG V A N HOA
TINH THAN CUA CU DAN LANG CHAI
(Nghien cCru trirdng hdp lang chai song Ld d thanh phd Tuyen Quang, tinh
Tuyen Quang)

Nguy§n Thj Tam

Tnfdng dqi hpe Khoa hpe xd hpi & Nhdn van, Dqi hpe Qude gia Hd Npi.

Nudc ta cd he thd'ng sdng ngdi phan bd day dac, chi ndi rieng miin Bdc
da cd rdt nhilu hd nude, cfia sdng, vinh, ddm pha... Thue te, dnhitng viing ven
sdng, ddm phd dd hinh thdnh nen nhCfng viing chdi ludi cdng cde cdng ddng
ngu ddn d dd. "Chfnh mdi trudng sdng nudc dd da gdp phdn quan trpng tao nen
ban sdc van hda Bdc Bd ndi rieng vd van hda Viet Nam ndi chung. Day la mdt
vdn dl mdi, mdt dd'i tupng ma khoa hpc rdt cdn dupc nghien cfiu va khang dinh.
Nd mang y nghia to ldn trong su nghiep xdy dung va phat huy nln van hda Viet
Nam tien tien, ddm da ban sdc dan tdc" [Hdi Van nghe Dan gian Viet Nam,
2006, tr. 161].
Sdng Ld la phu luu ta ngan cua sdng Hdng, bat ngudn tfi tinh Van Nam
(Tmng Qudc) chdy vao Viet Nam tai xa Thanh Thuy, huyen Vi Xuyen, tinh Ha
Giang. Tdng dien tieh lifu vue: 39.000 km^, trong dd phdn d Viet Nam Id 22.600
km\ Dilm cud'i la nga ba Viet Tri, thanh phd Viet Tri, tinh Phfi Thp, noi sdng Ld
dd vao sdng Hdng. Doan sdng Ld chdy vao Viet Nam cd chilu dai 274 km, doan
tfi nga ba Viet Tri ngupc cang Tuyen Quang thudc tinh Tuyen Quang dai 156 km
nhilu tdu thuyin cd trpng tdi ldn boat ddng.
Cd thi khang dinh rdng, hinh thfic cu trfi cua cac cu dan sd'ng tren
thuyin be d vung sdng nudc Bdc Bd, ndi rieng la tren sdng Ld thi viec ddu tu
nghien cfiu cdn rdt khiem tdn, dac biet la ddi sd'ng van hda tinh than cua hp.
Nhftng net dep 11 hdi sdng nudc, cdc tfn ngudng, phong tuc, kieng ki la nhimg
net dac tnmg cua dang thfic van hod nay cdn dupc gift gin cho din ngay hdm
nay.

1. L l hpi dua thuyen
Cu dan trdng trpt thudng td chfic nhilu ll hdi lien quan den gieo trdng,
de'n cdu mua, din thu hoach. Cu ddn sd'ng chu yeu bang nghi san ban va hai

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lupm thudng td chfic cac 11 hdi hda trang, cdc ddng tac tupng trung cho phdp
thudt san ban, cac hien tupng tupng trung cho viec sdn bdn cd kit qua. Cdn cu
ddn sdng bdng nghi chai ludi thi td chfic cac 11 hdi gdn liln vdi sdng nudc nhu
dua ihuyin, rude thuy thdn... Di td chfic ll hdi cho ngu ddn, vd'n dl cdn phai
ban la vai trd cda cdng ddng va trach nhiem cua chfnh quyln dia phuong.
Thanh phd Tuyen Quang da budc ddu ldm dupe dilu dd, diln hinli la viec td
chfic ll hdi boi chai hang nam vao mdi dip xudn vl. Boi thuyin, ndi chfnh xac
la thi boi ihuyln (boi chai) thudng dupc td chfic vdo cac dip ddu xudn. Khac vdi
nhfing chiec thuyin dupc sfi dung hang ngay, thuyin dung dl thi dupc trang
hoang rd't dep, vdi nhieu mau sdc rue ro. Nhftng ngudi tham gia thi boi an mac
ddng phuc, gpn va khde. Trang phuc ciia hp cung rdt ndi bdt. Trong sd cdc tro
choi truyln ihdng, ddy la trd choi ldi cudn nhilu ngudi hudng fing nhdt. Tro
choi nay mang tinh tdp thi cao bdi sir thdng thua khdng phai chu ylu phu thudc
vao sfic manh ciia tfing ca nhan md la phu thudc rdt nhilu vao su phd'i hpp cheo
thuyin cua hp.
Trong cudn Himg Vuong dung nudc cd vilt: "Boi thuyin va nhftng boat
ddng tren sdng nudc la tuc le ngay hdi vao loai quan trpng va phd biin nhdt b
thdi Hung Vuong (d nhilu trd'ng ddng, tren mat trd'ng cd binh anh mfia nhay, ca
hat, ddnh cdng, danh trdng, gia cdi... nhung d tang trd'ng khde ghi canh boi
thuyin vd sinh boat tren sdng nude ngay bdi)... Nhftng con thuyin ddc mdc mui
cong, dudi en, minh thon dai, tren cd nhilu ngudi ngdi hoac dfing, hda trang

thanh chim hoac khdng, cdm vu khf hoac ddm boi, hoat ddng khdn tmong, la
mdt trong nhftng binh anh dupc ngudi thdi Hung Vuong chfi y tmyln ghi. Dua
thuyin vd cung te thuy thdn nhu vay la mdt tuc Id ngay hdi ll thdi Hung Vuong.
Cho mai vl sau, nhftng hinh thfic hdi nudc nay vdn dupc bao luu, phd biin b
nhilu lang Viet Nam" [Vien Sfi hpc, 1974, tr. 226 227], Dilu dd cho thdy, van
hda 11 hdi sdng nudc da cd tfi thud so khai, tfi thdi Hung Vuong dung nudc.
Dua thuyin khdng chi cd d sdng Ld ma "tfi Thanh Hda trd vao din Nam
Bd, dua thuyin trd thanh truyln thd'ng, ngay hdi dua thuyin mdi nam mdt ldn
vdo dip 11 tit. Dua thuyin tuy khdng diln ra thudng xuydn nhung cd noi coi nhu
la ngbl nen cd tay dua nghi, tay cdm ldi, dfing mui va ddng thuyin" [Hdi Van
nghe Dan gian Viet Nam, 2006, tr. 154]. Dua thuyin khdng diln ra dupc d dia
hinh ddm, hd, lach, pha, biin long ma ngudi ta thudng chpn noi "dd hdi", chd
ddng ngudi dl cho mpi ngudi dupc xem cudc phd diln day mau sdc, tieng ddng,
dm nhac, hinh thi, sfic vdc, manh ldi, tdi nghe va vinh du thdng thua trong cudc
choi dua tren tinh thdn thupng vo cua miin sdng nudc.
Khoang 3 4 nam nay, vao ngay mung 4 tit Nguydn Dan, thdnh phd
Tuyen Quang lai td chfic bdi dua thuyin tren sdng Ld. Ll hdi dua thuyin thuc
chat la hinh thfic cdu ngu, cdu cho nam mdi mua thudn gid hda, ngu ddn thu
hoach cd, tdm ddy thuyin. Ong Truong Dfic Tiln - Trudng phdng Sd Van hoa

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TAP CHf TAM L? HOC. So 8 (149), 8 - 2011


- Thdng tin - Thi thao tinh Tuyen Quang, phd ban td chfic hdi dua thuyin
sdng Ld cho biet: Nam 2007, theo chi dao cua tinh, thanh phd Tuyen Quang
da khdi phuc lai hpi dua thuyin bi gidn doan hon 20 nam. Hdi dua thuyin
gdm cac dpi dai dien cho cdc xa, phudng tren dia ban thanh phd tham gia vdi
hinh thfic thi dd'u 6 ngudi, boi bdng thuyin gd. Hdi thi cd su gdp sfic cua

nhftng nam thanh nien tre, khoe d lang chai. Ngay sau khi cd kl hoach khdi
phuc lai hdi dua thuyin sdng Ld, UBND thanh phd Tuyen Quang da tham khao
nhilu mdu thuyin va quyet dinh ddng 3 chiec theo mdu thuyin cua phudng
Bach Hae, thanh phd Viet Tri, tinh Phfi Thp. Thuyin dupc lam bdng tdn, chieu
dai tieu chuan 14 m, chilu ngang chd rdng nhdt 1,2 m chfia 26 van ddng vien
thi ddu, trong do cd 24 tay cheo, 1 dpi trudng va 1 ngudi lai. Khi thilt kl ngudi
ta da lam cdc khoang phao rdng trong thuyin nen khi cd sir cd bi lat, thuyin
vdn ndi.
Nam ddu tien thi dd'u do thilu thuyin, ban td chfic phai thue them 4
chile thuyin cua phudng Bach Hae, thanh phd Viet Tri. Cac nam sau UBND
thanh phd ddng y dl cac phudng, xa bd tiln ddng thuyin rdng rieng. Vi vay da
tao dilu kien cho cac dia phuong quan ly thuyin dupc td't hon, thuan tien cho
viec luyen tap. Cac mdu thuyin rdng phai ddng theo mdt thilt ke chung da
dupc phe duyet tai mdt co sd ddng thuyin d thanh phd Tuyen Quang va cd sir
gidm sat chat che cua can bd chuyen mdn. Tai thdi dilm hien nay, mdt chile
thuyin rdng ddng cd gia tren 40 trieu ddng.
Nam 2007, nam ddu tien khdi phuc lai hpi dua thuyin vdi cu ly dudng
dua 2,5 km, dpi phudng Ndng Tiln da gianh giai nhdt. Nam 2008 cung gdm 7
phudng, xa cua thdnh phd tham gia, dpi xa Trang Da da vl nhdt. Nam 2009, ll hdi
dua thuyin cd nhilu net mdi, dac biet la dupc md rdng vl quy md, them 6 don vi
nfta tham gia gdm phudng mdi tan Ha vd 5 xa: An Tudng, An Khang, Thai Long,
Ludng Vupng, Dpi Can cua huyen Yen Son tmdc ddy mdi sat nhdp vao thanh phd.
Hdi dua cd 13 dpi chia lam 4 tdp, kit qua dpi phudng Ndng Tiln doat giai nhdt,
giai nhi thudc vl dpi phudng Hung Thanh.
Nhin vao thdi gian vl dfch cua dpi doat giai nhat trong 3 nam td chfic
vfia qua, nam sau thuyin di nhanh hon nam trudc. Viec thuyin dua di nhanh
hay cham ft nhilu phu thudc vao muc nudc sdng Ld, song cho thdy su tiln bd
cua cac ddi dua. Theo anh Doan Trung Dao, ddi trudng dpi thuyin rdng
phudng Ndng Tiln thi bf quyet di cd dupc kit qua cao la trong cudc dua, cac
thanh vien phai bilt kheo leo kit hpp sfic manh, sfic nhanh, sfic dudn cdng vdi

ky thudt vdn dung ddng nudc dl be lai vd tfnh todn dudng dua khoa hpc. Nhilu
thuyin cd qudn rat khde nhung cheo khdng diu nhip, be cua qud rdng dl nudc
vdo thuyin nhilu hay viec sdp xep ngudi nang nhe tren thuyin khdng hpp ly
nen thuyin di khdng nhanh. Theo thi le cudc thi, nhftng ngudi tham gia la nam

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thanh nien lien 18 ludi, cd hd khdu thudng tru tai thdnh phd Tuyen Quang va
phai bill boi.
Nam 2010, hdi dua ihuycn ciing dupe td chfic vao mung 4 tet Am lich, h6i
cd Uli ca 13 Ihuycn dua, boi ifi khuc sdng thudc dia phan phudng Minh Xuan din
xdm Ghcnh Giing vdi chieu dai 3 km. Nam ndy, ddi xa Trang Da da gianh giai
nhai. Gic ngu ddn a ddy kc Iai, ban id chfic treo giai kha cao, ddi gianh giai nhdt se
dupc ihudng 10 iricu ddng. giai ihd'p nhd't la 1 trieu ddng. Tiln thudng dd se dupc
sung mpt phdn vao quy chung ciia ddi dl chudn bi cho mua thi ddu nam sau. Cdn
lai mpt phdn dpi gianh chicMi thdng sc td chfic lien hoan va chudn bi ll ciing thiiy
ihdn id long bill on cac vi thdn sdng nude.
Dc hpi dua Ihuycn dupc td chfic diu dan vd ngay cang thu hiit dupc ddng
dao sir cd \'u cua ngudi ddn thi xa Tuyen Quang va khdp noi trong tinh, cdn cd su
Xii hpi hda ll hdi dua ihuyln tren sdng Ld. Qua dd, mdi gpi them nhilu ngudn
nhan lire, tai chinh ciia cac doanh nghiep, ca nhdn ddng gdp vao su thanh cdng
ciia hpi dua Ihuyln hd'p dan nay. Ddc biet, ddy cdn Id dip dl thanh phd Tuyen
Quang gidi thieu va quang ba vdi du khach gdn xa vl hinh anh ciia mdt thanh
phd Ire dang tren da hdi nhdp phat trien.
Nam 2011, hdi dua thuyin vdn dupc td chfic theo dung ke hoach. Hdi dua
Ihuyln nam nay cd 13 dpi dua, dai dien cho 13 xa, phudng trdn dia ban thanh
phd tham gia tranh tai. Nam nay, dpi xa Trang Da vl nhdt; giai nhi thudc vl dpi

dua thuyin phudng Minh Xudn va gidi 3 thudc vl dpi dua thuyin xa Luong
Vupng. Hdi dua thuyin tren sdng Ld do UBND thanh phd Tuyen Quang td chfic
thuc su la mdt sinh boat tinh thdn lanh manh dupc ca cu ddn van chai va cu ddn
tren bd hudng fing.
Dd'i vdi le hdi dua thuyin, do quen vdi sdng nude nen dan chai ai cd sfic
luc thi diu cd thi dang ky tham gia. Kit qua du thua hay thdng thi hp vdn vui
ve, bdi y nghia quan trpng nhdt cua cudc dua dd la dupc true tilp tham gia vao
boat ddng cdng ddng.
2. Ddi sdng tin ngudng
Van chai la nhftng cdng ddng ngu ddn cd ddi sdng gdn bd vdi ngbl khai
thdc thuy san vd mdi trudng sdng nudc. Vi vdy, cac boat ddng van hod va gia tri
tinh thdn cua van chai cung mang nhimg ylu td diln hinh cua mdi tmdng dd. M6t
trong nhftng net dac trung cua van chai Viet Nam la tuc thd thuy thdn, vi thdn clie
chd, bao ve ngu ddn; cdu ngu dl mong mua thudn gid hda, danh bdt dupc mua.
Nhilu ngu ddn cdn tin rdng cdc vi thdn va td tien cd quyln luc quylt dinh su thanh
bai vd hanh phuc cua hp. Ddy chfnh la soi ddy vd hinh kit ndi the gidi tdm linh vdi
nhftng ngudi lam ngbl sdng nudc.

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TAPCHfTAMLyHOC.Sd8(149),8 2011


Nam trong ddng chay cua tuc thd thuy thdn, vung sdng nudc Bdc Bd
nudc ta cd nhimg net ddc dao rieuj^. Nlu nhu vung ven biin miin Trung va
vung biin phfa Nam cd tuc thd Ca Ong thi d vung sdng Ld, ddn chai khdng cd
tuc nay. Hp thd thdn nudc cua nhimg doan sdng cu the. Nlu nhu cac lap luc thd
cfing cua cdng ddng cu dan lang chai ven biin miin Trung "the hien the Ung xie
vdn hda cua ngu ddn trifdc bien ed" [Hdi Van nghe Dan gian Viet Nam, 2006,
tr. 83] thi cac tfn ngudng thd cung cua cu dan van chai sdng Ld ihl hien nilm tin

va su sp hai dd'i vdi than sdng (Ha Ba). Ha Ba, lheo quan niem cua ngu dan, la
mdt dng quan tren trdi xud'ng cai quan sdng nude. Thd ciing Ha Ba, ddn chai hy
vpng se dupc thdn phu hd, dem lai nhilu may mdn.
Cung nhu ngudi ndng dan, ngu dan d cac lang ven sdng ludn tdn thd td
tien, dng ba. Hp lap ban thd d noi trang trpng nhdt trong thuyin va tien hanh
cfing 11 vao dip gid, cac dip ll tit trong nam. Hp cung thdp huong cdu khan khi
gia dinh cd viec vui cung nhu khi gap hoan nan, rui ro.
Ben canh dd, ngudi dan lang chai cung cd truyln thd'ng thd Mdu. Thd
Mdu la tin nguong cd tfi ldu trong lich sfi va tren dia ban Tuyen Quang, tuc thd
nay hien hiiu d cac di tfch Din Ha, Din Thupng, Din Mdu Y La (thanh phd
Tuyen Quang). Truyln thuyet vl Thanh Mdu d cdc di tfch nay diu gdn vdi sdng
Ld. Theo sach Dgi Nam Nhdt Thd'ng chi, Thdn tfch Din Y La va truyln thuye't
ddn gian diu kl lai: Xua cd hai nang cdng chua con vua Hung la Phuong Dung
vd Ngpc Ldn. Mdt bdm hai nang theo xa gia den ben bd sdng Ld (thudc thdn
Hiep Thudn) dd thuyin. Nfia dem trdi mua to, gid ldn, hai nang diu hoa, nhan
dan trong vung ldy lam linh di ben lap din thd. Din Hiep Thuan d ha luu dupc
gpi la Din Ha, thd cdng chfia Phuong Dung (ngudi chi), Din Thupng thd cdng
chfia Ngpc Ldn (ngudi em). Hai ngdi din cd nhilu dilu linh fing, nen tfi xa xua
hai nang dupc tdn lam Thanh Mdu. Hang nam, cfi vao ngay 11 den 16 thang 2
dm lich, 11 rude Kieu Mdu bat ddu tfi Din Mdu Y La ra Din Ha, rdi tilp din ll
rude Kieu Mdu tfi Din Thupng qua sdng vl Din Ha dl cung hpp te. Ll hdi nay
cfing thu hfit ddng dao ddn chai tham gia vdi udc mud'n dupc Mdu ban cho sfic
khoe, may mdn, hod thudn va mua cd bdi thu.
Ban vl dac tfnh tfn ngudng nghi ll cua cdc lang chai Nhat Ban, nha
nghien cfiu Chu Xuan Giao cho rdng: "Mdt dilm khac biet dang chu y trong tin
nguong d lang chai la khac vdi tfnh cdng ddng cao trong lang ndng vl mat tfn
ngudng, d lang chai, hoat ddng tfn ngudng cua ngu ddn cd tfnh ca thi cao...
Ngu ddn cd chilu hudng boat ddng tfn ngudng dl cdu mong mang lai may mdn
td't lanh cho ban than minh hon la cho todn the lang/cdng ddng, chang ban khi
phdt hien ra tfi thi chet dudi trdi dat tfi noi khde din, ngu ddn se khdng loan bdo

cho ddng nghidp ma dm thdm dem vl chdn cdt trong sdn/vudn nha minh" [Chu
Xudn Giao, 2007, sd 4, tr. 74]. Nguyen do cua dac tfnh nay dupc tac gia Chu

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Xuan Giao ly giai lheo hai diem: Thie nhd't, trong tfnh each cua ngu ddn cd chf
hudng manh trong viec cdu mong vdo tha lire (sfic lire ngoai minh), bdi cudc
sdng Iren biin ciia hp nhilu phdn lenh denh trdc trd het nhu cdu tuc ngfi "dudi
mdt tdm sdn thuyen Id dia nguc"; Thit hai, trong tbdi gian sd'ng tren biin, ngu
dan thudng lam vice tren cac la thuyin nhd le, nen tfnh cdng ddng, phd'i hpp
Clia hp rd't yeu. Qua ddi chilu vdi thuc t l d cdc ldng chai Viet Nam ndi chung
va lang chai sdng Ld ndi rieng, cd thi thd'y, hoat ddng tfn ngudng cua ngu ddn
ddt Viet trong cac ll hdi ddn gian nhu II hdi cdu ngu, ll hdi dua thuyin vdn
mang tinh cdng ddng cao, vdn la chuyen ca lang, ca dia phuong cung lo ciing
hudng. Rieng each fing xfi vdi viec phat hien tfi thi chit dudi cua ngu ddn vung
biin Viet Nam lrong liic dang tac nghiep tren biin hoac ngoai khoi thi cd phdn
tuong ddng vdi ngu ddn Nhat Ban, nghTa la diu mang dam tfnh ca thi: Khi
phat hien ra tfi thi chit dudi trdi dat tfi noi khac din gdn thuyin minh, ngu ddn
thudng la chu thuyin vdt tfi thi len thuyin dua vao dd't liln chdn cdt va nlu
la tfi thi khdng rd tdng lich, ngudi chu thuyin se ldy hp cua minh ghep vdi ten
Lupm (nhat/vdt) dl dung bia md va khdn vdi ngudi xdu so khi cung gid. Cdn
ddi vdi ngu dan sdng Ld, neu gap hien tupng nhu vay, hp se vdt xac nan nhan
va dem vl chinh quyln dia phuong xac nhan. Mdi khi di ddnh cd qua chd do,
hp diu mang theo the huong dl thdp cho ngudi xd'u sd vdi hy vpng linh hdn hp
se dupc sieu thoat.
Hien nay, ben canh thd cfing td tien, dpc theo bd sdng Ld cung cd mpt
sd hd theo dao Thien Chfia, chung tdi thd'ng ke dupc 5 bd sd'ng thanh xdm nho

theo dao"
Trong thuyin cua hp cd ban thd dfic chfia Gid Su va Dfic me Maria, do
la noi dep vd trang trpng nhd't tren chile thuyin. Ngudi dan tin rdng, Chiia dem
lai cho hp mdt tuong lai td't dep du cudc sdng bidn tai cfia hp vdn phai dd'i dien
vdi nhilu thfi thach. Ddi sd'ng vdt chd't khd khan nen hp mudn tim din mdt su an
ui vl mat tinh thdn. Cac hd theo Thien Chfia giao d dudi lang chai vdn sinh lioal
gid'ng nhu ngudi theo dao d tren bd. Ngay 11, bp din nha thd nghe dfic cha
giang dao, cdu kinh; hang ludn vdo thfi 6 ca gia dinh phai an chay. Cdn vao
mua "Thuong Khd" ca gia dinh an chay 47 ngay, bat ddu tfi mung 4 thang
gieng hang nam. Khi mdi gia dinh d lang chai cd cudi hdi hay tang ma diu co
cdc linh muc din lam 11. Mpi tdp tuc cudi xin, ma chay diu phai tudn theo quy
dinh cua dao Thien Chfia. Trong mdi ldn cdu nguyen d dip 11 lien quan din
Thien Chfia gido, hp diu cdu xin sir an lanh va mfia ca bdi thu.
3. Cac phong tuc va sir kieng ki
Bdn canh nhutig boat ddng 11 hdi, hoat ddng tfn ngudng, tdn gido thi
lang chai sdng Ld d thanh phd tuyen Quang cdn luu gift nhimg phong tuc diln
hinh, dac biet la cac tuc kieng ky. Cd the ndi, sdng gdn bd than thilt vdi sdng

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TAP CHf TAM L? HOC. Sd 8 (149), 8 - 2011


nude tfi ddi nay sang ddi khac, ngu ddn sdng Ld da tfch luy dupc nhilu kinh
nghidm trong vide danh bdt ca tren sdng va luu truyln cho nhau nhfing thdng
tin vl khf bau, thdi tilt, lich thdi vu ldn nhd trong thdng dl thuc hien dung luc,
kip thdi nhftng chuyen xud't thuyin di danh cd. Ddy la mdt phdn quan trpng
phan anh ddi sd'ng tdm linh cua cdng ddng cu ddn van thuyin.
Trudc kia, tuc le gifta cdc lang cd su khac nhau ro ret bdi tfnh cdng ddng
ngu ddn dupc qui^ dinb bdng cac phong tuc, tap quan, van hod rieng ciia tfing

ldng. Ddu tien phai kl din viec thuc hien quy udc vd co ehl. Ngoai nhftng quy
udc vl CO cd'u td chfic cfia thiet ehl tu quan lang tuong tu nbu trong huong udc
cfia cdc lang ndng nghiep. Nhftng quy tdc cfia cdc lang chdi cd thi la tiln bd hoac
lac dieu theo quan niem cua cudc sd'ng hien dai. Song, khdng dl thay ddi nhftng
thdi quen hoac tuc le tham can cd di nhu quy udc vl quyln danh bdt ca, noi cu
ngu, bao ve ngudn Ipi, ddng thul.
Theo quy udc vl danh bat cd thi nlu ddnh ludi theo chilu nudc, ngudi
din danh sau phai tha ludi sau ngudi din trudc (trudc, sau dupc tfnh theo chilu
nudc chay). Thdng thudng, ngu ddn rd't am hilu dp dai cua cac loai ludi va sfic
chay cua ddng nudc cd thi lam trdi ludi... Do dd, viec xac dinh vi trf tha ludi
dd'i vdi ngudi tha sau khdng khd khan gl. Bdi thi, ft khi cd su cd mdc ludi vao
nhau. Neu phat hien dupc mdt dan cd dang di chuyin trong ngu trudng, ngudi
de'n tmdc cd thi tha ludi ddn dudng di chuyin cua dan ca. Nhung ngudi din
sau cdn cfi vao vi trf ludi cua ngudi tha trudc ma tha ludi cua minh cho hpp ly.
Phdn dat trdn bd chi cd ddn lang gd'c mdi dupc dinh cu d day. Vi vay, ddn
chai d ngoai tinh di cu den sdng Ld Ific dau diu bi coi la ddn ngu cu vd ft nhilu
chiu thai dp phan biet cua dan tren bd. Phan bai cat tilp gidp vdi nudc sdng trong
pham vi timg lang chi cd thuyin cua ddn trong lang mdi dupc neo dau thudng
xuyen va chi cd dan d dd mdi dupc quyln khai thac ngudn loi thuy san trong vung
sdng tuong fing vdi dia gidi cua lang. Tap quan cua ldng chai chi la nhimg quy
dinh gifta ddn chai vdi nhau chfi chua dupc ghi thanh van ban nhu huong udc d cac
lang ndng nghiep. Tuy nhien, khdng phai vi thi ma chung khdng dupc cac thanh
vidn man thu. Cac huong udc (van udc) trong cac ldng chai dupc thuc hien theo co
ehl hai chilu, vfia cd su kiim soat mdt phdn cua ngudi dfing ddu van, vfia cd su
tudn thu va tu giam sat ldn nhau gifta cac cd nhdn ngu ddn vdi nhau, gifta cdc
nhdm ngu ddn thuc hanh cdc ngbl ca khde nhau vd gifta cac lang chai vdi nhau.
Co ehl hai chilu nay td ra hiiu fch vd gdp phdn quan trpng vdo su tdn tai cua cac
huong udc (van udc) nay cho du phdn ldn chung la nhftng quy udc chua dupc van
ban hda.
Cho de'n nay, cdng tac suu tdm nghidn cfiu cdc huong udc (van udc) ca

cd va mdi cua cac lang ngu noi luu trft nhftng tri thfic dia phuong vl nghi cd
chua dupc thuc hidn ddy du. Hm hilu budc ddu cho thdy, nhimg qui dinh vl viec

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bao ve va duy tri ngudn Ipi thiiy san vdn la nhftng ndi dung khidm td'n. Cdc qui udc
dd chi dupc bill qua cac cdu chuyen kl ciia cac vi gia ca trong lang chai. Vi thi,
viec phai cd mdl co che thfch hpp dl quan ly ngudn Ipi thuy san bon luc nao hit la
viec lam cap bach.
Chiing ta can lien hanh suu tdm cac ban van udc cd cua cac lang cd va
lang chai d Vici Nam. Hien tai, mdt sd lupng khdng nhd cdc huong udc, khoan le
Clia cac lang ndng nghiep da dupc suu tdm dl phuc vu cho nhftng muc dfch
nghien cfiu khoa hpc nhdm phuc vu thuc tiln. Vi thi, cac huong udc cua cdc lang
ngu cung cdn dupc ldp hpp lai. Ben canh dd, viec suu tdm va nghien cfiu cdc van
udc cd nay phai dupc thuc hien can cfi vao linh dia phuong, cd nghia la huong
udc lang ca d ba miC-n Bdc, Trung, Nam cdn phdi cd k l hoach suu tdm ngay.
Chiing cdn dupc sdp xlp dl so sanh lam ndi bdt len dac trung dia ly vung miin,
dau dn van hda ciia tfing dia phuong. Dilu nay rdt quan trpng bdi nd la co sd di
\ ice Xiiy dung cac quy udc lang ca trong bd'i canh duong dai khi cdc ngudn Ipi
ihiiy san dang bi khai ihac thilu id chfic va phi kiim soat nhdm tan dung nhftng
tri thfic dia phuong cd Ipi eho sir phat triin bin vftng.
Ngay nay dii phdn ldn cac kieng ky, tap tuc d van chai sdng Ld da fl di
nhung vdi cdc bdc cao nien, hp vdn coi ddy la nhftng tdp tuc quan trpng dd'i vdi
lang chai. Trong cac boat ddng tin nguong tieu bilu dd, cd thi kl din:
Tuc kieng ngdy con nifde: Ngudi ddn quan niem rdng trong lam an, nhdt
la ngbl chai ludi tren sdng neu khdi sir ban ddu vao "ngay con nudc" thi se bi mdc
rui ro, lam an khdng gap may mdn. "Ngdy eon nude" luu tmyln trong dan gian

Viet dupc coi la ngay xd'u, tram su diu ky, dac biet la su viec lai roi vao gid con
nudc xud'ng.
Ngay con nude lien quan din thuy trilu, mat trang cung cd anh hudng
dd'i vdi cac sinh vat vung nudc ngpt d cfia sdng vao trong sdng dl sinh san theo
chu ky trdng. Ngudi Phuong Ddng, cu thi la ngudi Viet Nam ta da tfi ldu biet
dupc su anh hudng cua mat trang va chu ky con nudc tdi viec lam an va sinh
san thi nao qua ldi ca dao:
"Phai ai budn bdn trdm ngbl
Phai ngay con nudc di vl tay khdng"
Lieh eon nudc la mdt trong nhimg tri thfic ddn gian quan trpng. Qua lich
eon nude ngudi ta bilt dupc nhftng qui ludt cua nudc va cua sdng nudc tren mpt
khung thdi gian nam cd dinh. Bdn canh lich con nudc, ngudi ta can cfi vao thdi tilt
dl tfnh chuyen lam an, chdng ban nhu quan sat bdu trdi, mat nudc, gid va ddng
chay dl du dodn thdi tilt khf bdu, tfi dd quylt dinh phuong thfic va ky thudt ddnh
bat cd.

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TAP CHf TAM L? HOC. Sd 8 (149), 8 - 2011


Tac gia Chu Xuan Giao trong mdt bai nghien cfiu vl lang chai Nhat Ban
cho rdng, kieng ki d lang chdi vfia cd nhilu dilm gid'ng vdi lang ndng vfia cd
nhilu dilm ddc dao rieng. Quan niem kieng ki cua ngudi Nhdt dupc phan lam
kieng dd va kieng den. Kieng dd tfic la kieng mdu (banh kinh va sinh). Chinh
bdi quan niem nay ma phu nfi d cac lang chai thudng khdng dupc len thuyin di
biin cung chdng con/anh em trai. Trong thdi gian vp d cft, ngu ddn Ihudng
kieng di biin mdt each nghiem ngat, ngudi ta cho rdng, nlu cd tinh di biin
trong thdi gian ay se khdng dupc gi hoac gap rui ro, tai nan. Cdn kieng den, tfic
kieng tfi/tfi thi. Thdng Ihudng trong cdc lang ndng ngudi ta kieng tranh rdt ky

khi cd ngudi chit: Mdt tbdi gian qui dinh, ldng giing kieng tranh giao hiiu vdi
nha cd tang, tranh vang lai din nha bay an ud'ng trong nha cd tang. Nhung d
nhilu lang chai ngudi ta iai cho tfi/tfi thi la dilm may mdn. Khi gap Phat trdi
(xdc ngudi chit dudi) tren bai biin, ngudi ta dem vl chdn cdt va thid cfing cdn
trpng. Kbi trong lang cd dam tang ngudi ta vui ve nhdn nhftng thfi da dupc
dung cho/trong tang ll, coi dd la vat mang lai may mdn trong danh bdt. Dd'i vdi
trudng hpp lang chai sdng Ld, theo ldi nhimg ngudi gia kl lai thi trudc kia cac
tuc kieng ky cd phdn ha khde hon bay gid. Chang ban nhu mui thuyin la noi
eSm ky vdi ngudi la, dan ba, nhimg ngudi nay khdng dupc ngdi tai day, nlu cd
ai lo khdng bilt cfi ngdi len mui thuyin thi chfi thuyin phai cfing dl xoa bd su
ue tap. Hay ben trong thuyin cd mdt gian nhd lam ban thd, dd la chd thieng
heng, ngudi la tranh ngdi quay lung hoac khi ngu dudi chan vao ban thd. Dd'i
vdi cac loai ngu cu, chu yeu la ludi, dan cau, ngu dan cfing cd su kieng ki nhu
khdng dupc budc qua ludi, dan cdu, nhd't la phu nft mang thai.
Dac biet, d ddy vao khoang thdi gian ddu nam tet Nguyen Ddn, dan lang
chdi cd tuc kidng giao tilp vdi ngudi la. Hp quan niem sau ngay rdm thang
Gieng mdi bat ddu khai xudn lam viec, cdn tmdc thdi gian dd nlu lam nhftng
cdng vide nang nhpc, sp ca nam phai vdt va^'\
La nhimg ngu dan ludn ddi mat vdi sdng nudc dl kiem sd'ng, dd la cdng
cudc muu sinh ddy bdt trdc. Tfi rdt xa xua, ngu dan da phai cdu vien din nhilu thdn
linh, din nhung kieng ki dl lam chd dua tinh thdn cho cdng cudc chinh phuc
thien nhien cua minh. Va chfnh nhftng nilm tin thieng lieng dd da giup ngu ddn
vftng long tin trong cudc muu sinh vdt va. Trong qua trinh danh bat, dan chdi gap
khdng ft riii ro vl thdi tilt, ngu cu, vi vay viec cdu cfing cdc thdn linh dupc hp rd't
coi trpng. Gap khi gid bao, ngu cu true trdc hoac thu hoach cd ft, ngu ddn theo
dao Thidn Chfia cd td chfic 11 cfing, xin on tren, Dfic Chfia va Thdnh thdn phu hd.
Hp dpc cac kinh cdu nguyen tmdc ban thd Chfia trong thuyin. Dd'i vdi cdc hd
ddn chai khdng theo Thien Chfia giao, gap tmdng hpp nhu vay hp se sfia soan dia
hoa qua va thap nhang ldn ban thd td tien, ban thd hp, ban thd thuy thdn dl cdu
mong thdn thanh phu hd cho tai qua nan khdi, gap nhilu may mdn.

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Ben canh dd, cac phong tuc sinh de, cudi hdi, ma chay, cdc 11, tilt trong
nam nhu tit Nguyen Dan, Thanh Minh, rdm thang bay, Trung thu... cua cu ddn
lang chai sdng Ld vfia mang net chung ciia ca cdng ddng ddn cu ngudi Viet,
vfia bao luu mdl sd net rieng ciia ngU ddn. Trudc kia, dam cudi td chfic tren
thuyin thi phai ghep 3, 4 con thuyin vdi nhau va dupc trang trf nhilu hinh ca
bang gidy mau dd dl bao hieu nha cd viec by. Mpi ngudi din chfic mfing by su
mang lheo qua de lang cho gia dinh cd ddu, chfi rl. Cd cudi thudng la cdc mdn
an dupc che biin tfi ca. Nay, vice cudi xin tren thuyin dupc don gian hod va
khdng khac dam cudi lien bd la mdy. Hp mupn manh dd't bdng phang tren bd
lam noi td chfic. Trudc kia, do khoang each trong md'i quan he gifta cdc hd tren
bd va cac hd sdng dudi nudc cd phdn biet ldp nen viec cudi hdi gifta con cai cua
cac gia dinh nha be vdi tren bd rd't khd khan. Gdn ddy, nhftng dinb kiln, vl ddn
chai bdt di nen viec kll hdn ciia con cdi hp da dl dang hon, cang ngdy ti le nft ldy
chdng dudi xdm chai cang nhilu hon. Khi gia nhdp vao gia dinh van chdi, cac c6
gai se ihich fing vdi dilu kien sdng nude va tham gia cdc hoat ddng muu sinh cua
ddn chai.
Ve tap quan sinh de, khi ngirdi phu nff d lang chai sdp sinh, hp thudng
ddn bd dd den, hilm kbi dua len tram y t l d trdn bd. Dfia tre kbi sinh ra khdng co
tdp tuc "chdn nhau" nhu d tren can ma dem thd xud'ng sdng vdi hy vpng cudc
sd'ng sau nay cua dfia tre se dupc binh an. Khi dupc hdi vl tdp tuc nay, dng Le
Trpng Tudng (71 tudi), xdm nha be td 14, phudng Minh Xudn, thanh phd Tuyen
Quang cho biet: Dfia tre khi sinh ra den Ific trdn mdt thang, ngudi me phai ud'ng
ba bat nudc la dl tranh cho con sau nay bi benh tieu chay. Thang ddu tien khi
sinh con, ngudi me khdng dupc ra khdi thuyin. Khi tre em dupc mdt thang,

ngudi me cong tren lung cheo thuyin ra bai sdng gdn. Khi bilt ngdi, ngudi me de
chfing tren san thuyin va ldy ddy budc ngang lung dfia tre, ddu kia budc vao
manh van thuyin di phdng tre bi nga xud'ng nudc. Cho tre em tiep xfic vdi sdng
nudc sdm dl chfing thfch nghi td't nhd't vdi mdi tmdng khi ldn ldn.
Cd ngudi tfi khi sinh ra cho din Ific chit diu d tren thuyin, ca cudc ddi
gdn bd vdi thuyin be, sdng nudc. Trudc ddy, dd't trdn bd nhilu nen khi cd ngudi
chit hp xin dupc dd't di chdn nhung dd't dai ngay cang ft, nay hp phai mua ddt b
nghia trang dl mai tang. Than phan cua nhung ngudi ddn chai ngheo khd, thdm
chf khi chit cdn khdng cd dd't chdn. Qi Nguyin Thi Cuu (85 tudi), nha be td 7,
phudng Ndng Tiln, thanh phd Tuyen Quang cho biit: "Trudc ddy, chfing tdi 15
cd chit thi ngudi cdn sd'ng lai khd. Ngudi sd'ng lam khd ngudi chit nhung d ddy,
chfing tdi chit di di lai cai khd cho con chau, mud'n dupc chdn d uen bd nhung
cung khdng cd ldy mdt ddng dl mua mdy tdc dd't ma an tang, nay thi dd hon
nhilu." Ddn ldng chdi tren sdng Ld khdng cd hien tupng thuy tang, ma hdu hit la
dia tang bdng each mua ddt d tren bd lam noi chdn cdt. Tang 11 dupc td chfic tai
thuyin cua ddn chai, gia dinh lo lieu mpi thfi tiic, mdi thdy cfing va dodn nhac

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TAP CHf TAM L? HOC. Sd 8 (149), 8 - 2011


hieu den cung lmh hdn ngudi qua cd'. Dac biet, nlu ngu ddn nao bi chet do tai
nan nghe nghiep tren sdng, du tim thdy xac hay xac bi thd't lac, gia dinh se mdi
thay cung ve lam le gpi hon di linh hdn khdng phai luu lac gifia chdn sdng nudc.
Nhftng yeu td van hod tinh thdn cua ddn lang chai sdng Ld d thanh phd
Tuyen Quang da tao nen bd mat ddc ddo cho ca khuc sdng nay, hda cung vao
bfic tranh van hda chung cua ca cdng ddng.
^ Cd thi thdy rdng, trong ddi sd'ng ngu nghiep, ngu dan lang chai sdng Ld
da the hien ban sac van hoa sdng nudc kha ddc dao. Nhfing tinh hoa dy cdn

dupc phdt huy dl gdp phdn lam phong phfi them kho tang van hod sdng nudc
ndi rieng, van hod Viet Nam ndi chung.
Chu thich
1. Ldn ddu tien chfing tdi de'n day vao ngay mung 5 tet Canh Ddn 2010, khong bie't
tuc kieng nay nen bi mdt vai dan chai tfi chdi tie'p chuyen. De'n mpt sd nha be, cac bac
cao tudi thdng cam vi chung tPi di dudng xa tdi day, ne ldm hp mdi chiu chia se, tam
su ciing.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Diep Tmng Binh, Vdi net ve ddi sdng eua ngu ddn vdng bien Ddng Bae Viet Nam,
Tap chf Dan tdc hpc, sd 2, 1985.
2. Ban chdp hanh Dang bp thi xa Tuyen Quang, Lieh sif Ddng bd thi xd Tuyen Quang
(1940 2005), NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Npi, 2009.
3. Biii Xuan Dfnh, Huong udc vd qudn ly ldng xd, NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha Noi,
1998.
4. Chu Xuan Giao, Mdy vd'n de ve ldng chdi vd nghien cdu ldng chdi d Nhdt Bdn tif
gdc nhin vdn hod ddn gian. Tap chi Van hoa dan gian, sd 4, 2007.
5. Hdi Van nghe Dan gian Viet Nam, Vdn hod sdng nude mien Trung, NXB Khoa hpc
xa hdi. Ha Ndi, 2006.
6. Hoang Nam, Bude ddu tim hieu vdn hda tdc ngudi, vdn hda Viet Nam, NXB Van
hoa Dan Tdc, Ha Ndi, 1998.
7. Qud'c sfi quan trilu Nguyin, Dqi Nam Nhdt thdng ehi, tap 4, NXB Thuan Hoa,
Pham Trpng Dilm, Dao Duy Anh (dich va hieu dfnh), 1997.
8. Van Tan, Nguyin Linh, Le Van Lan, Thdi dqi Hiing Vuang Lieh su; - kinh te ehinh
tri - vdn hda -xahdi, NXB Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Ndi, 1976.
9. Le Ngpc Thang, Dao Ba Dau, Ddi net ve mpt ldng bien d nude ta. Tap chf Dan tPc
hpc, sd 2, 1983.

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10. Nguyin Duy Thieu, Tim hieu cde cdng ddng ngu ddn thuy cud Viet Nam, Tap chf
Dan tpc hpc, sd 1.2005.
11. Le Thi Nham Tuyei. Hdi li dua thuyin d Vidt Nam vd Ddng Nam A, Van hda dan
gian, sd4. 1986.
12. UBND Thanh phd Tuydn Quang, Bdo cdo thife hien nhiem vu phdt trien kinh te
xd hgi, qude phdng an ninh ndm 2010 vd phifffng hudng muc tieu vd gidi phdp phdt
trien kinh id .xd hpi, qude phdng an ninh ndm 2011, 31/12/2010.
13. Vien Su hpc, Himg Vifong dung nifde, NXB Khoa hpc xa bdi, Ha Ndi, 1974.
14. Vien Nghien cihi Van hoa Dan gian, Vdn hod ddn gian ldng ven bien, NXB Van
hoa dan t6c. Ha Ndi, 2000.

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