Phân tâm học và tân phân tâm học từ freud đến adler và trường phái frankfurt

TAP CH( KHOA HOC XA HOI S 6 2(174)-2013
TRI^T HQC - CHiNH TRJ HQC - LU*T HQC

PHAN TAM HOC VA TAN PHAN TAM HQC TU" FREUD DtN ADLER VA TRD'ONG PHAI FRANKFURT
DINH NGQC THACH
NGUVeN TH| THANH THOY

TOM TAT
ChO nghTa Freud trd thinh m$t trio twu
khd ph6 bi6n to- sau ChiSn tranh thS gi&i
iSn thCf nhSt, gSn vOi nhOvg biSu hi$n
khOng hoang cua van h6a, xS h0i. Cdc
nhinh khcic nhau cua chu nghTa Freud bS
sung CO so triSt hpc va phuvng ph^p lu$n
cho hoc thuyM cOa chO nghTa Freud m^
chlnh Freud cdn thiiu.

1. s y RA oCn vA cAc GIAI BOAN CCIA
PHAN TAM

HQC

Phan tam hpc do Sigmund Freud (18551939), bac si ngu'di Ao goc Do Thai, sinh
tai Freiburg, Moravia, de quoc Ao-Hung
(nay thupo ve Cong hoa Sec) sang lap.
Nam 13 tu6i ong theo gia dinh den Vienna
sinh song. Nam 1873 ong hoc tai Khoa Y
Bai hpc Vienna, 8 nSm sau moi tot nghi$p.
Nh&ng cong trinh dau tien cua Freud ban
ve sinh ly hpc, giai phlu hpc nac bp. TCf
nhOng nam 1880 du'oi anh hu'O'ng cija

tru-ang phai Phap (Charcot, Bernheim) ve
thoi mien Freud tim hilu chirng roi loan

Binh Ngpc Thach. Phd Giio su' tien s7. Trung
tam Lj lujn Chlnh tri Bai hpc Qu6c gia
TPHCM
NguySn Th| Thanh Thuy. Tien si. Vi$n Ph4t
trien B^n vOng vUng Nam Bp.

th^n kinh chiic nSng (tam th^n). NhCrng
nam 90 cua t h i ldu'ng phan tam hpc - phuong phap diling
tri Ii0u tam ly de chOa bpnh tam than.
Phu'ong phap nay can cij tren ky thuat lien
tuirng tw do, phin tich nhCfng hanh vi l^m
lln va nh&ng gicic mo nhu' phu'O'ng thi>c
tham nhap vao coi v6 thilfc, nghia la khu
vi^rc khong chju su' kiem soat cua y thirc.
Vao nam 1900 Freud dua ra hoc thuyet ve
CO cau bp may tam ty nhu' mpt h? thong
nang lu'ong ma cc sff phat sinh cija no la
xung dpt giOa y thine va nhu-ng ham muen
v6 thijc. Vao nam 1920 Freud cong bo
cong trinh "Ban nga va bl nga", dong thoi
tCrng bu-ac van dgng phan tam hoc vao tam
ly xa hoi, llnh vi/c van hoa, ngh$ thuat...
Imac khi tim hilu nhu'ng van de co ban
cua phan tam hpc Freud, can lu'u y mOt s6
khia canh quan trpng, giup ngu'P'i dpc danh
gia dijng mire vj tri cua phSn tam hpc trong

tu' tu-ong phu'ong Tay hien dai.
Freud sang lap Phan tam hpc vao cu6i th§
ky XIX dau t h i ky XX, khi nhCmg quan
niem truyen thong ve tam ly khong c6n phu
hop. Tam ly hoc tru'oc Freud c6 gang xac
djnh the nao la mpt con ngu'o'i binh thu'O'ng,
khpe manh ca ve the ch^t lin tam ly, ti>
vi^c tim hieu hien tu'png cua y thijc. Di xa
hon nhOng "tc chat tu* nhien", Freud phan


DINH NGQC THACH - NGUYEN TH| THANH THtlY - PHAN TAM HQC.
tich tinh ch^t va nguyen nhan xullt hi$n
chCmg r i i lean thin kinh chi>c nang, d^y
n6 d i n llnh vg'c tam ly ngu'&i, va tCmg
bu'b'c kham pha nhu'ng dilu sau kin nhit
ma tam ly hpc tru'6'c d6 bp qua, ho^c
nghiSn cu'u chu'a d i n noi d i n chin.
"Kham pha vo thuc" - dp la sg' danh gia da
duoc Ihita nh|in p h i biln, du tif cSc thai
d0 khen che khao nhau. Tim hilu "sy n l i
loan cua v6 thirc", chu tru'ong giao dgc
ngu'o'i bpnh bSng li?u phap tam ly, bing ky
thuat lien tu'O'ng tu" do, theo d8i thu-ong
xuyen nhu'ng thay doi tam ly cua ngu-oi
bpnh, xac djnh nhOng nguyen nhan cua
bung n6 xijc cam, nhOng I n ire... cang
lam noi bat vai tro ngu'o'i thay thulc - nha
giap dye trong dilu kipn phirc tap cua xa
hpi, khi tam ly ngi^oi chju qua nhilu ton

thu-ang tCr ben ngoai.
Freud khpng gpi minh la nha triet hpc,
song Phan tam hpc do ong sang lap vu'pt
ra khoi khuon kho cua mpt hpc thuylt tam
ly, mang y nghla trilt hpc ro rang vi, thir
nhat, SU' khai quat hoa trilt hoc nhij'ng y
tu'O'ng CO ban trong vi^c xac lap co che
tam ly cua ca nhan, thii' hai, tinh khuynh
hu'O'ng ly luan, gan vol hanh trinh tu' tuong
cua Freud.
Nhu* vay tip nam 1900 tren diln dan trilt
hoc phippng Tay da xuat hipn mpt tru'ong
phai trilt hpc tam ly theo khuynh hu'ong
phi duy ly nhan ban, co ten gpi la chu
nghla Freud (Freudism), hay don glan la
Phan tam hpc. T h I h# sau Freud cang lam
cho Phan tam hpc mang dipn mao trilt hpc
thu'C sy, dong thoi khoi goi nhieu van d l
lien quan d i n sang tao van hoa Bay thu'C
sy la mpt bwac dot pha tao bao trpng tri4t
hoc tam ty, cho du khong phai nhyng luan

dilm nao cua chu nghla Freud oung deu
dyoc cSc nha nghien ciru va thi.i'c tiln
thCfa nh$n.
Chu nghla Freud ngay tii" buoi d i u da
khSng phai la mpt tru'ong phai thing nh^t.
Ngay giita nh&ng hpc tro than tin nhlt cua
Freud vao nam 1910 d§ diln ra cupc tranh
lu$n xem cai gi d6ng vai tr6 nang lupng

tam ly CO ban. N l u 6 Freud nang l^ong 4y
la nang lypng tam ly-tinh due, thi o A.
Adler (tam ly hpc ca thI) vai trc nay thupe
ve m|ic cam gia trj chu'a hoan thipn va u'o'C
mu6n ty hoan thi?n. Vdi K. Jung (tam ly
hpc phan tich), v6 thu'C tap t h I va nhu-ng
nguySn mSu (archetip) mdi la co so cua
sang tap, nhit la sang tao van hoa, ngh?
thuat. O. Rank thi cho ring tpan bp hoat
dpng cua ccn ngyoi luon bi am anh bol y
nghl phai vypl qua "cii s i c sinh no ban
alu".
Mac dii cac nha phan tam hoc sau Freud
xem xet lal va bac bo mpt s i luan diem cua
ngyoi sang lap (ve quy tac, hay tleu chuln
nghien ciru tam ly, giai thich tinh chit cua
cac qua trinh tam ly, v l co c h l tam ly.. ),
song nhu'ng nguyen ly co ban van glu
nguyen: nang lygng vc thirc, nhi>ng khia
canh phi duy ly ciJa doi song con ngyoi,
tinh chit xung dot va si,^ phan than cua thI
gioi npi tam, tinh dpn nen, tinh b| ice chl,
bj dan ap va y chi phan khang, van d l suy
d l i van hoa. .
C/ My xu hu'ong sinh hoc hoa phan tam
hpc kit hop vol chO nghla thyc chirng va
chu nghla hanh vi (behaviorism). Ben canh
do con CO xu hu'O'ng lam g i n chu nghTa
Freud voi B i l u khlln hoc (Cybernetics).
Chu nghla Freud-xa hpi cung cc tilng n6i

trpng gloi hoc thu^t, no xem xet cac hlpn


DINH NGQC THACH - NGUY£N TH| THANH THOY - PHAN TAM HQC.
tu'O'ng chinh th, van hoa, xa hpi nhu- k^t
qua cua si^ thang hoa (sublimation) nSng
Ju'p'ng tam 19 tinh dgc, SLF bien d6i cac qud
trinh v6 thi>c du-ai t^c dpng cua doi s6ng
van h6a, xa hpi, Vao cuoi nhi>ng nam 30
cua th^ ky XX chu nghTa Freud-m6i c6
gang bi4n phan tam hoc thanh mpt hpc
thuyet thu^n tuy xa hOi hpc va vSn h6a hpc,
xa roi d^n quan di^m v6 thifc va cac y^u
to sinh hpc thdi Freud, TCr cu6i nhi>ng nam
1940, tCfc sau Chi4n tranh the gidi l^n thCf
hai, cac v^n 6k va c^c ket qua nghien CLPU

cua phan tSm hpc du'p'c si> dyng rpng rai
Phan tam hpc xa hpi lien ket vai chu nghTa
hipn sinh va cung xac djnh hinh anh con
ngu'o'i trong mOt the gioi phu-c tgp, du-ng a
"tinh th^ tranh chip" gii>a ton tgi va hu- v6,
hoa binh va chi4n tranh, hu'ng thinh va do
v^. Vien Nghien ci>u Xa hoi tgi Frankfurt
(tru-ong ph^i Frankfurt) chju anh hu-ang
dang ke cua phan tam hoc. Mpt so dai di^n
thien ta cua no dung hoa phan tam hpc voi
chu nghTa Marx, nhim tao dirng hpc thuyet
chiet trung thep kieu chu nghTa Freudmacxit.
Phan tam hpc va cac van de do no gpi nen

hipn nay tiep tyc thu hut sy quan tam
nghien cu'u cua cac nha triet hpc, xa hpi
hpc, tam ly hpc, van hoa hpc, dap difc hpc,
chinh trj hpc.
2. TCf FREUD D^N ALFRED ADLER VA
TRU'6'NG P H A I FRANKFURT
Alfred Adler la nha tam ly hpc, bac sT tam
thin va nha tu- tu-ong ngu'o'i Ao, mpt trong
nhij'ng tien boi cua chu nghla Freud-moi
(neo-freudianism)'^', ngu'o'i sang Igp he
th6ng tam ly hoc ca nhan, mo du-ang cho
sy ra do-i quan diem cua thuyet ca nhan ve
nhan each. Kheic voi Freud de cap v6 thu-c,
Adler du'p'c gpi la Ego-psychologist vi 6ng

d|c bi^t nhan mgnh vai tr6 cua y thu'C ca
nhan. Con ngu'o'i y thu'C du'p'c dpng co sau
kin cua cac hanh vi, cu* chi cua minh, chu'
khong phai t i t ca d^u du'p'c di^u khiln mpt
cSch v6 thu'C. Nam 1901 Adler len tieng
Ling ho cu6n s^ch m6'i cua Freud - cu6n
Gi§i ma gi^c mo, nho d6 ong duoc Freud
d l y moi tham gia nhom hpc thugt mm vu-a
du'p'c th^nh l^p v^ phcin tcim hpc. Nam
1902 Adler tiep cgn vol nhom Freud, song
khong tan thanh lugn dilm cua Freud ve
vai tro cua dgc tinh a tre the trong sy phat
triln tam ly. Trong cuon sach du'p'c cong
bo nam 1907, Tim hiSu tinh khong hoan
thi^n cua c&c co quan, ong du'a ra thong

di#p ve su' c i n thiet xac l|ip cac phu'ong
thLKC nghien cCfu phan tam hpc khac nhau.
Quan hp giija Adler va Freud ngay cang
xlu di Trong vong hai thang cu6i nam
1910 Freud thay doi lien tgc sy danh gia
cua minh ve hpc thuyet cua Adler, tif ch6
khen Adler la thong minh, co triln vong,
din ch6 quy ket hoc thuylt cua Adler la r6i
rim va khong the hilu noi. Cung nam do
Adler du'oc chon lam Chu tjch Hoi Phan
tam hpc Vienna Nhieu nha nghien cu-u
xem Adler nhu- hpc tro cua Freud, song xet
npi dung Xu tu'O'ng ca Adler va Jung deu xa
d i n nguyen tic xuat phat cua phan tam
hpc Freud. Du hp'p tac vol Freud, song ho
v l n kien tri quan diem von c6 cua hp, vi
thI khong the chi noi rang Adler va Jung
phat trien phan tam hpc, ma dung hen la
thyc hipn sy hipu chinh mpt phan phan
tam hpc.
Nam 1912 Adler cong bo tac pham V§ 6ac
tinh cua thin iIggn dilm co ban cua tam ly hpc ca nhan
Ong cung cho ra doi Tgp chi Tam ly hpc
ca nhan, nhu'ng sau do bj gian doan do


BINH NGQC THACH - NGUYSN THI THANH THCIY - PHAN TAM HQC.
Chiln tranh thI glol l l n thir nhit n l ra.
Trong hai nam 6ng la bac sT quan dOi tai

chiln tryong Nga, d i n nam 1916 tro v l
Vienna phg trach quan y vi$n. Nam 1919
vol sy h i tro ciJa chinh phij 6ng thanh l^p
b0nh vi$n thyc hanh giao dy&ng tre em
d i u tien. Trong v6ng vai nam da c6 g i n 30
benh vien nhy thI dyoc l^p ra tai Vienna,
khien tieng tam Adler ngay mpt vang xa
Lln lypi tai Ha Lan, flirc. My, nhyng b#nh
vi0n tyong ty ra doi. Nam 1922. Tap chi
v l Tam ly hoc ca nhan dyoc phuc h i i a
tim mire quoc t l . Nam 1926 ong nhan loi
lam giao sy tai Dai hoc Columbia, New
York. Tir nam 1936 Tap chi ccng b l blng
tilng Anh. Tuy nhien nam 1938 bdng may
cua chu nghla phat xit va chiln tranh mpt
lln ntra gay kho khan cho qua trinh pho
bien quan dilm cua Adler. Tap chi bi dong
cya, cpng sy cua Adler bi truy birc, bupc
phai sing lyu vpng. Nam 1932 Adler
chuyin sang song tai My.
Adler thay the co che due tinh cua Freud
blng mot he thong muc tieu tyong typng
(fictional finalism), do la tap hop nhu'ng
myc tieu ly tyong hoa thiic day con ngyoi
c l gang hoan thipn ban nga. Tyong tyong
dyoc hilu la dyoc ly tyong hoa, khong
hoan toan can cir tren thyc t l , nhyng
hyong d i n hanh dong thyc t l , chlng han
nhO-ng quan ni$m ve ty do, binh ding, dan
chu khong phai liic nao cung dyoc van

dgng trong thyc tiln, song chinh chiing la
cai thiic con ngyoi vyon d i n muc tieu d l
blng n6 lye cua nhilu t h I h?. Khac voi
Freud de cao v6 thirc, Adler dype gpi la
Ego-psychologist vi ong dac bi?t nhIn
manh vai tro cua y thire ca nhan. Trong bai
phat bleu nam 1926 vol tieu de "Tam ly ca
nhan nhy con dyong dan den sy nhan

thicc va ty y thirc cua eon ngyoi', Adler
nhIn manh; "Dira tre gia nhap vao t h I gjoi,
dly ap kha nang phan irng va mpt s i nhu
clu. R i t nhanh chong, dCra tre bat dIu
bu|c phai hyong chuyin dpng cua minh 1$
thulc vao y tyong chu dao nao do; chiing
ta CO t h I ding thuan bay to y tyong l y khi
noi; ty bao t i n , yde muln danh yu the, sy
c i n thilt bao ve; nhyng chiing ta hilu dilu
nay: v l n d l tryde tien la ve bmic * ma
dira tre phai lam. Sinh lye ty nhidn cua n6
t i t y l u tuan thu nguyen t i c ty bao tin, tao
nen kha nang phat triln, khi k l hoach cupc
song tyong ty dyoc vach ra, tuy nhien a
day dica tre cir m i l phut tai hinh thanh
nang lye cua minh trong sy giao tilp bin
chat vol m i l tryong xung quanh. va dilu
nay khong phai la s y phat tnin nglu nhien
cua cac sy kien; no dyoc gia nhap vao
moi lien hp xa hoi, cai vach ra nhyng eon
dyong djnh hyong, nhyng con dyong ay

trong khi tao dyoc sy can bang trong doi
sing tam hon eua dira tre, cung ding thoi
dyoc tham thau vao k l hoach cupc sing
va sy hinh thanh chinh dira tre (nhy m|t
con ngyoi)"'^'.
Nhyng nguyen t i c co ban cua hpc thuyet
Adler tap trung a cam glac v l sy khong
hoan thipn va mac cam ty ti, yoe muln
khang djnh tinh vyot trpi, phpng each
sing, tam t h I xa hpi, cai toi sang tao, vj
thir sinh ra (anh/chi em trong gia dinh
chlng han)...
Muon hilu y nghla cua hanh vi, cIn hilu
khai ni'em ty ten, ty ti va sy bii tn>. Khi
cam thiy bj y l u kem mpt mat nap d l ,
ngyoi ta co ging su'a d l i , bij tn> d l co
dyoc cai t i t d?p, hoan thi$n dang ty hao
(ty ton). Adler oho ring, cam giac ban dau
a phin Ion tre em la cam giac ve sy


DINH NGQC THACH - NGUYEN THI THANH THOY - P H A N T A M H Q C .
khong hoan thi^n cua minh so voi ngu-oi
Ion, d^n den m|c cam ty ti. Sy phat trien
nhan each phg thupc vao vi^c blng each
nao nhu'ng complex ay se du'p'c bii trif.
Trong nhOng truong ho"? bpnh ly con
ngu-oi co the co bu tru* mgc cam khong
hoan thipn cua minh blng each ap d0t
quyen lye a6i voi nhij-ng nguoi khac.

Thuyet bu trCr ve quyin lye du'oc hilu theo
nghTa nay.
Co nhieu y l u to cau thanh nhSn each nhu*
di truyen, hoan canh xa hOi, thI gib'i quan
ea nhan, nhu'ng theo Adler, co hai y l u to
dgc bipt quan trpng: thu- nhIt, vj thu" anh
chi ca (anh/chj ca va em ut co nhan each,
li-ng XLH khac nhau, du'p'c xa hpi quy djnh
to tru'p'c), thiK hai. giao dgc gia dinh
(anh/chj ca trong gia dinh kha gia, nen nip
Cham soc cac em nhilu hon anh/chi ca
trpng gia dinh nghep, buong long giao dgc).

nghiem eua ong. Tgi New York, Reich
sang Igp V/pn Orgone^'^K Mon nghien CLPU
orgone du'p'c gpi la Orgonomy Ong tilp
tgc dao sau tim hieu nang luong sinh hpc,
hay nang lu'p'ng vu trg, nang tu'O'ng sy
song (life energy), hay den gian la orgone
energy, thir nang lu'p'ng nin tang, hipn
di0n o t i t ca sinh thI. Nang lu'p'ng nay lly
quan dilm libido cua Freud, cai du'p'c xem
la sinh lye cua mpi sinh the, ea loai vgt l l n
eon ngu'o'i, lam co so. D|ic tru-ng cua tutu-ong Reich la khong ehu trpng d i n tCrng
ca nhan ri§ng le, ma hu'O'ng d i n ITnh vyc
chinh tri-xa hpi Reich chi gii> l^i quan dilm
nln tang cua phan tam hpc Freud: ben
ngoai y thu'C ton tai mot hipn thyc tam ly,
v6 thu'C

Reich dua ra phu'ong an ly giai moi v l "co.
cau tam ly sinh hpc cua ca thI": 1) ting be
mgt, tCfc ting lien ket xa hpi, ting "xa hpi hu nguy" (lien tu'O'ng h6 sau ngan each
Trong so cac nha phan tam hpc sau Freud,
giu'a "v$t ty no" va "hi^n tu-ong"); 2) ting
vgn dgng phan tam hpc vao viec ly giai
trung gian, ting chong dli xa hoi (lien
nhu'ng van de xa hpi, phai k l den Wlihelm
tu'O'ng v6 thu-e eua Freud), tong so nhij-ng
Reich (1897-1957) voi hQC thuyet tinh ducxung dpng bac hai nhOng cuong vpng ngu
lxuin hung bao. nhu-ng hanh vi dam dang,
Nam 1922 Reich lam tro ly chuyen mon
3) tang day sau, h?t nhan sinh hpc, nhyng
cho Freud va dpng thoi xac lap mpt bpnh
to chat ty nhien-xa hpi tilm tang noi cpn
vipn thyc hanh tai Vienna. Nam 1924
ngyoi nhu' trung thyc, yeu lap dpng. Tile
Reich tro thanh Giam doc cua Vien Nghien
thay khi di qua tang trung gian nhu'ng to
ciiu ve Phan tam hpc dau tien tgi Ao.
chit bi xuyen tgc, nhi^m bin, khue xg.
Nhung quan diem kha tao bao eua ong
Nhij'ng dieu vu-a neu cho thIy, tu" tu-ong
gay ra sy bit dong ngay ca trong cac hpc
cua Reich, du'oc triln khai trong b|nh vien
tro cua ong, chlng hgn quan diem ehp
thu'C hanh cua ong, it nhieu vu-ot qua thoi
rang eo so cua can bpnh r6i logn thin kinh
dgi ong, do do khong tim du'p'c sy chia se

trong xa hpi. Cu-crng ITnh eua 6ng khong
chirc nang n i m o su" thilu thon thoa man
con xa la trong dieu kipn hipn nay, bao
tinh dge.
gom mot so dilm can ban: giao dgc tang
Nam 1939 Reich du-oe Ban lanh dgo
Tneong phai moi ve nghien cCeu xa hgi moi cu'cyng trong ITnh vyc kiem soat sinh san,
cho phep pha thai, cho phep ly hon, tCr eh6i
sang New York cung toan bp phong thi


DINH NGQC THACH - NGUY£N TH| THANH THUY - PHAN TAM HQC.
thi>a nhgn hon nh^n hp-p phap nhu' sy ki^n
CO y nghTa to lo-n d6i voi gia dinh hi0n dgi,
giao dge tinh dgc nhu- phu'ong thtfc ph6ng
ngCra cac bpnh gian tTnh mgch v^ v l n d l
tinh dgc, dgy mon v? sinh hpc tinh dgc cho
bac sT va giao vien, khu-oc tu" trCrng phgt tOi
phgm thyc hi^n tpi ac tren co so tinh dgc,
va chCna trj nhOng ke phgm toi logi do blng
cong nghp phan tam hpc. Sy khung hpang
sy nghiep cua Reich trung hp'p vd'i khung
hoang chinh tri cua dat nu-oc, khi Hitler
nIm quyin lye tCr nam 1933.
Trong quan dilm chinh trj Reich ph6 ph^n
"chu nghia eye quyIn", chu nghTa phat xit
tif khia canh tam ly. Trong Tam !•/ d^i
Chung va chu nghTa phat xit ong vilt: "Do
cho chu nghTa phat xit, khong Ip thupc vao
thoi gian va vj tri xult hipn eua no, la

phong trao eua quan ehung nhan dan, nen
no CO tat ca nhijng dae tru'ng va mau
thuin, CO hiju o co c l u tinh each cua ca
the dai Chung. Trai vai du' luan chung, chu
nghTa phat xit do khong thuIn tuy la mot
trao lu'u phan dpng, ma no the hien ra nhu'
sy kit hop cam xuc noi logn va tu* tuong
xa hpi phan dpng"'^'.
Reich khong phu nhan sy hien dipn cua
nang lye libido trong eo' cau tam ly ea nhan,
hon nOa Igi phan tich no du-oi goc dp xung
dot xa hpi. Trong tac pham noi tieng Cach
m^ng tinh di^c {The Sexual Revolution,
1936) sy giai phong con ngu-oi du'p'c xem
xet o khia canh ty do tinh dgc. Day la tac
pham gay soc cho xa hpi mpt thoi.
Vao nu'a dau the ky XX phan tam hpc tilp
nhgn them nhOng nguon nang lu'p'ng moi
tu' chat lipu thyc tiln cua doi song xa hpi,
gin nhOng v l n de tam ly ca nhan voi
nhu'ng moi quan tam chung, tao nen phong

c^ch ty duy phe phan xa hpi dgc tru'ng.
Tru'ong phai Frankfurt tieu bieu cho phong
each nay cua phan tam hpc, hay c6 t h I gpi
Id phan tam hpc xa hOi, phan tam hpc e6
djnh hu'ong phe phan xa hpi.
V l mgt Ijch sij, tru'ong phai Frankfurt ra
db-i tu- nhijng n3m 20 (1923) voi tdn gpi
Vi$n Nghien cCru Xa hOi {Institut fur

Sozialforschung), thupc Dgi hpc Frankfurt
am Mam do sang kiln cua Carl Griinberg,
mpt nha mac xit "chinh thong" va giao su'
chinh tr|. Vol n l n tang do, tru'O'ng phai
Frankfurt du'ng tren Igp tru'O'ng tu tu-dng
canh ta, mpt s6 dai bilu ty gpi la dgi dipn
eua chu nghTa Mac phu'O'ng Tay (doi l|p
voi chu nghTa Mac Stalin hoa, va noi chung
la chu nghTa Mac bi biln dang). Tu" nam
1930 (hoac 1931) Giam doe Vipn Frankfurt
la M, Horkheimer. Bit dIu tO vj Giam d6c
nay hogt dpng cua Vien chuyen d i n sang
khuynh huang phe phan xa hgi. Ong tuyen
bo mge tieu cua Vien la xac Igp "trilt hpc
xa hpi", du'oc bo sung bang qua trinh
nghien eCcu thyc nghiem. Vao thoi ky chu
nghTa phat xit len d m quyen, mpt nhpm
eae nha trilt hpc Frankfurt lanh ngn tgi
Thgy ST, Phap, My Sau Chiln tranh the
gioi l l n thu" hai mpt so 6 Igi My, mpt so
khac tra ve Frankfurt Den nhu-ng nam
1950 tryong phai Frankfurt mo rpng pham
vi hpgt dpng, dgt du'gc nhilu thanh qua
nghien CLCU, Trong tryong phai Frankfurt
noi bgt nhieu ten tu6i Ion nhu' Max
Horkheimer, Theodor Ludwig W Adorno,
Herbert Marcuse, Erich Seligmann Frpmm,
Walter Benjamin, Leo Lowenthal, Franz
Leopold Neumann, Friedrich Pollock,
Jurgen Habermas, Oskar Negt.. Hai ngyoi

sau cung thupc the he thy hai, dang tilp
tgc lam vipc trpng cac tru'O'ng dai hpc.


DINH NGQC THACH - NGUY£N TH| THANH THOY - PHAN TAM HQC
Nhieu nha tu- tu'O'ng cua tru'ong phai
Frankfurt tilp can vai hoc thuylt ve co cau
nhan each, v6 thu-e va nguyen t i c thoa
man eua chu nghTa Freud (Freudism), tCr
do hp nhan manh su' thoa man ban nang,
cai dSn d i n sy kilm soat doi voi ca nhSn.
Trong eupe dau tranh voi tu' nhien va moi
tru'ong xa hpi con ngu'o'i che ngy ban
nang, tuan thu nguyen tie hipn thyc, thay
doi chung Noi khac di, nguyen tie thoa man
phg thuoe vao nguyen tic hipn thyc, dieu
nay da dat con ngu'di le thupc vao xa hpi.
Tu- goc do phan tam hoc, cac dgi bilu cua
tru'O'ng phai Frankfurt cho rang, chu nghTa
phat xit (fascism)'^' khong phai la mpt
truang hp'p ngogi le, mpt hien tu'p'ng ea
bipt trong heh su-, ma la sy phan anh
nhi>ng khuynh hu'O'ng chung nhIt, Thay vi
kit an cac phong trao phat xit tCr goc dp Ipi
ich cua giai elp, tap doan chinh tri, ho xem
xet hien tuong chu nghTa phat xit nhu- bien
thai cua ca c h l tam ly, d i n toi cac hanh vi
da man, phi nhan tinh. W. Reich^' la mpt
trpng nhu-ng ngu-oi dau tien toan tinh phan
tich chu nghTa phat xit ti> lap tru'ong cua

phan tam hpc. Trong tac phim Tam ly dai
chung vS (va) chu nghTa phat xit {The Mass
Psychology of Fascism. hAassenpsychologie
des Faschismus 1946), Reich nhan djnh:
"Tinh thin phat xit, do la tinh than cua "con
ngu'di nho be", bi no djch, mong muon dat
din quyIn lu'c va cung dong thai phan
khang Chang phai nglu nhien ma tat ca
nhu'ng ke chuyen chinh phat xit deu xuat
than til' moi tru'ong phan dpng cua "nhOng
con ngu-oi nho be"'^*.
Phan tam hpc, dae biet la phan tam hoc xa
hpi cua mpt s i dai bleu thuoc truang phai
Frankfurt eo m6i lien he vol ca chu nghTa
Mac lln ehu nghTa hien sinh. Yeu t6 chiet

trung nay le c6 nhien cIn du'oc xem xet
mot each co phe phdn Mat khac, sy tieh
hyp, thgm chi hoa l l n cac dong tu" tu'O'ng
d l i l^p nhau c6 t h I goi mo cau tra loi kha
thilt thyc trong dieu ki$n phu-c tgp cua xa
hpi phu'ong TSy. Marcuse noi ve "van minh
kh6ng co tinh dan ap", v l viec phat huy
sue mgnh eua Eros (than Al tinh trong thin
thogi Hy Lgp), nho do ban nang gay hin,
ban nang chit bj day lui CCing d l cap sy
tha hoa, nhu-ng Marcuse khong dgt no
trong sy hi^n hCpu tru-ang ci>u trong m6i ca
nhan (tinh t h I phan doi triln mien trong
kiep nguai), ma huang din each tilp cgn

macxit v l kha nang vupl qua trang thai phi
ly eua dai song, tim niem vui trong thong
dipp cua Eros Lao dpng khi l y se khong
con bj tha hoa nu-a, ma biln thanh tro chai
tw do, phu hop vol ban tinh con nguoi'^^
Trong logic phan tich cua Fromm c6 kha
nhieu diem ehung vai ehu nghTa hipn sinh.
Fromm eo gIng rut ra tinh chit bi kjch eua
ton tgi ea nhan ti> nhu-ng mau thuan cua
doi song con nguoi, ma day Igi la dilm
nhan trong chu nghTa hien sinh. Cac nha
hien sinh khong ban din co so khach
quan cua ea t h I tinh, Fromm cung vgy,
mac du eo de cap nhi^ng thien hu'ong phi
biln ve tinh yeu, niem tin, suy nghT. Cae
nha hien sinh xoay sau vao chu t h I tinh,
vao "hien sinh" nhu- phuong thuc ton tai
dgc tru-ng cua con ngu-oi. Fromm danh cho
eon ngu'di sy phan tieh rieng, song rot
cupc ong v l n cho rang ban chat cpn ngydi
khong nen nhin tu goc do ban the, hay
"chat nen tang" trong con ngudi, ma tCr
nhi>ng va chgm, mau thuIn co huu 6 ton
tgi ca nhan. O Frpmm viec giai quylt nhj
phan Ijch su- va nhi phan hien sinh dupe
thyc hien tren co sd nhgn thu-c ca hai binh


BINH NGQC THACH - NGUYEN TH| THANH THOY - PHAN TAM HOC.
dipn - binh di^n xa hoi va binh di$n ca

nhan. Khic phye nhj phan lieh su", tire
nhyng mau thuIn trong tiln trinh lieh su-,
dyft tac dpng eua nhyng dilu kien xS h|i,
thep Fromm. ein g i n v^i vi$e xac lap m|t
xa h|l nhan dao ml'i. D l i vdi nhi phan hi^n
sinh, do hinh thanh tu* chlnh t i n tai eua
eon ngyoi, nen chf giai quylt tirng phln
blng each giai phing nguin xung lye cua
cupc sing ca nhan, khai thong kha nang
cua con ngydi trong tinh yeu, nllm tin va
trpng suy nghT. Nhy vay, vi0c giai phIng
con ngyoi chi c l t h I dat dyoc tren co s6'
sij dyng phan tam hpc eo djnh hyong bien
chirng va nhan dao, nho do mi'i danh thirc
dyoc nhyng yeu to phe phan trong y thirc
con ngyoi. Nhi>ng khai nipm nhy " k l hoach
hoa nhan dao", "dy phong nhan dao", "tich
eye hoa" ea the blng con dyong thay t h I
cac phyong thirc eua ehl dp quan lieu bj
tha hpa bang cac phyong thirc cua sy
quan ly mang tinh nhan dao, sy thay doi
phyong thirc tieu diing trong xu hyong gia
tang tinh tich eye cua con ngyoi va khie
phge tinh thy dpng, sy p h i bien nhyng
hinh thirc moi eija djnh hyong tam ly-tinh
thin, nhu-ng dinh hyong eIn phli tyong
thich vol cac h0 thong ten giap qua khir.
Fromm eung dya ra y tyong xac lap
nhyng cpng dong nho ma o do con ngyoi
ty minh tao lap nen van hoa. 111 sing,

phong each ty duy, chuin myc dao dire
dac tryng, nhyng khong d l i lap voi djnh
hyong chung, ding thoi lam phong phii
cupc sing cua minh blng cac bleu typng
tam llnh, cac nghi l l , sinh heat ton giao.
Nhy vay, Fromm da dya vao ty tyong v l
eon ngyoi va xa hpi nhyng y l u to mang
tinh hien sinh chu nghla d l tao nen mpt
each tiep can thyc t l hon ve than phan, sy

nIm trai va khat vpng eua cpn ngyoi-ea
nhan. Ong xem nhu'ng y tyong do thyc sy
la each mang v l nllm hy vong, v l sy cai
t l y thirc d l v y p i qua khung hoang cua xa
h|i hi?n tai"°'.
3. K^T LUAN
Phan tam hpc, nhy da nci tren, ban dIu
khing phai la mpt trao lyu, hay khuynh
hyong triet hpc. ma chf la mpt dpt pha
quan trpng trong viec chCra bpnh rli loan
than kinh chirc nang blng lieu phap tam ly.
Tuy nhien vol thoi gian, phan tam hpc
dyoc bilt d i n nhy "kham pha v6 thire",
mpt v l n d l hilm thIy trong trilt hpc tmyen
thing, ma day la dilu ky dipu treng qua
trinh phi cc dien hoa trilt hoe. v l n bit dIu
tu- nhyng nam 30-40 cua t h I ky XIX. "Kham
pha v6 thirc". do la each danh gia d n g
blng va CO y nghTa nhIt doi voi phan tam
hoc, tryoc h i t la phan tam hpc Freud,

"khong c l n ai bao v$ toan bo hpc thuyet
phan tam va hinh thirc nguyen thuy v l trj
lipu, nhyng cung khIng t h I phu nhjn anh
hyong sau sac eua hpc thuyet l y din ty
tyong chung cua thoi dai. dae bi#t v l tam ly
hpc. tam ly trj li^u"'"'. Cho du nh&ng ngyoi
sau Freud, trong do co Adler, tim each cai
biln mpt s i v l n d l cua phan tam hpc.
nhim lam cho phan tam hpc phat trien hon,
seng cai elt loi nhlt do Freud mo dIu vln
c l n nguySn gia trj trong pham vi hpc thuylt
nay. Qua trinh tir phan tam hpc "co diln"
d i n tan phan tam hpc va phan tam hpc xa
hpi (tap trung kha r i m rp trong tryong phai
Frankfurt) do la con dyong eua sy tim toi.
kham pha, lam moi minh, qua trinh tham
nhap vao doi song xa hpi, va do eung la
mpt trpng nhyng dac dilm n l i bat cua trilt
hpc phyong Tay hi$n dai •


DINH NGQC THACH - NGUYEN THj THANH THOY - P H A N T A M H Q C .
CHU T H I C H

'" Ra ddl \.ir nhOng nSm 20 cua thI ky XX trfin
nln t^ng hpc thuylt Freud, vOi mpt s6 dgi di^n
nhu- Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, Harry Stack
Sullivan ..

trong phan tam hpc, c6 anh hu-d-ng dang k l

din phong trao cSnh ta tgi phu-ang Tay.

'^' BHJibre/ibM Pat^x. Tlcuxonosufj Mace u
0auju3M. cne.. 1997, crp 5 (Wilhelm Reich.
TSm 1^ d^i chOng va chu nghTa ph^t xit.
Petersburg, 1997, tr. 5. Ban djch sang tilng
'^Anwjjpew Aonep. MndueudyanbHaR ncuxo/ioauft
Nga).
Kax nymb K noanaHUK} u caMono3HaHUH3

HenoeeKa (Alfred Adler. Tdm // c^ nhSn nhw'^* Xem H. IVIarcuse. Eros and Civilization. A
philosophical Inquiry Into Freud. New York,
con du-dfng din dSn si/ nh$n tht>c vd ti/ y thCec
1962, p. 4-6,
cua con ngifCH).
/>'^°' Xem E. Fromm. The Revolution of Hope.
''' Ong Id nhA tSm ly hpc Ao-M?, mpt trong
Toward a Humanized Technology. New Yor
nhO-ng ngu-Oi sdng l$p tru-P-ng phSi chSu Au
1968, p 97-100.
cua phan tam hpc, ngu-Oi duy nhlt trong s6 cac '"* David Stafford-Clark (Ngu'di dich U VSn
hpc trP cua Freud (ta gpi la nhO-ng nha tan
Luy^n-Huyln Giang), Freud dS thi/c sw ndi gi.
phan tam hpc) phat tnIn tu' tu-dng phg phan xS Nxb Thigidi Ha Npi 1998, tr 29
hpi mpt each cSn ban nhu' d6i hoi thu tifeu thudao dCrc cd tinh dan ap va chu tru-ang gido dgc
ve tinh dye, nhd d6 da anh hyang tich eye den
TAI Lieu THAM KHAO
phong trao canh ta mOi if Tay Au, cOng nhu'
1. Anbcfipefl AflJiep. l/lndueudyanbHafi
m$t vai trao liiu giao ly bl truyen

ncuxonoeup Kan nymb K noanaHuio u
**'Thuat ngO Orgone energy xult phat ti> tieng
caMono3HaHUK) nenoeeKa
Latinh Organismus, nghTa la "thyc the sing"
( />Reich su- dgng thu^t ngCr nay luSn giai "nang
2. David Stafford-Clark (Ngudi djch: Le Van
lu'png phi quat ciJa cupc sing" gin vP'i sy pha
Luy^n-Huyen Giang). 1998. Freud da tht/c
hQycac quy luat vatiy.
si/n6igi. Ha Npi; Nxb. ThI gidi.
'^'W. Reich ncnxonornn Mace \A (jDaiuiiaM 3. E. Fromm. 1968. The Revolution of Hope
Cne., 1997.
Toward a Humanized Technology. New York.
/>(flepeBoa c aHr/iMficKoro tO.M.flOHua3/11/2005). 4. H. Marcuse 1962. Eros and Civilization A
'^' Tilng Italia fasclsmo, xult phat ti> fascio - Philosophical Inquiry Into Freud. New York.
lien minh, thong nhlt, kit nil, chlng hgn t6n
5. J.P. Charrier (Le Thanh Hoang Dan dich)
gpi cua t l ehCpc chlnh trj Co Mussolini (18831972. Phan tam hgc. Sai Gdn: Nxb. Tre.
1945) dCmg fllu la Fascio di Combattimento,
6 Phgm Minh LSng. 2000. Freud va tam
nghTa la Lian minh dIu tranh.
phin hpc. Ha Npi: Nxb VSn hda Thong tin.
'^' Wlihelm Reich (1897-1957), nha tam ly Ao7. Sigmund Freud (Vu Binh Lu-u d|ch). 1969
My, ngu'di duy nhlt trong s6 cac hpc trd cua
Phin tSm hoc. An Tiem.
Freud (nhljng ngirdi ty tuyfin b l la dai di0n tan
phan tam hpc, vdi nhfrng each tilp c§n khac
8. Vu Dinh Lu'u. 1968 Hanh trinh vao phan
nhau) phat tnen tu' tu-dng phS phan xS hpi
tam hQC Hoang Dong-Phu'ong.