Thực trạng điều chỉnh xúc cảm của người làm tham vấn tâm lý ở thành phố hồ chí minh

Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM

SS 44 nam 2013

THlTC TRANG DIEU CHINH XUC CAM
CUA NGUdi LAM THAM VAN TAM LI
d THANH PHO H 6 CHI MINH
VO THI TU'tl/NG VY"
T 6 M TAT
Bdi bdo di cap thuc trgng diiu chinh xiic cam cita ngudi Idm tham vdn tim li tgi
Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh (TPHCM). Thfc trgng duac nghien dm thdng qua md td trdi
nghiem xuc cam vd cdc dien biin xuc cdm, cUng nhu cdch dieu chinh xiic cdm cua hp.
Tit khda: xiic cam, difeu chinh xdc cam, ngudi lam tham van tam li.
ABSTRACT
The fact of emotional adjustments of the counseling psychologlstsin Ho Chi Minh City
This article mentions the fact of emotional adjustments of counseling psychologists
working in HCM City. It is studied through the descriptions of emotional experience and
emotion development, as well as their ways of adjusting emotions.
Keywords; emotion, emotional adjustment, counseler.

1.

Li do nghiln cihi
Trong thyc ti cdng tac tham vin,
ngudi lam tham vin tam li phai ludn ddi
mat vdi nhGng xiic cam tieu cyc cua than
ehii, nhu: gian dii, buin phien, lo ling,
mac cam... Xiic cam ludn cd tinh lan
truyin, vi vay, nhilng kinh nghiSm ve xiic
cam cua than chil ciing cd thi la kinh
nghiem cua ngudi tham vin. Mdt mat,

ngudi tham vin s6 mang nhilng xiic cam
ay tac ddng nguge lai than chu va lam
mit di tinh khach quan ciia tiin trinh
tham van. Mat khac, xiic cam dd se gay
anh hudng xau den ddi sdng xuc cam cua
ngudi tham vin. Nhu vly, thyc ti cdng
tac tham vin dat ra ydu ciu: Ngudi lam
tham vin tam li cin hiit ty diiu chinh
xiic cam hieu qua.

ThS, Trudng Oai hpc Su pham TPHCM

54

Trong nghien ciru nay, dieu chinh
xiic cam dugc hiiu la sy chinh siia cac
xiic cam (tir xiic cam khdng mong mudn
din xiic cam mong muin) nhim phii hgp
vdi "md hinh xiic cam tdi uu". Ddi vdi
ngudi lam tham vin tam li, diiu chinh
xiic cam nhim thyc hien tdt edng viec
cua mmh. Cu the la tim hiiu diiu chinh
xiic cam thdng qua trai nghiSm xiic cam,
diin biin trang thai xiic cam va each thdc
ngudi lam tham vin sd dyng di diiu
ehinh xuc cam ciia hg trong cdng vifc.
2.
The thu'c nghiSn ciru
MlfC tiiu nghien ciiru
Md ta thyc trang diiu ehinh xuc

cam cua ngudi lam tham vin tam h d
TPHCM hien nay.
Khdch the nghien cmi
Gom 75 ngudi lam cdng tac tham
vin tam li tren dja ban TPHCM.
'
Phuong phdp nghiln cm


Vd Thi Tic&ng Vy

Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM

Ngudi 1dm tham van tam li trdi
Chiing tdi sir dyng phuong phap
nghiem rat nhieu xiic cam khde nhau, rat
diiu tra bang bang hdi. Mire dg diiu
da dang va phong phii; trong do cd ca
chinh xiic cam dugc danh gia tr8n 2 tiSu
nhOng xiic cam khdng mong mudn phdt
chi: nhan thirc va hanh vi dieu chinh xdc
sinh d nhiing tinh hudng, su kien khdc
cam. Dimg phuong phap thing kd tpan
nhau. Tdng hgp trai nghiSm xiic cdm eua
hgc de tinh diim tnmg binh (TB) va dp
ngudi lam tham vin tam li trong eac tinh
lech chuan cua nhdm de phan loai mire
hudng dien hinh dugc trinh bay d bdng 1,
dd dieu chinh xiic cam.
3. Kit qua nghi£n cihi vi thyrc tr^ng 2, 3 dudi day:

dieu chinh xiic cSm cua ngudi Urn
tham van tim li d TPHCM hif n nay
Bdng 1. Trdi nghiem xuc cam cua ngudiIdm tham vdn tdm li trong cdc tinh huong
(n- -75)

Tinh huong

Lo
ling

(%)
. Than chu rat can dugc trg giiip tSm
• nhung chi den kham mpt lin va sau
32,0
d di ludn khdng quay trd lai nhu Idi
?n
. Than chu ndi to, dap ban, quat nha
8,0
lam van
. Than chii cd nhilng idi ndi nghi
gd va che bai nSng lye ciia nha tham 2,7
. Th5n chil hoan toan im lang, ididng
hju ndi bat cii dieu gi ve van de cda
P
. Than chu cd Idi ndi lang ma, xuc
ham gen
din nlia
nha tliam
tham van
vin

nam
. Than chu gpi diSn, nhan tin quay
ly nha tham van
, Than chu bj ngupc dai, bj gSy tdn
luong nghiem trpng vi thi xac lin
nhthin
. Than chu bj chinh ngudi than ciia
linh lam dyng tinh dye
Than chii nhilm HIV va dang cd

20,0

Buin

(%)

Bye
b§i

Sy
hai

(%)

(%)

16,0

That
vong

Bii

(%)

(%)

14,7

5,3

Khdng CO
xuc cam
khdng
mong
muon (%)
28,0

4,0

4,0

18,7

53,3

24,0

1,3

5,3

13,3

52,0

26,7

41,3

10,7

41,3

8,0

40,0

2,7

2,7
2,7

5,3

21,3

9,3

1,3

36

58,7

16,0

5,3

4,0

41,3

16,0

6,7

4,0

6,7

5,3

20,0

62,7

1,3

2,7

1,3

4,0

4,0

24,0

16,0

55


Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM

quan he tinh due khdng an toan vdi
nhieu ngudi
10. Than chu cu lang vang y ngliT ty
sat trong dau va cung da de cap each 65,3
de ehet trong ca tham van
11. Than chii dung dao lam tu rach
nhieu dudng d cd tay, nham buy hoai 52,0
CO the cua minh
12. Than chu bj mat ngudi than, td ra
28,0
qua tuyet vong va dau budn
13. Than chu yeu ngudi ciing gidi
(ddng tinh luyen ai) bj ngudi nha len
20,0

an, gay ap lye budc phai tir bd ngudi
yeu cua minh
14. Than chil ngheo ddj, khdng co du
diiu kien vat chit tdi thiiu di sinh 37,3
sdng
Bang 1 eho thay: Lo lang, budn,
bye bdi, bdi rdi la nhiing xuc cam cua
nhilng ngudi lam tham vin tam li thudng
trai nghiem trong cdng viec. Cu thi la:
Ngudi lam tham vin lo ling khi
"Than chu rat cin dupe trg giup tam li
nhung chi din kham mdt lin va sau dd
di ludn khdng quay trd lai nhu Idi hen",
"Than chii ggi diin, nhan tin quiy riy
nha tham vin", "Than chu bj ngugc dai,
bj gay tin thuong nghiem trgng vi thi
xac lin tinh thin", "Than chu bj chinh
ngudi than cua minh lam dung tinh
due", "Than chu nhilm HIV va dang ed
quan he tinh dye khdng an toan vdi
nhieu ngudi", "Than chu cii lang vang y
nghT ty sat trong diu va cQng da di ciip
den each de chit trong ca tham vin",
"Than chii dung dao lam ty rach nhiiu
dudng d cd tay, nhim hdy hoai co thi
eiia minh", "Than chu yeu ngudi cimg
gidi (ddng tinh luyin ai) bj ngudi nha
len an, gay ap lye bu0c phai tir bd ngudi
56

So 44 nam 2013

4,0

1,3

1,3

2,7

5,3

6,7

1,3

5,3

12,0

2,7

20,0

20,0
1

29,3

0

1,3

1,3

5,3

34,7

2,7

0

0

1,3

10,7

65,3

26,7

0

0

1,3

8,0

26,7

yeu cua minh" va khi "Than chu ngheo
ddi, khdng cd du diiu kiSn vat chit tii
thiiu di sinh sdng"Ngudi lam tham van budn khi
"Than chu ed nhiing Idi ndi nghi ngd va
chd bai nang lue eua nha tham vin" va
khi "Than chu bj mit ngudi than, td ra
qua tuyet vgng va dau budn".
Ngudi lam tham van thit vpng khi
"Than chii cd idi ndi lang ma, xiic pham
din nha tham vin" va sg hai khi "Than
chu ndi to, dap ban, quat nha tham vin"
bpac "Than ehu hoan toan im lang,
khdng chju ndi bit cil diiu gi vi vin de
cua hp".
Trong sd cae cam xuc trong cdng
viec cua ngudi lam tham vin tam li trai
nghiem, lo ling la xuc cam biiu hien
thudng xuyen nhit (J=2,19), tiip din la
budn ( J = 1,83) va bdi rdi (X=l,73)
(xem bang 2),


Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM

Vo Thi Tudtng Vy

Bdng 2. Tdn sudt bieu hipn xdc cdm cua ngudi lam tham vdn tdm li (n=75)

Diim TB

Dg Ifch chuan

Lolang

2,19

0,968

1

Bye bdi

1,53

0,684

4

Budn

1,83

0,742

2

Sghai

1,17

0,476

6

That vgng

1,41

0,617

5

Bdi rdi

1,73

0,684

3

Loai xdc cJm

Dien bien tryng thai xiic cam cua
ngudi lam tham vin trong qua trinh lam
viec d mdc dp khac nhau trong cimg
mdt sy kien, tinh hudng va ciing d mire
dd khac nhau trong cac tinh hudng, sy
kien khac nhau. Bang 3 cho thiy: (xem

bang 3)
Ngudi lam tham vin trai nghifm
cam xiic bye hpi trong tinh huong "Than
chu hoan toan im lang, khdng chju ndi
bit cii dilu gi vi vin di cua hp" d mire
cao hon trong tinh hudng "Than chu td ra
qua nhu nhugc va bao ehe cho hanh vi
bao hanh cua chdng minh" (Jf =3,49 so
vdi 3,00).
Ngudi lam tham vin trai nghiem
cam xuc bdi rdi khi "Than chu giii tin
nhin, ggi dien thoai va td ra 1$ thu0c, niu
k^o ngudi lam tham van tam li" d miic
cao hon khi "Vin di cua than chu cang
giing vdi vin di ciia minh" (A" =3,31 so
vdi 3,12).
Ngudi lam tham vin trai nghiem
cam xiic lo ling khi "Than chd cii lang

Thd' b^c

vang y nghT ty sat trong dau va cung da
de cap each de ehet trong ca tham van" d
mure cao hon khi "Than ehu khdng cd
ngudi than giup dd, bj bd ddi va khdng
du dieu kien sdng tdi thieu" (X =2,25 so
vdi 2,19).
Ngudi lam tham van trai nghiem
cam xiic thit vpng khi "Than chd cd
nhirng idi ndi nghi ngd va chi bai nang

lye cua nha tham vin" d miic cao hon khi
"Than chu rat can dugc .trg gidp tam li
nhung clii den Idiam mdt lin va sau dd di
ludn, khdng quay trd lai nhu Icri h?n"
(X =3,17 so vdi 2,85).
Ngudi lam tham vin trai nghi$m
cam xuc sg hai khi "Than chu tiet Id
minh bj nhiem HIV" d mdc cao hon khi
"Than chu ndi to, dap ban va quat nha
tham vin." (J=3,55 so vdi 3,51).
Ngudi lam tham vin trai nghi?m
cam xuc budn khi "ca tham vin da kit
thuc" va Ifhi "than chd qua tuy^t vgng va
dau budn do mat ngudi than".

57


Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM

SS 44 ndm 2013

Bdng 3. Diin biin trang thdi xuc cdm cua ngudi tham vdn trong qud trinh lam viec

STT

Trang thai xiic cam

Dilm TB

So Ifch
chuan

1

Bye bdi khi than chu hoan toan im lang, khdng chju ndi bat
eu dieu gi ve van de cua hp

3,49

0,645

2

Bye bdi khi than chu td ra qua nhu nhupe va bao che eho
hanh vi bao hanh cua chdng minh

3,00

* 0,900

3

Bdi rdi khi vin di cua than chu cang gidng vdi van de cua
minh

3,12

0,958

4

Bdi rdi khi than chd gui tin nhan, gpi dipn thoai va td ra le
thudc, niu keo ngudi lam tham vin tam li

3,31

0,822

5

Lo lang than chii cd lang vang ^ nghT tu sat trong dau va cdng
da de cap each de ehet trong ea tham van

2,25

0,974

6

Lo ling khi than chu khdng cd ngudi than giup dd, bj bd ddi
va khdng du dieu ki?n sdng tdi thieu

2,19

0,926

7

That vpng khi than chu rat can dugc trg giup tam li nhung chi

den kham mgt lan va sau dd di ludn, khdng quay trd lai nhu
Idi hen

2,85

0,954

8

That vpng khi than ehu ed nhilng Idi ndi nghi ngd va ehe bai
nang luc cua nha tham van

3,17

0,964

9

Sg hai khi than chu tiit Ip minh bj nhilm HIV

3,55

0,827

10 Sg hai khi than chu ndi to, dap ban va quat nha tham vin.

3,51

0,724

Budn khi thiy than chu qua tuyet vgng va dau budn do mit
11
ngudi than

2,79

0,759

12 Ndi budn dec bim tdi ngay ca khi ca tham vin da ket thiic

3,29

0,802

/.• Hiem khi: 2: Thinh thodng; 3: Khd thudng xuyen; 4: Thudng xuyen
Ddi vdi nhiing xuc cam Ichdng mong muon, ngudi tham van can phai cd each
dieu chinh cam xdc va xu li tinh hudng sao cho hgp U nhit. Thdng thudng, cac nha
tham van thudng chpn cae each sau day: (xem bang 4)

58


Tgp chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM

Vd Thf Tttdng Vy

Bang 4, Cdc cdch xu li ddi vdi nhiing xuc cdm khdng mong muon ciia ngiedi tham vdn
trong qud trinh lam viec (n=75)

1. Che giiu bieu Ig xiie cam di than chu khdng nhm thay

2,59

Do Ifch
chuan
1,04

2. Tdi trinh bay xdc cam cua minh trudc budi giam sat de ddng
nghi?p giiip tdi hiiu thSm vi nd

2,39

1,03

3. Ngay khi xuc cam Ididng mong mudn xay ra, tdi tim each
hudng suy nghT vao viec li giai vin di cua than chu di khdng bj
cuon theo xiic cam iy

3,05

0,90

4. Tdi tim each ggi ten va dien giai lai y nghTa eua xuc cam khi
nd dang xay ra trong tdi va ndi cho than ehu hiit vi nd

2,08

1,02

5. Bang vif c nghT tdi vai trd eua mdt nha tham van, tdi cd gang

tach ra khdi ndi budn de sang sudt hon trong suy nghT ve van de
cda than chu

3,39

0,80

6. Ngay sau khi tdi hiit minh viia bj cudn theo con xuc ddng eua
than chil, tdi da di ehuyen tir viec nhin vao guong mat cua than
chd sang vifc khac (liy khan giiy, viit...) di gia minh khach
quan hon

2,67

1,02

Cit each XV li khi nhihig xiic cam khong mong muon

K^t qua nghi6n ci!hi cho tb^y, di xii
li nhihig xiic cdm khdng mong mudn
trong qud trinh 1dm vi^c, nhiing ngudi
1dm tham v4n tdm li, trudc ti6n "nghT tdi
vai trd ciia m$t nhd tham vin, c6 gdng
tdeh ra khdi n8i budn de sdng sudt hon
trong suy nghT ve van de ciia than chii"
(Jp=3,39).
Cdch xii li thii hai eiia ngudi Idm
tham v ^ Id ngay khi xiic cdm khdng
mong muon xdy ra, hg tim cdch hudng
suy nghT vdo vi^e li gidi van de ciia thdn

chii dl khdng bi cudn theo xiic cam dy
(-^=3,05). Tilp theo, nhd tham vdn Idng
nghe ^ kien phdn hdi tir ngudi giam sat
ca vd tim cdch H gidi dl hiiu nhihig phdn
ling xiic cam khdng mong mudn ciia bdn
thdn d6i vdi than chii. Chii dgng tim each

BiimTB

khdc phuc khi biet xiic cdm cua minh cd
tde ddng ti£u cue din thdn chii
(X=2,84).
Nhu v|iy, vdi cdc tinh hudng vd
eung da dang trong cude s6ng, cdc ddi
tugng tham vdn khdc nhau vd nhiing biin
cd trong cude sdng rieng ciia ban than dd
gdp phdn tao nen nhimg xiic cdm khdng
mong mudn cho ngudi lam tham v4n tdm
li.
4. Ket iu|n
Tu k6t qud tren, chiing tdi nh^n
thay ngudi lam tham van tdm li cd nhiiu
xiie cam khdng mong mudn khi tdc
nghiep, nhu: bdi rdi, budn, that vgng...
Cae loai cam xiie nay cdn phai duge dilu
chinh. Dieu ddng ndi Id ed nhiiu trudng
hgp, ngudi 1dm tham van tam li khdng t\i
59

Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM

dieu chinh dugc xuc cam cua minh ma
cin phai "nhd vdo cdc bu6i gidm sat... '.
Vi vay, trong qua trinh lam vipc, ngudi
lam tham vin tam li cin dugc sy ho trg
ciia nha ehuyen mdn va ddng nghipp.

SS 44 ndm 2013

Nhd dd, hg ed the lam sang td van dS,
lam chii dugc xiic cam, suy nghT ciia
chinh minh de ludn chii ddng trong qua
trinh tham vin.

TAI H $ U THAM K H A O

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

Bdi van Huf, Vu Dung (2003), Tdm li hpc xd hpi, Nxb Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi,
Nguyin Huy Tu (2003), "Tri tu? xiic cam - ban chat va phuong phap chan doan",
Tgp chi Tdm li hpc, (6).
LeDoux JE (2000), Emotion circuits in the brgin, Annu Rev Neurosci 23:155-184.
Niedenfhal PM, Barsalou LW, Winkielman P, Krauth-Gruber S, Ric F (2005),

Embodiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion, Pers Soc Psychol Rev
9:184-211.
Phelps EA (2006), Emotion and cognition: Insights from studies of the human
amygdale, Annu Rev Psychol 57:27-53.
Unicep Viet Nam (2002), Tdi lieu tap hudn Idp ddo tgo gidng vien vi cdng tdc tham
von. Ha Npi.

(t^giy Tda soan niiin duvc bii: 19-11-2012: ngiy phin bi0n dinh gii: 04-12-2012:
ngiy chip nhin ding: 11-12-2012)

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