Quan hệ giữa các làng từ truyền thống đến hiện nay dưới góc nhìn dân tộc học

Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd5 - 2019

QUAN HE GIUA CAC LANG TIT TRUYEN THONG DEN HIEN NAY
DirOil GOC NHIN DAN TOC HOC'
PGS.TS. Bill Xuan Dinh
Vien Dan toe hoc

Tdm tdt'. Ldng Viet d Bdc Bd dd trdi qua qua trinh hinh thdnh vd phdt trien Idu ddi,
Mdi ldng CO nhimg ddc diem riing vi diiu kiin tu nhien, thdnh phdn cu ddn, thai gian hinh
thdnh, phuang thicc khai hoang lap ldng, tic do cd nhimg net neng ve vdn hda, Trong bdi cd
nen sdn xudt ndng nghiep rudng nuac vd nhimg dp luc ve xd hgi ciig chi do phong kien, edc
khia cgnh vdn hda cua ldng bgc Id rd net khi ndy sinh mdi quan hi vai cdc ldng khde. Bin ca
su dong thudn thi hiin rd nhat a kit cdu ehg vd tuc kit cha, gida cde ldng cdn ed nhicng mau
thudn, cdng thang, nhat Id trong quan he vi ddt canh tdc, Bdi viit ndy cung edp cdc tu lieu
nhdn xet vi su ddng thudn hay mau thudn trong quan hi eua cde ldng Viet thdi phong kien v
diin tien cua chung tic Cdch mgng Thdng Tdm 1945 din nay.
Tie khoa: Ldng Viet, quan hi Idngxd, Bdc Bd, tiip cgn ddn tdc hgc,

Ngay nhdn bdi: 23/7/2019: ngdy giri phdn biin: 26/S/20I9: ngdy duyet ddng: 12/10/2019

Mfrdiu
Lang Viet it BJc Bo hinh thanh tir rdt sam, tnioc hojc cung voi qua trinh dung nuac cua
cha ong ta tCi thud cac Vua Hung. Dii khac nhau ve thai dilm hinh thanh cung nhihig dac diSm
vS dan cu, kinh tS, xa hgi va van hoa, song cac lang luon gSn kgt vai nhau va vai nha nuac
trong cong cuoc d4u tranh ch5ng giac ngoai xam dk giii lang, giii nuoc, khac phuc hau qua cua
thien tai, xay dung va phat trita dit nuac. Doan kk, c6 kk giiia lang voi nuoc, giiia cac lang
vai nhau la net hSng xuyen trong quan he lang xa, lang - nude cua lich su Viet Nam. Tuy
nhien, do nhirng dik kienriengbiet, a moi thcli ky lich sit, tai mot s6 dia phuong, khong tranh
khoi hien hrong mau thuto, xung dot giua cac lang vol nhau, anh huong d8n nhiSu mat cua
doi s6ng, din su phat triin cua tvmg cpng dong cu dan va noi rong hon la ciia dat nuoc.
Quan he giira cac lang vai nhau la mot trong nhirng vjn dS Ion cua lich su lang xa cung

nhu cua lich su dit nuac. Nghien cuu vjn dk nay khong chi M hiSu qua khii, ma con co co
so khoa hoc cho viec dl ra chinh sach, giai phap nhim dilu chinh m6i quan h? giira cac cong

' Bai viit la kit qua cua « t a i dp Ca sa nam 2019: "Ung xa ngirai Vifl a Bdc Bo, truyin tiling vd bien tdf.
do Vifn Dan tpc hpc chii Iri, PGS TS. Bui Xuan Dinh lam Chu nhiem


Biii Xuan Dinh
dong cu dan, tao su ding thuan, han che va khic phuc nhihig lech lac, tao dong luc de xay
dung cac cong dong nong thon giau dep va van minh.
vin dl quan he giira cac lang da diroc dh cap din, song so cong trinh viet ve van de
nay lai chua nhilu, chii yeu ban vl thoi phong kien, it co nhung tu lieu trong giai doan hien
nay. Bai viet nay gop phiin nhin nhan quan he giira cac lang tir thoi phong kien den nliung
nam gan day qua tu lieu chinh sii' va tai lieu dien da o mgt so dia phuong.
1, Quan he giu'a cac lang thoi phong kien
/./. Nhirng quan he ddng thuan
Theo Pierre Gourou, vao diu thap nien 1930, tren vung chau tho Bac Bg, co khoang
han 7.000 lang (Pierre Gourou, 2003, h. 216). Viec dinli cu cua cac lang lien quan din ba
yeu to chinh: dia hinh de chdng ngap liit cho khu cu tni, bao dam nguon nuoc de trong lua va
bao dam an ninh, nhat la khi c6 chiln tranh, giac gia. Cu the;
- Cac lang ciing nam tren mpt dia hinh, dia thi (hay co ciing "the dat" va "the nuac"),
chiu tac dpng lan nhau khi co lut loi, han ban, timg lang khong the dan dgc, ma phai lien ket
voi cac lang ke can va trong vung moi co the giai quyit dugc.
- Khi CO giac gia (giac ngoai xam, trgm cuop), phai lien ket vai nhau de bao dam su an toan.
Hai yeu to tren quy dinh the irng xir ciia cu dan cac lang voi nhau, nhat la nhung lang
lien ke thuong "co cum" trong mot khu vue.
Cac nguIn hr lieu Su' hpc, Dan tpc hpc cho biet, ttr xa xua tten nhilu viing o trung du
va chau thi Bac Bg da hinh thanh sir lien kit giiia cac lang (hay cha), gpi la kit ciu "hai
cha", hay "ba cha". Nha dan tpc hpc Tran Tir dua vao kit qua dilu tra thuc dia cua Le Thi
Nham Tuyet ve moi quan he giCta cac cap lang Da Phiic - Thuy Khue (xa Sai San, huyen

Quoc Oai), Thupng Hgi - Ha Hgi (xa Tan Hpi, huyen Dan Phuang), nay dlu thugc thanh
pho Ha Ngi (Le Thi Nham Tuylt, 1974, tt. 46 - 59), kit hgp vai ttr lieu ong dilu tra tai ba
lang Due Khe, Yen VI, Hpi Xa (xa Huang Son, huyen My Due, nay cimg thugc thanh pho
Ha Npi) da cho rang, kit ciu "hai cha", hay "ba cha" thucmg xuit hien o cac lang kl can
nhau, CO cung nguon glc ljch sir (cimg mgt g6c tach ra, hcac cimg dung lang trgng mpt thoi
diem nhat dinh), co chung cac ylu tl tin nguong (chung thanh hoang, ciing tl chiic tha cimg
tai den mieu, ttr thi ky XVll tro di thi dung ngoi dinh chung, gpi la dinh chg), va phin Ion
nhirng lang nay vin duy tri viec tho ciing chung din Caeh mang Thang Tam 1945. Cac lang
quan he voi nhau theo mgt trat ttr nghiem ngat: cc chg cd chg thu, ehg em, trgng viec cir dai
dien vao bg may dilu hanh va tl chirc le thuc tha cung. D6 la diu tich cua 16 chirc luong
hop, gilng nhu cu dan 6 Me-la-ne-di (Trin Tit, 1975, tt. 36). Dilu dac biet hon, giua cac cha
nay vao djp dau xuan hang nam thuong diin ra nhihig cugc dan quan 6 hai bo song (hoac
tren mpt bai dat) de "choang" (nem nhau), tham chi danh chui nliau, co thi co nguoi "sin
dau, me ttan", song chi mang tinh ttigng trung, khong gay "thii lang". Tuc nay c6 d ciSc cu
dan nong nghiep co, la bilu hien cua ttr duy nguyen thuy "luong phan, ludng hpp" ma net


Tgp chi Dan tac hgc sdS - 2019
dac nmig la co su phan dinh va chuyin hoa lan nhau giira hai cap d6i lap: am - duong, ttai dit, sang - toi, trang - den, sing - chit...; nlu khong tl chuc nem (choang) hay danh nhau
nhu thi thi lang xom khong yen 6n,rniiamang khSng tit (Trin Tit, 1975, tt. 40).
Qua ttinh dieu tra thuc dja tai nhieu virng que, chung toi con ttiu thap duac nhirng ttr
lieu vl "hi cha", ma tieu bilu la cdc lang An Thp, Van Lung - Yen Lung, Phu Vinh (nay
thupc xa An Khanh, huyen Hoai Dire, Ha Ngi). Bin lang cung cc ten Nom la Ke Xong, ttio
chung thanh hoang, den cuoi thdi Le vin cd chung mgt ngdi dinh (ggi la dinh chg), din nay
van cd chung chua Dai Bi (chua Ca), din thd Ba Chua May - mpt dang thd Mau. Tir nam
1954 trd vl trudc, cac lang nay vin tl chuc chung hgi, theo mgt su phan cong nghiem ngat.
Hang nam, giira cac lang thudng diin ra tiic nem qudn hay ddnh qudn vao mot ngay dau
thang Gieng. Hai ben dung dit, gach, thanh tte, gd... nem nhau (gpi la "choang"), cp khi
dimg ca gay gdc danh nhau. Ben nao yen sire, thua thi chay vl lang, ddng chat cdng; ben
thang dudi den luy tte rot quay ve. Nhieu ngudi hi thuang ttong cac cugc nem quan, danh

quan nay, song hdm sau dan hai lang lai ddi xu vdi nhau binh thudng nhu khong cd chuyen
gi xay ra (Huyen uy - HDND- UBND huyen Hoai Diic, 2018, tt. 291- 293).
Mgt dang ket cau "ttr cha" la cac cum dan cu (tren cac van ban Han Nom deu ghi la
"thdn"): Manh Tan, Huang Tram, Bieu Khe va Cd Milu, cimg cd ten Nom la ldng Rdm, Tir
xa xua, Manh Tan {Rdm Bin) dugc egi la "cha ca", thu tu tiep theo la Huang Tram {Ram
Tram), Bieu Khe {Rdm Biiu) va Cd Mieu {Rdm Chg). Thu tu tren day lien quan den mgt sd
hoat dgng chung ciia bdn cdng ddng dan cu. Tuy mdi cum c6 dinh, chua rieng, Thanh
Hoang rieng va td chirc te le neng, song ca bdn cum viin chung hiii ddng ky muc, hdi tu
van, ggi la tu vdn hdng xd va mdt hgi ddng quan viin 55 ngudi d dudi tudi 50 dugc lay tir
cao xuong thip theo nguyen tic, Manh Tan dugc cir 27 ngudi, Huong Tram 10 ngudi, Bieu
Khe va Cd Mieu mdi cum 9 ngudi. Trong 55 ngudi do, 5 ngudi dupe cir ra lam thu chi,
lam chil te (Manh Tan 2 ngudi, ba cum cdn lai deu cu mdt ngudi). Hdi tu van va hdi ddng
quan vien cd nhiem vu td chirc tl le chung tai dinh Manh Tan vao ngay mdng 10 thang
Mpt va khi trdi dai han dl ciu mua. Chi phi cho cac chau tl chung nay, Manh Tan chiu
mdt nua, nita cdn lai chia dlu cho ba cum (Dang iiy - HDND - UBND xa Thuy Lam, 2017,
tt. 45- 46). Nhiing tu lieu tren cho phep khSng djnh, tti mgt lang Ram thdng nhit, din din
duoc chia thanh bin khdi dan cu gpi la "thdn", song chua phai la nhiing lang hoan chinh,
vi van c6 chung ky muc, chung mdt sl hpat ddng thd cung, theo nguyen tic cd "anh ca, anh
thir va em lit". Ciing cd thi ttr bdn cum cd nhiing net tuang ddng va lien kit chat vdi nhau vl
cac ylu tl dia ly, kinh tl, van hda, hpp thanh mgt lang Idn, vl sau dupe nha nude phong kiln
thilt lap thanh mdt xa (xa BSng Lam, hay Thu Lam). Dilu nay cho phep gia thilt day la vlt
tich cua td chirc "cha"" tir thud rat xa xua.
Co thi thiy them mdt kilu "cha" diin hinh khac len tdi "luc cha" la cac lang Thuang
Thuy, Ngi, Phd Da, Chiln, Nhue, Cuu Quan thudc xa Due Thugng (huyen Hoai Diic ngay
nay). Sau lang cimg cd ten Ndm la Ke Trdi, tir xa xua hap thanli mgt "cha" (luc cha), ttong


5

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dd, Thugng Thuy dupe coi la "anh ca" (ggi la trudng phimg) nen ludn dugc giu: chirc chu
van (soan van tl), lin lugt cac lang Ndi, Nhue, Chiln, Phil Da va Cuu Quan la anh hai den
thir sau. Bdn lang Ndi, Nhue, Chiln, Phii Da lai hgp thanh mdt cha rieng ("tti cha" va lang
Npi lai dupe coi la "anh ca" cha hi cha nay). Sau lang cung thd sau vi thanh hoang. Thdi Le,
sau lang cd chung ngdi dinh, gpi la dinh Dun (cc le la hi "dung"/ "chung dung" ma ra? Dinh
Dun nay hien chi cdn nin la tru sd Uy ban nhan dan xa. Ve sau, mdi lang dung dinh neng.
Cac vi thin dugc thd chung tai quan Tdng d lang Nhue (hay mieu Thi). Ngay mdng 7 thang
Gieng hang nam, ky muc 6 lang hpp tai quan Tdng de ban va quyet djnh viec lud hdi chung
diin ra theo 7 chiu hay theo tirng thdn. Nlu to chuc 7 chiu thi ngay 12 va 19, ca 6 thdn te
chung (hdi tl). Cac lang ciing rude len lang Thuong Thuy, rude van roi rude xudng quan
Tdng. Mdi lang cir mdt chu te ciing cac bdi te, chap sir; cdn ddng xudng va tay xudng thi cu
chung. Cac ngay cdn lai Ian lugt cac lang theo vi thi ttong cha te rieng, song 5 lang (Ndi,
Phil Da, Chien, Nhue, Cuu Quan) dlu phai rude kieu len lang Thugng Thuy de "xin van" rdi
mdi ve dinh lang minh te le. Nhirng nam khdng dien ra 7 chau, timg lang td chirc te le rieng
theo ngay da dinh, song van phai len Thugng Thuy xin van.
Nhu vay, "Cha" la hinh thire lien ket giira cac lang cd cung ngudn gdc lich su, cd cung
"the dat" va "the nude", nham giai quyet van de tudi nude va tieu nude cho san xuat ndng
nghiep, bao ve an ninh va tap ttung nhat la de thd ciing. Hinh thirc nay xuit hien tir rit sdm,
rat CO the ciing thdi hoac sau khi cac lang hinh thanh it lau. Day cd thi coi la "dinh cao" cua
mdi quan he than thien giira cac cdng ddng cu dan Viet.
Khi ndi ve td chirc "Cha", cung cin phan biet vdi tijc kit cha, hie viec kit nghia giira
hai cdng ddng lang vdi nhau (cdn ggi la "ket cha", "an cha", "an ude") vdi cac nguyen tic co
ban la: ciing tdn ggi (tren binh dien ca cdng ddng) ngudi lang kit nghia la "anh", hay "quan
anh", "ben anh" va nhan minh (cung tren binh dien ca cdng dong) la "em", "chung em" va
"ben em"; ttai gai hai ben khdng dugc phep kit hdn vdi nhau; hai ben sin sang giiip dd nhau
khi c6 "cdng to, viec Idn", hoac gap hoan nan; mgi giao thiep giira hai ben dlu phai tdn ttgng
va phuc tiing quyln Igi cua cdng ddng (Le Thi Nham Tuyet, 1974). Trong khi dd, d td chirc
"cha", cd phan biet "cha ca" va cac "cha thit", "cha em" rd ret; trai gai hai ben dupe liy nhau
va viec giiip dd nhau la khdng bit budc. Phin Idn cac cap kit nghia giua hai lang thudng

xuat hien rat mudn; song luu truyin dan gian cung nhu tai lieu Han Ndm it di cdn luu lai cho
biet, cd nhCrng cap kit nghia xuit hien sdm va dugc duy tri lau bin, diy cam ddng, nhu Tam
Tao - Xuan Due (Le Thi Nham Tuylt, 1972); Van Phuc - Nga My (Biii Xuan Dinh, 2013a),
Chau Ld - Kim Thupng (Nguyin Thu Minh, 2018)^

Lang Tam Tao (xa Phil Lam. huyen Tien Du, tinli Bdc Ninh), lang Xuan Due (xa Yen Thutme hnvS r
Lam, Ihanh pho Ha No,); lang Van Phuc (xa Van Phuc, huyen Thanh Tri). lang Nga My (xa T h a n h M a r h u v f ^
Thanh Oai) cung thupc thanh pho Ha Npi hien nay; lang Chau L6 (xa Mai Dinh, huyen Hiep Hoa i' h n?
Giang), lang Kim Thuong (xa ICim Lu, huyen Soe Son, thanh ph6 Ha Npi).
'
'^


Tap chiDdn tgc hgc sd5 -2019
Tuc ket nghTa the hien mdi quan he tdt dep giOa cac lang cdn la mdt gia trj van hda ciia
cac cdng ddng cu dan Viet. Diing nhu Le Thi Nham Tuylt da khSng dinh, chi cd thi thiy hit
dugc gia tri cua tuc ket nghia khi dat nd trong bdi ciinh xa hpi phong kiln vao thdi ky suy
vong (ttr giira thi ky XVIII trd di), nha nude da td ra bat luc tnrdc yeu ciu bao ve an ninh,
bao dam ddi sdng cua cu dan cac lang xa; cac cgng ddng cu dan phai tu "co minh" lai va
phai tach biet, tham chi cd luc cd nai ddi lap nhau de gianh quyen lgi, hay chi it ciing de tu
bag ve minh; cac "khoanh tre" vdi cau triic tu quan chat la nhirng "bau trdi neng" cua timg
cdng ddng ddi mat vdi nhirng vat va, khd khan va rdi ren, "nhieu loan" ciia xa hgi duong
thdi. Trong bdi canh do lai niiy sinh hoac duy tri mdt sir giao hieu tren tinh than vd tu, "quen
minh" vi nhau giira cac lang, that sir mang y nghia ciia su ke thira, bao luu mdt tmyen thdng
da dugc hinh thanh tir xua. Viec duy tri tuc ket nghia giira cac lang cd y nghia nhu mpt
hudngttrttmthem luc lugng cho minh tren co sd tinh than va dao ly tuong than tuong ai lau
ddi (Le Thi Nham Tuylt, 1974).
1.2. Nhii'ng quan he khdng dong thuan
Ben canh nhirng net hda hgp, hda ddng tren day, giira cac lang, nhat la cac lang ke can
nhau, kl ca cac lang nim trong ket can "hai cha, ba cha, bdn cha, sau cha" da bdc Id nhirng

mau thuin, nhilu trudng hgp cang thing, din den "tan cha" hay "va cha" (bieu hien rd nhit
la "biet hr", tire cac lang trong cha dung dinh rieng, td chirc thd cung rieng; do vay, dinh
Dun khdng cdn va nlu cac lang ciing nSm trong mdt xa thi tim mpi each de "biet xa", tire
tach ra thanh xa rieng) ma Trin Tir da chi ra trong bai vilt vl lang xa Huong Son neu tren va
ttr lieu diin da cua chung tdi tai nhilu lang ciing tning hop vdi nhan dinh cua dng. Mdt dieu
cin luu y ring, nhimg mdi lien kit trong kit ciu "hat cha, ba cha, bin cha, sau cha" dupe
thuc hien chii ylu thdng qua ting lap tren, ma dai dien la chirc sic, ky miic cac lang, nhieu
khi khdng hin trung vdi tam tu, nguyen vgng va quyln Ipi ciia ngudi dan. Chite sac cac lang
CO thi ddng thuan vdi nhau, hanh xir voi nhau theo mdt sir thda hiep, "di hda vi quy", "cung
CO Igi", nhung sl ddng ngudi dan thi khdng hin nhu vay. Trong cac trudng hop ddt xuat va
birc bach, nhirng hanh xit ciia cua ngudi dan dl trd thanh diu ludi cua cac mau thuan, xung
dot. Dd chinh la "thi dit" va "thi nude" ciia timg dan vi ttr cu gan vdi viec lam rudng nude.
Khi ban ban cin cd nude dl cay ciy cho kjp thdi vu, khi lu lut cin tieu nude ngay de bao ve
lang xdm, mua mang, moi cdng ddng cu dan phai "gianli" liy quyen dugc lay nude ttrdi va
quyln dugc tieu bd ngudn nude thita. Diy la diu mli cua nhirng tranh chap, mau thuan ma
nlu khdng dilu hda dugc vdi nhau hoac khdng kilm chi dugc "nhitng cai dau ndng" thi rat
de xay ra xd xat va ttr mdt xd xat nlu khdng dugc xit ly kip thdi dl dan den vii an, mau thuan
tich tu keo dai, trd thanh thu ban.
Nhung tranh chip, mau thuin giira cac lang ttt thi dit va thi nude bilu hien gay gat
nhit la d cac lang ven sdng; bdi dit canh tac d cac lang nay chu ylu la dit bai bdi (cdng chau
thd), dien tich cung nhu mdc gidi ludn chju tac dpng ciia nude 10 ddng sdng. Sau mdi miia
mua lu, cd khi chi sau mpt can ID Idn, cd the dupe bdi mdi hoac md rdng them cho lang nay


Bill XudnBiiih_

mdt canh bai rgng Idn; song cung ddng nghia la "ttrdc" di mpt dien tich Ion dat dai cua ang
ben kia sdng (hoac lang ben canh, ciing phia cua ddng sdng), mdc gidi ciing khdng con. en
dupe bdi cd them dit dai cay ciy; nhung ben bj Id lat mit mpt ngudn Igi de muu sinh a
hudng Idn tdi cuoc slug cua cac gia dinh ttong lang, cung nhu tdi nhirng boat dpng c ung

cua cdng ddng (phin Idn dit bai bdi hay cdng chau thd thudc quyln cdng hiru ciia ca lang,
dung dl chia cho cac suit dinh va dung vao nbiiiig boat ddng hanh chinh, thd cung cua lang).
Tir do tranh chip giira cac cdng ddng cu dan ciing phia hay d phia doi ngan vdi ddng song,
nhim gianh lai phin dit da mit hay giir lai phin dit dugc "trdi cho" diin ra thudng xuyen
theo cac miia nude hi. Mdt sd lang mau thuin, tranh chip vdi nhau chi vi mdt dat dat hep^a
trong de (ngi ddng) sgng cd vj thi dep, cd gia trj kinh tl va gia tti tam linh dac biet. Dien
hinh la hai lang Cd Loa va Due Tii (nay cung thupc huyen Ddng Anh, thanh phd Ha Ndi)
tranh chip khu dit cho Cd Loa d gin khu vue din Thuang (thd An Duong Vuong). Tu lieu
van bia thi ky XVll - XVIII ghi lai kha nhilu vu tranh chip dit dai giOa cac lang, nhu: Liing
Son - Ling Xa, Dilm Xa - Thp Triln, Mdn Tu (cac lang nay nay deu thudc tinh Bac Ninh).
Viec tranh chip gay ra kien tung keo dai, rit tdn kem; cac lang phai huy dpng mgi ngudn luc
dl theg kien, quyit "gianh lai dit lang", nliu van ddng cac nha giau cd bd tien ctia de "giiip
lang" theo kien (vl sau nhimg ngudi nay dupe bin lam ban than), huy ddng ca nhirng ngudi
ling dang lam quan d trin (tinh), ca d cung vua phu chua theo kien (Pham Thj Thiiy Vinh,
2003, tl. 178 - 180). Diin hinh la lang Cd Loa, trong vu kien tranh chip khu dit chp vdi lang
Due Tu keo dai suit 56 nam (1663 - 1709) da "huy ddng" ca ngudi duy nhit cua lang cd hpc
vj tiln sT, dang lam quan trong ttilu ky vao don kien va lang da lap thda ude quy dinb ve
quyln Ipi cua cac ca nhan tham gia vao viec kien, neu chang may bj quan tren danh ddn, tra
khao, bj phat hi, bj chit trong khi xd xat vdi lang Due Tu, hoac bi bat giam ma chet ttong
nguc... (Bia ''Co Loa chinh phdp dien tligch bil Van bia den Cd Loa).
Ngoai ttanh chap va miiu thuan dat dai, ngudn nude lien quan den the dat va the nude
de san xuat, giira mgt sd lang cdn xay ra man thuan xuat phat tir su khac nhau ve tinh each.
Vi the, tir nhirng chuyen cd kbi rat nhd nhat, "vat vanh", nhat thdi, da "xe" thanh chuyen Idn
va vi khdng dugc ngan chan kip thdi nen da trd thanh "chuyen mudn thud", gay thanh
chuyen khdng de gi hda giai giira hai ben. Trudng hgp lang Bat Trang vdi lang Giang Cao
(huyen Gia Lam) la dien hinh. Dan lang Bat Trang sdng bang nghe lam gdm va budn ban,
hoan toan khdng lam ndng nghiep, nen diii dat bai ven sdng Hdng khdng cd gia tri kinh tl
vdi hg, tham chi cdn gay biit lgi trong viec van chuyen san pham, nguyen vat lieu lam gdm
tit trong lang ra sdng; song vi "the dien ciia lang" va vi "tinh than bao vc ranh gidi lang", dan
lang quyet giir dat va gtanh dat vdi lang Giang Cao (va ca lang Ddng Du ke can). Cude tranh

chap gay gat keo dai hang the ky. Thu vien Vien Nghien cuu Han Ndm hien cdn luu bdn
thac ban van bia ghi viec tranh kien dat bai giira Bat Trang vdi bai lang tren, khiin cho quan
Thita ty tran Kmh Biic nhieu lan phai ve phan xir, vao cac nam; Thjnh Dire 2, 3, 4 (cac nam
1654-1655-1656), Chinh Hda thii hai (Tan Dau, 1681), Vinh Huu thu nam (Ky Mui, 1739)
Dac biet, trong vu tranh chap vao dau the ky XX, Bat Trang va Giang Cao dung tnrdc nauv


Tgp chiDdn tgc hgc sd5 - 2019
CO xung ddt Idn. Nhd su can thiep cua chinh quyln va su hilu bilt cua nhirng ngudi cd uy tin
ttong hai lang, xung ddt da khdng xay ra, ranh gidi hai lang dupe phan dinh (Biii Xuan Dinh,
Chu bien, 2013b, tr. 22). Nhimg man thuin, tranh chip cang quyit liet kbi duong diu vdi
nhau la cac lang (cung la cac xa) "cd the lire", thudng gpi la "dan diu tdng", nhu trudng hgp
cac cap lang (xa) Cd Loa - Due Tu, Bat Trang - Giang Cao,...
Mau thuan giira cac lang ciing diin ra rit gay git trong trudng hgp mdt xa gdm hai lang
trd len. Cac lang "Idn" (cd dan sd ddng, cd nhieu ngudi lam quan...) ludn chen ep cac lang
nhd; tham chi cd trudng hgp, gianh nhau ca ten lang, diin hinh la hai lang Phugng Vien va
Phuang Bang (huyen Hoai Diic). Cho din giua thi ky XIX, qua tu lieu van bia, hai lang
dugc sap xIp thanh xa "Huang Bang", song khdng rd vl sao, trong van ban hanh chinh lai
khdng ghi la "Huang Bang xa, Phuang Bang thdn" hay "Huang Bang xa, Phuong Vien
thon", ma lai ghi la "Huang Bang xa, Thupng thdn" hay "Huang Biing xa. Ha thdn" va
khong lang nao chju nhan la "Huong Bang xii. Ha thdn" ("Ha" vdi nghia la dudi, thip, tham
chi "hen ha" ???), ma deu nhan lit "Huang Bang xii, Thupng thdn". Quan tren phan xir mdt
each "dung hda" cho ggi mdt lang la "Huong Bang xa, Thupng thdn" va mdt lang la "Huong
Bang xa, Huu thdn" (sach Ten ldng xd Viet Nam ddu the ky XIX ghi lit "thdn Thuang" va
"thdn Hiru" thudc xa Hucmg Bang, song khdng ghi cu the lang nao gan vdi ten cae thdn dd).
Sach Dong Khanh dig du chi cho biet, vao thdi diem cua nien hieu nay (1886-1888), xuat
hien bai xa "Huong Bang Hiru" va "Huang Bang Thupng"; song ciing khdng ghi lang nao
gin viii cac ten tten. Din diu thi ky XX, mdi xuat hien cae ten "xa Phutmg Bang" va "xa
Phuong Vien", song vi bi "map md" trong mdt thdi gian dai, chg nen den day lai dien ra viec
"gianh" nhau ten "Phuang Bang", vi theo quan niem dd la ten dep (nghia la dugc neu ten

tten bang vang, hay ehi sir dd dat ttong hgc hanh, thi cu). Thuc ra, tir xa xua, lang Phuong
Bang vdn cd ten Ndm la lang Vang (theo quy luat chuyen am Ndm sang am Han - Viet la
"Vang"/"Bang"; cdn lang Phuong Vien ed ten Ndm la lang Ngdi. Chinh vi quan he giira bai
lang cd nhilu "khue quanh", nen khdng rd tit bao gid, ten "lang Vang" lai dupe dung dl ggi
tr. 416). Theo
cho lang Phuang Vien (Huyen uy, HDND, UBND huyen Hoai Due, 2018,
cac bac eao nien lang Vang, nguyen do ciia viec bj "trao ten" nay la lang Ngdi cd ngudi lam
quan to ttong trilu, vi quan nay da cd nhirng tac ddng vdi trilu dinh nen lang dugc mang ten
cha la "Phuang Bang" (?). Viec tranh chip ten lang nay la mdt ttong nhChig tac nhan din
din hai lang thdi phong kiln da xay ra nam lin xung dot lien quan den chg va dat dai (vi ca
hai lang dlu nim ven sdng Day, dit bai bdi ehiem mdt bg phan Idn trong dien tich dat dai
canh tac).
Viec cac lang Idn chen ep cac lang nhd la ngpn ngudn cua hien hrgng ddi tach xa (dan
gian ggi la "chay biet xa") diin ra thucmg xuyen, nhit la vac cudi the ky XIX, dau the ky XX.
Nhilu lang chi vai chuc suit dinh, sgng tim mgi each (dua vao quan tren la ngudi lang, bdi Id
quantten,mua them suit dinh cho "du tieu chuin") dl du-gc tach xa (Bui Xuan Dinh, 2000).


,Q

BuiXudnDinh^
2. Quan he gifra cae lang tu- Caeh mang Thang Tam 1945 den nay
2.1. Nhung quan he dong thuan

Caeh mang Thang Tam 1945 thanh cong, tu tuong cue bo, tam ly lang da dugc^"khac
chg" nho eong tac tuyen truykn, giao due tinh thiin, ly tu'cmg each mang, trong khi the dang
vuon len eiia dat nuac. Can bo, dang vien va nhan dan cae thon lang sat canh ben nhau trong
cac xa dugc ghep iai ban dau la dS kidn qu6c, sau do sat eanh trong cac "dai xa" de chien
diu chSng lai quan thu, giai phong que huong trong euge khang chien chong thuc dan Phap.
Hoa binh lap lai, nhiing tan du, anh hucmg tieu cue cua tam ly lang, tu tuong cue bg

lang xa tiep tuc dugc "iSy got" vai cong euge hgp tac hoa vi muc tieu xay dung mgt nong
thon xa hgi chu nghia, vi nhiing canh d6ng bo vung bo thua dk co euge song am no. Can bg,
nhan dan cac lang san long digu chuyan rugng dk cho nhau theo quy hoaeh chung - mgt
cong viee chua tung xay ra trong lich sii eac don vi cu dan do. Co the lay mgt so lang ven
song Day thugc huyen Hoai Due lam vi du. Sau hoa binh lap lai, de quy hoach lai dan cir
phue vu phat fri^n kmh tg - xa hgi, nhdt la trong viec quy hoach lang xom phuc vu phan lii
song Day cho ngi thanh Ha Ngi (1974 - 1975), nhieu xom ven song eua cac lang phai xen
ghep voi cac xom cua nhung lang ke can; song cu dan cac xom, lang tiep nhan da vui ve don
nhan nguoi o xom, lang khae dgn cCing sinh song; ngugc lai, dan cac xom, lang phai di dai
nhanh ehong hoa nhap voi eu dan tiep nhan, dii c6 nhirng khac biet nhat dinh ve van hoa, loi
song. Dac biet, ngay sau hoa binh lap lai, toan bg eu dan cac van chai dual song Day dugc
chuygn lgn bo theo nguyen tac "cu dau dich day". Sau mgt thoi gian rat ngan, toan bg khoi
cu dan nay da hoa nhap vao cugc song cua cac xom lang tren bo, tham chi c6 thon, chang
ban thon Hoa Binh (xa Yen NghTa, nay la phuang Yen NghTa, quan Ha Dong) dugc hinh
thanh trgn eo so bon bg phan dan cu: xom Phugng ciia van chai Bat Lam va eae xom trai cua
cac lang Yen Lg, NghTa Lg, La Tinh, Suot hon 60 nam trdi qua, dan thon song hoa thuan,
dong thuan {Tic lieu dien da ciia tac gid).
Quan he ket nghTa bi dut doan trong khang chien chong Phap, do phai tap trung vao
nhiem vu chign dau; tham chi a mgt vai cap ket nghia, nhu lang Thuy Loi (nay thugc xa
Thuy Lam, huyen Dong Anh) va lang Xuan Lai (nay thugc xa Xuan Thu, huyen Soe San)
cung thugc thanh pho Ha Ngi, ke dich da lgi dung tuc kgt nghia, dimg bgn tg phan dgng lang
Xuan Lai de danh pha co so khang chign lang Thuy Loi (Dang iiy - HDND- UBND xa Thuy
Lam, 2017, tr.l 19). Hoa binh lap lai, nong thon mign Bac don sue vao cong cugc xay dung
chu nghia xa hgi va khang chien chong My, kgt hgp vai viec tha than, mo hgi bi han chi tai
muc toi da, nen tuc kgt nghTa o phan Ion eac lang qug khong dugc duy tri. Mot s6 cap kgt
nghTa dugc phuc hoi sau ngay dat nuoc thong nhdt (thang 4 nam 1975) it lau, nhSt la cac
lang xa o tinh Bac Giang, von la vung tu do trong khang chien chong Phap. Phai tu khi thuc
hien cong cugc Doi moi, tuc ket nghTa mai co dieu kien khoi phuc o nhigu dia phuone
Trong hoat dgng ket nghTa ngay nay, su tuang trg, gmp da dugc tang cuang, do tigm I
kinh te cua cac lang da kha hon rat nhieu so voi truoc day; song khia canh giao Imj ftr

Tgp chiDdn igc hoc sd5 -2019
thd Cling, hdi he va md rdng ra cac sinh boat chinh trj - xa bdi) vin ndi trdi ban, ddng thdi
mdtttongnhihig nguyen tic co ban cua tuc kit nghia lang xa xua kia la cim ky kit hdn giira
ttai gai hai lang da khdng cdn dugc duy tri d nhilu cap kit nghia.
Mgt bieu hien cua quan he ddng thuan giira cac lang xuit hien tit cuoi thap nien 1980
ttd di, khi cac dinh ehiia, din milu dugc tmng m, phuc dung, viec thd cimg dugc duy tri trd
lai. Nhu cau tim bieu lai ljch vi tiiin dupe thd da thdi thiic nhilu thanh vien ed tam huylt
ttong Ban khanh tiet dinh lang vl tan eac lang que "gdc" cua vj thin dl tim them cac ngudn
tai lieu va duge ban khanh tilt lang "gdc" tan tinh giup dd. Tit cdng viec nay ma hinh thanh
mdi quan be giao hao, ban dau chi diin ra giiia ban khanh tilt hai lang, sau md rdng ra cac
doan the, cbi bp; tit do binh thanh quan he giao hao giira hai lang, dii cd khi hai cdng dpng
cu dan dd d each nhau kha xa. Dieu nay khac bin vdi thdi phong kiln, khi cac lang khdng
that sir quan tam "truy tim" tan gdc cac vi than, de binh thimh quan be giao bao vdi cac lang
cd cung vi than dugc tbd^.
2.2. Nhitng quan he khdng ddng thuan
Sau Caeh mang Thang Tam 1945, ben canh sd ddng cac lang cd tuyet dai da sd can bd
va ngudi dan "but" ra khdi nhirng tan du, anh butmg cua tiim ly lang va tu tudng cue bd lang
xa, van cd kha nhieu lang, ngudi dan va ea can bd bi "an ngir" bdi khung chat hep cua liiy
tre, manh rudng, mieng vudn, bi "am anh" bdt nhirng hiem khich "truyen ddi" vdi eac lang
khac, dan den nhirng mau thuan, xung ddt "tai phat" ngay sau khi cude khang chien chdng
Phap kit thuc, budc vao xay dung hda binh. Dang luu y la d nhieu dia phuong, nhirng mau
thuin nay lai bit diu tti dgi ngii can bd. Hien tupng nay the hien rd net d eae xa gdm nhiing
lang khdng tuong ddng vl cac ylu td hch sir, van hda, nhat la ve tin ngudng. Dac biet, mot
sl xa gdm hat - ba lang khac biet, tham chi xung dot ve tiim ly, tinh each va cang gay gat
hon d nhimg xa gdm hai lang vdn thudc cac tdng, huyen khac nhau thdi phong kiln. Nhirng
xung dot giiia cac cgng ddng dan cu thi hien hi nhirng viec "tudng la nhd", nhu "gianh
nhau" ttong dat ten xa, dat dia dilm tru sd xa, din viec Idn la cat eu cac chite danh chii chdt
ttong Dang uy, chinh quyln va dean thi trgng xa; Idn ban nira la tranh chip dit dai khi quy

hoach lai ddng rudng; hoac ddi vl lang - xa cii (vdi cac xdm, cum dan cu le cua mdt lang bj
nhap vao lang- xa khac). Cac tu lieu d huyen Hoai Diic la diin binh cho hien hrgng nay. Nhu
da dan d tten, nlu da so eac nhdm cu dan vui ve chip nhan sir dieu chuyen, xen ghep ttr lang
nay sang lang khac theo quy hoach chung, thi mdt bd phan cu dan da quyet "khdng sdng
chung" vdi dan lang ma hp phai chuyin din. Diin hinh la cac xdm Ddng Pbu, Me Tao va
Thanh Tang cua lang (xa) Duong Lilu dugc cit chuyin vl xa Minh Khai sau cai each mdng
dit, song dan ba xdm klidng chiu. Sau mdt thdi gian ngin, phai chuyin tra hai xdm Ddng Phii,
' Trong Mn khai thk lich thin sjc ma Vien Vi8n Bong Bac cS Phap, thong qua chinh quyen cap xa yeu cau
cac lang Idiai vi viec tho thSn c6 can hoi. "Co nhiing lang nao ciing tho vi than vol lang?" thi loi khai cua cac
vi chuc dich * hiyet dai bp phan cac xa dgu ghi "Chiing toi khong biet" hoac "Khong dugc ro".


12

BuiXudnJ3irih_

Me Tao vl xa Duong Lilu, cdn xdm Thanh Tang "huge phai d lai" xa Minh Khai, nhung suot
mdt thdi gian dai, ngudi dan va ca mdt bg phan can bd ludn mang tu tudng "ly khai" doi tra
ve lang ch", din din nhilu bit cap ttong su on dinh va phat trien cua xa Minh Khai.
Su "khdng bmh lang" trong quan he giira cac lang thi bien rd nhit d cac xa dupe 1 jp
sau cugc cai each mdng dit, gdm cac limg khdng tuong ddng, tham chi xung dot ve cac yeu
td van hda. Nhirng lang be "dan tieu xa mgn" ludn bi ngudi dan va ca can bd lang Idn chen
ep bang du hinh thitc. Trong khi dd, viec xu ly cac su viec xay ra cua chinh quyen cap tren
khdng kien quyit hoac khdng thiu tinh, dat ly, lam cho nhirng mau thuan cang thang vdn cd
giira cac lang gia tang. Dudi day, xin neu hai dien hinh ve viin de nay.
Trucmg hap hai ldng Phuang Vien vd Phuang Bdng: Nhu da ttinh bay d tten, thdi
phong kien, hai lang da xay ra nam lan xung dot. Trgng khang chien chdng Phap, hai lang
nhap vdi mdt sd lang ben canh tbanh xii Phuang Son. Quan dan cac lang doan ket ben nhau
de ciing chien dau giai phdng que huong. Sau kbi hoan thanh cai each mdng dat (giira nam
1956), xa Phuang Son dugc tach lam 3 xa, trcng dd cd xa Lien Phuong (tttc Song Phuang

ngay nay), gdm hai lang Phuong Vien va Phuang Bang. Cac mau thuin vdn cd tir lau giira
hai lang den day lai "hdi sinh" vdi nhieu dang thai. Ngay sau khi xa Lien Phuang dupe thanh
lap, can bd trong Dang iiy, Uy ban banh chinh xa la ngudi cua hai lang da khdng ddng thuan
trong nhieu cdng viec, ttong dd cd viec dat tt^ sd d dia phan lang nao'', din din nhitng hanh
vi cue doan, nhu nhieu ttudng hgp lien quan den quyln lgi cita tap thi va ea nhan tiing lang:
chil tich xa (ngudi lang Phuong Bang) ky, nhung iiy vien thu ky iiy ban hanh chinh xa
(ngudi thdn Phuang Vien) khdng ddng diu; cd tradng hgp van ban giri len huyen nhung
khdng cd dau va duge chua mdt ddng d ben dudi "con diu di ving", budc huyen phai chin
chinh. Trong khang chiln chdng My, mau thuan giira hai lang dugc gat bd. Lien Phucmg trd
thanh dien hinh tien tien cua ciitinhHa Tay vl phat triln san xuit va chi vien tiln hiyln. Tuy
nhien, sau khi thanh lap hgp tac xa tren tgan xa (thang 7 nam 1976), mau thuin cd hiru giira
hai lang "tai phat", do tam ly dd ky cua ca ngudi dan va can bd citng su chi dao thilu sat
thuc ciia cap uy xa. Tit mdt xa kha. Lien Phuong (ddi tbanh Song Phuong) ttd thanh xa ttung
binh, rdi xa yeu kem, tham chi ttd tbanh "dilm ndng" cua huyen Hoai Dire ma dinh dilm la
cude xung dgt tren quy mg toan lang vao thing 9 nam 1986, vdi viec tin cdng, bit giir
ngudi, ddt nha, hiiy hoai tai san cua nhau. Chinh quyln huyen, tbanh pho Ha Ndi va tinh Ha
Tay phai mat rat nhieu thai gian, edng sue, nhan lire dl dn dinh tinh hinh xa Song Phuong
nhung man thuin giua bai lang vin diin ra liic am thim, khi "ra mat" va dinh dilm tilp theo
la sd ddng dan cu khu C (thdn Phuang Vien) chdng ddi chinh quyln, bit gift doan can bd
tinh Ha Tay ve giai quyit vu viec (thang 8 nam 1992), nhilu nam trdi khdng ndp thul va cac
khgan nghia vu, dung "le lilng" dl bit ep ngudi dan phai ddng Ida vdi cac hanh vi chdng ddi
cua hp. Khu C xa Song Phuang trd thimh dilm ndng dupe ca nude bilt din qua cac nh
tien thdng tin dai chiing nhung nam 1997-1998 (Ban Chip hanh Dang bd xa Song Phu'^T^
^ Khi do, cac xa phai dung dinh lang d6 lam tru so uy ban hanh chmh xa.


Tap chi Ddn tgc hgc sd 5 - 2019
2008, tt. 174-194).
Truang hgp hai ldng Bdt Trdng vd Giang Cao: Thdi phong kiln, hai lang cung la hai
xa diing diu hat tdng khac nhau, timg cd nhitng hiem khich, ca ttanh chip, xd xat quyit liet,

quan tten phai vl phan xit - nhu da trinh bay. Den nam 1948, bai lang cimg vdi lang Kim
Lan dugc nhap thanh mdt xa; din nam 1957, lang Kim Lan dugc tach ra thanh xa rieng.
Lang Bat Trang dii ndi tiing vdi nghi gdm va cd be day truyin thing lich sit - van hda, seng
vi cd dan sd it hon nen ludn bi "lep ve", the bien rd nhit d viec bd tri can bd: suit tir nam
1954 den nam 1990, khdng cd can bd nao ngudi lang Bat Trang dupe bin giir chiic vu chu
chit ciia Dang uy va chinh quyln xa; tit nam 1991 din nam 2015, chi cd 2 ngudi dugc biu
lam bi thu dang iiy va 2 ngudi lam chu tich iiy ban nhan diin xa. Man thuin giua dan va mdt
sd can bd tbuipc hai lang gia tang tit nam 1995 ttd di, khi ngudi lang Giang Cao hpc dupe ky
thuat lam gdm ciia lang Bat Trang va dua nghe gem phat dat khdng kem gdm cua lang ma
hp hpc dugc. Vita mudn "ddc chiem" nghe gdm, vira mang tjim ly do ky, khdng mudn lang
Bat Trang phat trien, ngudi lang Giang Cao, ttong dd cd ea mgt sd can bd da cd y "doat"
thuong hieu gdm lang Bat Trang va co hdi thuc hien y dinh niiy da den: vao nam 1997, nhan
Hpi nghj cac nude cd sit dung tieng Phap dien ra tai Ha Ndi, Sd Van hda - Thdng tm Ha Ngi
cho dat mgt tam bien "Lang cd Bat Trimg" (bang chit Viet va chii Phap) de ddn nguyen thu
cac nude ve tham lang nay. Nhirng can bd chit chdt xa Bat Trang khi dd deu la ngudi limg
Giang Cac da "tu vin" cho can bg Sd Van hda - Thdng tin dat tam bien d ngay dau lang
Giang Cao, each tmng tam lang Bat Trang gin 2km. Vi tim biln nay ma sau dd khach khip
nai din lang Giang Cao da hilu nhim thanh lang Bat Trang, vao tham cac di tich thd cung
(dinh, chiia, din miu) ciia lang Giang Cao ma du khach tudng la ctia lang Bat Trang. Khdng
chi vay, khach din mua dd gom sii dlu tap tmng d lang Giang Cao. Birc xuc vi viec nay,
ngudi lang Bat Trang keu ciiu len cac ca quan chuc nang, nhung su viec roi vao im lang mdt
thdi gian dai. Mai din nam 2002, nhd mdt phin tin ttong chuong trinh Thdi su eiia VTVl
Dai Trayin hinh Viet Nam, biln bao tren mdi dugc dd bd, ngudi cac ngi mdi hilu rd dau la
lang Bat Trang. Tuy nhien, khi dd ngudi lang Bat Trang da "linh dii" ban qua.
Su chen ep cua ngudi lang Giang Cao chua dimg lai d dd. Vao nam 2000, cac can bd
ngudi lang Giang Cao dl xuit "phuong an ddi ten cac xdm". Tmdc thdi diem tten, bien ehi
din ten eac xdm gdm sd thii tu xdm gin vdi ten cua ttttig lang (chang ban, xom 1, xdm 2,
xom 3... ldng Giang Cao; sau dd din xdm 1, xdm 2, xdm 3,.. ldng Bdt Trdng); trong khi
"phuong an mdi" dl ra la: cac xdm cita ca hai lang dlu dupe danh sl thii ttr gan vdi ten "Bat
Trang", bit diu hi lang Giang Cao. Nlu phuang an nay dupe thdng qua, mpt lan nita, du

khach khdng thi nhan ra lang Bat Trang gde, vi lang Giang Cao "an ngir" dau xa Bat Trang,
tten doan dudng de sdng Hdng "ddc dao" tii phia ciu Long Bien vl. Thiy rd dugc "su nguy
hai" khi phuang an dat ten cac xdm nay dupe thuc hien, ngudi lang Bat Trang da quyet liet
phan dli, khilu nai len cac cip chinh quyln, nen phuong an tren khdng thanh.


\A

^_^

Bui XudnDinh_
-—-^

Trong khi quan he cang thang giua hai lang tigp dien thi viec xu ly cua chinh quyen
dp huyen nhidu khi lai thi6u tinh ta, cang dSy mau thuan gia tang. Mgt vi du dien hin a
vao dku nam 2019. lang Bat Trang ky mem 60 nam Chii tich H6 Chi Minh vg tham. Maket
cho phong ll ky niem la "Le ky niem 60 nam Bac H6 vg tham lang Bat Trang", song khi dua
lgn huyen duyet thi huyen da thay hjr "lang Bat Trang" bing "xa Bat Trang", Vice nay da bj
nguoi dan lang Bat Trang phan ung gay g4t, vi cho rfing siia phong nhu vay la lam sai y
nghia ljch su bai nam 1959 Chii tich H6 Chi Mmh chi vg tham "lang Bat Trang" ma khong
vg ''xa Bat Trang", va lai khi do xa Bat Trang mang tgn "xa Quang Minh", Rat may, su phan
ung tren da dugc "kigm soat", neu khong rk co thg se din dgn hau qua klion luong voi mgt
su kien chinh tri r^t quan trgng, khong chi ciia lang Bat Trang, ma con ciia ca xa Bat Trang
va huyen Gia Lam, Ngoai ra, con nhigu hien tugng "khong binh thuang" khac trong xu ly
ciia cac can bg co lien quan dan ITnh vue co quan he giua hai lang ma bai viet nay khong c6
dieu kien ngu ra.
Ket luan
Lang Viet a B^c Bg hinh thanh hj rk som, do vay cae ySu t6 van hoa, tam ly, tinh each
gdn chat vai su hinh thanh va phat trien ciia cac cgng dong cu dan. Cac yeu to do mang
nhigu y nghTa tich cue, song cung chiia dung nhieu mat han che, tieu cue.

Dac digm vg dieu kien tiJ nhign (thg dat, thg nuoc) cua cac lang lign ke nhau, c6 chung
nhirng dac diem ve hch su - van hoa cimg vai ngn nong nghiep rugng nuoc la cac ygu to co
ban da hinh thanh cac kigu ket cau "cha" vol dac diem noi bat la lien ket tho cung va ho trg
nhau trong san xuat, doi song, tinh dong thuan, hoa thuan giiia cac lang rat cao. Tuy nhien,
voi nhimg net rieng dugc xae lap tir rat som, vol ea so kinh tg la nen nong nghiep san xuat
nho, chiu tac dgng nang ng eiia digu kien tu nhign va ciia cac chinh sach nha nuoc phong
kign sau nay, lang luon ton tai nhu mgt ca thg co "biet tinh", doi lap vai cac lang khac. Do
vay, man thuan giira cac cgng dong cu dan la digu khong thg tranh khoi, bigu hien o nhirng
sac do khac nhau, tai cac dja phuang khac nhau va a cac thai ky khac nhau.
Nhung chinh sach ciia Nha nuoc, cac phong trao Caeh mang su6t tir thang 8 nam 1945
den ngay nay da timg buoc got bo tam ly lang, tu tuang cue bg dia phuang ciia cac cgng
dong cu dan, dgng vign nguoi dan vao cong cugc xay dung nong thon, Tuy nhien, khi cac
chinh sach, cac phong trao chua lam thay doi tan goe rg loi song lang xa, nep nghT va tSm
nhin ciia nguoi dan (va ca can bg) thi mau thuan giiia cac cgng dong lang khong de gi xoa
bo. Do do, can co su nhan dien dimg vg nguon goc, ban chat ciia nhirng dong thuan va khong
dong thuan dg co giai phap dung trong viee xir ly cae man thuan giua nhirng cgng ddne dan
cu, nhat la tai cac xa gom nhirng lang khong tuang dong ve lich sir - van hoa. Dac biet trone
thoi gian toi, nhigu dia phuang trign khai thuc hien Nghi quygt s6 653/2019/UBTVOH 14
ngay 12 thang 3 nam 2019 ve viec sap xgp cac dem vi hanh ehinh cap huyen, cSp xa tronp
giai doan 2019-2021


Tap chi Ddn tgc hgc sd5 -2019
Tai Ueu tham khiio
1. Ban Chip hanh Dang bd xa Song Phuong - huyen Hoai Diic - thanh phd Ha Ndi
(2008), Lich su cdch mgng ctia Ddng bg vd nhdn ddn xd Song Phuang (1930 - 2008), xuit
ban ndi bd.
2. Cd Loa chinh phdp dien thach bi (bia v l viec tranh chip dit dai giira hai lang Cd
Loa, Due Tu; lap nam Vinh Thjnh thu 13, 1708, dirng tai din Cd Loa), thac ban tai Vien
Nghien cim Han Ndm.

3. Dang uy-HDND-UBND xa Thuy Lam, huyen Ddng Anh, Ha Ndi (2017), Thuy Ldm,
truyen thdng lich sic vdn hda vd cdch mgng, Nxb. Ha Ndi.
4. Bill Xuan Dinh (2000), "Quy md cap xa d Bac Ninh xua va nay, nhirng vin dl dat
ra", Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, sd 3, tr. 63 - 69.
5. Bill Xuan Dinh (Chd bien, 2013a), Hdnh trinh ve ldng Viet cd, Nxb. Van hda Thdng
tin, Ha Ndi, tap 2 (Cac lang que Xir Nam).
6. Bui Xuan Dinh (Chii bien, 2013b), Bdt Trdng, ldng nghe, ldng vdn, Nxb. Ha Ndi.
7. Pierre Gourou (2003), Ngudi nong ddn chau thg Bdc Ky, ban djch, Hiii Khoa hpc
Ijch sit Viet Nam, Vien Vien Ddng Bac cd, Nxb. Tre Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh
8. Huyen iiy- Hdi ddng nhan dan- Uy ban nhan diin huyen Hoai Due (2018), Dia chi
Hoai Dice, Nxb. Chinh trj Qudc gia, tap II.
9. Nguyin Thu Minh (2018), Tuc kit nghia ldng xd a Bdc Giang, ban danh may (tai
lieu giri cho tac gia bai viet nay).
10. Qudc su quan ttilu Nguyen (2003), Dong Khanh dia du chi, Nxb. The gidi,
HaNgi.
11. Le Thi Nham Tuylt (1974), "Kit nghia lang cha trgng sinh hgat va van hda cd
truyen", Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, Sd 4, tr. 46 - 59.
12. Trin Tit (1975), "Gdp phin tim bilu lang Viet cd trayin: Lang xa Huang Son (Ghi
chep Dan tgc hgc)", Tgp chi Nghien ciru lich sir, Sd 165 (thang 11, 12), tt. 34 - 49.
13. Vien Nghien e i u Han Ndm (1981), Tin Idngxd ViitNgm ddu thi ki'XIX, ban djch,
Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hdi. Ha Ndi.
14. Pham Thj Thiiy Vinh (2003), Vdn big thdi Li xir Kinh Bdc vd su phdn dnh sinh
hogt idngxd, Nxb. Van hda Thdng tin, Vien Cao hpe thuc hanh Phap, Vien Nghien cim Han
Ndm, Vien Viln Ddng Bac cd.