Chính sách của nhật bản đối với cộng đồng người ainu một số gợi ý chính sách cho việt nam

CHINH SACH CUA NHAT BAN D O I V d l C Q N G DONG NGlTCH
AINU: M O T S 6 GOl Y CHINH SACH CHO VIET NAM
L u u Thi Thu Thiiy
Tom tat: Nam 1899, chinh quyen Minh Tri da ban hdnh sdc lenh Luat bdo ve nguoi bdn dia
Hokkaido nhdm dong hoa nguai Ainu vai nguai Nhat Bdn. Nhung den thap nien 1970, khi phong
trdo doi quyen binh dang vd bdo ton van hoa Ainu phdt trien, tir day thuc su cd nhieu thay doi trong
each nhin nhan ciia Chinh phu Nhat Bdn ve ngudi Ainu. Vi vay, sac lenh ban hdnh nam 1899 bi huy
bd, thay vdo day bang luat mai sira doi, nhdm chan hung van hoa Ainu. Thdng 6/2008, Nghi quyet
Ainu minzoku o senjumin-zoku to suru koto o motomeru ketsugi cua Chinh phu Nhat Bdn da chinh
thicc cong bo dan toe ''Ainu Id nguai bdn dia vai ngon ngu, ton giao vd van hoa rieng biet", da ma
ra ky nguyen mai cho cong dong nguai A inu Tren ca sa bdi hoc ve chinh sach cua Nhat Bdn da dp
dung vai ngudi Ainu, gai ma cho Viet Nam mot so kinh nghiem trong viec hoach dinh cac doi sach
danh cho cong dong nguai dan tgc thieu so. Bo Id bdi hgc ve qudn ly, tuyen truyen chinh sach cua
Nhd nuac dot vai cong dong dan toe thieu so, ve bdo ton, gin giu nen van hoa dan tgc thieu so, ve
viec khai thdc vd su dung nguon tdi nguyen van hoa da dang ciia cac nhdm tgc ngudi.
Til'khoa: Ngudi Ainu, chinh sach; Nhat Bdn; Viet Nam.
Mffdau
Nguoi Ainu sinh song 6 viing Hokkaido
thugc quan dao Nhat Ban tir khoang 1.200
nam TCN (Boone Collection, 2007), vai mot
nen van hoa dac trung, gop phan lam nen net
doc dao cua van hoa Nhat Ban. Nhimg nghien
ciiu gan day nhat da chiing minh rang, nen van
hoa nay noi len tir nen van hoa Okhotsk va
Satsumon (Takehiro et a l , 2007, tr. 618-627)
va CO nhirng lien he dau tien giira nguoi Nhat
Ban va nguoi Ainu bat dau tir the ky thii VIII
(Weiner, 1997). Ngay tir dau cgng dong nguoi
Ainu la mot xa hgi song theo kieu san bat,
danh ca hoac trong cay va theo truyen thong
vat linh, dan ong de rau, phu nii tu trang diem

bang each hinh xam tren mat truoc khi ket hon
(Crawford, 2000). Nen van hoa nay da t6n tai
d^n tan the ky XIX voi su lien he han ch^
trong giao luu voi cgng dong nguai Nhat.

Trang phuc fruyen thong cua nguoi Ainu la
ao choang Attushi Day la loai y phuc dugc sir
dung hang ngay ciing nhu trong nhirng dip dac
biet, la bieu tugng dien hinh cho van hoa Ainu.
Vai ao lam tir sgi go va co hinh dang giong
kimono ciia Nhat Ban voi hoa van uon lugn
dugc theu tren nhiing duong vien xanh tham.
Ao chii yeu do phu nir lam thii cong tir xe chi,
det, theu. Hien nay, y thiic bao ton van hoa
Ainu ngay cang tang va nguoi phu nir van tiep
tuc lam ao Attushi theo each truyen thong.
Ngon ngii chinh ciia nguoi Ainu la tieng
Ainu va cho toi dlu th^ ky XX, ngon ngu Ainu
vhi con hien dien tai mien Nam dao Sakhalin
va mot s6 noi thugc quan dao Kuril. Nhung
hien nay ngon ngu nay gan nhu da sap bi tuyet
chiing khi nguoi cuoi cimg sir dung no da qua
dai vao nam 1994. Dac biet h-ong cugc dieu tra
nam 2016, Ethnologue liet ke tieng Ainu vac lop
8b, gan tuyet chung (Lewis et al., 2016), khi

PHAT TRltN BtN V O N G VUNG QUY^N 9, S6 1 (3/2019)


LY LUAN - TRAO DQI

ma no da dan sut giam hi truoc thap nien
1960. Hien nay, nguoi Ainu 6 Nhat Ban hau
nhu chi sii dung tieng Nhat nhu la ngon ngir
thuong ngay. Viec tieng Ainu gan nhu bi tuyet
chiing cimg vai chinh sach bao ton van hoa
truyen thong dan toi Chinh phii Nhat Ban hien
tai dang nghien ciiu cac chinh sach nham phuc
hoi lai ngon ngii nay va tao ra cac dia diem nai
CO the to chirc nhimg nghi le tam linh truyen
thong. Tuy nhien, Chinh phii Nhat Ban da gap
khong it kho khan khi thuc thi chinh sach nay.
Khi Nhat Ban buoc vao giai doan Minh Tri
duy tan, ciing voi hang loat cac cong cugc cai
each ve van boa, kinh te, chinh tri vai hy vgng
hien dai hoa dat nuac theo kieu phuong Tay,
Hokkaido - que huong ciia nguoi Ainu ciing bi
thugc dia hoa, tac dong Ion den cgng dong cu
dan sinh song 6 khu vuc. Truoc het, so lugng
Idfn nguoi nhap cu khien dien tich sinh song
cua nguoi Ainu bi thu hep, dan den hang loat
cugc noi day da dien ra. Tuy nhien, ngay nay
cugc song ciia nguoi Ainu da thay doi Ion do
anh huong cua cac chinh sach ma Chinh phu
Nhat Ban ap dung doi voi tgc nguoi thieu so
nay.
L Tinh hinh nghien cihi ve chinh sach
cua Nhat Ban doi vol ngiroi Ainu
Tren the gioi, Nhat Ban la mot trong nhirng
quoc gia tuong doi dong nhat ve van hoa va

sac tgc, voi khoang hon 98% dan so la nguai
Nhat. Ngoai ra, Nhat Ban con co khoang hon
1% cac tgc nguoi khac ciing sinh song tren
quan dao Nhat Ban nhu Yamato, Ryukyu,
Trieu Tien va Ainu. Ainu la tgc nguai thieu so
a Nhat Ban, sinh song chii yeu o khu vuc
Hokkaido hi khoang 1200 nam TCN va hg
chung song hoa thuan ciing voi thien nhien
cho den truoc thoi ky Minh Tri duy tan. Sau
do, voi hang loat chinh sach cua Chinh phii
Nhat Ban nham dong hoa tgc nguai nay, cimg
voi lugng lan nguoi nhap cu nen nguoi Ainu
bi gap nhieu kho khan, bi phan biet doi xti tren

chinh manh dat que huong. Do do, hang loat
cugc noi day da dien ra nhu cugc noi day ciia
Tu truong Shakusain (1669 va 1772) va
MenashiKunashi(1789).
Nghien ciiu ve nguoi Ainu cung nhu chinh
sach cua Chinh phu Nhat Ban doi voi sac dan
nay dugc nhieu tac gia trong va ngoai Nhat
Ban quan tam. Truac het Id nhom cac cong
trinh nghien cuu chung ve lich su - van hoa - dan
toe. Gonai Mitsum va Wakabayashi Masam
(1972), Watanabe Hitoshi (1973) da cung c^p
cho nguoi dgc mot biic tranh toan canh ve
nguoi Ainu tir thai ky truoc Minh Tri duy tan
va nhiing bien chuyen trong doi song cua tgc
nguoi nay. Nhiing nghien ciixi tren da dugc cac
hgc gia sau nay ke thira, bo sung va lam ro hon

ve dai song van hoa kinh te, dac trung van
hoa, su giao thoa van hoa ciia nguoi Ainu vai
cac nen van hoa khac, nliu nghien ciiu thuc dia
cua Lynn (1999) va Yamaura va Ushiro
(1999), Fitzhugh va Debreuil (1999). HSu hk
cac tac gia tren la nhimg nguoi co thoi gian dai
sinh song va lam viec tai Nhat Ban.
Su giao thoa van hoa giiia dan tgc Ainu voi
cac nen van hoa khac cimg da dugc Walker
(2001) bang cac tiep can dgc dao khai quat
hoa, nang len tam cao moi. Day la cong trinh
dong g6p Ion cho viec nghien ciru ve cgng
dong nguoi Ainu, voi viec nguoi viet da hoa
minh vao vao the gioi nguai Ainu, tim hieu
nen kinh te chinh tri, van hoa, moi truong sinh
thai ciia cgng dong nay da bi xam nhap nhu
the nao bdi cac hien tugng van hoa, thuc hanh
va y hgc tir nhimg chinh sach ma Chinh phu
Nhat Ban thi hanh tir thd ki XIX. Nghien cim
nay ciing chi ra rang giao thoa van hoa trong
cgng dong nguai Ainu mang tinh hi dong,
cuong biic va da tac dong lan dSn dai s6ng
kinh te, van hoa, chinh tri ciia nguoi Ainu.
Nhin chung, cac cong trinh tren deu dugc danh
gia la cac tap chuyen luan sau nhat ve Ijch su,
van hoa va dan tgc hgc nguoi Ainu.

P H A T TRIEN B E N VU'NG VUNG Q U Y £ N 9, SO 1 (3/2019)

Chinh sach cua NhSt Ban...

Lini Thj Thu Thuy

Ngoai cac nghien cim cua hgc gia phuong
Tay con c6 mot so cong trinh noi bat ciia hgc
gia Nhat Ban. Tieu bieu nhu nghien ciru cua
tap the tac gia do Trung tam Nghien ciiu dan
tgc Amu - Hokkaido phat hanh nam (2010),
theo do vai voi viec thong qua Tuyen bo ciia
Lien hgp quoc ve quyen ciia nguoi ban dia
nam 2007, tinh hinh xung quanh Amu va
nhung nguoi ban dia khac da thay d6i dang k^.
Tai lieu nay la mot ban ghi chep ve mot hgi
nghi chuyen de cua cac nha nghien ciru Ainu
va nguai Ainu voi cac ben, va no dugc chia
thanh sau linh vuc: lich sii, khao co hgc, nhan
chiing hgc, luat phap va chinh tri, nhan chiing
hgc van hoa va ngon ngii hgc. Mot so cong
trinh co ham lugng gia tri khoa hgc khac c6
the ke den gom Susumu Emori (2007),
Nakagawa Hiroshi (2019) va Kojima Kyoko
va Bao tang dan tgc Ainu (2018).
Nhom nhimg cong trinh de cap true tiep
den chinh sach eua Nhat Bdn dot vai dan toe
Ainu, truoc het la cua Siddle (1995), dua tren
nguon tai lieu thu thap dugc, nghien cim ve
lich sii hinh thanh ciing nhu chinh sach ciia
Chinh phu Nhat Ban doi vai cgng dong sac
dan nay, tren co so do phac thao ra nhiing net

chinh ve hinh anh cua nguoi Ainu trong the ki
XXI. Tac gia Levin (2001) trong nghien ciiu
ciia minh, da phan tich nhirng van de chiing
tgc, nhiing tinh chat phap ly nham bao ve va
chiing minh tinh hgp phap ciia nguoi Ainu
trong viec bao ve chu quyen dat dai truoc khi
bi nha nuoc Nhat Ban dong hoa va quan ly tir
sau thoi ki Minh Tri duy tan. Khac voi Levin,
Stevens (2001) lai di sau vao phan tich moi
quan he nhan quyen ciia nguoi Amu, tinh chat
phap ly tir goc do trong va ngoai nuac, ly giai
nguyen nhan can thiet khi chinh quyen Minh
Tri ban hanh chinh sach dong hoa nguai Ainu;
dong thoi ciing giai thich tai sao Nhat Ban da
phai ban hanh sac lenh mai, buy bo sac lenh
cii, ban hanh chinh sach mai, cong nhan Ainu

la dan tgc ban dia c6 van hoa va ban sac rieng.
Poisson (2002) da k§ thira cac nghien ciiu di
truoc, dua tren viec khao ciiu, phan tich cac du
lieu v6 lich sir, dia ly, thuc tien cugc song van
hoa - xa hgi ciia nguoi Ainu, ly giai nguyen
nhan cugc dau tranh cua nguoi Ainu trong viec
bao ton nen van hoa dan tgc doi voi chinh sach
dong hoa cua Chinh phu. Ngoai ra, tac gia nay
ciing lam ro nguyen nhan tai sao Nhat Ban
khong CO su nhat quan trong chinh sach doi
voi nguoi Ainu ma tuy theo dieu kien thuc te
ma moi mot giai doan lai c6 mot chinh sach
khac nhau. Cong trinh ciia Aoki la nghien cihi

chuyen sau nhat ve chinh sach cua Nhat doi
voi cgng dong nguoi Ainu. Vi vay, quan diem
cua Poisson da dugc cac hgc gia khac nhu Ann
(2016) va Siddle (2002, 2003, 2006) d6ng
thuan.
Trong khi do, hien nay mang de tai nghien
ciiu chuyen sau ve chinh sach cua nha nuoc
doi voi cac nhom dan tgc thieu so o Viet Nam
gan nhu thieu vang. Do do, tac gia ky vgng bai
viet nay co the thong tin toi nguoi dgc buc
tranh ve chinh sach cua Nhat Ban doi voi
nguoi Ainu; dong thofi ggi mo mot so bai hgc
kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam trong viec dua ra
doi sach cho cgng dong nguoi dan tgc thieu so
6 nuoc ta.
2. Chinh sach ciia Nhat Ban doi voi cgng
dong ngu'tri Ainu
Nam 1899, Chinh phu Nhat Ban da thong
qua Luat bdo ve nguai bdn dia Hokkaido
{Hokkaido Former Natives Protection), ggi
nguoi Ainu la tho dan cu, vai y tuong dong
hoa nguoi Ainu voi nguoi Nhat Ban. Dieu nay
lam cho dat dai ciia nguai Amu bi Chinh phii
chiem giir va nam quyen kiem soat (Loos va
Osani, 1993, tr. 74-84). Theo Luat nay, nguai
Ainu khong dugc sir dung ngon ngir Ainu,
phai hgc va sir dung ngon ngii Nhat, sir dung
ten tieng Nhat, song theo phong tuc tap quan
Nhat, va tuan thu theo phap luat ciia Nha nuoc.

PHAT T R | £ N BEN V O N G VUNG Q U Y S N 9, SC 1 (3/2019)

15


LV LUAN - TRAO eOl

ma no da dan sut giam tir truoc thap nien
1960. Hien nay, nguoi Ainu o Nhat Ban hau
nhu chi sii dung tieng Nhat nhu la ngon ngii
thuong ngay. Viec tieng Ainu gan nhu bj tuyet
chiing cimg vai chinh sach bao ton van hoa
truyen thong dan toi Chinh phii Nhat Ban hien
tai dang nghien cuu cac chinh sach nham phuc
hoi lai ngon ngu nay va tao ra cac dia diem noi
CO the to chiic nhii'ng nghi le tam linh truyen
thong. Tuy nhien, Chinh phii Nhat Ban da gap
khong it kho khan khi thuc thi chinh sach nay.
Khi Nhat Ban buoc vao giai doan Minh Tri
duy tan, ciing voi hang loat cac cong cugc cai
each ve van hoa, kinh te, chinh tri vai hy vgng
hien dai hoa dat nuoc theo kieu phuong Tay,
Hokkaido - que huong cua nguoi Ainu ciing bi
thugc dia hoa, tac dong lan den cgng dong cu
dan sinh song 6 khu vuc. Truoc het, so lugng
Ion nguoi nhap cu khien dien tich sinh song
ciia nguoi Ainu bi thu hep, dan den hang loat
cugc noi day da dien ra. Tuy nhien, ngay nay
cugc song ciia nguoi Ainu da thay doi Ion do
anh huong ciia cac chinh sach ma Chinh phii

Nhat Ban ap dung doi voi tgc nguoi thieu so
nay.
1. Tinh hinh nghien ciru ve chinh sach
cua Nhat Ban doi voi ngiroi Ainu
Tren the gioi, Nhat Ban la mot trong nhii-ng
quoc gia tu'ong doi dong nhat ve van hoa va
sac tgc, voi khoang hon 98% dan so la nguai
Nhat. Ngoai ra, Nhat Ban con co khoang hon
1% cac tgc nguai khac ciing sinh song tren
quan dao Nhat Ban nhu Yamato, Ryukyu,
Trieu Tien va Ainu. Ainu la tgc nguoi thieu so
6 Nhat Ban, sinh song chii yeu a khu vuc
Hokkaido tir khoang 1200 nam TCN va hg
chung song hoa thuan ciing voi thien nhien
cho dSn truoc thoi ky Minh Tri duy tan. Sau
do, voi hang loat chinh sach cua Chinh phii
Nhat Ban nhSm dong hoa tgc nguoi nay, ciing
voi lugng Ion nguoi nhap cu nen ngiroi Ainu
bi gap nhieu kho khan, bi phan biet doi xir tren

14

chinh manh dat que huong. Do d6, hang loat
cugc noi day da dien ra nhu cugc noi day cua
Til truong Shakusain (1669 va 1772) va
MenashiKunashi(1789).
Nghien cuu ve nguoi Ainu ciing nhu chinh
sach cua Chinh phii Nhat Ban doi voi sac dan
nay dugc nhieu tac gia trong va ngoai Nhat
Ban quan tam. Truac het Id nhom cac eong

trinh nghien ciru chung ve lich sic - van hoa - dan
toe. Gonai Mitsuru va Wakabayashi Masam
(1972), Watanabe Hitoshi (1973) da cung ckp
cho nguai dgc mot biic tranh toan canh ve
nguoi Ainu tir thoi ky truoc Mmh Tri duy tan
va nhiing bien chuyen trong doi song ciia tgc
nguoi nay. Nhung nghien ciiu tren da dugc cac
hgc gia sau nay ke thira, bo sung va lam ro hon
ve doi song van hoa kinh te, dac trung van
hoa, sir giao thoa van hoa cua nguoi Ainu voi
cac nen van hoa khac, nhu nghien ciiu thuc dia
cua Lyim (1999) va Yamaura va Ushiro
(1999), Fitzhugh va Debreuil (1999). HSu hk
cac tac gia tren la nhiing nguoi c6 thai gian dai
sinh song va lam viec tai Nhat Ban.
Su giao thoa van hoa giira dan tgc Ainu voi
cac nen van boa khac cung da dugc Walker
(2001) bang cac tiep can dgc dao khai quat
hoa, nang len tam cao mai. Day la cong trinh
dong gop Ion cho viec nghien cuu ve cgng
dong nguoi Ainu, voi viec nguoi viet da hoa
minh vao vao the giai nguoi Ainu, tim hieu
nen kinh te chinh tri, van hoa, moi truong sinh
thai ciia cgng dong nay da bi xam nhap nhu
the nao boi cac hien tugng van hoa, thuc hanh
va y hgc tir nhirng chinh sach ma Chinh phii
Nhat Ban thi hanh tir tha ki XIX. Nghien cim
nay cung chi ra rang giao thoa van hoa trong
cgng dong nguai Ainu mang tinh bi dong,
cuong biic va da tac dong Ion dgn dai s6ng

kinh te, van hoa, chinh trj ciia nguoi Ainu.
Nhin chung, cac cong trinh tren dSu dugc danh
gia la cac tap chuyen luan sau nhSt vS lich sir,
van boa va dan tgc hgc nguai Amu.

P H A T TRltN BfN VU'NG VUNG Q U Y E N 9. SO 1 (3/2019)


Chinh sach cua Nhat Ban..,

Liru Thj Thu Thiiy

Ngoai cac nghien ciiu cua hgc gia phuong
Tay con co mot so cong trinh noi bat ciia hgc
gia Nhat Ban. Tieu bieu nhu nghien cixu cua
tap the tac gia do Trung tam Nghien ciiu dan
tgc Ainu - Hokkaido phat hanh nam (2010),
theo do voi voi viec thong qua Tuyen bo cua
Lien hgp quoc ve quyen ciia nguoi ban dia
nam 2007, tinh hinh xung quanh Ainu va
nhung nguai ban dia khac da thay doi dang ke.
Tai lieu nay la mot ban ghi chep ve mot hgi
nghi chuyen de cua cac nha nghien ciiu Ainu
va nguoi Ainu voi cac ben, va no dugc chia
thanh sau linh vuc: Ijch sir, khao co hgc, nhan
chiing hgc, luat phap va chinh tri, nhan chimg
hgc van hoa va ngon ngii hgc. Mot so cong
trinh c6 ham lugng gia tri khoa hgc khac co
the ke den gom
Susumu Emori (2007),

Nakagawa Hiroshi (2019) va Kojima Kyoko
va Bao tang dan tgc Ainu (2018).
Nhom nhiing cong trinh de cap true tiep
den chinh sach cua Nhat Bdn doi vai dan toe
Ainu, truoc het la ciia Siddle (1995), dua tren
nguon tai lieu thu thap dugc, nghien ciiu ve
lich sir hinh thanh ciing nhu chinh sach ciia
Chinh phii Nhat Ban doi voi cgng dong sac
dan nay, tren co so do phac thao ra nhiing net
chinh ve hinh anh ciia nguoi Ainu trong the ki
XXI. Tac gia Levin (2001) trong nghien ciiu
ciia minh, da phan tich nhung van de chiing
tgc, nhimg tinh chat phap ly nham bao ve va
chiing minh tinh hgp phap cua nguoi Ainu
trong viec bao ve chii quyen dat dai truac khi
hi nha nuoc Nhat Ban dong hoa va quan ly tir
sau thai ki Minh Tri duy tan. Khac vai Levin,
Stevens (2001) lai di sau vao phan tich moi
quan he nhan quyen ciia nguoi Ainu, tinh chat
phap ly tir goc do trong va ngoai nuoc, ly giai
nguyen nhan can thiet khi chinh quyen Minh
Tri ban hanh chinh sach dong hoa nguoi Ainu;
dong thoi cung giai thich tai sao Nhat Ban da
phai ban hanh sac lenh mai, huy bo sac lenh
cii, ban hanh chinh sach moi, cong nhan Ainu

la dan tgc ban dia co van hoa va ban sac rieng.
Poisson (2002) da ki thira cac nghien ciiu di
truoc, dua tren viec khao ciiu, phan tich cac dir
lieu ve lich su, dia ly, thuc tien cugc song van

hoa - xa hgi cua nguoi Ainu, ly giai nguyen
nhan cugc dau tranh cua nguoi Ainu trong viec
bao ton nen van hoa dan tgc doi voi chinh sach
dong hoa ciia Chinh phu. Ngoai ra, tac gia nay
ciing lam ro nguyen nhan tai sao Nhat Ban
khong CO sir nhat quan trong chinh sach doi
vai nguoi Ainu ma tuy theo dieu kien thuc te
ma moi mot giai doan lai c6 mot chinh sach
khac nhau. Cong trinh ciia Aoki la nghien ciiu
chuyen sau nhat ve chinh sach cua Nhat doi
voi cgng dong nguoi Ainu. Vi vay, quan diem
ciia Poisson da dugc cac hgc gia khac nhu Ann
(2016) va Siddle (2002, 2003, 2006) dOng
thuan.
Trong khi do, hien nay mang de tai nghien
cim chuyen sau ve chinh sach ciia nha nuoc
doi voi cac nhom dan tgc thieu so o Viet Nam
gan nhu thieu vang. Do do, tac gia ky vgng bai
viet nay co the thong tm tcfi nguoi dgc biic
tranh ve chinh sach ciia Nhat Ban doi vai
nguai Ainu; dong thai ggi ma mot so bai hgc
kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam trong viec dua ra
doi sach cho cgng dong nguoi dan tgc thieu so
a nuoc ta.
2. Chinh sach cua Nhat Ban doi vol cong
dong ngiroi Ainu
Nam 1899, Chinh phii Nhat Ban da thong
qua Luat bdo ve nguai bdn dia Hokkaido
{Hokkaido Former Natives Protection), ggi
nguoi Ainu la tho dan cu, voi y tuong dong

hoa nguai Ainu voi nguoi Nhat Ban. Dieu nay
lam cho dat dai ciia nguoi Ainu bi Chinh phu
chiem giir va nam quyen kiem soat (Loos va
Osani, 1993, tr. 74-84). Theo Luat nay, nguoi
Ainu khong dugc sir dung ngon ngii Ainu,
phai hgc va su dung ngon ngir Nhat, sir dung
ten tieng Nhat, song theo phong tuc tap quan
Nhat, va tuan thu theo phap luat cua Nha nuoc.

PHAT T R I ^ N B^N VCfNG VUNG QUY^N 9, S6 1 (3/2019)

15


LY LUAN - TRAO B6\

Day ciing la giai doan Chmh phii Minh Tri ap
dung cac dao luat tuong tu voi quan dao
Okinawa 6 cue Nam va cac thugc dia khac cua
Nhat Ban.

te (Lewallen, 2016, tr. 24), va tir day thuc su
da CO nhieu thay doi trong each nhin nhan ciia
Chinh phii Nhat Ban ve cgng dong tgc nguoi
thieu so nay.

Tai thoi diem do, nguoi Ainu dugc chinh
quyen Minh Tri cap quyen cong dan Nhat Ban,
bi phii nhan la nguoi ban dia, va Chinh phu
tuyen bo khong c6 mot nhom tgc nguai thieu

s6 nao 6 Nhat (Takehiro et al, 2007, tr. 625).
Mac dii dugc cong nhan la cong dan Nhat Ban,
nhung nguoi Ainu ngay cang gap phai sir phan
biet doi xir ngay tren manh dat cua minh. Theo
Philippa (2008), trong khoang 36 nam, nguoi
Ainu di tir cho la mot nhom nguai song tach
biet, da bi dong hoa ve lanh tho, ngon ngir, ton
giao, phong tuc voi nguoi Nhat Ban, va day co
the coi la viec cuong hon van hoa. Them vao
do, dat dai ciia nguofi Ainu sinh song da dugc
phan bo cho nguoi Wajin (nguai Nhat), nhiing
nguoi di cu quyet dinh tai song lau dai tai
Hokkaido. Hg dugc Chinh phii Nhat Ban thoi
Minh Tri khuyen khich trong viec tan dung su
mau mo, giau co cua nguon tai nguyen thien
nhien tren dao, xay dung trang trai theo khuon
mau nong nghiep - cong nghiep hoa kieu
phuong Tay. Su phat trien do dugc ggi la
Kaitakushi (Hohmann, 2008, tr. 20-24). Di
kem voi lugng Ion nguoi di cu, su phat trien
ciia trang trai theo kieu phuong Tay, hang loat
cac nha may liia mi, nha may bia va khai thac
khoang san, co so ha tang gom duong sa va
duong ray xe liia da dugc xay dung (Sjoberg,
1993, tr. 117).

Luat Bdo ve nguai bdn dia Hokkaido nam
1899 da dugc bai bo vao nam 1997, va Chinh
phii ban hanh luat moi ggi la Luat Chan hung
van hoa Ainu {New Ainu l a w ) vai muc dich

phat trien, bao ton van hoa, truyen thong ciia
nguoi Ainu. Ngoai ra, den thang 6/2008, Nhat
Ban moi chinh thiic cong nhan nguoi Ainu la
mot nhom nguai ban dia, dugc the hien bang
viec Ha nghi vien thong qua Nghi quyet ngay
6/6/2008, chinh thiic cong nhan Ainu la nguoi
ban xir, dong thoi keu ggi cham diit viec phan
biet doi xir vai tgc ngucri Ainu. Nghj quyet nay
la dua tren Tuyen bo quoe te lien quan den
quyen cua cac dan toe thieu so (Declaration
on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples) ma Lien
hiep quoc dua ra vao thang ngay 13/12/2007,
va Nghi quyet Ainu minzoku o senjumin-zoku
to suru koto o motomeru ketsugi ciia Chinh
phii Nhat Ban da cong nhan nguoi Ainu la
"nguoi ban dja voi ngon ngii, ton giao va van
hoa rieng biet (Ito, 2008).

Tir thap nien 1970, phong trao doi binli
dang va quyen bao ton van hoa Ainu bat dau
phat trien va lan rgng tren toan khu vuc. Tieu
bieu nhat la su kien nam 1992, ong Nomura
Giichi dai dien cho nguoi Ainu, co bai phat
bieu ve Ijch sir Ainu va chinh sach dong hoa
dugc ban hanh boi Chinh phii Nhat Ban truoc
Dai hgi dong Lien hiep quoc. Bai phat bieu da
nhan dugc nhieu sy ung hg tir cgng dong quoc

Hien nay, uoc tinh c6 khoang 25.000 nguai
Ainu song tai Hokkaido va vai ngan nguoi

song rai rac o nhirng noi khac ciia Nhat Ban
(Poisson, 2002, tr. 5). Tuy nhien, gin nhu
khong con nguoi Ainu nao su dung tieng Ainu
trong sinh boat hang ngay hay s6ng theo tap
tuc truyen thong nhu cha ong ciia hg. Nguoi
Ainu ciing giong nhu nhieu dan tgc ban xir
khac tren the gioi, phan Ion khong con giii
dugc loi song rieng sau nhieu thap ky chju tac
dong ciia chinh sach dOng hoa dan tgc. Trong
cugc song sinh boat hang ngay, hg gin nhu
chiu anh huong ciia nguoi Nhat, va d6i voi
nghe nghiep, nguoi Ainu c6 mat trong hlu het
cac nganh nghe, nhung tap trung vao nhirng
nhom nhu nong nghiep, lam nghiep, ngu
nghiep, danh bat hai san, dich vu, che tao, kiln

thilt,...

PHAT TRIEN B E N VU'NG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, S6 1 (3/2019)


Liru Thj Thu Thuy

Ve trang phuc, hien nay nguai Ainu sir
dung trang phuc nhu nhiing nguoi dan Nhat
Ban khac, con nhung nguai mac trang phuc
truySn thong hlu hk la nguofi Amu lam viec
cho cac khu Bao tang tai Hokkaido. Trong
nhung nam gan day, Hokkaido xay dung hinh
anh du lich "Hokkaido Cool", nhin manh d6n

su khac biet giiia Hokkaido va ba dao Ion con
lai tai Nhat. Chinh vi the, lugng khach du lich
den tim hieu ve van hoa, ngon ngii Ainu tai
Hokkaido kha cao. Bao tang Shiraoi Ainu hay
con biet den voi ten ggi Porotokotan (ti^ng
Ainu nghia la "ngoi lang Ian n^m ben bo
song"), nam o Noboribetsu la mot trong nhiing
diem tham quan hap dan tai Hokkaido, vi vay,
n6 da dugc cong nhan la di san van boa
UNESCO vao nam 2009.
Tuy nhien, dii tinh trang phan biet doi xir
vai nhom tgc nguai nay da giam dan, nhung
su chenh lech ve thu nhap ciing nhu giao due
giira hg va cac nhom dan tgc khac 6 Nhat Ban
van con ton tai. Ve giao due, nguoi Ainu dugc
huong chinh sach nhu mgi cong dan Nhat Ban
khac, moi cum tir 7-80 hg dugc thanh lap mot
truong tieu hgc bang kinh phi nha nuoc, cac
hg ngheo dugc tra hgc phi va khuyen khich di
hgc. Neu nhu nam 1911 mai co 21 truong tieu
hgc dugc xay dung cho nguai Ainu vai so
lugng tre den truong khong nhieu thi nam
2006 so tre em nguai dan tgc nay toi truong
tang len 96,6% trong khi toan quoc la 98,5%
(Yoshigasu, 2009, tr. 22-47). Hien nay, nguoi
Ainu gan nhu la da hoa nhap vao cugc song
ciia nguoi Nhat, nen hau nhu con rat it truong
tieu hgc chi danh cho con em nguoi Amu.
Ve thu nhap cua nguoi Ainu, nghien ciiu
cua Kure Yoshigasu tai cugc dieu tra ve moi

truong sinh song cua nguoi Ainu tai thanh pho
Hokkaido thang 3/2007 cho thay ty le nguoi
CO thu nhap duoi I trieu yen/1 nam chiem tren
80% va s6 lugng nguoi co thu nhap hi 3-5
trieu yen mot nam chiem con so nho trong khi

Chinh sach cua Nhat Ban...

thu nhap frung binh ciia nguoi Nhat la khoang
4,2 trieu yen mot nam (Yoshigasu, 2009, tr.
29,32).
Nhu vay, dS x6a di ranh gioi nay, nguai
phat ngon ciia Chinh phii Yoshihide Suga nhan
manh, can bao ve danh du va nhan pham ciia
tgc nguoi Ainu va giu gin nhirng gia tri nay
cho the he mai sau ciia hg de tao ra mot xa hgi
day siic song vai su da dang gia tri. Do vay,
Chinh phu da de ra du luat nham thuc hien cac
chinh sach bao ve nhung gia tri can dugc bao
ton'. Trong khi do, dai dien ciia tgc nguai
Ainu, ong Mikiko Maruko cho biet day la bien
phap dau tien cua Chinh phii Nhat Ban mang
lai su cong bang cho dan tgc Ainu theo diing
phap luat^ Vi vay, ngay 15/2/2019 Nhat Ban
da ra phan quyet moi cong nhan Ainu la nguoi
ban xir va ban hanh Luat Ainushinhdan, chinh
thirc dem lai dia vi phap ly mai cho cgng dong
nguai Ainu. Dao luat nay da chinh thirc dugc
thong qua vao ngay 19/4/2019, lan dau tien
cong nhan nguoi Ainu la mot tgc nguoi ban

dia va keu ggi tao ra mot xa hgi noi nguai
Ainu CO the tu hao ve di san ciia hg. Ngoai ra
luat nay ciing bat huge Chinh phii Trung uong,
chinh quyen dia phuong phai co trach nhiem
thi hanh cac giai phap de dat dugc muc tieu
tren, gop phan giiip nguai Ainu c6 the giii
dugc danh du va ton nghiem, cQng nhu truyen

' Maimchi (2018), T-fp^irffi

\%\']L^m]

mW.

* ¥

)i!3^@^lgffi--~- tmy cap ngay 30.3 2019 tai
httpsV/mainichi jp/articles/20181220/ddm/005/010/041000
^ AFP JIJI (2019), Japan to recognize indigenous Ainu people
for firsl time, tren trang The Japanlimes tai dia chi
liltps //www.japantimes.co jp/news/2019/02/15/nationai/jap
an-rccognize-indigenous-ainu-peoplc-firsttinie/# XKhITFUz27Y
^ . Dai truyen hinh NHK (2019), "Quyet dinh cua noi cac vg
iuat nidi cho ngirai Amu" (T-f 5 ? f r & 3 $ " ^ M E ^ S ,
tren dia chi
https //www,nhlc.or.jp/snsenglish/news/n
i 90227 html) truy cap ngay 30/3/2019

P H A T T R | £ N B E N VU'NG VUNG QUYEN 9, SO 1 (3/2019)

LY LUAN - TRAO D C I

lai cho the he sau de tao ra mot xa hgi nang
dong, nai mgi nguoi co the ciing chung song.
3. Mot vai lien he vdi Viet Nam
Nhat Ban la mot trong nhirng nuoc c6 tam
anh huong rat Ion trong nen kinh te the gioi
noi chung va Viet Nam noi rieng. Dat nuoc
dugc menh danh "xii so hoa anh dao" la mot
cuong quoc kinh te da trai qua nhieu nam phat
trien than ky vao truac thap nien 90 ciia the ky
XX, khien cho ca the gioi kham phuc.
Thu nhat, tang truong kinh te va bao ton
thanh cong nen van hoa truyen thong, ciing
nhu each ling xir ciia Chinh phii nuoc nay doi
voi tgc nguoi thieu so da tro thanh mo hinh
nghien ciiu cho nhieu quoc gia dang phat trien,
trong do co nuoc ta. Do do, viec phan tich,
hgc hoi nhiing chinh sach, chien luge ma
Chinh phii Nhat Ban da ap dung voi cgng dong
nguoi Ainu de so sanh voi viec ap dung nhiing
chinh sach cho dong bao dan tgc thieu so 6
nuoc ta la mot viec rat can thiet nham tao da
cho su phat trien ben viing ciia dan tgc. Mot
trong nhiing bai hgc do la viec Nhat Ban tuy
theo timg thoi ky ma co nhirng chinh sach linh
boat, mem deo: dong hoa nguoi ban dia de
phat trien, nhung khi phong trao phan doi len
cao, Nha nuoc da buy luat cii, thay bang luat

moi phu hgp voi dieu kien thuc te, hgp long
dan va dugc nguoi Ainu ung hg. Hien nay,
nhieu chinh sach dugc ban hanh a nuoc ta con
chua theo kip tinh hinh thuc te, nen chang can
CO va hgc tap su nhay ben nhu Nhat Ban trong
van de ling xir voi nguoi Ainu, chac chan
chiing ta se thanh cong ban nua doi voi viec
xay dung mot khoi dai doan ket cac dan tgc.
Thie hai, viec Nhat Ban cong nhan Ainu la
tgc nguoi cimg voi viec phuc hoi nen van hoa
truyen thong cung nhu ngon ngir ciia tgc nguoi
nay se la bai hgc kinh nghiem cho chiing ta
trong viec bao ton va gin giii nen van hoa ciia
cac dan tgc thieu s6 dang chung song hoa binh.

Hien nay 6 Viet Nam nhieu he ngon ngu ciia
mot so nhom tgc dang dan mai mot, do do d^
tranh xay ra nhu tinh trang Nhat Ban khi phuc
hoi ngon ngii Ainu da gap rat nhieu kho khan,
do gan nhu con rat it nguoi Ainu c6 the noi va
viet tieng Ainu, do do chung ta can co ke
hoach, chinh sach phii hgp vdi dieu kien thuc
te. Mot so dan tgc thieu so o nuoc ta hien nay
nhu dong bao 0 Du, Rue, Xinh Mun, Kho Mii,
La Ha,V.V..., nguy co bi mat tieng noi va ngon
ngir dan tgc rat cao, nen viec hgc tap Nhat
Ban, tao ra cac noi co the to chiic nghi le tam
linh truyen thong, mot mat giiip phuc hoi ngon
ngii, mat khac thu hiit khach du lich, phat trien
kinh te la mot trong nhiing giai phap co the ap

dung tai Viet Nam.
Thu- ba, ben canh viec bao ton khoi phuc
nen van hoa truyen thong ciia nguoi Ainu,
Nhat Ban da bien no thanh nguon tai nguyen
du lich, hang nam thu hut hang trieu lugt
khach trong va ngoai nuac den day tham quan,
the nghiem van hoa ban dia, dua du lich tro
thanh mot trong nhiing nganh kinh te miii
nhgn ciia viing. Vi the, doi voi Viet Nam, mot
dat nuoc CO hon 54 dan tgc ciing chung song,
su da dang van hoa se la nguon tai nguyen v6
ciing Ion cho viec khai thac va quang ba du
lich, gop phan xay dung phat trien kinh te dat
nuoc. Viec thanh lap khu du lich hay lang van
hoa Ainu a Hokkaido la mot trong nhung mo
hinh thuc te, huu ich doi voi chiing ta. Vai sir
da dang sac tgc cimg sinh song nhu hien nay,
chiing ta co the lap nen nhieu ttnng tam van
boa theo mo hinh lang van hoa Ainu cua Nhat
Ban, noi do \ara co the gin giii, luu truySn
nhirng net van hoa dac trung ciia timg dan tgc,
vii'a tao them viec lam, tang thu nhap, cai thien
doi song kinh te cho ba con.
Thu tu, can luu y bai hgc ve quan ly nha
nuac doi voi tgc nguoi thieu s6. D§n nay,
chiing ta van chua co mot dao luat rieng \k
cong tac dan tgc, de cu the hoa cac quan di8m

PHAT TRIEN B^N VU'NG VUNG QUYtN 9, Sc5 1 (3/2019)

Chinh sach cua Nhat Ban...

Lini Thj Thu Thuy

Ciia Dang va Nha nuoc, cac dieu luat ghi trong
Hien phap lam can cii phap ly dieu chinh cac
quan he dan tgc, luat boa cac chinh sach dan
tgc, dau tu cho vimg dan tgc va giai quyet cac
van de dan tgc. Mot so dieu luat da ban hanh,
nhung thuc thi 6 vimg dan tgc hieu qua con r4t
thap. Viec Nhat Ban thanh cong trong cac
chinh sach doi voi nguoi dan tgc Ainu cho
thay su thong nhat trong quan ly nha nuoc a
Nhat tir tren xuong duoi, va day se la bai hgc
cho chiing ta trong quan ly nha nuoc doi voi
nhom dan tgc thieu so.
Thu nam, bai hgc ve tuyen truyen giao due
chu truong chinh sach ciia Nha nuoc doi voi
cong tac dan tgc thieu so dat hieu qua chua
cao, boat dong tuyen truyen con ban che, mang
tinh hinh thirc. Nhat Ban da rat thanh cong
trong viec tuyen truyen, quang ba chinh sach
den timg nguoi dan va tren mgi mat tran. Vi
vay qua bai hgc kinh nghiem ciia Nhat Ban:
quang ba van hoa qua du lich, tuyen truyen
long ghep qua su kien va boat dong; chinh
sach di lien voi hanh dong..., chiing ta se cai
thien dugc phan nao trong chien dich tuyen

dTiySn chinh sach ciia Nha nuoc den voi moi
nguai dan bao gom ca dan tgc thieu so.
Ket luan
Co th^ noi, trong hang tram nam qua nguai
Ainu da chiu rat nhieu anh huong do chinh
sach d6ng hoa cua ngucri Nhat Ban tir thoi
Minh Tri. Nguoi Ainu timg buoc mot da hoa
nhap vao voi doi song xa hgi ciia nguoi Nhat
nhung sau tham trong tam hon moi nguai con
dan tgc nay deu khat khao dugc tro ve voi coi
nguon, dugc khang dinh vi the cua dan tgc
trong long xa hgi Nhat Ban. Su ben bi dau
tranh cuoi cung da dugc Chinh phii Nhat Ban
thira nhan va lan dau tien trong lich sir hg da
dugc cong nhan la tgc nguoi ban dia c6 van
hoa va ban sac rieng, de tir day nguoi Ainu
chinh thirc buoc sang mot trang sii moi. Do
do, nhiing bai hgc tir Nhat Ban se la kinh
nghiem thiet thuc, hiiu ich giup chiing ta trong
viec hoach dinh chinh sach doi voi cgng dong
nguoi dan tgc thieu so a nuoc ta von dang con
nhieu van de con ton dgng.

Titi lieu tham khao
AFP Jiji (2019). Japan to recognize indigenous Ainu people for first dine. The Japanlimes. truy cap
/>Boone Collection (2007). Image Gallery: Ainu Artifacts, tmy cap ldm
useum.org/research_collections/anthropology/anthro_sites/boone/ainu/ainu_map/ainu_map6.html
Crawford, G (2000). Island of the Spirits: Origins of the Ainu, tren Nova Online, tmy cap ngay
23.3.2019, tai dia chi https;//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/hokkaido/ainu.html.
Dai tmyen hinh NHK (2019), Quyet dinh cua noi cac ve lugt mai cho ngudi Ainu

(T^^ffife^^K^^:^)
truy
cap
ngay
30.4.2019
tai
dia
chi
trang
web
190227.html
Emori Susumu (2007). Lich su dan toe Ainu. Nxb Thao Phong Duong, Taiwan ( M ^ JM (2007^),
Fogarty, P (2008). Recognition at last for Japan's Ainu, tmy cap ngay 30/3/2109 tren
http7/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7437244.stm

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LV LUAN - TRAO DOI

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Tr 22 - 47.(^iii| ^ -

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LuTi Thj Thu Thuy

Chinh sach cua Nhat Ban...

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Thong tin tac gia:
Lu-u Thi Thu Thuy, Th.S
- Dan vi cong tac: Vien Thong tin Khoa hgc xa hgi,
Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam
- Dia chi email: luuthuthuy76@yahoo com

PHAT TRISN BSN VCfNG VUNG QUYEN 9, SO 1 (3/2019)

Ngay nhan bai: 19/1/2019
Ngay nhan ban sira: 27/1/2019
Ngay duyet dang: 26/2/2019

21