TRIET HOC, SO 11 (318), T H A N G 11 - 2017
CACH MANG THANG MUOI NGA
TINH TAT YEU, Y NGHIA v A B A I HOC LICH SIT
NguySn Dinh Hoa^
' Ti6n sT, Vi#n Triet hpc, Vien Hin lam Khoa hpc xi h6i Vift Nam.
Email:
Nh|n ngay 20 thing 8 nim 2017. Chip nhin ding ngiy 30 thing 9 nim 2017.
Tom tdt: Cach day Vira trdn 100 nam, Cach mjing thang Mudi Nga nam 1917 da d|.t mft d^u mdc
quan ttpng ttong tiln ttinh lich sft phat triin ciia nhdn Ioai, md ra mft thdi dgi mdi - thdi dai qua dp
tft chu nghTa tu ban ISn chu nghta xa hpi tren ph^m vi thi gidi. Trong bai viit nay, tac gid da luan
giai dl khang dinh rdng Cach mang thang Mudi Nga la mft tat yeu, khach quan tft sy van dpng,
phat triin ciia lich sii. Cufc each mang nay chiia dyng nhung y nghTa lich sft to Idn tren mpi
phuang difn, dong thdi dl !ai nhftng bai hpc kinh nghifm vd gia vd cho den nay, van con nguyen
gid trj. Ngay nay, nhan Ioai tien bp da, dang va se tiep tue con dudng md Cach mgng thang Mudi
Nga da vgch ra vd di tien phong.
Tir khoa: Cach mang thang Mudi Nga, y nghla va bdi hpc Hch sft, tinh tat ylu.
Cdeh ddy vira ttdn 100 ndm, ngdy 7 de lai nhftng bdi hge lieh sft vo gid ddi vdi
thdng II ndm I9I7, dudi sy lanh dgo cfta cac qudc gia ddn tgc dd, dang vd se lya
V.I.Lenin vd Dang Bdnsdvich Nga, Cdeh chgn con dudng dua ddt nude qud dd ldn
mgng thang Mudi Nga - euge cdeh mang chft nghTa xd h0i.
vd sdn d4u tidn tten the gidi - dd nd ra vd
Cach mang thdng Mudi Nga ndm 1917
gidnh thdng lgi, thyc sy Idm "rung chuydn da md ra mdt ttang mdi tiong ljch sft phdt
the gidi". Tft dd din nay, Uch sft nhdn logi trien eua nhdn Ioai, ddnh dau mdt xu thi
tiip tue van ddng, phdt trien khdng ngftng phdt tridn tdt ylu, mdt thdi dgi mdi cfta lieh
vdi nhiing thdng trdm, nhiing bude quanh sft nhdn logi - thdi dgi qud do tu ehu nghTa
CO, dich ddc md chung ta dd ehftng kien. tu bdn len chft nghTa xa hgi tren phgm vi the
Mac du vay, Cdeh mgng thang Mudi Nga gidi. Vdi thdng lgi cfta Cdeh mang thang
vdi nhiing gid tri bdt diet cfta nd van tiep Mudi Nga, nhd nude cdng ndng ddu tien do
tue tdc ddng manh me din xu thi phdt trien giai cdp vd sdn Idnh dao dd ra ddi, ddm
cua the gidi vd sy nghifp dli mdi d nude ta. nhdn ttpng ttdeh xda bd ehe dp xd hfi cu vd
Sy thyc do cho thdy, Cdeh mang thdng xdy dung mdt che dg xa hgi mdi do nhdn
Mudi Nga Id mdt t^t ylu lich sft, chfta dung dan lao dOng ldm chft.
f nghia to ldn, cd sftc song trudng tdn ttong
Suit mdt thi ky qua vd ehde ehdn ea din
long nhdn ddn yeu chugng hoa binh, tu do mai sau, Cach mgng thdng Mudi Nga dd,
vd tien bg xa hgi ttdn the gidi; ddng thdi da dang va se tiip tye nhdn dugc nhiing sy
NGUYEN DINH HOA
ngpi ca trdn trgng cua Iodi ngudi tiln bg,
bdi cuge caeh mang dd dS md ra cho nhan
Ioai con dudng gidi phong giai ckp, gidi
phong ddn tge vd gidi phdng con ngudi,
hudng din xdy dyng mgt xd hgi nhdn dao,
edng bdng vd ngdy edng tot dpp hon so vdi
chft nghTa tu bdn.
Trude dnh hucmg to ldn ciia Cach mgng
thdng Mudi Nga va chl dfi xa hfi ehft nghia,
phuang Tdy dd sft dyng mgi thu dogn nhdm
xuyen tac, bdi nhg va Ioai bd nd khdi ddi
sdng hifn thue. Sy ching phd, cdng kich dd
ngay cdng ttd nen quyit lift hon, nhdt Id tft
sau khi chft nghTa xd hfi hifn thyc d Lien Xd
va cdc nude Ddng Au sup dd.
Trong dieu kifn the gidi ed nhiiu biln
ed, ddi thay phftc tap nhu hifn nay, vifc
tiep tue khdng dinh, ludn gidi nhdm ldm
sdng td tinh tdt yeu, y nghia vd bdi hgc lich
sft cfta Cach mang thdng Mudi Nga vdn
dugc ddt ra nhu mpt vdn dl 1^ ludn vd thyc
tien cdp bdeh.
Ly thuyet hinh thdi kinh te - xa hgi efta
C.Mae chi ra rdng, sy phdt ttien khdng
ngimg ciia lyc lugng sdn xuat tdi mdt liic
ndo do se mdu thuan vdi quan he sdn xudt.
Vd, "tft eho la nhiing hinh thfte phdt triin
cfta cdc lye lugng san xudt, nhiing quan he
dy trd thanh nhihig xieng xich cfta cac luc
lugng sdn xuat. Khi do bdt dau thdi dgi m$t
cuge cdeh mgng x3 hgi" [1, tt.l5]. Nhu v^y,
theo C.Mac, sy phat triin ciia lyc lugng sdn
xudt, xet din cftng, ddng vai trd quyet dinh
dli vdi vifc thay ddi phuang thuc sdn xuat,
d ^ din thay ddi toan bg cae quan hf san
xudt xd hOi vd do do, thay dli cd mgt che
d$ xd hgi thdng qua each mang xd h$i. Tuy
nhdn mgnh din vai trd quyit djnh, hang ddu
- xet den ciing - ciia nhdn td kinh te, song
khdng bao gid CMdc vd Ph.Angghen coi
kinh tl la nhdn td quyet dinh duy nhdt trong
Ijeh sft. Ph.Angghen nhdn mgnh rdng, theo
quan dilm duy vat lieh sft, nhdn td quydt
dinh ttong Ijeh sft, xet din cung. Id sy sdn
xuat vd tdi sdn xudt ra ddi song Men thue;
rdng, tinh hlnh kinh t l la co sd, nhung mpi
ylu td khde cua thugng tdng kiln tnie...
ciing diu anh hudng din qua trinh cfta
nhftng eudc ddu tranh Uch sft vd ttong nhieu
tirudng hgp, lgi chiem uu the ttong viec
quyet dinh hinh thftc efta nhung cugc ddu
ttanh do. Nhung mdu thudn khdch quan
ttong phuang thftc sdn xudt ciia xa hdi cd
giai cap doi khdng bieu hifn thanh cude ddu
tranh eua giai cap tien bg, cdeh mgng dgi
difn eho lye lugng sdn xudt dang len ehdng
lai giai cdp phdn dgng. Su phdt trien eua
cude ddu tranh ndy Id co sd cfta edch mang
xa hgi. Song, each mgng chi ed the no ra vd
thdng lgi khi da eo du cdc dieu kifn khdeh
quan va chft quan can thiet. Trong Tuyin
ngdn cua Ddng Cgng sdn, ede nhd sang lap
chft nghia Mdc dd nhdn mgnh rdng, ehl do
tu ban ehft nghia loi thdi nhat dinh sd bi
thay thi bang xa hdi cdng san thong qua
mgt qud trinh cdi biln each mgng.
Bdy muoi ndm sau, ngdy 7 thdng 11 ndm
1917, su bftng nd vd thdng lgi eiia Cdeh
mgng thdng Mudi Nga la sy ehung minh
cua thye tien eho nhftng lugn diem dftng
dan, khoa hgc cua CMdc va Ph.Angghen
v l cdeh mang xa hgi ehft nghla.
Nude Nga - vdo dem trude cua each mang
vd sdn - dftng trude m0t thdi dilm Ijch su:
Chu nghla tu ban thi gidi phat triin din giai
dogn d l qudc chu nghla da khiln cho nhiing
mau thuan ea ban ciia ehd d$ dd ttd ndn gay
gdt, ddng thdi tgo ra tiln de cho sy qud d$
len chu nghia xa hgi. Chu nghta tu ban tid
thanh ngudn goc cfta su can ttd va kim hdm
tiln bO xd h^i. Vdn dl xda bd chl dg do va
xay dyng mgt xd hgi mdi nhan dao, vdn
minh han ttd thanh m^t ddi hdi tdt ylu,
khdch quan cua sy phat triin xS h$i.
CACH MANG THANG MUOI NGA..,
Bdn thdn nude Nga, mac dft mdi ehi d
trinh dp trung binh ciia sy phdt trien tu bdn
chft nghia, song do Id khdu yeu nhdt trong
hf thing dl qude ehft nghTa, Id noi tap trung
cdc mdu thudn xd hpi va dan tde gay gdt, Id
diem hgi ty day dft cdc dilu kifn khach
quan va chft quan cdn thiet chudn bi cho sy
bimg nd mgt euge each mang xd hdi xda bd
chl dp tu ban chft nghia.
Ddng cfta giai cap vd san Nga dudi sy
I3nh dao cua V.I.Lenin da n h ^ thftc sdu sdc
quy luat phdt trien khdng ddng deu efta chft
nghta tu bdn, nhdt Id ttong giai doan de
qude ehft nghTa, sdng sudt nhan ra rdng each
mang vd sdn ididng the nd ra ddng thdi d tdt
ca cdc nude tu ban phat trien, nhung cd thd
no ra vd gianh thang lgi d khdu ylu nhdt
cua hf thdng ehft nghia de quoc; dong thdi,
nam bdt dugc thdi co vd nhanh ehdng tgp
hgp, phdt dpng quang dgi quan ehung cdng
- ndng - binh tiln hanh ididi nghta lat dd
che do ehuyen chl Sa hoang, gianh chinh
quyen ve tay nhdn ddn, kien lap nhd nude
xa hdi chft nghta dau tien tien thi gidi.
Nhu vay, Cach mgng thang Mudi Nga
khdng phai la mpt hifn tugng ngau nhien;
trai lai, nd la ket qud tdt yeu, khach quan tft
sy vgn dgng, phat trien cua lich sft, cu the Id
nude Nga trude edch mgng. Cdeh mgng
thang Mudi Nga vd thanh qua trye tiip ciia
nd - che do xa hdi chft nghia - co ngudn
gde lich sft vd xa hgi. Nd khdng phai Id mgt
"euge ndi day mang tinh ehdt Nga thudn
tuy", hay "bude nhay Iidu Unh vao mpt Itnh
vyc chua ai biet den", ciing khdng phai la
mdt "cugc bgo dgng phan ddn ehii"... nhu
cdc the lye thii dich vd nhftng ke phdn bdi
chu nghta Mdc thudng rdu rao, tuyen truyin
hdng xuydn tgc, lam suy gidm y nghta va
bdi hgc Uch sft ciia Cach mang thdng Mudi
Nga. Trdi lai, no mang tdm vdc vd y nghia
cua mgt cugc each mgng vd sdn "lam rung
20
ehuyin thi gidi" nhu John Reed - mft nhd
bdo My da khdng dinh, thyc hifn bude
ngodt lich sft cua Iodi ngudi — qud do tft chu
nghta tu bdn len chft nghia xa hOi- Vdi
thdng lgi ndy, ldn ddu tidn ttong lich sft, hf
thong tu bdn chft nghta bi dot phd, chgc
thung vd che do xd hdi mdi - xd hdi xd hdi
chft nghta - do nhdn dan ldm ehft dd duge
xdy dyng tten mgt quoc gia rdng nhdt the
gidi, vd sau nay trd thanh mdt hf thdng the
gidi, mdt khuynh hudng phat tridn mdi eiia
the gidi. Ly thuyet hinh thdi kinh te - xd hdi
eua CMde duge the hien sinh ddng tten
thyc tien, chft nghta xd h^i khoa hge tft ly
ludn da ttd thdnh hifn thyc eudc sdng.
Trong hon 7 thap k>' tdn tgi vd phdt triin,
che dg xa hgi chft nghta d Lien bang Xdviet
ttd thdnh tam guong hdp ddn vd cd vu nhieu
ddn tge ddu tranh, lya chgn con dudng phat
trien xd hdi xa hdi chft nghta; ddng thdi id
noi dm dnh ddi vdi giai cdp tu sdn va chii
nghta tu ban thi gidi.
Co the khdng dinh rdng, chftng ta dd bilt
den rdt nhieu cuOc edch mang timg dien ra
trong tien ttinh van ddng cfta lich sft nhan
logi, trong do cd khong it euge each mang
CO dnh hudng rgng ldn tdi su phdt trien xa
hdi. Song, Cdeh mang thdng Mudi Nga Id
mgt trudng hgp hit sftc dae biet, bdi cugc
edch mang nay mang tdm voc thdi dgi vd c6
y nghTa Uch sft todn edu, ddnh ddu mgt xu
hudng vgn dgng, phdt ttiln mdi cua nhan
Ioai - tien len chft nghTa xa hdi tten pham vi
toan the gidi. De cap den tam dnh hudng
sdu sdc, eiing nhu gid tri vach thdi dgi cua
Cdeh mgng thdng Mudi Nga ddi vdi sy phdt
trien cua cdc ddn tgc tten the gidi ttong thi
k;y XX, trong bdi viit cho bdo Pravda (Lidn
Xo) vdi tidu de "Cdeh mang thdng Mudi vT
dgi md ra eon dudng gidi phong cho cdc
ddn tgc" nhdn Kj- nifm ldn thft 50 Cdeh
mang thdng Mudi Nga, Chu tich Hd Chi
NGUYEN DINH HOA
Minh da khdng dinh: "Gidng nhu mat ttdi
ehdi Ipi, Caeh mgng Thang Mudi ehieu
sdng khap ndm chdu, thftc tinh hdng trieu
ngudi bi dp bftc, bdc lot trdn trdi dat. Trong
lich sft Iodi ngudi chua tiing cd cugc edeh
mang ndo ed y nghia to ldn vd sau xa nhu
tiil"[4,tt.300].
Chung ta ed the ehi ra rdt nhieu y n ^ a
cua Cach mang thdng Mudi Nga tft mgi
phuang didn, song tuu trung lgi, the hidn
tap trung tten ede mat sau:
Thu nhdt. Cdeh mang thdng Mudi Nga
da dap tan dch dp buc, bdc lot cua chft
nghTa tu bdn va chl dp phong kiln tdn tgi
Idu ddi d nude Nga Sa hodng, chat dftt mdt
xich ydu nhat ttong he thdng ciia chft nghia
dd qude, danh dau mdt bude ngodt lich sft
vd cftng quan trpng - ldp ndn nhd nude cdng
ndng dau tien ttdn the gidi. Vdi sy ra ddi
eiia nude Nga Xd viit, vd sau ndy Id sy hinh
thdnh, phat tridn efta he thdng ede nude xa
hdi chft nghTa, dftng ddu Id Lien Xd, da lam
cho ehft nghTa tu bdn khdng edn Id mdt he
thdng duy nhdt tien the gidi.
Khdc ve bdn chdt so vdi tat ca cac cugc
each mang xa hgi da tijmg diln ra ttong lich
sft Ioai ngudi ehi dl thay thi mgt phuang
thue hoc lot ndy bang mgt phuang thftc bdc
Idt khdc, Cdeh mgng thdng Mudi Nga thuc
su la mdt euge each mang triet de - thft tieu
mgi hinh thue hoc lot giai cap vd ap bftc
dan tdc, md ra con dudng thdng lgi eho dge
lap dan tdc, ddn chft vd chft nghTa xd hdi
trdn todn thi gidi - eon dudng edch mgng
vd sdn. Thdng lgi efta Cdeh mang thdng
Mudi Nga da ldn ddu tien trong lich sft dua
tdt thdy qudn chftng nhan dan lao dgng Nga
tft dia vi ldm thud, hi bde lot da man bdi
giai cap tu sdn va bgn culdc... ttd thdnh
nhiing ngudi ndm chinh quyen trong tay vd
trye tidp td chiie thyc hidn mdt ke hogch vT
dai, khoa hgc vd thdm d|m chdt nhdn vdn
md trude do ehi la khat vgng, udc nguyfn
chua tiJmg eo ttong lich sft, do Id tiln hdnh
xdy dyng ehe dg xd hdi mdi - xd hdi xd hdi
chft nghTa.
Thu hai, Cdeh mgng thdng Mudi Nga
khdng chi tgo ra sy phdt triin vl ehdt d
Nga, ma cdn md ldi, soi dudng va dan ddt
ede ddn tgc tten the gidi dftng ldn ty gidi
phdng minh. Ddnh gid ve y nghta eua
Cach mgng thang Mudi Nga, Chft tieh Hd
Chi Minh viit: "Cdeh mang thang Mudi
md ra eon dudng gidi phong cho ede dan
tdc vd eho cd Iodi ngudi, md ddu mdt thdi
dai mdi, thdi dai qud do tu ehft nghta tu
ban ldn chu nghta xd hdi tren todn the
gidi"[3,tt.594].
Dudi dnh hudng rgng Idn va sdu sdc cfta
Cdeh mang thdng Mudi Nga, bdt dau tft
nhftng ndm 20 cua the ky XX, phong tido
gidi phdng dan tgc dd dien, ra mgnh me d
nhieu nude tien khdp cac chdu IIK;. Cd thd
noi, Cach mang thang Mudi Nga va sau dd
Id sy ra ddi cfta Lien bang Xdvilt hung
manh dd di tien phong, thyc sy trd thdnh tdm
guong ed vii, dgng vien vd tiep them sftc
manh cho phong trdo cdeh mang thi gidi.
Hgc tdp tdm guong Cach mgng thang Mudi
Nga, nhieu d§n tdc hi dp bftc trdn thd gidi da
vung len ddu ttanh gidnh dgc Igp ddn tgc vd
lya chgn con dudng dua ddt nude qud do len
ehft nghta xa hdi. Chft nghta xd hgi hifn Ihyc
tft nude Nga Xdviet da Ian tda va phat trien
thanh hf thong thd gidi.
Dudi anh hudng efta eudc edch mgng
nay, phong trdo ddu tianh gidl phdng ddn tge
d ede nude phuong Ddng vd phong trdo
cdng nhdn d ede nude phuong Tdy dd ngay
cdng xich lgi gdn nhau vd gan bd mat thilt
vdi nhau trong cugc ddu tranh chdng lgi ke
thft chung Id ehft nghta dd qudc, ldm cho giai
cap thdng tri phdi lui bude va c6 nhiing thay
ddi, dieu chinh nhdt dinh ve ehinh sach.
CACH MANG THANG MUOI NGA...
Tha ba, Cdeh mgng thang Mudi Nga da
soi dudng, ehi Idi eho each mang Vift Nam
di den thdng Igi.
Nhu ehung ta da bilt, ttong sudt thdi gian
thyc dan Phdp xam luge nude ta tft eudi thd
ky XIX din trude ndm 1930, phong ttdo ddu
tranh efta nhdn ddn ta do ede si phu ydu nude
khdi xudng vd lanh dgo nhdm chdng lgi thyc
dan Phdp xam luge va trieu dinh phong kien
tay sai dd diln ra lien tye, khdng ngimg,
nhung eudi ciing deu bi dim ttong bien mau.
Cach mang Viet Nam giai dogn nay d ttong
tinh ttang khftng hoang vl dudng ldi vd giai
edp Idnh dao. Sau bao ndm bdn ba tim dudng
cftu nude, thang 7 -1920, Nguyen Ai Quoc Ho Chi Minh dd dpe dugc "Sa thao lan thft
nhdt nhiing Lu^n cuong ve ede van de dan
tdc vd vdn de thuge dia" cua V.I.Lenin vd
Ngudi dd tim thdy d do eon dudng di cho
cdeh mgng Vift Nam - con dudng each
mgng vd san. Tft do, Ngudi da chuan bj
nhiing dieu kien cdn thiet de tien tdi thanh
lap Dang Cdng san Viet Nam vdo tiiang 2 1930. Vdi dudng ldi edch mgng dftng ddn,
Ddng Cdng san Vift Nam vd Chft tich Hd
Chi Minh dd Idnh dgo cd ddn tgc Viet Nam
dftng ldn gidi phong ddn tdc thodt khdi ^ h
thdng trj cua ehe do phdt xit, thye ddn vd
phong kien, lap nen nhd nude dan chu nhdn
dan dau tien d Ddng Nam A, tiln hdnh thdng
lgi eudc khang chiin ching thue dan Phap
va dd qudc My xam luge, thing nhdt Td
quoc vd dua ed nude vao thdi k^- qud dp len
chu nghta xd hdi.
Cd the ndi, edi nguon nhiing thdng lgi to
ldn, ed y nghta Uch sft ciia edeh mgng Vift
Nam ehinh Id ly lugn cfta chu nghta Mac Lenin vd Cach mgng thdng Mudi Nga. Dli
vdi cdeh mgng Viet Nam, Cdeh mang thdng
Mudi Nga Id "tieng sdm bao hifu miia
xuan", la mat tidi ehdi lgi. Id kim ehi nam
vgch dudng chi ldi. Nhiing thanh tuu to ldn
22
vd cd y nghta eua cdeh mang Viet Nam
trong hon 70 ndm qua, kl tft khi Cdeh mgng
thdng Tdm ndm 1945 thdnh cdng, dgc bift Id
qua hon 30 ndm tiln hdnh ddi mdi, dua ddt
nude phat triin viing ehdc theo djnh hudng
xd hdi ehft nghta la nhiing mmh chftng bang
thyc tien hit sue thuylt phyc va sinh ddng
cho con dudng ma Dang, Chft tich Hd Chi
Minh vd toan the ddn t^c ta dd lya chgn. Dd
ciing Id ca sd de moi ngudi Viet Nam nhdn
thftc sau sdc hon tdm vdc Hch sft, y nghTa vd
gid tri hidn thyc eua Cdeh mang thdng Mudi
Nga ddi vdi the gidi noi chung vd each mgng
Vift Nam noi rieng.
Cdeh mang thang Mudi Nga da edch
ehiing ta vfta ttdn mgt the ky, song nhftng
bdi hoc ljch sa ma nd dl lgi la v6 gid vd van
cdn nguydn gid tij, ciing nhu tinh thdi sy.
Chft tjch Ho Chi Minh dd dftc nit tft cugc
cdeh mang vT dai ndy nhiing bdi hge Uch su
sdu sdc vd dya vao do, Ngudi da dua edch
mgng Viet Nam khdng nhiing vugt qua tinh
ti^g khung hodng ve dudng ldi vd giai cdp
Idnh dgo giai doan ddu thi ky XX, md cdn
di tdi mgi thdng lgi to ldn: Gidnh dOc ldp
ddn tde, bdo ve todn vpn chu quyin vd 15nh
tho, thdng nhdt Td qude vd qua df len chu
nghTa xd hdi. Co thi khdi quat mpt sd bdi
hpe Uch sft ldn sau day:
Mdl Id. nhdt thiet phdi cd sy lanh dao
eua Ddng Cpng san - chinh ddng cua gim
edp cdng nhdn. Bdi hgc bao triim len tdt cd
md Cach mang thdng Mudi Nga dd trdi
nghifm, thdm dinh vd diic kit Id each mang
dien ra vd gidnh thdng lgi ludn gdn liln vdi
vai trd to ehftc vd lanh dgo eua Ddng Cdng
sdn do V.I.Ldnin dftng ddu. Lich sft phat
triin ciia nhdn logi dd biet tdi nhiiu cugc
edch mang ldn, nhu each mang Phdp 1789,
edch mgng M5^ 1783... Song, so vdi ede
cude each mang trude do, Cach mang xd
hfi chft nghTa thdng Mudi Nga la cuge cdeh
NGUYEN DINH HOA
mgng mdi hodn todn vl chdt - lat dd todn bd
xd hgi cu, xdy dyng xa hgi mdi do nhdn dan
ldm chli. Vi tinh chdt ddc biet dd, edeh
mgng xa hgi chft nghTa ddi hdi phdi dugc
dgt dudi sy Idnh dgo eiia mdt ddng each
mgng ehdn chinh cfta giai cdp edng nhdn.
Thdng lgi cfta Cdeh mgng xa hOi chft nghta
thdng Mudi Nga cho thdy vai trd dgc biet
quan ttgng, c6 y nghta quyet dinh cfta Dang
Cfng sdn Nga dudi su Idnh dgo eiia
V.I.Lenm. Va, ldn ddu tien ttong Uch sft, giai
cap cdng nhdn duge ddt vdo vi tri trung tdm
ciia thdi dgi, trd thdnh "hgt nhan" ciia phong
trdo edeh mgng thi gidi, ttd thdnh giai cdp
cdm quydn, Ddng Cgng sdn Nga ttd thdnh
ddng Idnh dao chinh quyen nhd nude.
Nhgn thfte duge yeu cau tat ydu khdch
quan dy, khi ludn gidi ve eon dudng each
mang Vift Nam sS di, trong cuin Dudng
edch menh (1927), Hd Chi Minh dd tftng
khdng dinh: Trude hit phdi cd ddng each
mang, Ddng ed vQtig edeh mang mdi thdnh
edng. Dd Id Ddng Cdng sdn, "Dang cua giai
edp edng nhdn vd nhdn ddn lao dgng..." [2,
tt. 175] ldy ehu nghTa Mdc - Ldnin lam nin
tang tu tudng vd kim ehi nam. Nhihig thdng
lgi to ldn cfta each mang Vift Nam suit gan
90 ndm qua gdn lien vdi Ddng do Chft tich
Hd Chi Minh sang Igp vd ren luyfn, mdt Ian
niia. Id sy kiem dinh ciia thyc tiln vd chdn
ly quan trpng hdng ddu md Cach mang
thdng Mudi Nga dd lai - Cach mgng gidi
phdng ddn tgc mudn thdng lgi phdi do ddng
cua giai cdp edng nhdn lanh dgo. Cd the
ndi, nhdn t l quyit djnh thdng loi efta each
mgng, ctia chii nghta xd hgi vd sy nghifp
ddi mdi dl xdy dyng thdnh cdng chu nghia
xa hpi hifn nay chinh Id vai tid vd ndng lye
Idnh dgo ciia Ddng Cgng sdn.
Hai la, lidn minh cdng ndng vd tri thue ndng cdt eua lye luting cdeh mgng - sy bdo
dam viing ehdc eho thdng lgi cfta cdeh
mang. Trdn co sd Iy ludn duy vgt bien
ehftng vd sy tdng kit, khdi qudt thuc tien
ddu tranh cdeh mang, ehft nghta Mdc Lenin da khdng dinh rdng, each mang Id sy
nghifp efta quan chftng. Cach mgng xd hgi
ehft nghta thang Mudi Nga Id bdng chung
sinh ddng thi hifn sy can thiet phai xdy
dyng khoi lien minh cdng ndng va tang ldp
tri thfte, hinh thdnh ndng cdt cfta luc lugng
edeh mang. Ddc bidt, nhftng phdn tich cfta
V.I.Ldnin ve thai do cfta ede giai edp d
nude Nga trong dem trude edch mgng no ra
da Iam ndi bat nhiing lyc lugng eo bdn ciia
xd hgi trong Cdeh mgng xd hgi ehu nghta
thang Mudi Nga - do Id cong nhdn, ndng
ddn, binh linh yeu nude vd tien bd. Cdeh
mgng xa hdi ehft nghta thdng Mudi Nga dd
ehftng minh vai ttd dan ddt, td chfte, Idnh
dgo cua giai cap cdng nhdn - giai cdp cdeh
mang dai didn cho lyc lugng sdn xuat dang
len vd chinh ddng cdeh mang cua nd trong
tien trinh each mgng. Dudi sy Idnh dgo ciia
V.I.Lenin vd Dang Cgng san Nga, Cdeh
mgng thdng Mudi Nga dd khac phyc dugc
thieu sot efta Cdng xd Pari - eudc cdeh
mgng ma mgt ttong nhiing nguyen nhdn
dan den thdt bai la bdi giai edp cdng nhdn
don ddc, thidu vdng su ke vai sdt canh efta
ndng ddn - lyc lugng ddng ddo nhdt trong
xd hdi. Ddng Cdng sdn Nga vd V.LLenin da
tap hgp khdi qudn chftng ddng ddo vdi ndng
cdt id Iidn minh giiia giai cdp edng nhdn,
ndng ddn vd tang Idp tri thftc, gido due va
giac ngd cho hg, hinh thdnh d hg nidm tin
vdo nhiing gid tri tdt dep, nhiing Igi ieh to
ldn md cdeh mgng se mang lgi. Cach mang
thdng Mudi Nga da ehung mmh didu do vd
nhd vay, hinh thdnh ngi Iuc tgo nen sftc
mgnh vd dich, nhdn td bao ddm thdng lgi
cfta edeh mgng vd sdn.
Ba la, cdn phdi sft dyng bgo lyc each
mgng dl gidnh chinh quyin vd bdo vf ehinh
23
CACH MANG THANG MUOI NGA...
quyin cdeh mang. Cdeh mgng xa hdi chft
nghta thang Mudi Nga da ehi ra mgt bdi
hgc Ijch sft rdng, giai cap tu sdn vdi ban
chdt cfta nd se khdng bao gid tft bd dia vi
thing tii vd do v^y, edeh mang vd san se
khdng thi thdng lgi nlu khdng sft dyng bgo
lye edch mgng. Bgo lice each mgng Id mdt
phgm tru dftng dl chi mdt phuong phdp ddu
tranh gidnh chinh quyin cfta qudn chung
nhdn ddn. Dd la mdt bien phdp edn tiiilt vd
tdt ylu ttong mgi cuge edeh mgng eua qu§n
chftng nhdm lat dd mdt ehe dd chinh tti Idi
thai vd phdn dgng, thilt lap nen mft chl do
chinh tri tien tiln va each mang. C.Mac dd
tftng khdng djnh rdng, bgo lyc Id ba dd cho
mdt ehe do xa hdi mdi dang thai nghen
ttong long xd hdi cu. Trong Nhd nude vd
each mgng, V.I.Lenin eung khang dinh:
"Nhd nude tir sdn hi thay the bdi nhd nude
vd sdn (chuyen chinh vd sdn) khdng the
bdng con dudng "tidu vong" dugc, md ehi
cd the, theo quy ludt chung, bdng mgt euge
cdeh mgng bgo lyc thdi" [5, tt.27]. Sy phdt
triin ciia lich sft xd hdi qua cdc hinh thdi
kinh tl - xa hgi cho thdy, giai cdp thdng tri,
bdc Igt khdng bao gid ty giao chinh quyen
cho lyc lugng cdeh mgng. Bgo lye cdeh
mang la cdng cu md sy van ddng eua xd h$i
dimg dl ty md dudng cho nd. Do v^y, dl
thye hifn sft mfnh Uch sft cua minh, giai
cap edng nhdn tdt ydu phai sft dung bgo luc
each mgng vdi nhieu hinh thue khdc nhau,
tiong do CO hinh thue vu tiang nhdm thft
tidu chd do tu bdn vd thiet ldp ehinh quyin
ciia giai cdp vd sdn vd nhdn ddn lao dgng.
Khdng dinh bgo lyc cdeh mang Id quy
ludt phd bien eiia edch mgng xd hgi, song
cdc nhd sang l|p chu nghta Mdc ~ Lenin
ciing thfta nhdn khd ndng ed thi gidnh chinh
quyen edeh mgng bdng phuong thftc hoa
binh. Theo cdc dng, khd ndng ndy Id vd
cimg quf gid md giai cdp vd san trong cugc
24
dau tranh efta minh edn phdi tgn dyng, bdi
dd Id eon dudng it dau khd vd cd Igi nhdt.
Tuy nhidn, nhu ehft nghta Mdc - Lenin dd
ehi rd, do Id kha ndng rdt it khi xdy ra.
Chft nghta xd hfi hifn thye d Lidn Xd vd
Ddng Au cho dii dd syp dd sau 70 ndm ton
tgi; song do ehi Id thdt bgi tgm thdi, la khftc
quanh ciia Uch sft. Cdeh mang thdng Mudi
Nga vdn vd mai xftng ddng vdi vai tto Id
dau tdu cfta ljch sft. Bdi, nhu C.Mae timg
nhdn mgnh rdng, each mang ed thi bj thdt
bai, nhung khdng bao gid bj tieu diet. Vd,
V.I.Lenin eiing da timg khdng djnh, vdi
Cdeh mang thdng Mudi Nga, dieu quan
trgng Id "bang dd tan, dudng dd md". Con
dudng md Cdeh mgng thang Mudi Nga dd
md ra vdn la mue tieu hudng tdi eua nhidu
qude gia, dan tdc tren the gidi; bdi no phu
hgp vdi quy lugt phat triin cua xa hgi, thye
sy vi con ngudi. Nhiing lyc lugng thft djch
va phdn dfng cd thi lam chdm, nhung tuyft
nhien khdng thi thft tieu dugc bude tidn cua
Uch sft, khdng thd ddo ngugc dugc quy lu^t
khdch quan. Nhdn logi tidn bd sd tiip tue di
tidn If trinh md Cdeh mgng thdng Mudi
Nga dd vach ra vd di tidn phong.
Tdi lifu tham khao
[1]
C.Mic v i Ph. Angghen (1993), Todn Igp. t.l3,
Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c gia. H i N§i.
[2] Ho Chf Minh (1995), Todn tgp, t.6, Nxb Chlnh
trj Quic gia. H i Npi.
[3] Ho Chi Minh (1989), Todn tgp, t.lO, Nxb Sy
th4t,HiNpi.
[4] Hh Chl Minh (1996), Todn tgp, t.l2, Nxb Chfnh
triQu6cgia,HiN0i.
[5] V.I.Lenin (1978), Todn tgp, t.33, Nxb Tiln bf,
Mitxccrva.
[6] Vuong Ki6n Hong (1996), fkiin cua mdt nguai
bdt ddng chinh kiin ddnh gid vi nguyin nhdn
tan rd cua Lien Xo, Tap chf NghiSn ciiu ly
l u ^ , sd 10.