Vai trò của nhà nước và các tổ chức xã hội dân sự trong hệ thống kiểm soát biến đổi xã hội cấp vùng ở cộng hòa liên bang đức, gợi mở cho việt nam

KINH TE - PHAP LUAT CHAU AU

Vvni TRO cun NHR Nirdc vn cnc TO CHUC xn Hdi DRN sir
TftONG Hf THONG KICM SORT BI€'N DOI Xfl HOI CAP VUNG
d CONG HOn UCN BONG DUTC, GOI M d CHO VlfT NHM
D i n h C o n g Tuan*
Tom tit: Trong viic xdy dung md hinh phdt triin bin vimg tren thi gi&i ndi chung,
& Viet Nam ndi riing, mdt trong nhiing nhiem vu quan trgng dgt ra Id cdn phdi nghiin cm
nhirng bien ddi xa hpi tren phgm vi Idn & khdp ddl nu&c, ddc biel & timg viing mien. Vai
phuang chdm "ldy ngodi phuc vu trong", Viet Nam cdn dgc biet di sdu tim hiiu nhiing
kinh nghiem qudc ti nhdm ggi ma hu&ng phdt trien. VI vdy, bdi viit ndy se tap trung lugn
gidi sy kiim sodt nhirng biin ddi xd hpi cdp vitng a Cdng hda Lien bang Due (CHLB Due)
vd vai trd cua td chirc xa hpi ddn sy (TCXHDS) trong he thdng kiem sodt bien ddi xd hpi
cdp viing & CHLB Dire, tir dd se rut ra nhirng kinh nghiem cd tinh ggi m& cho viic nghien
cuu d Viet Nam.
Tur khda: he thdng kiem sodt, biin ddi xa hdi, cdp vung, td chuc xd hpi ddn sy, CHLB
Dire
1. Nhvng khai niem co* ban
1.1 Bien ddixd hpi

hdi nhu sau: "Biin ddi xa hpi Id mpt qud
trinh qua do nhiing khudn mdu cua cdc hdnh
vi, cdc quan he, cdc thiet che xd hpi vd cdc

Cd nhidu dirih nghia vd "bien ddi xa
hpi". Theo quan fiem ciia August, bidn ddi
xa hpi la "chdc chdn se xdy ra, nd theo mpt
con duang phdt triin, nhiing tien bp tdt
nhiin huong lai mpt xa hpi tdt dep han " va
"thong qua biin ddi xd hdi, nhdn logi se
chuyen tir nguyin thuy ddt ndt den con ngu&i

dugc gido due". Hai nha xa hdi hge Viet
Nam Pham Tit Dong va Ld Nggc Himg cOng
da dua ra nhung dinh nghia v l biln ddi xa
• PGS.TS,Vien Nghien cihi Chau Au

hi thdng phdn tdng dtrgc thay ddi qua th&i
gian". Tir dinh nghia dd, hai ong da dua ra
hai loai hinh bidn ddi xa hpi nhu sau: Thu
nhdt la bidn ddi vT md, dien ra trdn mpt pham
vi rdng Idn va trong mdt thdi gian dai; Thu
hai la biln ddi vi md, lien quan den nhiing
biln ddi nhd, dien ra nhanh hon. Dgc tnmg
ciia biln ddi xa hdi bao gdm: (1) Didn ra
trong nhiing mdi tnrdng, khdng gian xa hpi
khac nhau; (2) Cd tdc dp va tinh chit khac
nhau; (3) E)ien ra trdn nhilu phuong didn


33

(Vol ti^ eua nha niiSe....
khac nhau; (4) Vira cd tinh ty giae, vira mang

ddi mdi trucmg ty nhidn, bien ddi vd chinh

tinh phi ke hoaeh, hogc cd the hogc khdng

trj, kinh tl, tu tudng, van hda, cdng nghe va

the luong trudc dugc; (5) Vira mang lai kdt

kl thuat, tdn giao v.v.

qua tdt, nhung cung mang lgi hgu qua xau;
(6) Cd nhiing bidn ddi didn ra trong thdi gian
ngan, nhung eiing cd nhimg bidn ddi xa hgi
didn ra trong thdi gian rit lau dai.

"He thdng kidm soat bien ddi xa hgi cap
vimg d mdt sd nudc chau Au" la he thong
kilm soat nhihig biln ddi xa hpi d cap viing
lanh thd d mdt sd nudc chau Au. Bai vidt nay

Nhu vgy, bien ddi xa hdi la khai niem
"trung tinh" de chi sy thay ddi da dang cua

dua ra trudng hgp CHLB Diic lam ddi chiing
nghidn ciiu.

xa hdi: nhu tir bdn trong va ben ngoai, vi md
va vT md, bd phgn va tdng thl, tich cyc hoac

2. Nhiing npi dung chinh trong he

tieu cue, di len hoac di xudng... Bidn ddi xa

thong kilm scat bien doi xa hpi cap vung

hdi bao gdm cac khia canh: (1) Bidn ddi dan

if CHLB Dire

sd; (2) Biln ddi mdi trudng; (3) Bien ddi vl
chinh tri; (4) Bien ddi ve kinh td; (5) Bidn

CHLB Dire cd didn tich 357.000 km^

ddi vd tu tudng; (6) Bien ddi ve van hda va

vdi dan sd khoang 80,62 trieu ngudi (nam

tdn giao; (7) Bien ddi ve cdng nghd va kT

2013), bao gdm 16 bang, trong dd cd ba

thugt...

thanh phd tham quydn bang la Berlin,

1.2. He thdng kiem sodt biin ddi xd hpi

Humburg va Bremen.
(1) Theo miin dia hinh ty nhien, nudc

"He thdng" la mdt tap hgp cac phin tii
khac nhau, giGa chiing cd mdi lidn he va tac
ddng qua lai theo mdt quy luat nhat dinh tao
thanh mdt chinh thl, ed kha nang thyc hien
dupe nhiing chiie nang cu thd nhat dinh. CJ
day, "phin tii" la nhiing tl bao cd tinh ddc

lap tuong ddi tao ndn he thdng. Mdi phin tii
cd nhiing tinh ehit rigng cua nd.
"He thdng kilm soat biln ddi xa hdi" la
he thdng kilm tra, giam sat nhung khudn

Dire dugc chia thanh ba vimg dia hinh la:
Ddng bang Diic - vimg dat dpc bidn Baltic va
Bic Hai. Day la mdt phan cua ddng bing
chau Au nim giiia bien Bac Hai va bien
Baltic trai rdng vd phia Nam va Ddng Diic.
Ddng bang Bac Dire la vimg thdp, cd nhidu
tai nguyen khoang san, ed nhiing thanh phd
ndi tilng nhu Hanover, Hamburg, Bremer,
thii do Berlin, Dresden.

mlu cua cac hanh vi xa hpi, cac quan he xa

(2) Viing mien niii va cao nguyen phia

hpi, cac thilt chl xa hgi va cac he thdng phan

Nam. Vimg dat nay la sy kit hgp giiia vung

ting xa hdi dugc thay ddi theo thdi gian. Cu

ddi trdn vdi cac thung liing tuoi dep. Vung

thl, he thdng kilm soat biln ddi xa hpi bao

nay bao gdm cac thanh phd nhu Munich,

gdm hd thdng kilm soat biln doi dan sd, bidn

Stuttgart.


34

NGHIEN CCU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°11 (182).2015

(3) Vimg dat sdng Rhine, hanh lang tap

phd cd Binge, Borm - thu dd CHLB Due cii;

nap cua Diic. Noi bit ngudn ciia con sdng

Cologne (thanh pho Idn nhit eiia thung lung

Rhine nim trong sd eac dinh niii phii tuydt

sdng Rhine); cac thanh phd Bochum, Essem,

cao ciia day Alps eiia Thuy ST. Trong khoang

Duisburg d thung liing sdng Ruhr

288 km, sdng Rhine chay qua cac thung IQng

cdng nghidp Idn nhat nude Dire.

viing

nudc Diic vao Ha Lan. Vimg nay cd cac

vi td chirc hdnh chinh, d CHLB Diic,

thanh phd nhu Frankfurt d thung liing sdng

CO cau nha nudc duge chia thanh bdn cip:

Main (thanh phd Idn thii nam nudc Ditc sau

cap lien bang, cap bang, cap vung, cip dia

Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne), thanh

phuong (thanh phd, xa).

Sc do: Ca cau to chirc hanh chinh cua CHLB Due

CONG HOA LIEN BANG DLTC

BANG...

BANG HA SAXONY

1
BANG...

YUNG HANNOVER

XAr ] |

XA

XA...

THANH PHO...

1

XA...

XA...

1 XA,.

Nhu vgy, cap vimg la cip dudi bang,

vimg. Co eau td chitc bd may hanh chinh cua

tren cap xa va thanh phd. CJ cap vimg, ngudi

viing Hannover kha don gian, gdm cd Chu

dan se bau ra co quan dgi dien (gidng nhu

tich Viing va bdn ban phu trach eac mang

hpi ddng nhan dan) nhidm ki 5 nam va chii

khac nhau, vdi khoang 2.000 nhan vidn.

tich vimg (nhidm ki 8 nam). Hpi ddng cd 85

Ngoai 2.000 cdng chirc, vidn chiic true thupc

thanh vien, ehu tjch la thanh vidn ciia hdi

bd may chinh quyen vimg cdn ed khoang

ddng vimg va cd quyln bd philu. Chu tich

14.000 nhan vien lam vide tgi cac td chirc

phu trach toan bg bd may hanh chmh eiia

khac nhu benh vidn, giao thdng, xu ly rac....


(X)al / m eua nha

miSe...

ciing thudc quydn quan ly cua vung. Day la
nhiing cdng ty hoat ddng theo luat cdng.
Nhidm vy ciia chinh quydn vimg dugc
quy dinh trong luat vimg Hannover, trong dd
quan trgng nhat la nhung nhiem vy nlu dl
cap dia phuong thuc hipn se khdng hidu qua

nhu van de vd giao tiidng ndi vung, khuyin
khich phat tridn kinh td, day nghi... D I thyc
hidn nhidm vu ndi trdn, vimg cd ngan sach
khoang gan 1,5 ti EUR moi nam, trong dd
chi Idn nhat la cho an sinh xa hdi, tiep theo la
giao thdng cdng cdng. Ngudn thu ciia ngan
sach vimg bao gdm phan ddng gdp tir cac dia
phuang thudc dia ban va eac khoan hd trg
ngan sach tir Lidn bang va tir EU (cac
ehuong trinh ho trg cd lign quan). Vimg
khdng cd ngudn thu tryc tidp tir thue, vi vgy
vimg cd it kha nang tac ddng vao ngudn thu
eua minh.
Mdi bang (trong 16 bang) ed nhidu
viing, vi dy bang Baden-Wiirttemberg cd bdn
vimg, bang Bayem cd bay viing, bang
Hessen cd ba vimg, bang NordrheinWestfalen cd nam vimg, bang Sachsen cd ba
viing v.v.
Nhung ndi den nudc Diie, ngudi ta
thudng xem xet sy phat trien kinh te, xa hdi
qua hai vimg la phia Ddng va Tay. Sau Thl
chiln thii Hai (1945), nudc Diic bi chia cit
lam hai vimg miln Ddng va Tay. Ddng Dire
phat triln theo dinh hudng chii nghTa xa hpi,
cdn Tay E)u:c phat trien theo eon dudng tu
ban ehu nghia. Biic tudng Berlin, hang rao
ngan each hai niia Ddng - Tay hi sup dd nam
1989, nudc Diic taitiidngnhit theo Lugt Ca

35

ban (Hidn phap) cua CHLB Dire. Ngay
9/11/2014, nudc Diic da ki niem 25 nam
thdng nhat dat nudc. 1/4 the ki da trdi qua,
nhung din nay sy phat triln kinh tl - xa hgi
giua hai vung midn Ddng - Tay vln cdn
khoang each khac biet rit xa. Tay Diic phat
tridn manh me, cdn Ddng EKrc phat tridn
cham chap. Theo Vien Nghidn cihi Kinh te
Halle, khu vyc vtog phia Ddng Dire cd tdc
dp phat triln kinli te cham hon, cac co sd
edng nghidp yeu kem ban so vdi vimg phia
Tay Dire; cac nha dau tu eiong uu tidn khu
vyc
Baden-Wiuttemberg,
NordrheinWestfalen d vimg miln TSy nude Dire thay
vi viing Thiiringen, Sachsen thudc vimg miln
Ddng Dire. Ti Id that nghiep d viing mien
Ddng Diic dang d miic kha cao, 9,7% so vdi
miic trung binh trdn ca nudc Diic la 5,4%.
Nhung tap doan kinh td khdng Id ciia nudc
Due tap trung chu ydu d mien Tay khi mdi
trudng kinh td d day thuan loi hon nhieu so
vdi midn Ddng. Dien hinh la cae tap doan
hang dau eua Dire (do Forbes binh chpn) nhu
Daimler Chrysler, Siemens, Deutsche Bank
deu cd tru sd ehinh tgi Stuttgart, Munich,
Frankfiirt, nhiing thanh pho giau co d midn
Tay nudc Diic. Theo nhung thdng kd mdi
nhat, khoang each vd thu nhgp giiia hai vimg
mien Ddng va Tay nudc Diic dang ngay

cang each xa nhau. Ndu nhu nam 2008, mdi
edng dan Tay Diie ed thu nhgp tnmg binh
19.838 EUR, thi tai vimg Ddng Diic chi la
15.484 EUR. Hamburg la thanh phd phia
Tay cd thu nhap binh quan Idn nhit, edn


36

NGHIEN CljrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°11 (182).2015

Mecklenburg la thanh phd phia Ddng cd thu
nhap thip nhit dit nudc. Nhiing con sd
thdng kd ciia Van phdng Nha nudc Soxon
cho thiy: khoang each vd tiiu nhap trung
binh giira hai vimg midn Ddng - Tay nudc
Due da Idn hon mpi nam. So vdi nam 2008,
miic tang trudng vl thu nhap binh quan dau

ngudi d Tay Dire la 2,9%, cdn d Ddng Diic
ehi la 2,5%. Cd rit nhilu ly do din din sir
chdnh lech tiln luang giita hai vimg mien
nude Diie, trong dd cd thd kd den do gia cac
dich vu d Ddng Diic thap hon so vdi Tay
Diic va ngudn vdn dd vao dau tu tai Ddng
Diic cung thip hon dang ke so vdi Tay Diic.

Bang: Thu nhSp binh qudntai cdc thdnh phd & CHLB Du:c
Thanh pho

Thu nhgp binh
quan dau
nguM (EUR)
Hamburg
23.455
Bremer
21.068
Baden-Wurttemberg
20.748
Beyem
20.339
Nordrhein-Westfalen
19.837
Hessen
19.824
Saarland
19.022
Schleswig-Holstein
18.466

Dya vao nhiing khia cgnh bidn ddi xa
hpi nhu dan sd, mdi trudng ty nhidn, chinh
tri, kinh td, tu tudng, tdn giao, van hda, cong
nghd va kT tiiugt, cd thd nhan thiy nhirng
bien ddi xa hpi theo hai vimg phia Ddng va
Tay nudc Diic trong nhiing nam gin day cd
nhiing thay ddi Idn, theo xu hudng khoang
each chdnh lech ngay cang xa, miie dp ngay
cang sau sac, dac biet trdn ba ITnh vyc chinh:
chinh tri, kmh te, xa hdi. Da sau 25 nam

thdng nhit nudc Diic, nhung van cdn tdn tai
"hire tudng Berlin" giiia hai niia Ddng - Tay
nudc Diic. Mudn san lap khoang each chenh
lech giiia nay, ddi hdi sy cd ging Idn eua

Thanh pho

Thu nhap binh quan
dau ngu-M (EUR)

Rheinland-Pfalz
Neidersachsen
Brandenberg
Beriin
Sachsen
Thuringen
Saehsen-Anhalt
MecklenburgVorpommen

18.509
18.206
15.913
15.736
15.708
15.297
15.192
14.944

chinh phli cac cap va quan chiing nhan dan
Diic, ma vide dau tidn la phai xay dyng dupcl

he thdng kidm soat biln ddi xa hdi trdn ca
hai cip do: mpt la d cip ehinh quyln nha
nudc va dia phuang, hai la tiong eac td chiic
xa hdi dan su.
3. Vai tro cua nha nvo^c va cac to
chu-c xa hoi dan sir (TCXHDS) trong he
thong kiem soat bien doi xa hpi cap vJing
tai CHLB Dire
3.1. Vai tro ciia chinh quyin nhd nu&c
vd dia phucmg trong h$ thdng kiim sodt
biin dot xa hpi cap vung


^€ti trd- eua nhd nxiSe....
Nha nudc Diic da thdng qua cac bd lugt
va dac biet la Hien phap Lidn bang (trong
Dieu 72) lam co sd phap Iy quan trgng nhit
cho vide hmh thanh cac chinh sach phdt triln
vimg va kidm soat nhiing bien ddi xa hdi cap
viing. Nudc Diic trong vai thap ki vira qua da
chap nhan sy tdn tai mdt so trung tam phat
trien nhanh hon, di ddng manh ban. Nhidu vi
dy d vimg Ddng Diic da ehi ro, mac dii Nha
nudc Lien bang da dau tu rat nhidu vao xay
dyng CO sd hg ting kT thuat, song van khdng
thu hiit dugc cac nha diu tu va khdng ngan
dugc lan sdng di dan, dac biet la dpi ngii lao
dpng ti-e, tir ndng thdn ra cac trung tam dd
thi, tir Ddng Dire sang Tay Diic. Thuc tien
dd dat ra mot cau hdi la lieu Nha nudc Lien

bang cd can thidt phai bd ra nhidu tiln ciia dd
phat tridn ca sd ha tang kT thuat d nhOng
vung "bi mit dan" hay khdng? D I tra ldi cau
hdi d6, cac chinh quydn tic trung uong xuong
dia phuong phai xem xet lgi quan didm va
hinh mlu trong qua trinh hoach dinh ehinh
sach phat triln viing; tu do xem xet lai nhung
he luy biln ddi xa hdi cap vimg d Diic lam
ca sd xay dyng he thdng kidm soat bidn ddi
xa hdi cip vimg hgp ly va diing din hon. Dg
lam dugc dilu dd can: Thu nhdt, nha nudc,
ehinh quyln cae cip dia phuang phai dua ra
eac CO sd phap ly rd rang, cae bd luat cu tiid;
Thu hai, cac chinh sach dua ra phai ro rang,
minh bgch, tap trung vao nhiing npi dung
quan trpng nhu quy hoach phat tridn vimg:
chinh sach kinh tl vimg, chinh sach co cau,
quy hoaeh ca sd hg ting gdm giao thdng,
trudng hpc, bdnh vipn, cac ITnh vyc cung ling
dich vu cdng nhu cip thoat nudc, quy hogch

37
canh quan va chinh sach ndng nghiep, cac
chinh sach bao ve tai nguydn, bao gdm ca
nhiing di san van hda, nhung chinh sach xa
hdi gom an sinh xa hgi, vin de gia hda dan
sd, phan ting xa hdi, biln ddng dan sd, bao
vd mdi trudng sinh thai...; Thii: ba, dam bao
sy hgp tac giiia cac chinh quyen dia phuang
ngay cang hidu qua ban, dap ling tdt han

nhiing ddi hdi cua qua trinh phat tridn hidn
nay; Thii tu, xay dyng va dd cao vai trd ciia
he thdng kidm tra, kidm soat, giam sat nhung
bien ddi xa hdi tir Nha nudc Lign bang dgn
cac bang, vimg, dia phuang.
3.2. Vai tro ciia cdc to chuc xd hpi ddn
su (TCXHDS) trong viec kiim sodt biin ddi
xd hpi cap viing
Sau Chilnti-anhthl gidi thii Hai (1945),
cu thd vao nam 1948, khi Ludwig Erhard,
cha de eiia su than ki kinh td Diic, bai bd he
thdng phan phdi theo khau phan phd bidn de
tiln hanh cai each tidn td da dat ca sd cho
mpt trgt ty kinh te mdi: kinh td thi trudng xa
hdi. Tir dd din nay, CHLB Diie dugc thl
gidi bilt ddn nhu mgt mlu hinh phat triln
ciia md hinh kinh td thi trudng xa hdi vdi dgc
digm ndi bat la nha nudc giii vai tid trgng tai
cam cdi giii nhip ciia cupc choi thi trudng
cgnh tranh theo lugt Id nghidm ngat, xa hdi la
san bdng va cau thu la cac tang Idp giai cap,
cac doanh nghidp, cae TCXHDS.
can 70 nam qua, cac giai tang, doanh
nghidp, TCXHDS d Diic da cd vai trd rat Idn
trong vide thiic diy ndn kinh tl thi trudng xa
hpi phat tiiln. Vd mat chinh tri, kinh td, xa
hdi,... cac TCXHDS da day manh kilm tra.


38

NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVKW H°^^\ {1S2).2015

kilm soat, giam sat sy hoat ddng ciia nha
nude trong tiong viec thyc thi ndn kinh tl thi
tnrdng cgnh tranh hidu qua, dam bao quydn
ty do tdi da cho cac doanh nghidp trong kinh
doanh, tren co sd tuan thu nghidm ngat lugt
phap hidn hanh. Cac TCXHDS da tham gia,
thiic day nen kinh tl thi trudng phat tridn,
phat huy ddi mdi, sang kien trong phat minh
khoa hpc, ap dung cac tidn bd khoa hge cdng
nghd trong san xuat, kinh doanh, cai tidn,
nang cao nang simt lao ddng, tgo ra cac xung
lye mgnh me thiic day kinh te phat trien va
nang cao siic cgnh tranh. Trong nen kinh td
thi trudng xa hdi, vd mat xa hdi, eac
TCXHDS da thiic day vide nang cao phiic lgi
xa hdi, phan phdi thu nhap binh dang, dam
bao xay dung mang ludi bao tig xa hdi rpng
khap, tiong dd cac TCXHDS cdn cd vai trd
kiem soat bien ddi xa hpi cap vimg.

va cac td churc dac biet nhu quy, hipp hpi.
TCXHDS d Dire dugc phan chia theo ITnh
vuc thi trudng va nha nirdc, cac to chiic phi
lgi nhuan cd thd phan bidt vdi cac doanh
nghidp (cac td chirc boat ddng vdi muc dich
lgi nhuan). Trong mdt sd trudng hgp, su
phan bidt giira hai logi hinh nay cdn chua

that rd rang. Theo John Hopkins, cac tl
chiic phi lgi nhuan ed nam dac didm chinh
la: nd phai la mdt td chiic, ca nhan, nha
phan phdi phi lgi nhuan, ty quan li va hogt
dpng mang tinh tinh nguyen. Tuy nhidn,
John Hopkins khdng tinh den eac dang
chinh tri va nha thd. Mae dii thanh vien
trong cac td chiic chuydn nghidp thudng
khdng phai la nhung ngudi tinh nguyen,
nhung nhiing td chiic nay ciing dugc gidi
thieu nhu la cac td chiie XHDS khdc^.

Cac TCXHDS d Dire hogt dpng dudi
hinh thiic cac td chiic tu nguyen, phi lgi
nhuan theo cac ITnh vyc khac nhau; cd ddn
34% dan eu Diic (22 tridu ngudi) tham gia
vao cac td chiic, cac hoat ddng tinh nguyen
nhu cac hidp hdi, nha thd, td chiic tir thidn,
phi lgi nhuan, cac phong tiao hd trg, cac cau
lgc bp, eac nha td ban, trong cac phong trao
chinh tri, cdng doan, dich vy tinh nguydn,
eac nhdm tu luc, chudi ddi cdng, hgp tac xa
v.v'.

0 CHLB Dire hidn nay, trong qua trinh
phat tridn vung, kiem soat bidn ddi xa hpi
vimg, vai trd cua cae hdi, hidp hdi vdi su
tham gia cua eac dia phuong trong vung,
trong vide quy hoach viing, lidn kit giiia cac
dia phuong dd thanh lap cac cdng ty phi lgi

nhugn, xay dung cac quy phat triln viing, cdc
quy hd trg dao tgo lao ddng, hd trg phat triln
ndng thdn, quy phat triln eo sd hg ting, xay
dung cae ngan hang dit lieu phuc vu doanh
nghiep, quy hd trg lap nghipp, quy tu vin
doanh nghidp, quy giiip dd nhdm "ben ll xa
hdi" can dugc trg giiip xa hdi, v.v. ngay cang
phat trien rdng rai va manh me. Dgc biet
trong nhiing nam gan day, cac td chiic xa hpi

Cho den nay, d Du^c thuat ngii "td chuc
xa hdi dan sy" it dugc su dung ma thudng
dimg thugt ngii "cac td chirc phi lgi nhuan"
' Winfried Jung (2001), Kinh te thi trudng xa hoi,
NXB Chinh tri Qu6c gia. Ha Noi va Dinh Cong Tuln
(2010), MQt sd vdn di ly lugn vd Ihuc tien vi xa hoi
ddn su a Lien minh Chdu Au, NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi.
Ha Noi.

Dinh Cong Tuin (2010), Mot sd ly ludn vd thifC tiin
ve xa hgi ddn su a Lien minh Chdu Au, NXB Khoa
hoc Xah0i,tr. 83-84.


^ai

ir^ eua nhd tu^Se...,

d E)ure da dat den con sd 280.000 hidp hdi,
thu hiit hon 60% so thanh vidn trong 82,4

trieu ngudi dan Diic tham gia vao hiu hit
nhfing cdng vide cua dat nudc trdn tit ea cac
ITnh vyc kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, xa hgi,
du lich, tdn giao, dan tgc,... Hg tham gia trdn
cae didn dan cdng khai minh bach nhu cae
cau lac bd, cac td chiic, hpi, hiep hpi, bao
vidt, bao hinh, bio ndi va ca nhfing "didn dds\
ao" nhu tren intemet, blog, facebook,...
nhim thiic day xa hdi phat trien theo nguyen
tic: tu do, binh ding, bac ai, ty nguyen nham
hudng tdi xay dyng mdt xa hdi tdt dep^.
Trong cudc khiing hoang di cu nSm
2015 vira qua, nudc Diie da di diu trong
phong trao ciiu trg nhan dao cho ngudi dan
Syria, Iraq,... tir vimg chau Phi - Trung Ddng
nhgp cu vao chau Au. Chinh phii ciia Thu
tudng Merkel da ddng y tidp nhgn 800.000
ngudi ti nan. Cdn ngudi dan Diic, thdng qua
cac td chiic xa hdi thidn nguydn, da tham gia
bilu tinh rim rd khip dat nudc nham img hg
chinh phu trong vide ciiu trg ngudi ti nan vdi
nhung sang kiln giiip dd nhdm ngudi nay
trong hoan canh khd khan khi mdi nhap cu
vao Diic. Nhung TCXHDS nay duge hogt
dpng trdn nin tang ciia nha nudc phap quydn
nghidm minh, vdi sy ty do dan chu Idn va
ttdn ndn tang kmh tl thi trudng xa hdi mgnh
me, da giam sat nhfing boat ddng nhap cu
^ Nguyin sy Phucmg, CHLB Diic, Nhd nu&c, truyen
thong

vd
x3
hgi
ddn
su
ng^y 17/S/2009 v^ Dinh
C6ng Tuin (2010), Mgt so ly ludn vd thuc tien ve xa
hpi ddn su a Lien minh Chdu Au, Nxb Khoa hpc xS
hpi.

39
nhim kidm soat nhirng bidn ddi xa hdi d
nude Diic ndi chung, d cae viing ndi ridng
(gia vai trd tiong vide giiip chinh phu trung
uong va dia phuang phan bd lugng ngudi
nhap cu din cac vimg nham dam bao can
bing, hai hda, 6n dinh va van phat tridn kinh
tl, xa hdi dit nudc). Nhu vgy, vai trd eiia cac
TCXHDS ciia Diic la rit to Idn. Vi du nhu
Hi?p hpi Quy hoach vimg Munchen gdm cac
thanh vien ciia 185 xa, thanh phd, 18 lien xa
va Munchen - thanh phd tiiii phii Bang da
biu ra Chu tich Luan phien giiia thu phu,
lien xa va cac xa (2 nam/ian) vdi trach nhiem
xii ly cac nhidm vy thudc chu dd quy hoach,
phat trien viing vugt qua pham vi mgt xa,
lien xa, vdi eac chit dd chuyen mdn vg khu
dan cu, dudng sa giao thong, kinh doanh,
nang lugng, nghi ngoi thu gian, kiem soat
biln ddi kinh td, xa hdi.

Ngoai Hidp hdi Quy hogch Viing, d Diic
cdn cd eac td chiic khac trong vimg nhu:
Hidp hdi IVT: dam bao nhu cau thu gian eho
ngudi dan, kidm soat sy bien ddi xa hdi; Hpi
MVV: dam bao nhu cau nghi ngoi, nhirng
nhu ciu xa hdi tdi thiiu; Hdi Dachanser: dam
bao canh quan, dam lay, bao vd mdi tnrdng
xanh, sgch, dep; Phdng Thuang mai va Cdng
nghidp: dam bao nhu cau phat tridn ben
vimg, dac bidt gifia phat tridn kinh td va xa
hdi, mdi tnrdng; Hidp hdi Vimg dd thi Chau
Au Munchen: phuc vy edng tac lap quy
hoach d viing phia Nam cua bang Bayem
dam bao sy hai hda gifia phat trien kinh td
vdi xa hpi, mdi trudng, lay tidu chi phuc vu
con ngudi la cao nhat. Tdm lgi, nhiing


40

NGHIEN COU C H A U AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°11 (1821.2015

TCXHDS d CHLB Diie ed vai trd kidm tra,
kidm soat, phan bien xa hdi nham giup chinh
quydn eac cap tiong edng vide kidm soat
nhirng bidn doi xa hgi.
4. Nhiing gpi y cho phat trien ben
vung viing d Viet Nam
Hidn nay, d Viet Nam cd sau viing kinh
td bao gdm midn niii va trung du Bac Bd,

ddng bang Bac Bp, Nam Trung Bd va duyen
hai mien Trung, Tay Nguydn, Ddng Nam
Bd, ddng bang sdng Cuu Long. Tuy vay, cho
dgn nay van chua cd mdt ca quan nao quan
ly va theo doi phat tridn vimg (hien nay chi
cd ba ban chi dao ciia Ban Chap hanh Tnmg
uong Dang la cac ban ehi dao Tay Bic, Tay
Nguyen, Tay Nam Bd). Chinh vi vay, co the
ndi rang chinh sach vimg chua dupe quan
tam diing miie d Viet Nam trong sudt giai
doan qua.
Trong giai dogn tdi, nlu khdng cd
nhiing cai thien kip thdi vd ehinh sach vimg,
sy chenh lech mire dp phat tridn giua cac
vimg tiep tyc gia tang, thi chac chin se xuit
hien khdng it nhirng van dd bien ddi xa hgi
theo hudng xau nhu di dan va he lyy tilp
theo la nhung khd khan trong vide dap ling
hg tang dd thi, van dd d nhiem, tan pha moi
trudng, pha vo van hda truyln thdng, tham
chi cdtiidxuat hien nhiing bit dn ve chinh tri
va xa hdi.
Ndu chinh sach vung d Viet Nam chua
dugc quan tam diing miic, viec thidu lidn kit
phat trien theo chidu ngang giua cac dia
phuong se lam lang phi ngudn nhan lye, triet

tidu chinh sach cua dia phuong vimg vdi dia
phuang lan can. Khdng kilm soat, sy biln
ddi xa hpi gifia cae vimg sd ngay cang Ion

va theo xu hudng xiu han. Ndu khdng xay
dung he thdng kilm soat bidn ddi xa hdi thi
nhirng hau qua trong tuong lai se rat kho
luong. Qua nghien ciiu van dd phat triln
vimg va kidm soat bien ddi xa hdi cap vimg
cua CHLB Dire, ed the nit ra mdt vai ggi md
nhu sau:
4.1. Ve chinh sdch phdt trien vitng
- Mdt trong nhiing muc tieu quan trpng
nhat cua chinh sach vimg la thu hep
khoang each phat trien gifia cac viing (didu
nay da dugc xac dinh tai Hiln phap ciia
CHLB Due).
- Hinh thiic td chiic vimg cd thl tdn tai d
nhirng miic dp phan cap khac nhau, co thl do
la mdt cap chinh quyen cd diy du eac thim
quyln (dugc dan biu, hoge dua vao mdt dao
luat) hoac cd thl do la mdt td chiic dgi dien
cho chinh quyen cap Bang d viing do vdi
quydn han bi ban ehl hon nhilu.
-Nhimg cdng cy ho trg quan ttpng va
thudng xuydn dugc sii dung trong vide thuc
hidn ehinh sach vimg la: ho ttg tai chinh cho
vide xay dyng co sd ha ting, hd trg lap
nghidp tgi cac vimg kem phat triln.
- Da cd sy thay ddi quan didm ve chinh
sach vimg cua Diic theo hudng md rpng
phgm vi cac viing can duge hd trg.
- Chinh sach vimg khdng thl thanh
cdng neu nhu chinh sach viing khdng

phdi hgp, khdng thye hidn "nhuin

ill



41

nhuyen" vao trong eac quy hogch, chinh
sach phat triln nganh.

phue vy cho nhu cau ciia minh va tham gia
ddng gdp cho tai san chung dd (vi du, bdnh
4.2. Ve Hen kit phdt triin giira cdc dia vidn, trudng dgy nghe ehung, cong ty xe
buyt...).
phirang
- Qua trinh phan cap Iuon phai gin vdi
sy phdi hgp, do vgy vide phdi hgp giua cac
dia phuong tiong qua trinh phat ttiln ludn
can thiet d bat cii mpt qude gia nao.
- Nhan td quan trpng nhit tao co sd
cho vide lidn kit la quy hogch khdng gian
viing, phai dam bao nguydn tic quy hoach
sii dyng dit eiing nhu quy hogch xay
dyng dia phuang khdng dugc trai vdi quy
hoach khdng gian eua vimg (tuong ty nhu
vgy vdi quy hoaeh viing vdi quy hogch
bang, Lidn bang).
-Dam bao sy hai hda, cd su thao lugn

trao ddi qua lai gifia cac cap, phai cdng khai,
cd y kidn ciia ngudi dan.
-Do tinh ddc lap cua cac dia phuong d
Diic tuong ddi cao (theo thl chd Lien bang)
va cae dia phuang cimg ed didu kidn dd dam
bao can ddi ngan sach, ndn vide lidn kdt phat
triln gifia cac dia phuong d Dire ludn dugc
hinh thanh trdn eo sd ty nguydn.
-Phgm vi cac hogt dgng lien ket ludn
dupe gidi hgn d nhiing ITnh vyc (hoac van
dl) ma mdi dia phuang khdng thd dam nhgn
rieng le dugc, hoac ndu ty thyc hidn thi sd
khdng hieu qua.
-Co sd duy tri lidn kit gifia cae dia
phuang la phai cd mdt tai san ehung va cae
dia phuang ed quydn khai thac tai san nay de

-Tai san chimg dd cd thd tdn tgi dudi
nhieu hinh thiic phap ly khac nhau dl phii
hgp vdi hoan canh cua cac vimg, trong timg
giai dogn phat triln. Dd cd till la mdt td
chiic, hoac doanh nghiep phi lgi nhi4n, cd
thd la td chiie theo hudng lgi nhuan, eo thl
100% cua nha nude dia phuang, cd thd la
hinh thiic hgp tac cdng tu (PPP).
4.3 Htnh thdnh da dgng cdc hinh thuc
liin ket phdt triin
Hogt ddng lidn ket giiia cac dia phuong
khdng chi dugc thyc hidn thdng qua eac td
chiic nha nudc ma cdn bdi nhidu td chiic phi

chinh phii; Hinh thiic phap ly eac td chuc
cung ling hoat dpng lidn kit cung rit da
dgng, cd the theo lugt edng, cung c6 thd theo
lugt tu dudi dang hiep hdi, cdng ty...; Dii
dudi hinh thiic phap ly nao thi eac td chirc
phi chinh phii ttdn cung ddu boat dpng mpt
each dde lap, khdng cd sy can thipp tryc tilp
ciia chinh quydn; Su tham gia eua cae td
chirc ngoai he thdng chinh quyln tiong vide
lidn kit gifia eac dia phuong khdng chi giam
tai cho bd may chinh quyen, ma cdn lam
tang hidu qua boat dgng cua no.
4.4. H^ thong kiem sodt biin ddi xa hpi
cdp vung
- Phat ttien vimg din ddn nhfing bidn
ddi xa hdi d vimg do theo hai hudng hoge tdt
len hoac xau di. Vi vgy vide xay dyng he


42

NGHIEN CUU CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°11 {162).2015

th6ng kilm soat bien ddi xa hdi cap vimg la

phdt triin cua Tdy Due sau nam 1945, Hpi

rat quan ttpng va cap bach.

thao Khoa hpc Berlin.

-Sy bidn ddi xa hdi theo cac ITnh vuc

3.

Hoang Chi Bao, Biin ddi xd hpi d

nhu; bidn ddi dan sd, bidn ddi mdi trudng,

Viet Nam qua han 20 ndm ddi m&i, Hpi dong

bien ddi chinh tri, kinh td, van hda, tdn giao,

Ly lugn Trung uong, VNH3.TB6.798.

tu tudng, cdng nghe va kT thugt theo hudng
tdt len va xau di, tuy theo sy phat triln vimg

4.

"Biin ddi xa hpi trong mdn xd hpi

hgc",

nhu thd nao. Vi vay, hd thdng kilm soat biln
5. Ngd Van Huan, Biin ddi xa hpi,

ddi xa hgi cap vung cd vai ttd nhu la chin
canh bao sdm cho chinh quyln cac cap ed

bidn phap, giai phap ung phd kip thdi.

6. Dai sii quan Diic tgi Ha Npi, 16

-He thdng kigm soat biln ddi xa hdi cap
viing can tuan thii nghidm ngat theo luat

bang

cita Cpng

hda

Lien

bang

Due,

http ://www.hanoi. dip lo .de

phap da quy dinh (hien phap, luat, thdng tu,

7. Vidn Khoa hpc Td chiie Nha nuoc,

nghi dinh...) thdng qua sy hoat ddng cua cac

Bd Ndi vu, Ty qudn dia phuong vd ca che

chinh quydn cac cap tnmg uong, vung, thanh

kiim sodt cua chinh phd Trung

pho, xa va thdng qua eac hogt ddng kilm tra,

nghiem cua mpt sd nu&c trin thi gidi,

giam sat, phan bidn xa hdi nhim phat huy



tinh dpc lap, lam chii eiia ngudi dan, dd cao
sy minh bach va tinh giai trinh cao.

8.

uangkinh

Vdn tdn lgi "biic tu&ng Berlin"

giira hai mien nu&c Due?, kienthue.net.vn

Nhung phan tich tir tiudng hpp CHLB
Diie ti:dn day se cd y nghTa nhit dinh trong
vide ggi md vd sy phat triln bin virng va xay

9. Due Giang, Khodng cdeh thu nhdp
giira hai mien Ddng - Tdy ngdy cdng lan,

http ://www. duhocduc.de

dung he thdng kiem soat biln ddi xa hpi
10. Cpng

vimg d Viet Nam hien nay.

hda

Lien

bang

Due,


Tai lidu tham khao
11. Bd Ngogi giao Vidt Nam, Tdi lieu
1. Vidn Quan ly Kinh tl Trung uong:

ca bdn vi CHLB Dire vd quan he Viet Nam -

Bdo cdo khdo sdt lien kit giiia cdc dia

Cdng

phuong trong phdt triin viing tgi CHLB Due,

hda

Liin

bang

Dire,

Ha Ndi, 10/2011.
12. Bui Nhat Quang (2006), Chinh
2. Tdn

Thit

Thong

(2015),

Kinh

nghiim hgu chien cho Viet Nam: chinh sdch

sdch phdt triin vung cua Italia, NXB Khoa
hpc Xa hdi. Ha Ngi.