Góp phần tìm hiểu người hoa qua văn bia chữ hán trong hội quán người hoa tại thành phố hồ chí minh

NH A NGHIDN cOVTRi

DANH CHO
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A'

/ COP PHAN TIM HIEU NClTOl HOA QUA YAN BIA CHlf HAN
TRONG HOI OUAN NO/Cll HOA TAI THANH PHO HO CHJ MINH
PH^M NGQC HU'd'NG

Vifn Khoa hpc xa h^i viing Nam Bp

Tom Idt: Ngudi Hoa la mpt bp phan dan tpc khong tach rdi trong dgi gia dinh cac dan tpc Vift
Nam. Hp c6 nhilu ddng gdp trong cdc ITnh vyc chinh trj, kinh tl, vdn hda, xd hOi trong ljch stt nudc
nha. Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi thdng qua hf thing vdn bia chtt Han ttong Hpi qudn ngirdi Hoa tim
hilu ten tuoi, mpt so hdng buon ldn cua ngudi Hoa hoat dpng trong mang ludi kinh tl tai Sdi Gdn thi
kJ XIX, dong thdi tim hieu them ddi sdng, vdn hda xa hpi ciia ngudi Hoa tgi Thdnh phd Hi Chi Minh
ttong ljch stt.
Ttt khda: Ngudi Hoa, van hoa, Hdi qudn, thdnh phd Hd Chf Minh
1.

Dat van de

Ndi vd vdn bia chtt Hdn frong Hpi qudn
ngudi Hoa ( # 1 1 ) , khdng thi khdng ndi tdi
ngudn gdc ra ddi cdc Hpi quan ngudi Hoa tai
Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh. Sdi Gdn Gia Djnh
xua la dat budn ban noi tieng, thuyen xe tdp

nap, hdng hda luu thdng ndn da thu hut
ngudi Hoa ddn sinb sdng, lam dn budn ban.
Ngudi Hoa khi din thdnh pho Hd Chi Minh
chia ldm nhilu nhdm ngdn ngtt khdc nhau va
t l chttc song theo bang, hdi. Hg xay ldn
nhung tru sd lam noi hgi hpp, trao dli thdng
tin, md rdng gido due, chdm sdc anh tdi, bdo
vd, ttg giup lan nhau gitta nhung ngudi ding
huong, noi dd dugc gpi la Hdi quan va "nhd
dd lam noi lien lac tinh lang nghTa xdm, hgp
hanh ban vide budn bdn"*". Hdi qudn cdn cd
mdt chttc nang ntta dd Id lo vifc ma chay,

NGHIEN cflu TRUNG quO'C so 11 (171) - 2015

chdm lo tmdng hpc, nghTa trang, la noi thd
Cling, phue vu tin ngudng cua ngudl dan.
Nhd vay hp ludn gitt dugc bdn sdc ridng cua
minh trong bilt bao cdc dan tdc khdc d Viet
Nam. Ci Thdiih pho Ho Chi Minh cd 11 Hdi
quan cua 6 nhdm ngudi Hoa khac nhau, gom;
Hdi qudn cua ngudi Phuc Kiln (Hdi qudn Ha
Chuang, Hdi quan 6 n Ldng, Hgi quan Tam
Son); HOi qudn cua ngudi Tridu Chdu (Hdi
quan NghTa An); Hgi qudn cua ngudi Qudng
Ddng (Hdi qudn Tuf Thanh, Hpi quan
Qudng Trifu); Hgi quan cua ngudi Hai Nam
(Hdi quan Quynh Phtt); Hdi quan cua ngudi
He (Hdi qudn Quan Tdn); Hdi quan ctta
ngudi Minh Huong (Minh Huong Gla Thanh,

Hdi quan NghTa Nhudn, Hdi qudn Lf Chdu).
Hpi quan xdy dyng sdm nhdt vdo khoang
nam 1760 la Hgi qudn Tud Thanh cua ngudi

67


PHAM NGQC HU'6^NG

Quang Ddng, cdn lai cdc Hdi qudn diu xdy
dyng trong thi ky XIX.
Bia da ra ddi trong qua trinh giao Iuu
budn ban, sinh hoat tin nguong, nhdm ghi
tac lai cdng trgng ciia cac than, vide trung tu,
stta chuB Hdi quan, nhttng sy kidn quan
trpng xdy ra tai Hdi quan hay ten tudi nhthig
ngudi ddng gdp xdy dyng Hdi quan...de luu
truyen mai mai. Qua nhung tu lidu khac ghi
trdn van bia cd the tim hieu them dugc nhidu
ITnh vuc trong boat dfng kinh te, ten tudi va
cac hang budn cua ngudi Hoa tgi Sai Gdn
Ihl ky XIX, cac vdn dd vdn hda, chinh tri, xa
hpi, ca vl vat chdt Ian tinh than cua ngudi
Hoa trong Ijch stt. Trudc nay cung da cd rat
nhieu cdng trinh, bdi vidt ve cdc ITnh vyc cua
ngudi Hoa, nhung ndi nhu tac gia Li Tana
thi: "Cac cdng trinh nay, tuy deu lap di lap
lgi la ngudl Hoa da lam chu nin thuang mgi
Vift Nam, nhung khdng mgt cdng trinh nao
ndu dugc ldn cua mpt hdng budn nao dd cua

ngudi Hoa trong thi ky XIX, dung ndi gi tdi
su hieu bilt vd quyln sd huu cua hp, hay hp
thufc ve nhdm phuong ngtt ndo, boat ddng
trong nganh thuong mgi ndo vd mang ludi
budn ban ciia hg ra sao, trong khi cac nha
nghidn cuu tgi cac nudc Ddng Nam A khdc
ttt nhidu ndm nay da suu tap cac dtt lifu de
nghidn cttu de tai nay"*^'. Trong bdi viet nay,
chung tdl thdng qua tu lifu tren bia dd ddi
chieu vdi cdc tu lieu lidn quan de tien them
mdt budc tim hidu ve tdn tudi, cdc hdng
budn cua ngudl Hoa hoat ddng tai Viet Nam
trong thi k^ XIX.

bidt la tu lifu chtt Hdn frdn bia da ludn Id
nhttng chttng ctt quan trpng dd nghidn cttu,
tim hilu vl ngudl Hoa trdn ddt Vift Nam ndi
chung va Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh ndi rieng.
2. TSn tuli, cac hang budn trong mang
ludi hoat dgng kinh te cua ngirdi Hoa qua
vipc quySn gdp triing tu
Ngay ttt khi mdi tdi Vift Nam hg da cd
sy lidn kdt nhdm, tdc ngudi vdi nhau, hp
sdng thanh tttng khu vyc de dd dang hd tro
va bao vd ldn nhau. Dac biet la gidl thuong
gia vdl nhung hogt ddng budn ban sdi nil.
Trong thdi gian ttt thi ky XVII ddn XIX, hdu
hdt cac trung tam kinh td, do thj, hdi cang
sam udt ciia Vift Nam ddu cd cac quan the
dan cu ngudi Hoa sinh song va budn ban. 0

khu vuc Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, ngudl
Hoa sdng tap trung d khu vyc Chg Ldn.
Nghi nghidp ctta hp chu yeu Id budn ban va
thu cdng nghifp. Cac boat ddng thucmg
nghifp ciia hp da gdp phan tich cyc vao sy
phat triln va hinh thdnh dd thj. Trong ITnh
vyc kinh te thuong mgi, trong ntta dau the ky
'XIX, dudi thdi cai fri ciia cac vua Nguydn,
ngudi Hoa cfing dugc hudng nhidu chinh
sdch uu dai. Nhd Nguyen cho phep ngudi
Thanh cu frii va quan ly theo bang, hpi va
dugc ty do budn ban'''.
Qua nhttng tu lifu ghi chep tren van bia
trong Hdi quan ngudi Hoa tgi Thanh phd Hd
Chi Minh cd thi phdn nao hidu dugc mang
ludi boat dgng kinh doanh budn ban va vide
quydn gdp tidn de xay dyng, trCing tu Hdi
qudn Clia hp. Cd nhttng Hdi quan trong mfl
dgt triing tu cd tdl hon 3000 ngudl dung ra
quyen gdp tien. Nhu van bia Bdi khdi ve viic
quyin tien xdy lgi mieu thien hgu bang
Qudng Trieu a Sdi
Gdn/mi^mMi^iU^M

Theo thdng ke, cd tdng cpng 53 vdn bia
trong 11 Hdi qudn. Cac bia da chu ydu cd
nien dai trong thi ky XIX va XX. Nhttng tai
lieu, hidn vdt, kidn triic trong Hdi quan, ddc

68

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NGHI£N cflu TRUNG quOC so 11 (171) - 2015


«

I

. ^han tim hiiu ngu&i Hoa qua van bia ebu-Hdn...

I

quydn gdp nay so vdi glai doan dd cd gid frj
rdt Idn. Theo quy dinh ve che dp luong bdng
fridu Nguydn ndm 1834, do tii tdi di cdc tinh
lam vide luong mdi thang 3 quan tidn va 3
phuang ggo, ddn nam ddu Tu Dttc 1848 dd
ctt nhdn vd phdi di hdu bd cdc tinh, moi vien
mdi thang dugc cdp cho 2 quan tiln vd gao 2
phuong'^'.Tinh ra, sd tidn quydn gdp nay cua
hp bdng mdy chuc ndm tiln luong ciia mdt
ctt nhan dl lam vifc dudi tinh. Theo ghi chep

|,

NGHIEN cflu TRUNG qufiiC so 11 (171) - 2015

E

i
II
li
(

trong Bi ky vi nhd cira ddt dai sdn nghiip
cua Hgi gudn Tu?
ThdnhM^'t^'^M.±
/ i # l l f i ^ l B : Mgt khodnh ddt ddi ttt Ddng
sang Tdy 51 thudc, be ngang ttt Nam tdi Bac
ddi 15 thudc thi cung chi cd gid Id 700
quan'^'. Nhilu ca nhdn vd cac don vj td chttc
khdc cung quyen gdp sd tien khdng nhd cho
vifc triing tu. Trong giai doan ntta dau the ky
XIX cd nhieu ngudi Hoa lam dn budn ban
ldn va cd cugc song giau sang. That dang
tide Id chiing ta khdng tim thdy nhllu ghi
chep ve nhtmg ngudi Hoa giau cd nay trong
nhttng tdl Hpu tiing Han hoac tidng Vift
khac dl cd thi hieu rd ban vd cdng vide kinh
doanh cfing nhu ddi sdng cua hp trong gial
dogn nay. Trudng hgp ddc bidt thi cd mdt sd
tai lifu ghi chep vl hp, nhung cung chi gidi
ban trong cac tai lieu tidng Phap, do ngudi
Phap ghi Iai trong ntta sau thd ky XIX khi hg
den sdng d Viet Nam, hodc nhung tdl lieu
nghien cttu tieng Anh viet vl hp do ngudi
nudc ngoai thyc hifn. Nhu trudng hgp dng
Nhan Vgn Hgp ^M'ra', cd ctta hifu ten Van
Hgp (ten chtt Latinh Id Ban Hap) ma Triing

tu Hd Chuang Hgi gudn bi vdn/M.^^MM-'^
$BB^S:*'*"dd thang 10 ndm Tan Miii Ddng
Trj thu 10 (1871) da khdc ghi, so tiln dng
ddng gdp triing tu cho Hgi quan nay len tdi
4086 quan tien. Theo tdi lifu ghi chep ciia
mdt ngudi Phdp sdng tgi Viet Nam giai doan
dd thi dng Vgn Hgp la mdt ngudi Hoa gidu
cd vao bgc nhat Sal Gdn liic bay gid. Ong la
ngudl Singapore goc Hoa ddn Sai Gdn va
luc tinh Nam Ky ttt thap nidn 1830 lam dn
budn ban gao vd trong thudc phifn de xuat
khdu den Singapore, Penang va Melaka. Vdo
thdp nidn 1850, dng lam an phat dat va md
rdng sang Cam Bdt trdng, budn ban thudc
phifn va liia gao. Sau khi ngudi Phap chilm

^ ^ ^ itl ^ ^ *^' trong Hpi qudn Quang
Trifu, trong hon 3000 ngudi quyen gdp tien
cd tdi hon 40 Id cac ngdn hang, cdng ty, ctta
hidu. Ngoai ra, cdc hd kinh doanh nhd le, cac
tieu thuong trong cdc chg khap cd viing ddt
Nam Bd ddu cd ddng gdp. Dilu nay phdn
nao cho thdy boat dpng thuang mai ciia cac
cdng ty, ctta hidu trong vung Sai Gdn - Chg
Ldn trong giai doan nay da rdt phdt tridn va
cd khd ndng kinh te. Nhilu ngudl Hoa lam
dn budn bdn ldn vd quydn gdp sd tien tuong
ddi nhieu, khdng chi cho mdt md thdm chi
may Hdi quan dd triing tu xdy dyng. Triing
tu Tui Thdnh Hdi gudn bi

ky/M.ii^^^'^t^
W IB *^' dl thang 2 ndm Canh Ddn Dao
Quang thtt 10 (1830) khdc tdn dng Ngd VT
Lgi quydn 2.100 quan tiln, dng Hoang Trtt
Ky quyen 2000 quan tien. Triing tu Hd
Chuang Hgi gudn bi ^ / M i i ^ S ' ^ ^ l ^ ^ ^ s E
'^'cLia ngudi Phuc Kien dl thang 6 nam Mgu
Than Ty Dttc nguyen nidn (1848) khac td
ndng Truong Chidu Hgp vd dng Trdn Due Y,
sd tien moi ngudi quydn gdp la 1000 quan.
Ong Trdn Y Dttc cdn Id tdng phu trdch trong
cdng vide triing tu ciia Hdi qudn Ha Chuong.
Ngodi ra dng cdn quydn gdp sd tidn la 300
quan cho cdng vide trting tu Hgi quan Gia
Thgnh cua ngudi Minh Huong*''. Sd cdn lal
quydn 800, 600, 400, 300 quan. Khodn tiln

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PHAM NGQC HU'CfNG

Sai Gdn, dng dugc chinh quydn Phap cho
phep dpc quyln d Cam Bot sdn xuat ban ve
sd, md cdc tifm cam dd, sdng cd bgc, trai
nudi va ban thjt lgn. Ong cflng la Hdi vidn
sang lap Hpi trung uong ciiu frg tau dam
thdnh l^p ndm 1865 d Phap vdi Hpi vidn trdn
khdp the gidi. Ding thdi, dng cfing la chu
mpt xudng ldm thuoc phifn d Sai Gdn. Vao

thap nidn 1880, cac dng chu ldn d Sdi Gdn
vdl dng Vgn Hgp cung mgt sd thuong nhdn
ngudi Hoa dong huong Phiic Kidn khac dd
Cling hgp tac cung c6 thj tmdng va co sd san
xuat thuoc phifn d Ddng Nam A. Chinh
quyln Anh d Hdng Kdng mudn lgi tttc ttt
hpfp ddng sdn xuat dfc quyen thudc phifn ed
gia cao hon hifn do nhflng ngudi Hoa Qudng
Ddng ndm gifl ndn khuyen khich dng Van
Hgp, dieu dd cdng tao thdm uy tin cho dng.
Cd luc dng d Sdi Gdn, Hdng Kdng hay
Singapore, nhung Sai Gdn la co sd chinh vd
la nai dng cu ngu*'". Trong dgt trung tu Hdi
qudn Ha Chuong nay, dng Id chu tjch phy
ttdch va khdi xudng cdng vifc triing tu.
Ngodi ra, trong Vdn bia vi viic Hgi gudn Hd
Chuang quyin gdp di cdt phd vd dao ao/W.

ntnM.mmmm»:n^\^''^dh thang s
ndm Binh Tudt 1885, khdc ghi dng mdt ldn
nfla quydn gdp 370 dong bgc dl triing tu Hdi
qudn.Theo tdc gid Son Nam, hai nhan sT
dupe ngudi Phdp nhdc tdi trong budi ddu la
Van Hgp (Ban Hap, chu hidu Vgn Hgp) va
Wang Tai (Hodng Thai, chu hifu Hodng
Thai Xuong). Hp ttung thdu a phidn nhilu
ndm lidn tiep cho toan cdi Nam Ky. Ong
Vgn Hgp lam chu non phdn ntta nha phd d
Chg Ldn vd khai thac gan nhu ddc quyen
hau bet cdc tifm cdm dl d Chg Ldn*'^'. Ong

Wang Tai la mft thuong gia ngudi Hoa cfing
rat nol tieng d Sdi Gdn giai doan ntta sau the

70

ky XIX. 6ng Id dng chu cua ctta hidu Hoang
Thdi Xuong. Tdn dng dugc tim thdy trong
TrUng kiin NghTa An Hgi qudn bi
ky/M^^
^ # l l 5 $ s 5 * ' * ' d l thang 5 nam Nham Ddn,
nidn hifu Quang Ty (1902). Cua hidu Hoang
Thdi Xuong M^m
cua dng quydn gdp
trung tu Hfi qudn NghTa An ciia ngudi Trilu
Chau Id 400 dong bac*'^'. Ong WangTai la
ngudi Hoa song d Sdi Gdn trong nhiing ndm
dau Phdp ldy cdc tinh Nam Ky sau khi ddnh
chilm Sdi Gdn vdo ndm 1859. Mdt tac gid
ngudi Phap vdo cdc thdp nidn 1880, 1890 da
viet ve dng la mgt ngudi Hoa sd hihi ngdi
nhd Idn vd dpp nhat ngay bdn bd sdng Sdi
Gdn, nay Id Ben Bach Ddng. Luc bay gid,
ngdi nhd dd sg nay mang tdn Mai Son Wang
Tai, dugc xay bdng ggch va ldn hon ca dinh
Thong doc. Ndm 1880, dng dd bdn ngdi nha
ndy cho chinh quyen vdi gid 254.000 Francs
Phdp. Ttt nha cua dng vd hudng cdng Sai
Gdn, dpc theo rach Ben Nghe la cac xudng
lam gach vd ngdi cua dng. Vdo ndm 2004,
khi th; o dd mft s6 vidn ngdi bj vd hdng d

nha the" Dttc Bd thanh phd Ho Chi Minh,
ngudi \ 4 dd thdy trdn vidn ngdi dd cd ddng
chtt Wayig-Tai Saigon, nhung vidn ngdi nay
da dugc sdn xudt ttt xudng cua dng. Ong
sinh ndm 1827 tgi Trung Quoc, ddn Sai Gdn
lap nghifp vdo ndm 1858, mdt nam tmdc khi
Phap ddnh chiem lyc tinh Nam Ky. Ong Id
mft thuang gia giau cd vd thd lyc. Theo tu
lifu ngdn sach do Chinh phu Phdp d Sai Gdn
in ndm 1876, dng cd ba cdn nha cho chinh
quyln Phdp thud, mpt cdn nha ndm ngay
cdng thuong mgi Sai Gdn, mdt cdn nhd d
pho Trifu Quang Phyc, Chg Ldn lam vdn
phdng difn tin vd mpt can d Binh Tdy, Chg
Ldn Idm bit cdnh sat. Cac xudng ggch ctta
dng sdn xuat ggch tot, phyc vu cho nhu cdu
_

NGHIEN cflu TRUNG quO'C so 11 ( 1 7 1 ) - 2 0 1 5


Gdp phan tim hiiu ngiriri Hoa qua vSn bia chir Hdn...

cua ngudi ddn Sdi Gdn vd nhilu noi ttong
khu vyc Nam Ky. Trong cupc trien Idm cdng
nghidp va ndng nghifp ndm 1880, san phdm
gach Clia dng da gianh dugc huy chuong bgc,
dng cflng tham dy tridn Idm quic tl ndm
1878 tgi Paris vdi cac san phdm do gom
duoc san xudt d Chg Ldn. Ngoai co sd sdn

xudt ggch va do gdm, dng cdn cd nhiing thua
rudng ldn dugc khai hoang d Phudc Lpc dl
trdng lua. Bdn canh dd, dng cdn Id mdt trong
nhung chttc sdc ngudi Hoa dugc kinh trpng
nhdt d Sdi Gdn vi dng khdng nhfing da cd
nhiing cong hidn ldn lao cho cgng dong md
cho cd chinh quyln Phdp*'*'. Mdt thuang
nhan ngudi Hoa giau cd khac trong giai dogn
the ky XIX dugc khdc tdnquydn gdp trdn bia
da trong Hdi qudn Ha Chuong la dng Khdu
Chinh T r i l u / ^ IE 1^ (Khoo Cheng Teow),
dng Id mgt thuong nhan ve gao d Sdi Gdn
giai dogn ntta sau thd ky XIX. Ong da tham
gia tich cue frong cdc su vu cdng dong frong
Hpi quan ngudi Hoa. Tdn ciia dng dugc tim
thdy trong Triing tu Hd Chuang Hgi gudn bi
v d n / a i ^ K ^ - t t t S ^ J t * ' " dl thdng 10 ndm
Tdn Mui Ddng Trj thtt 10 (1871) va Hd
Chuang Hgi qudn tri nghiep tgc tri guyen

phi bi ddn mm-^t%M.mmmmn^^\/dh
thang 8 ndm Binh Tudt 1885*'*'. Ong quydn
gdp s l tiln Id 110 quan, dong thdl la ngudi
phu trdch va xudng md vide triing tu. Ngudi
anh em ciia dng Id Khau Chinh Trung/fijJJE
^ da xdy dyng sy giau cd ctta minh chi
frong vifc budn ban gao tai Sal Gdn, dng id
mpt dai thuong gia cd ndm nhd may xay Iua
d Chg Ldn, cdng ty dng hoat dpng dudi
thuang hifu "Aik Seng & Co"*'^'. Nhllu ca

nhdn, cac cdng ty, cua hifu khac quyen gdp
ttung tu cho Hdi quan dugc tinh bdng bgc, so
bac cd gid trj Idn, cd khi Idn din mdy trdm
NGHIEN cflu TRUNG quOC so 11 (171) - 2015

-

Igng. Bia Triing tu Tue Thdnh Hdi gudn bi
ky/mmiMtn^B^^°^
dl thang 1 ndm Ky
Mui, Hdm Phong thtt 9 (1859) khdc tdn
Cdng ty Quang Lgi quydn tiln 200 Iang bac,
cdng ty Quang An 200 Igng bac, may chye
cdng ty khac nua cfing dugc khdc tdn trong
vdn bia nay quyen bgc ttt 100 den 150 Iugng.
Theo bia khdng tdn d Hdi quan Quynh Phu
cua ngudi Hai Nam ghi Igi vipc trong Hgi
quan, vdo ndm Gidp Thdn 1824, so tien
quydn gdp xdy midu Id 1.955 quan 3 thon dd
quy dli ra bac nen thanh 651 Iupng 7 tiln*^'*.
Den ndm Minh Mfnh thtt 9 (1828) theo quy
djnh cua nhd nudc 10 Iang bac gid 17 quan
tiln*^^'. Cd ngudl mang ca tai san dat dai cua
minh ra dd quydn gdp cho Hpi quan, nhu
tmdng hgp bd hp Ngd vg dng Hodng Dinh
An ddng cung ddt ngang 5 thudc, dai 40
thudc ma Bia triing tu Hgi gudn Qudn tdn/
M M S ^ - t t t 5 $ s d ndm 1890 dd ghi
khdc'^^'.Tinh ra sl tien quydn gdp cua moi
cdng ty cung ldn tdi may frdm quan tien.

Tinh hinh boat dgng thuong mgi ciia ngudl
Hoa qua nhtmg ghi chep trdn bia cho thdy:
Hg kinh doanh trong nhieu nganh nghd khac
nhau, ttt thuang nhdn budn ban ldn ddn cac
ngdnh tilu thu cdng nghidp. Nhilu ctta hidu
kinh doanh vl thuoc, giay, keo, vai, didm...
ddn ngan hang, tien tf. Hogt dfng kinh
doanh ctta hp sdi noi vd kha da dgng. Qua
ghi chep tren vdn bia chiing ta phdn nao thay
dugc tinh hinh kinh doanh thuong mgi ctta
ngudi Hoa giai doan thi ky XIX. Ngay ttt
ntta ddu the ky XIX, boat dfng thuong mai
da phdt fridn qua nhilu hinh thttc khac nhau.
Loai hinh hogt dpng theo hinh thttc cdng ty,
doanh nghidp da tuong ddi phat tridn. Chi
ridng ghi chep ttong Bia triing tu Hgi qudn
Tue 77ifln/)/Si#M:^-tlt5^BB*^'" ciia ngudi

71


PHAM NGQC HU'ONG

Quang Ddng vao ndm 1830 cho biet cd ca
chuc cdng ty vd gan 40 ctta hdng ctta hidu.
Bia triing tu Hgi gudn Hd Chuang/M.i^M.W
# t t W ; $ I cho bidt cd ddn gan ndm chye ctta
hang ctta hidu quyen gdp cho vide trung tu
Clia Hdi quan. Thdng thudng ngudi cua bang
hgi nao thi quydn gdp triing tu cho bang hdi

cua hg. Didu ndy cang cho thay mgng Iudi
hogt ddng thuang mgi ciia ngudi Hoa dd
phat trien thd nao. Chi rieng thd thdi cung cd
the thay dugc vai trd ciia hp trong cac hogt
ddng kinh td thuong mai d phia Nam Vift
Nam trong giai doan nua sau thd ky XIX.

la noi giao djch thucmg mai xudt nhdp khdu
hang hda, mdi mdt phi vu giao dich, Hdi
quan thudng cd tiln hoa hdng. Day cflng Id
so tidn giiip Hdi quan hogt ddng ldu ddi va
ddu tu trong cac ITnh vyc khac nhu mua ddt
Idm nhd. Hdi qudn Tuf Thanh da mua va sd
htm dugc ndm logi tai sdn dat dal va nhd ctta.
Vdn bia d Hdi qudn Tuf Thanh nhu mdt khi
udc giao keo vl vide mua ban nha ddL Dd la
chttng ctt khdng gi tdt hon ddi vdi quydn sd
httu tai san cua Hdi qudn: "Nhthig nha dat
nha ngdi thudc sd httu ciia Hdi quan, tpa lac
d dau kd ra dudi ddy: 1) Mdt gian nha ddt d
thdn Tan Huong... 2) Mdt glan nhd dat d
thdn An Djnh... 3) 13 gian nha ngdi d thdn
Tan Huong... 4) Ba gian nha ngdi thdn An
Thdi... 5) Ba gian nha ngdi thdn Tan
Hung..."'"'. Hdi qudn ngudi Minh Huong
dugc quydn tang miing dat 1.351m^ va 62
cdn hd cho thud, vi vdy ndn da sd Hdi quan
cd nhilu kinh phi dd trang frdi cho cac hogt
ddng cua minh. Hidn nay, Minh Huong Hpi
quan lal do mft ngudl Vift quan ly, tuy vgy

Hdi quan van gitt dugc nhidu net dgc sac cua
ngudi 1" oa.

6 Hdi qudn, hg cfing thudng tu tap ban
vifc kinh doanh ldm dn va giiip dd nhau. Hgi
quan cung la noi tryc tiep Iam cac cdng vide
kinh doanh, tgo ra nguon kinh phi dl stta
chtta, duy tri sy phat triln cua Hpi quan. Bi
ky vi nhd cua ddt dai sdn nghiip cua Hoi
gudn Tui
ThdnhAMMt^MS.±M-^MW
B5 chdp rang: "Nguydn Hdi quan trong bang
cac nha budn chiing tdi cd mua hai gian nha
ddt, mudi chin glan nha ngdi dl lam cua cai
dd lo vide huong hda cho thidn hdu thanh
mau. Khd udc vdn ty mua ddt ddu dd vdo
mdt ruong gd luu d Hdi quan Tuf Thanh"*^^'.
Cac thuong nhan khi td chttc xay dung Hgi
quan, hp cung thudng chii dgng tgo ra ngudn
kinh phi cho nd hoat dfng, hodc Id xdy nha
cho thud, hodc cho thud mat bang ngodi sd
tien den huong va quydn gdp ciia ngudi
trong bang, hdi. Bia vi viic Hgi gudn Hd
Chuang quyin gop di cdt pho vd ddo ao cho
biel: "Mpi ngudi cung ldng ndn dem khodn
quyen gdp dugc dy xay hai day pho, mdt d
vudn hoa Chg Ldn, mdt d Cdu Sdt MJ Tho.
Lgi ddn ddc phu thg ddo ddt lam ao, chat da
lam bd, din nay ao tran mach da dao, phd
cho thue da dyng"*^^'. Hdi quan cung cd khi

72

3. Hnat ddng xa hdi ngirdi Hoa qua vdn
bia chtt 1 lan trong Hpi quan ngudi Hoa
3.1. Cdc hopt dgng cdng ich
Hdi quan ngudi Hoa ngoai la noi trao doi
cdc boat ddng thuang mai, kinh doanh tien Id,
nd cdn cd cae chttc ndng xa hdi khac nhu
hogt ddng cdng ich, tu thifn, md trudng dgy
hpc, dich vu va tdn giao tin ngudng...7r«Kg
tu NghTa An Hdi gudn bi ky ghi: "Hfi quan
ta ngudi tmdc khai sang md mang, ngudi
sau kl thtta phdt fridn, phdm nhung dilu
quan trpng trong viec nudi ngudl song, lo ke
chit nhu bdnh vifn, frudng hpc, din midu,
_

NGHIEN cflu TRUNG qUO'C so 11 (171) - 2015


GOp phan tim hiiu ngiriri Hoa qua vSn bia chir Hdn..

vifn Sung Chinh la bfnh vidn do ngudi He
lap ra*^"'. Cdc tmdng hgc do cdc Hdi qudn
lap ra cung rat nhllu, deu dgy giao trinh song
ngtt Hoa Viet. Ban dau chl thdnh lap cac
tmdng tilu hpc, sau ddn cd them cdc trudng
tmng hpc CO sd vd phi thdng tmng hpc.
Trudng tilu hpc cua Hfi qudn Tuf Thdnb,

ban ddu cd ten Id trudng Vift Tu, sau nam
1975 doi tdn la frudng Mgch Kidm Hiing,
trudng trung tilu hpc NghTa An cua Bang
Trieu Chdu sau doi ten Id tmdng Minh Dao,
trudng Phttc Kiln cua bang Phttc Kien sau
ddi tdn Id trudng Phuc Dttc (sau nam 1975
ddi tdn Id Trdn Bfi Co). Hpc sinh theo hgc
rat nhilu, cd lue ldn tdi hai ba ngdn hgc sinh.
Mgt hogt dfng cdng ich khac tuang ddi dgc
biet cflng dugc khdc trdn bia da Id vifc di
xu&ng ldm xe cuu hda. Vi ngudi Hoa den cu
tru ngdy mgt ddng, budn ban nhgn nhip, tap
ndp, nhd ctta ddng due, thinh thoang xay ra
hda hogn ndn Bang Hfl da ra sttc quydn gdp,
vay mugn mua xe cttu hda dl phdng hda
hogn (Bia ghi viic de xte&ng ldm xe ciru hda/
^i"5fta?^7K^5?IS*^", dl thdng 10 ndm
Quang Ty Mau Tudt 1898). Vifc stta sang
sdn bdng cflrg dugc ghi tac frdn bia, ghi
nhdn sy ddng gdp ctta cdc nhd thifn tam da
quan tam din boat dfng the chdt cua con em
trong bang, hdi. Nd thd hifn tinh dodn ket,
gdn bd gitta mpi ngudl trong bang, hdi vdi
nhau. Hp diim bgc, thuong yeu, chia se cho
nhau trong mgi hogt dfng ctta xa hfi. Timg
cdu, timg chtt frong vdn bia diu thi hien tinh
thdn doan kit, Idng tu hao ve qud huong xtt
sd ctta hp.

nghTa frang khdng gi khdng rd rdng, day

du" . Nhieu Hdi quan cdn cd cac co sd ttt
thifn nhu nghTa trang Quang Ddng d Binh
Thdi thudc Hfi quan Tud Thanh, Trilu Chau
nghTa dudng, Siing Chinh nghTa dudng, Phttc
Kien nghTa dudng, Hdi Nam nghTa dudng.
Cac NghTa dudng la mpt co sd ciia Hpi quan
chuydn lo chd di cdt ngudi chit d Vift Nam
muon dua vd Trung Qudc (sau ndm 1975 cac
CO sd nay do nha nudc quan \cac Hfi quan cdn ndm gitt mgt so don vi, co
sd khac ntta nhu bdnh vifn Quang Trifu cua
Hgi qudnTud Thanh (nay la bdnh vidn
Nguydn Tri Phuang), bfnh vifn Luc Ap cua
Hdi qudn NghTa An (nay la bdnh vidn An
Binh), bfnh vifn Phudc Thifn cua Hpi qudn
Phiic Kidn (nay la benh vifn Nguyen Trdi),
benh vidn Sttng Chinh (nay Id bdnh vifn
Chdn thuong chinh hinh)... Hang ndm tien
den huang phung vieng vdo Hdi qudn cung
rat nhieu, so tiln nay Hdi qudn danh chl cho
viec triing tu hay hogt dfng khac ctta Hdi,
cac "kieu bdo trong bang d Sdi Gdn cho tdl
lyc tinh vi thilu thud thdn md bj dua ve qud,
tat ca phi tin diu ldy ttt dd. Nhiing ngudi
ngheo khd trong Bang nhd vdy mdi trdnh
dugc nhflng didu khd sd. Ngoai ra, tien lam
vifc ttt thifn cua ban ttt thifn Quang Trieu,
hpc phi cua trudng hpc Quang Trifu va ddng
gdp nhdt thdi cho cac cdng vifc ttt thifn
frong ngodi cung chi nhd vao khoan ay, lgi

ich to Idn khdng sao kl xilt*^". Hgi quan
Tuf Thanh qudn ly va cho thud 150 cdn hf,
Hpi qudn Quan Tdn cflng cd 20 can nhd d
chg Gd Vap cho mudn dl lay qu)? chi tieu.
Trong khudn vien cua Hdi qudn cd trudng
hpc day tiing Hoa cho con em d vttng Gd
vdp. Trudng cd khoang 150 hgc sinh. Ngodi
ra Hdi qudn Qudn Tan cdn trg cdp cho bfnh
NGHIEN cflu TRUNG quO'C so 11 (171) - 2015

3.2. Hoat dpng ton gido, tin ngu&ng
Van dd tdn gido, tin nguong va cac ylu td
than linh thd cttng ctta ngudi Hoa phong phtt.
-

73

^i


PHAM NGQC HU'dNG

da dgng. Thdng thudng mdi Hfi qudn diu
thd mpt vi thdn chinh vd cdc thdn khdc.
Ridng Hdi quan NghTa Nhudn thd ba vj than
deu la thdn chinh: Quan thdnh dd qudn,
Thidn Hau thanh mau va dng Bdn. Cd 7/11
Hfi quan thd Thien Hau (Hdi qudn Ha
Chuong, Tam Scm.Tue Thanh, Qudng Trifu,
Quynh Phu, Quan Tan, NghTa Nhugn), l / l l

Hfi quan thd dng td nghe (Hdi quan Lf
Chau), 1/11 Hdi qudn thd Phdt bd quan dm
(Hfl quan On Lang), 2/11 Hdi qudn thd quan
thanh de qudn (Hfi quan Trilu Chau, NghTa
Nhuan), l / l l Hfl qudn thd Chudng co
Nguyen Httu Canh vd cac quan lgi ngudi
Minh Huong nhu Trdn Thugng Xuyen,
Trjnh Hpai Dttc, Ngd Nhdn Tinh (Hdi quan
Minh Huong).
Vi thdn thd chinh trong cac Hfi quan Id
Thidn Hgu thanh mau. Ba la vj than bao trg
cLia cu dan sdng nudc vung Nam Trung Hoa.
Cd thd ndi bat ke khu vyc nao frdn the gidi
cd ngudi Hoa cu tru tap trung noi do ngudi
ta thd ty Ba. Vdn bia ghi vi viic trung tu Hgi
gudn Hd Chuang chep rdng: "Thidn Hau luc
sinh cd didm tot ndn lam than cd cdng to. Stt
sach ghi ba dugc 24 ldn phong tdng, khi
dung mieu xong ba dugc phong Id Thien
thugng Thanh mdu, cung la nhd cd cdng vdi
ddn, sanh dugc vdi trdi nen gpi nhu vay.
Thidn Hgu gittp nudc cttu dan ndn dang
dupc thidn hg mudn ddi le bai. Ttt thdi Tong
den nay trai qua hem 1000 nam, cdng Thidn
Hau rue ro lo ldn, chdi lpi khdp vung biln cd,
stt thdn deu ghi, ha chdng ldn Iao sao?"*^^'.
Hon mudi thi ky trdi qua, trai ttt ddi Tdng,
Nguyen, Minh, Thanh ddn tan ngay nay,
ngudi Hoa do qua sung bdi ndn tdi ddu cflng
xay dyng ldn nhilu din mieu dd thd ty Ba.

Trung Hoa la mdt trong nhttng qudc gia cd

74^

ndn thuang nghidp trdn biln frdi ddi hdng
nghin nam qua. Tu xua, phuong tien di lai
trdn bidn chu yeu la thuyln buom ndn hp
phai ldnh denh trdn biln, blln ca bao la, con
ngudi thi nhd be, mong manh, hp chi trdng
chd vao sy phti hf ciia thdn linh. Bd dd trd
thdnh vi thdn bien, iam ydn sdng gid giiip hp
vugt qua nhirng chuyln hai trinh ddy gian
nan, nguy hilm. Ddn dan Ba dd khdng bd
hep d cuong vj la mdt ntt than blln ntta ma
la vi thdn linh thidng d mpi noi mpi Iuc.
Chinh vi vgy ndn cd ddn 7/11 Hdi quan thd
Cling Bd Id vi than chinh: "Midu thd Thanh
mdu trong thidn ha xa xdi tdl ddu cfing cd,
pham ngudi di bidn dugc phti hd khdi sp
sdng gid, sT thuong cdng c l ddu dugc dfi
an"'"'^'. Ttt do xet rdng ra lhi Hpi quan la noi
thdn linh hidn thdnh, la cho de mpi ngudl
cttng nhau hudng thifn, ldm didu tdt dl kinh
doanh dugc thu^n Igi, dja Igi yen vui, sy
nghidp md mang, sdng yen bl ldng.
Nhin chung, ddi sdng tdn giao tin nguong
cua ngudi Hoa phong phu, da dgng. Tuy
cung la ngudi Hoa nbung cd Hfi quan tai
thd vj than Quan Qe khac ma khdng phai la
Thien Hdu. Ddy Id sy chuydn bidn vd quan

nidm tin nguong cua ngudi Hoa trong tien
trinh xd hgi. Nhu Bia Triing tu NghTa An Hgi
gudn bi ky/M.i^^^'^^W^
dung nam
1866 lgi dl cao quydn ndng sieu nhien cua
Quan De: "Tdn than thdng minh chinh tryc,
giiip nudc ydn dan, vat phu ddn khang, nay
dugc den dap an hda udng dttc, dan duoc
yen vui, ha chdng tdt dep sao?"*^'''Bla Trung
kien NghTa An Hgi gudn bi ky, dyng nam
1902 lai ca nggi tdm guong trung nghTa ciia
Quan Cdng: "Tren thd Quan thanh De quan
dB lam guong cho chttng ta tu dttc hdnh thifn.
-

NGHIEN cflu TRUNG quflc so 11 ( 1 7 1 ) - 2 0 1 5


(jop phan tim hiiu ngudi Hoa qua vSn bia ehQ' Hdn..
cttu vl ngudi Hoa d Vift Nam trong Ijch stt.
Bia da khdng don thudn chi khdc ghi vlfc
quyen gdp ctta ca nhdn hay tap tbi trong vide
trting tu Hpi qudn, ma qua dd ed the nghidn
cttu, tim hidu sdu hon nhung van dl lidn
quan den ddi song kinh te, vSn hda, xa hpi,
tdn gido, tin ngudng cua ngudi Hoa. Mdt
khac ciing thdy dugc sy hda nhgp va nhiing
ddng gdp cua ngudi Hoa trong vifc phat
tridn kinh te xa hdi ciia Thanh phi H i Chl
Minh ndi rieng vd ca nude ndi chung./.

He nghT den nghTa Dao vien, phai bilt hit
tinh Idng xdm"*^^'.
Thyc te cung cd nhung y kiln cho rdng,
mudn cd dugc su tdt dpp hay thanh cdng thi
dilu do phy thudc chinh d ban thdn minh:
Dd la vi dao ngudi cot d sy bac di md dao
than cdt d vifc phiic thidn. Ndu con ngudi
chung ta cd thd thdnh that yeu thuong dong
bao, giiip dd mpi ngudl, Iam nhilu vide cd
ich thi Idng thidn lam cdm ddng thdn Iinh, di
tdi dau cung cd thi xin thdn giiip dd, thdn vi
thd ma trd thdnh Iinh thieng*^*'. Vi vay ma
Hfi quan Minh Hirong lgi thd quan Chudng
CO Nguyen Huu Canh, la mft vidn quan
ngudi Viet, cttng nhihig quan lai ndi tiing
ngudi Minh Huong khdc Id Trdn Thupng
Xuyen, Trinh Hoai Dttc va Ngd Nhdn Tinh.
Ngoai ra Hdi qudn vdn theo phong tuc ngudi
Hoa cd nhirng ky le ldn nhu Id Ky Ydn (16-1
am Ijch), Ie Ha Nguon (16-10 dm ljch), cttng
gid vg chdng dng Truang Cdng ST, ngudl da
quyen hem 1000 m^ ddt cho Hdi qudn.... Qua
vdn bia d Hdi qudn Minh Huong se thdy
dugc cd rat nhllu ngudi Minh Huong do dgt
va ra lam quan cd chttc vi cao trong tridu
dinh nhd Nguyin. Hg cung Id nhtmg nhdn sT
rat nhidt tinh frong vlfc quydn gdp trting tu
xay dyng Hgi qudn. Tdn cua hp dupc tgc ghi
trdn nhflng trang stt da. Mdt trudng hgp tin

ngudng ntta hilm thdy dd la thd dng to nghe
cua Hdi quan Le Chau. Hdi quan nay ngdy
nay cung do mdt ngudi Vift qudn ly, nhung
Hdi van gifl dugc truyen thong thd ciing
hang ndm theo phong tuc ngudl Hoa. Vj than
chinh dugc thd d ddy la To sang lgp ra nghi
thg bgc dng Cao Dinh Do, vdi mong mudn To
su giup dd phu fri cho hp ttong viec muu sinh.

CHU THICH;
(I) (2) (4) (5) (6) (7)(9)(I0)(I2)(14) (15)
(17)(i8)(20) (21)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28) (29) (30)
(31) (32) (33) (34 (35) (36) Li Tana - Nguyen Cam
Thiiy (chii bifn): Bia chit Hdn irong Hpi qudn
ngudi Hoa lgi TP. HCM, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi,
H.1999, cdc trang 219, 8, 336, 259, 123, 469, 275,
131, 138, 219, 228, 131, 138, 287, 372, 447, 259,
275, 138, 275, 209, 336, 441, 297, 131, 149, 209,
219,336.
(3) Qudc sir qudn ttilu Nguyen: Dgi Nam Ihuc
luc, tdp 24 .Nxb Sir hpc. H.1972,ttang294, 295
(8)Quoc SU' qudn ttieu Nguyen Khdm dfnh Dgi
Nam Hoi diir su le, tap 5, Nxb Sti hpc, H.19621978,trangl70, 171.
(II) (16) Paulin Francois, Alexandre Vial,- Les
premieres annSes de la Cochinchine, colonie
francaise, Challamel Airie. Paris. 1874 (Xem thfim:
namkyluctinh.org/a-ctri-kte/ndhiepSingaporeSaigon.pdf)
(13) Son Nam: Ddt Gia Djnh - Bin Nghe xua vd
nguoi Sdt Gd«,Nxb Tre, HCM.2014,ttang347,
(19) i^^^ Kha Mflc Ldm:7'an Hoa hch su

nhdn vdl li$t lruy?n^^M.^K^H^.
Cdng ty
XuatbdnGidodycKcWtiitK^^l- Sinhgapofrin
:^.1995,ttang99.
(22) Quflc sit qudn ttilu Nguyfn: Dgi Nam thiec
iuc chinh biin, tap 9, Nxb Su hpc 1962-1978, trang
120.

Van bia chtt Han trong Hdi qudn ngudi
Hoa d Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh la nhttng
trang stt lieu quan trpng, chinh xac de nghidn
NGHIEN cflu TRUNG quO'C so 11 (171) - 2015

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