Báo cáo "Kinh tế học phát triển bền vững sẽ từ bỏ tư duy kinh tế - một nội dung mới trong khoa học kinh tế " pot

D
D D
D
THONG TIN
KINH
Tf
HOC PHAT
TRI^N
B^N
VONG SE TCT
B6
Tl/ DUY KINH
li
MOT NOI DUNG
M6|
TRONG KHOA HOC KINH
Ji
Holger
Rogair
"Kinh te' trong hai mUai ndm qua dd
trd thdnh mdt nguyen tdc thd'ng linh todn
bd ddi sdng cbng cdng. Trong dd, chinh
sdch dd mdt di phdn ndo chdc ndng diiu
hdnh cua minh. He qud cua nb la ddn de'n
suy thodi vd khung khodng kinh te, b
nhiem mbi trUdng trdn lan vd trdm trpng,
khai thdc kiet que tdi nguyen thien nhien,
nguy cd bien ddi khi hdu TrUdc thiic te
ndy, Holger Rogall, Gido sU TrUdng Dqi
hpc khoa hpc dng dung Berlin vi Kinh te
vd Luqt (DUc)' chuyen nghien cdu vi Kinh

te'
mbi trUdng
mdi^
vd Kinh te phdt trien
bin
vUng',
tdng
Id
nghi sy Vien Ddn bieu
cua thdnh phd Berlin trong cdc nhiem ky
1991-2001,
2004-2006, neu ra quan diem
Id
dd den luc chin mudi de chung ta cdt
mach tu duy kinh teva ddnh cdng sdc cho
xdy diing mdt nin kinh te mdi, mpt nin
kinh te phdt trien bin vUng. Bdi bdo ndy
do Phb gido sU, tien
si
khoa hpc Nguyin
Trung Dung, Khoa Kinh te vd Qudn ly,
Dqi hpc Thuy lqi dich vd binh luqn, se gidi
thieu mUdi quan diem chinh cua di xudt.
Kinh te phat trien ben vflng
(Economics of sustainable development)
dupe hinh thanh va phat trien tfl Kinh te
sinh
thii
(Ecological economics). Trong
trUdng hpp dac biet neu nhU npi dung cua

chung trflng nhau thi gpi la Kinh te ben
vflng/sinh
thii.
Hat nhan hay cd't chinh
ciia
Kinh te phat trien ben vflng dflpc
trinh bay trdng mfldi quan diem dfldi day.
1.
Lay tang
cfldfng
phat trien ben
viJng
lam nen tang
Kinh te
phit
trien ben vflng cflng nhfl
kinh te sinh thai dUdc liet vao vi
tri
tang
cUdng phat trien ben vflng (Kopfmueller,
2003;
Bartmann, 2001). Sfl phat trien ben
vflng nhfl vay nham dam bao cho tat ca
con ngfldi dang sd'ng hdm nay cung nhU
dc
the
he trong tUdng lai cd dUdc mdt mflc
cao va dly du ve sinh
thii,
kinh

te
va van
hda - xa hpi, song phai nam trong gidi han
chiu dflng ciia thien nhien. Nhfl vay mdi
dam
bio
nguyen tac cdng bang npi trong
mdt the he va gifla nhieu the he sau nay
(Rogall, 2000; Vien Dan bieu thanh pho
Berlin, 2006).
Kinh te
phit
trien ben vflng/sinh thai
chap nhan cac kien thflc va nhan thflc nhat
dinh cua Kinh te mdi trfldng truyen thd'ng,
vi du dc ye'u to' kinh te - xa hdi se
din
de'n
khai
thic qui
mflc
tii
nguyen thien nhien
va he qua la gay ra nhflng tranh luan ve sfl
dn thiet de ban hanh dc cdng cu
phip
ly va
chinh
sich.
Do dc nha kinh te mdi trfldng

da di
ngflde
nhan thflc cua minh, lay thi
trfldng lam cdng cu phan phd'i duy nhat va
khdng
sin
sang tfl bd qua dc thuyet
khic
nhu tinh chiet khau, qui ddi thanh tien dc
chi
phi
mdi trUdng hay coi trpng chu quyen
trong tieu dung, nen nhflng ddng gdp cua hp
cho mpt nen kinh te phat trien ben vflng cdn
bi han che.
Holger Rogall, Giao
sU,
Tien si, Trudng Dai hoc
khoa hoc flng dung Berlin ve Kinh
teva
Lu^t.
OUAN LY KINH it
Stf 29 (11+12/2009)
KINH it
HOC
PHAT
TRI^N
B^N
VQNG
S£

TLTBd
TU DUY KINH
Ji
•
MOT
NOI
DUNG MOI
THONG
TIN
MB
2.
Can cai to lai nen kinh te truyen thd'ng
Tien tdi chung ta phai
phit
trien kinh
te mdi trfldng truyen thd'ng va kinh te
sinh thai thanh kinh te
phit
trien ben
vflng. Kinh te ben vflng/sinh
thii
khac vdi
kinh te thuin tuy d nhieu luan diem va da
de'n luc can phai xay dflng met ngdi nha
hoan chinh ve phfldng phap luan, trong dd
phai dfla vao sfl dung cac
kien/nhan
thfle
cua elc chuyen nganh
khic

nhfl ket
qui
nghien cflu ve bd nao ciia con ngfldi, hanh
vi flng
xit,
ve
khi
hau. Nhfl vay, chung ta
phai thay ddi ngay tfl cac khai niem hay
tu duy cd ban ban
diu
nhfl: Khdng coi
hang boa mdi trfldng la hang hoa cdng
cpng (public good) ma phai xem nd nhfl
mpt loai hang
hoi
cd cdng (merit good) va
dang hi can kiet; Thay cho viec ra quyet
dinh trong tieu dung hoan toan mang ti'nh
hdp ly va dat muc tieu bang md hinh da
ye'u td'vdi nhflng yeu
to'van
boa - xa hdi va
tam ly; Thay the loai "con ngfldi thien
hudng kinh
te"
hay Homo oeconomicus
(hien dang
din
hi triet tieu vi khdng du

sflc sd'ng)
bing
mdt "con ngUdi da dang va
ludn san sang hdp
tic"
(Homo coopera-
tivus);
va nhieu van de khac nfla.
3.
Nhiing vien gach nen mong ciia
Kinh te phat trien ben vufng
Ngay tfl nhflng nam 1970 trd lai day da
hinh thanh nhieu trfldng
phii
va cd sd
chuyen nghien cflu dc dieu kien cua
phit
trien ben vflng. Dac biet la: (a) Kinh te
mdi trfldng tan cd dien, (b) Kinh te sinh
thai,
(e) Kinh te mdi trfldng the he mdi
dflde coi la mdt nhanh
phit
trien tfl Kinh
te sinh thai, (d) Trfldng
phii
ciia cae nha
kinh te Greifswald (Ott;
Deering,
2004),

(e) Ndi dung cua sfl
phit
trien ben vflng
ket hpp cua Td chflc Helmholz
Gesellschaft (Kopfmueller, 2001), (f) Sinh
thai cdng nghiep cua nhflng nam 1990
(Isenmann;
Hauff,
2007). Nhflng trUdng
phai nay cd nhflng ddng gdp ti'ch
efle
nhat
dinh chd nghien cflu phat tridn ben vflng
vl cac npi ham
ciia
chung deu dflde Kinh
te
phit
trien ben vflng tiep nhan de phat
trien len mdt mflc cao hdn.
Cflng nhfl nhieu trfldng phai kinh te
khic
thi ngay gifla cae nha kinh te cung
ddng Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thai
vin
ed
nhflng bat ddng ve cae
vin
de khac nhau,
vi du thuyet phat trien ben vflng phai

dupe hieu va dinh nghia nhu the nao dUdi
giac dp kinh te va kha nang nd se thay
the
thuyet tang trUdng kinh te nhU the
nae.
Cle nha dai dien eho trUdng phai kinh te
truyen thd'ng thi coi trpng viec tang
trUPng kinh te lien
tue
la muc tieu
tdi
quan trpng cua mpi chinh sach phat trien
kinh te ma Chinh phu ban hanh. Viec
tang lien tue theo ham mfl tdng san pham
qud'c ndi GDP, vi du cho 1000 nam tdi la
khdng the nao cd dflde va di nhien se bi
loai bd, dieu nguy hiem d day la ngfldi ta
xem nhe mpi hau qua eua viec bdc lot qua
mflc tai nguyen thien nhien. Cdn de nha
dai dien eua trfldng phai Kinh te phat
trien ben vflng/sinh thai eho thuyet tang
trfldng neu tren la khdng cd tudng lai
(BUND/td chflc Banh my eho the gidi
2008).
Theo quan diem cua hp, nd phai
dflde thay the
bing
thuyet phat trien ben
vflng, nghia la viec sfl dung tuyet ddi tai
nguyen thien nhien hay mpi chu trinh vat

chat phai dupe dt giam
(Hinterberger,
1996).
Cd nhu vay thi chinh sach vdi ba
dudng ldi chien
lUdc
cua
Kinh
te phat
trien ben vflng
mdi
cd the dat dUdc, dd la:
Hieu qua, ben vflng va dly du.
6
day mpi ngUdi deu thd'ng
nhit
quan
diem la viec thUe hien eae giai phap hieu
qua ddn le tbi
gin
nhU khdng dan den
phit
trien ben vflng. NgUdi ta vi nhU mdi
thUe
hien dUdc 1/3
ciia
cupe each mang
cdng nghiep. 6 cac nUdc cdng nghiep phat
trien, trong vdng 40 nam qua, ngUdi ta da
giam tdi 80-90%

lUpng tieu
dung
tai
nguyen thien nhien. Dieu nay cd nghia,
hiu
het viec sang tao va phat tnen ra dc
loai
san pham cung nhfl trang thiet
bi^
mdi
chi
tuan
thii
dc ehi
tieu
va
qui tic
quan ly
Stf
29
(11+12/2009)
OUAN Lt KINH li
MB •
THONG
TIN
KINH
T^
HOC PHAT
TRIIN
B^N

VCTNG
SE
Ti/
Bd
TU DUY KINH
IJ
-
MQT
NQI
DUNG
Mdi
cua
phit
trien ben vflng. Hien cdn nhieu
tranh luan ve
thUe
hien
Id
trinh nay:
Trong khi mdt so' ngUdi cd quan diem la
phai duy tri mdt nen kinh te khdng tang
trudng va ddng bang GDP; Dai dien cua
nhdm thfl hai thi khuyen do nen thflc
hien day du mpi ehien Iflpe dinh hfldng
phit
trien cdng nghe vdi muc tieu hieu
qua va ben vflng; Cdn nhdm thfl ba thi yeu
clu tang trfldng phai cd Ifla chpn, nghia la
chi chpn
met

sd'
qui
trinh dang bi thu hep
cl mpt sd' linh vfle nhat dinh. Trong dd,
thdng qua viec thflc thi cac dfldng ldi chien
Ifldc cu the thi ehflng ta cd the dao chieu
trong sfl dung tai nguyen thien nhien. Dd
la
giam lien tue mdt
cich
tuyet ddi viec sii
dung tai nguyen va
khic
hoan toan vdi
viec
sii
dung tfldng dd'i, nghia la do
tinh
viec tieu dflng tai nguyen tinh theo chi sd'
GDP.
Bang each tiep can mang tinh chien
Ifldc nay thi nang
suit sii
dung tai nguyen
se tang lien tue tfl nam nay sang nam
khic,
nghia la nang
suit sii
dung tai
nguyen ludn ldn hdn ty Ie tang trfldng

GDP.
4.
Doi vdi ca nhan con
ngxidi
Do Kinh te phat trien ben vflng/sinh
thai dfla tren nguyen tac dao dfle nen nd
ddi hdi d mdi con ngfldi tinh
thin
trich
nhiem va hanh ddng ca nhan. O day
chung ta tdn trpng cac nguyen tac trpng
tam xuyen sudt nhfl
tinh
cdng bang ndi
trong mpt
the
he va gifla nhieu
the
he
(Bartmann, 1996; Hampicke, 1999) cflng
nhfl tinh
thin
trich nhiem cl nhan
(Kopfmueller, 2003). Vay theo trfldng
phii
nay, ben canh dc muc tieu td'i flu va hieu
qua ma trfldng
phii
kinh te mdi trfldng
tan cd dien vd'n coi trpng thi cdn phai

tinh
den cac
chi
tieu nhfl sfl cdng
bing,
van de
phan phdi va viec bao tdn. Phai dam bao
dflde mpi quyen cua ngfldi dang sd'ng cflng
nhu the he trong tUdng lai nhU quyen
dupc dap flng ve nhflng nhu clu cd ban
tdi
thieu cho cupe sd'ng con ngfldi va con ngfldi
phai dflpc tiep can tfl de vdi tai nguyen
thien nhien cung nhfl gin gifl va bao ve cac
cd sd cd ban cua cuoc sd'ng tfl nhien
(Kopfmueller, 2003). Tiep theo, viec cong
nhan nhflng gia tri cd ban nay cflng cd
nghia la chung ta cd the coi
cic
san pham
va mpi hinh thflc tieu dung la ben vflng
neu chung dflde chuyen giao cho mpi ngUdi
ma khdng he
din
de'n hien tUdng vUdt
ngudng sfl/sflc chiu dflng
ciia
thien nhien.
Nguyen
tic

dan chu cd sfl tham gia cung
dflde coi la vd cflng quan trpng vi tat ca
mpi van de
thude
elc linh
vfle
khac nhau
dn phai dflpc thao/tranh
luan
mpt
each
cdng khai, rdng rai va
lien
tue;
va tat ca
mpi ngfldi trdng the ky 21 phai
dflde
chuan bi td't trong flng xii vdi mpi thay ddi
efle doan. Qua dd, trach nhiem cl nhan
cua mdi con ngfldi
ludn
song hanh vdi vai
trd trung tam ciia chinh sach.
Vl du, viec san xuat ra mdt chiec d td
con thi tdn het 400.000
lit
nfldc, mpt kg
thit bd tdi 16.000
lit
nfldc va mpt chiec ao

phdng tdi 20.000 lit nUdc. Sfl qua tai dd'i
vdi mdi trUdng do san xuat hang hda tieu
dung gay ra, da cho thay chung ta khdng
the bd qua nhflng chien
lUdc
dn dinh dai
han. Chinh vi vay ma ngay nay cd nhieu
ngUdi, di nhien chUa phai
la
dai da so',
mong mud'n ban than sd'ng cd trach
nhiem/dao dfle hdn vdi mdi trUdng va
mud'n ddng gdp mpt phan nhd be cua minh
cho sU nghiep phat trien ben vflng. Song
mdt thUc te la con ngfldi ludn cd xu
the
the
hien giau sang va thanh dat ciia minh
bing
nhflng ky thuat tan tien
dit
tien,
vi
du d td to dep, hien dai va ngd'n xang. Mot
each tiep can
dflde
coi la thanh cdng neu
chung ta dao
ngflde dflde
trao

lUu
nay va
bie'n san pham tiet kiem tai nguyen va
nang
lUdng la
mpt thfl de the hien cai uy,
sU thanh dat ciia con ngUdi. NgUdi ta
vin
thUdng hay dat ra cau hdi "Lieu san pham
dd da tinh de'n dieu dd chUa?" dd'i vdi cac
san pham. Nhu dUdc biet, mdt chiec xe dtd
loai sang hay mdt xe dua the thao thi
khdng he tinh de'n dieu nay. Song he
QUAN LY KINH
it
Stf
29
(11+12/2009)
KINH it
HOC PHAT
TRI^N Bf
N
VONG $£ TU
Bd TU DUY KINH
T£
-
MpT
NOI
DUNG
MOI

THONG TIN
MB
thd'ng bie'n nang
lUdng
mat trdi thanh
dien da dem
dUde
ket qua
ding
ghi nhan.
Ndi chung, ehflng ta chfla cd the hoan toan
tin tfldng vao giai
phip
thay ddi hinh anh
nhfl tren ma kinh te
phit
trien ben vflng
vin ludn
phai tao ra hang rao phan each
sinh thai.
5. Tiep can da nganh
Kinh te phat trien ben vflng/sinh
thii
mud'n thay ddi deh nhin nhan thuin tuy
ve kinh te
bing
each tiep can da nganh.
Trong dd can cd sfl phd'i hdp chat che gifla
khca hpc chinh sach va khoa hpc phap ly
trong cac thao luan de ban hanh cdng cu,

cung nhfl ket hdp vdi cac nganh khda hpc
tfl nhien va ky thuat de dfla ra cac san
pham, trang thiet bi cung nhfl cdng nghe
mang
tinh
ben vflng cac. Viec phan tich
cac ddi
tie
hoat ddng kinh
te
dflde eci la
mpt ndi dung trpng tam tiep theo, da dfla
ra ket qua la van cdn nhieu nganh cua nen
kinh
te
qud'c dan cd
tim
nhin thien can va
chfnh vi vay da can trd trong viec chuyen
ddi mdt xa hdi cdng nghiep theo dinh
hudng
phit
trien ben vflng. Tinh hinh
khung khoang tai nguyen va bien ddi
khi
hau tren the gidi ngay cang trd nen
nghiem trpng nen viec ket hdp cle thanh
phan cd dinh hfldng phat trien ben vflng
nhfl Kinh te, Chinh
sich

va Xa hpi dan sfl,
la vd cflng dn thiet.
6. Nguyen tac chu dao ve sinh thai
Viec thay ddi cac dieu kien khung
bing
chi'nh sach va
phip
luat
dxicic
cdi
la
can
thiet.
Hiu
het dc nha dai dien
ciia
Kinh
te phat trien ben vflng/sinh
thii
deu chap
nhan mdt thflc
tela
cle yeu td'kinh te - xa
hpi la nguyen nhan dan de'n bdc lot
qui
mflc tai nguyen thien nhien. Nhfl vay xet
d gdc dp can bang sinh thai, thdng thfldng,
ngfldi dan cd thu nhap cao bao gid cflng
sii
dung nhieu tai nguyen hdn ngfldi dan cd

thu nhap thap, mac du ban than hp cd y
thflc hdn dd'i vdi tai nguyen va mdi trfldng.
Nguyen nhan chinh la ngfldi cd thu nhap
cao thUdng di lai
bing
xe hdi,
miy
bay, cl
nha to rdng, dflng dien va nhieu dieu hda
khdng
khi
hay may sfldi am sd vdi ngfldi
dan cd thu nhap thap va ed y thflc kem
ve
tai nguyen va mdi trfldng
(Kulke,
1993;
Bedenstein, 1998). Dd vay ma cac nha
kinh te phat trien ben vflng ket luan
la
mflc thu nhap cua dai da so' dd'i vdi viec
s^
dung mdi trfldng ddng vai trd quan trpng
hdn la mflc dp y thflc va Nha nfldc can can
thiep thdng qua cac cdng cu chinh sach va
phap luat de can dd'i sfl that bai thi trfldng
(Hdlstein, 2003).
Nguyen tac chii dao ve sinh thai nhfl
vay dupe cdi
la

dieu kien
dn,cho
phat
trien ben vflng. Thieu nd thi khdng cd sU
phat trien ben vflng. Trpng tam la mdt td
hdp cae cdng cu, dac biet phai ke den cac
cdng cu kinh te mdi trfldng nhfl sinh thai
hda tdan bd he thd'ng tai chi'nh, dieu
chinh
bang he thd'ng thfldng phat (he thd'ng che
tai) va dc quyen sfl dung tai nguyen thien
nhien cung nhfl cac cdng cu nhfl qui
tic
trat tfl vdi cle
ke
hoach phan theo cap nhfl
trich nhiem sfl dung, tieu chuan, dinh
mflc va gidi ban. Yeu clu tan cd dien trong
tinh
toan thdi diem khai
thic sii
dung tai
nguyen thien nhien td'i flu thi xet ve mat
dao dfle va dc van de tien te hda deu hi
bae bd (Rogall, 2008). Song trflde het, cac
nha dai dien cua Kinh te phat trien ben
vflng/sinh thai van ap dung phfldng
phip
tien te hda vdi ly do sach Ifldc de cd dflde
so'

lieu ve mflc dp hay qui md thiet hai mdi
trfldng de dflng vao dc cupe thao luan
cdng khai vdi epng ddng,
vi
du khi de cap
de'n dc bien
phip
thich flng vdi
bieri
ddi
khi
hau. Song khdng dflde phep quen met
dieu
la,
thflc chat dd la viec xac dinh gidi
han ehiu dflng eua thien nhien va tien tdi
bao tdn nd, nghia la giam mflc tieu dung
tai nguyen thien nhien va dam bao sfl tdn
tai lau ben cua nd. Dai dien cua dc nha
Kinh
te phit
trien ben vflng/sinh thai
khuyen do: (a) ap dung phfldng phap
chuan mflc -
gii
d trung dc tieu chuan
Stf 29 (11+12/2009)
OUAN
Lt
KINH Tt

MB
THONG
TIN
KINH
T^
HOC PHAT
TRI^N
B^N
VONG
SE
TU
B6
TU DUY KINH
T^
-
MOT
NOI
DUNG MOI
va vdi dc cdng cu ve mat chinh sach va
phap ly
(Baumol/Oates,
1971; Bartmann,
1996);
(b) Ly thuyet ciia cac hang hda cd
cdng ma trong dd Nha nfldc phai ban hanh
va thflc thi chinh
sich
tieu chuan dinh
mflc (Musgrave, 1975; Bartmann, 1996).
7.

He do ludng mdi
Ngay ca viec van hanh khai niem ben
vflng va dc he thdng do
lUdng
mdi trd nen
cap thiet. Dd cd nhieu
cich
hieu
khic
nhau nen dang ed nguy cd la khai niem
phat trien ben vflng trd thanh mdt
khii
niem qua rdng va trdng rdng. De ngan can
xu the
phit
trien nay, budc chung ta phai
md ta dc nguyen tac, qui dinh quan ly va
cac he thd'ng do
lUdng
mdi. NhU khai niem
ve dan chu thi khai niem ve ben vflng can
phai dupc the hien
bing
nhieu chi tiet
khic
nhau, song ve ban chat phai dUdc
tudng minh.
Kinh te
phit
trien ben vflng/sinh

thii
phe
phln deh de Ifldng phuc ldi cua Kinh te
truyen thd'ng, treng dd thi mflc dp hanh
phuc,
phflc ldi va tieu dung deu bi danh
ddng va tren cd sd dd xay dflng he muc tieu
va cle
chi
sd'(Radke, 1999; Cdstanza, 2001).
Nhu trdng bang 1 ta thay, d day tren cd sd
dc mue tieu ve chat
lUdng
thi dc muc tieu
hanh ddng cd the do tinh dUdc phai dUdc md
ta va mflc dp thflc hien dflpc phai dflde
gilm
sit
thdng qua Tdng
cue
Thd'ng ke (Chi'nh
quyen Lien bang, 2008).
Bdng I. Ba goc cua tam giac Kinh
te
phat trien ben viimg
nam
trong
gidi
ban va kba
nSng

chju dung cua thien nbien
Muc tieu kinh
te
1.
Dam bad
sir
tdn tai dpc lap vdi dieu
ki6n
chat lupng lao dpng cd the' chap nhan
dupc ma dam bao cuoc sd'ng tdn trpng con
ngudi va an toan xa hpi
2.
Dam bao cac nhu cau co ban ve cac san
pham ben viing (luong thuc pham, nudc,
nha d, quan ac, phuang tien van chuyen,
dien),
cai td xa hdi cdng nghiep ve mat sinh
thai
3.
On dinh gia ca va han che
tSp
trung hda
kinh te
a mirc
cao (chdng dpc quyen), npi
hda cac ngoai ung
4.
Can
bing
can can ngoai thuang va hop

tac trong phat trien vdi
mure
tu cung tu cap
cao,
giam nhap khau nguyen vat lieu thd
5.
Ngan
qui
Qudc gia
dii
de chi tra cho viec
gin giir cac hang hda tap
th6/cd
cdng vdi
cac mirc chuan
mirc
day du
cin
thiet va
dam bao phan phd'i thu nhap mdt
each
thi'ch
hpp
Muc tieu sinh thai
Bao ve bau khi quyen
(trong dd cd ca khi
hau)
Dieu kien sd'ng khoe
manh (khdng cd chat
dpc hai va tieng dn)

Gin
giir chiing loai va
sir
da dang ciia canh
quan thien nhien
Sir dung ben viing
nhirng tai nguyen tai
sinh
Sir
dung ben
vCrng
nhirng tai nguyen
khdng tai sinh
Muc tieu van hda - xa hdi
Dan
chii
cd su tham gia ciia
ngudi dan va mpt nha nudc
cd phap luat d trong mpi linh
vuc
ciia
cupe sd'ng
An toan trong xa hdi, khdng
cd ngheo ddi
An ninh trong va ngoai nudc,
giai quyet tranh chap khdng |
diing bao luc
Dam bao va hdi nhap xa hdi
(vi du dam bao quyen
binh

ding v6
gidi)
Bao ve
sue
khoe con ngudi
va chat luong
ciia eude
sd'ng
Nguon: Rogall 2000 - 2008, Vien Dan bieu, 2006, Do Rogall va Treschau lap nam 2008.
QUAN Lt KINH iC
Stf
29
(11+12/2009)
KINH
T^
HOC
PHAT
TRI^N
BSN
VCTNG
$£
TU
Bd
TU DUY KINH
T£
-
MOT
NOI
DUNG MOL.
THONG TIN

PJ^
8. Xay
dvfng
mot nen kinh te thi
trfldng ben vufng
Dai dien cua Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thai
da dUa ra hang loat cac
thit
bai thi trUdng
de lam minh chUng, vi du dc van de nhu
nghec ddi va sU bat cdng trcng phan phd'i
thu nhap, khai
thic qui
mflc tai nguyen
thien nhien, lam suy kiet cac hang hda cd
cong va cle van de an ninh (Rogall 2006). Sfl
that bai thi trUdng ed the giam de'n mUe cd
the chap nhan dupe neu Chinh phu can
thiep thdng qua viec ban hanh va ap dung
chi'nh sach nhat dinh. Chinh vi vay ma ta
gpi la mpt nen kinh te thi trUdng ben vflng
hay nen kinh te thi trfldng hdn hpp
(Hauff,
2008).
Mdt nen kinh te tbi trfldng ben vflng
dupc hieu la mdt he thd'ng kinh te dupe xay
dUng dUa tren nguyen tac dao dUc theo
nguyen ly cdng
bing
npi trong mdt the he va

da the he cung nhU trich nhiem.
0
day, yeu
to'
thi trUdng khdng he bi
leai
bd, ma van
dflde duy tri trong mpt khung phat trien vdi
sfl can thiep cua de cdng cu ehinh
sich
-
phap ly cung nhU nguyen tac chu dao ve
sinh thai, eae dieu luat ve xa hdi va sU tham
gia/ddng gdp cua ngUdi dan trong viec ra
quyet dinh. Khung phat trien dam bao can
bang hau qua
ciia
nhflng that bai thi trfldng
va cai td cd cau cua nen kinh te qudc dan
theo cac
ehi
tieu va nguyen tac eua kinh te
phat trien ben vflng.
De chuyen ddi nhanh ehdng tfl mdt xa hpi
cong nghiep dang hien hflu va thinh hanh
ma nguyen Thu tfldng
Dfle
Helmut Schmidt
da tflng phe phln la
"Chii

nghia tU bdn theo
kieu thil du dn thit", sang mdt nen kinh te
phat trien ben vflng thi ehung ta phai chpn
nhflng linh vfle chien Ifldc trpng tam vl day
manh chung
phit
trien.
O
day phai ke de'n
viec xay dflng chinh
sich phit
trien ben
viing danh cho
phit
trien kinh te, nang
I'^'Jng,
giao thdng, bao ve/tdn tai nguyen va
san xuat ra san pham. Cd the ndi, nhflng
linh vfle nay dac biet thich hpp vi chung la
nhflng vi du dien hinh ve phat trien ben
vflng thfle sfl chfl khdng phai phat trien
trong sfl khd hanh, hy sinh, hay phai chiu
canh ngheo ddi. Qua dd chUng
minh
dd la sU
phat trien ben vflng
vdi
hang hda ngay cang
ddi
dao va chat

Iflpng
eupc sd'ng cua con
ngfldi ngay dupe nang cac nam trong nhflng
gidi ban nhat dinh cua (hay sU chiu dUng
nhat dinh) thien nhien. Trong dd cho ta thay
cac cd hdi tad them cdng an viec lam eho
ngUdi dan va chi'nh sach xa hdi lien quan,
ddng thdi cflng
ehi
ra nhflng dn trd va
nhflng van de dn phai giai quyet de tfl nay
cho de'n gifla hoac
cud!
the ky 21 de eon
ngfldi bude phai chuyen hoan toan tfl thdi ky
sfl dung nang Ifldng hda thaeh sang nang
Ifldng mat trdi.
9. Nhufng dieu kien cd ban mang
tinh toan cau
Dai dien eua trfldng
phii
Kinh te ben
vflng/sinh thai deu thd'ng
nhit
ve nhflng
nhan dinh va muc tieu sau. (a) Cle quan he
trao ddi hang hda va phan cdng lao dpng bat
hpp ly gifla cac nfldc phat trien va dang phat
trien da dan den tinh trang thfla mfla vat
chat d cac nfldc cdng nghiep va ngheo ddi d

elc nfldc dang phat trien. (b) Mpt phat trien
ben vflng ma khdng
tinh
den sU cdng
bing
da the he thi khdng dUdc phdp xay ra. Thee
nguyen tac trach nhiem ehung, nhUng cd
phan biet
ddi
xfl thi cac qudc gia cdng nghiep
do qua trinh phat trien lich sfl de lai va ban
than hp cd kha nang thUc thi eao hdn (tien
cua, kien/tri
thUe, )
nen phai cd trach
nhiem ldn hdn (Kopfmueller, 2003). (c) Viec
ban hanh mdt trat tU chung toan du dUdc
coi la dn thiet. Vdi nhflng chuan mflc tdi
thieu ve mat xa hpi - sinh
thii
ngfldi ta ed
the kiem tra va gilm sat dc qua trinh phat
trien cflng nhfl dam bao de ed che cdng
bing
trong trao ddi hang hda thfldng mai
(Costanza, 2001; Kopfmueller, 2003). (d)
Mflc tieu dung hien nay ve tai nguyen tinh
theo
diu
ngUdi d dc

nUde
cdng nghiep
khdng dupc ap dung cho 7 ty ngUdi bien nay
va 9 ty eho den 2050. Den
thdi diem
hien tai
thi ehung ta da vflpt
qui
ngfldng ve tai
lupng mdi trUdng cho phep. Dai dien
ciia
Stf
29
(11+12/2009)
QUAN Lt KINH
T(
MB
THONG
TIN
KINH
it
HOC
PHAT
TRI^N
B^N
VONG
SE
TU
B6
TU

DUY
KINH
T^
-
MOT
NOI
DUNG
Mdt.
trUdng
phii
Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thai yeu
cau giam
50%
Ifldng tieu dung tai nguyen
thien nhien tfl nay den 2050. De dc nfldc
dang
phit
trien khdng the giam Ifldng tieu
dung nay, ma ngflde lai cd xu the tang len,
nen budc de qud'c gia cdng nghiep phai giam
nhieu hdn, cu the tfl 80-90%. (e) Cle qud'c
gia dang chuyen ddi sang qud'c gia cdng
nghiep nhfl Trung Qud'c, An Dp, Braxil,
khdng dflde phep chay sau sfl
phit
trien ve
ky thuat va cd du eua elc qud'c gia cdng
nghiep ma phai
bit
tay ngay vao viec nghien

cflu de tim ra dc cdng nghe sii dung mpt
each
hieu qua tai nguyen va ben vflng cflng
nhfl thdng qua hinh thflc chuyen giao cdng
nghe. (f) Tat d elc qud'c gia dang chuyen ddi
va cac nfldc dang
phit
trien phai cd trich
nhiem trflde viec gia tang dan so' cua minh
do tdng tai Ifldng
ddi
vdi elc dieu kien sd'ng
tfl nhien khdng phai ddn gian
chi
la phep
nhan gifla nhu du
diu
ngfldi va so' dan
(Costanza, 2001). (g) De dat dflde dc mue
tieu de ra thi dc td chflc qud'c
te
budc phai
cai td. Trong dd,
vi
du dc nfldc dang chuyen
ddi phai dflde tham dfl vao nhdm dc qud'c
gia Idn va thanh lap G20, de hp cflng dflde
ban luan va ra quyet dinh.
10.
Tam nhin dinh hifdng

Treng 20 nam qua ehflng ta da ehflng
kien qua trinh "kinh te hda" trong mpi linh
vfle eua ddi sd'ng
ccn
ngfldi. Sdng sdng vdi
viec tang cfldng
phit
trien kinh te va day
manh cd che thi trfldng nhfl mpt nguyen
tic
thd'ng soli toan bp ddi sd'ng cdng cpng thi vd
hinh chung nhflng ngfldi ra quyet dinh dan
chu hdp
phip
da hi mat di mpt phan nao
tiem nang dieu khien xa hdi cua minh.
Trong khi dd, ngfldi ta dang dan quay lai va
cdng nhan mdt dieu la Chi'nh phu can phai
dfla ra mdt khung trat tfl vdi nguyen
tic
chu
dao ve phat trien ben vflng xet d gdc dp sinh
thai - xa hdi (Chinh phu lien bang Dfle,
2008).
Chung ta da cd
sin
cac cong cu can
thiet de dan de'n sfl phat trien dd, song
vin
chfla cu the va day du.

Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thai cd the ddng
mdt vai trd vd cflng quan trpng trong qua
trinh tien de'n
phit
trien ben vflng, neu nhfl
lam dflde mdt dieu, dd la be qua mpi sfl khac
biet nhd nhoi
khic
va tap trung mpi no
Iflc
de tfl khing dinh ti'nh vfldt trdi cua minh so
vdi Kinh te mdi trfldng truyen thd'ng thdng
qua lap luan ed can cfl khoa hpc va sat thflc
te cung nhfl dfla ra nhflng kien/nhan thflc
trong cle thao luan cdng khai. Cd the trong
thdi gian tdi
vin
cdn nhieu y kien trai chieu.
Trong dd cd nhieu chuyen gia cho la can
phai giai quyet dc van de gay d'n
trflde mit
do khiing khoang tai chinh va kinh te' gay
ra. Nhfl vay qua trinh chuyen ddi theo
hfldng phat trien ben vflng se hi cham lai.
Song trong mpi hoan canh chung ta phai
kien dinh vdi quan diem va dfldng di, tranh
dfla vao nhflng ly thuyet da trd nen ldi thdi
va da de'n luc phai lam dau cham het dd'i vdi
tfl duy kinh te. Dieu dd cd the lam
dflde bing

viec lien ket dc bien phap
khic
phuc hau
qua cua khung khoang kinh te toan cau
cflng nhfl di td lai xa hpi cong nghiep theo
hfldng ben vflng va tich cflc xay dflng cung
nhfl md rpng mang Ifldi kinh te phat trien
ben vflng tren the gidi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Sfl dung va trich
din
tfl nhieu bai bao, giao
trinh va sach eua giao sfl Holger Rogall
cung nhfl nhieu tac gia khac, tham khao
trang web:

1
Fachhochschule fuer Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin
(tieng DUc), Applied university for Economics and
Law
Berhn
(tieng Anh)
2 Die neue Umweltoekonomie (tieng
Dijtc),
The new
environmental Economics (tieng Anh)
3
Die nachhaltige Oekonomie (tieng
Diic),
Economics for sustainable economics (tieng Anh)

OUAN
Lt
KINH
it
Stf
29
(11+12/2009)