Báo cáo khoa học: Ký hiệu học văn hóa và khái niệm văn bản pptx

m
TMWAT
jr ^^ ^
IMmmMiihMiii&iMlM.
dM
((y hieu hoc van
hoa
va khai niem van
han
T.M.LOTMAN
Co
the
nhan
ra hai
Ithuynh
huiiing qua dgng thai phat trien
cua
l<y
hieu
hgc
trong vong
muoi
lam nam trd lai day.
Khuynh hudng
thd
nliat
tap
trung vao viec
san
djnh nhdng
khai niem nen mdng va xac lap

cac phuong thdc
tao
sinh.
Tham vgng
mo
hinh
hda mgt
each cliinh
xac din tdi
viec
sang
lap bg
mdn sieu
l<y
hieu
hgc: ddi tugng nghien cdu
cua
idioa
hgc nay
i(hdng phai
la
cac van ban nhu nd vdn cd
ma
ia md hinh
cac
van ban,
ia md
hmh
cua cac md
hinh,

Khuynh hudng
thd hai iai ddn
Sd quan tam
vao
boat dgng
ky
hieu boc cua van ban thuc te.
V
di khuynh hudng
thii nhai, nlu sir
mau thuin, thieu
hgp ly vl phuang dien cau
triic,
sir pha trdn cac van ban
cd kie'n tao khac nhau trong
pham vi td chitc eiia mgt van
ban duy nhat, tfnh khdng xle
djnh ngu nghla ehi la nhiing
da'u hieu ngiu nhien, khong
hoat ddng, bj loai khdi sieu
elp do md hinh hda van ban,
thi vdi khuynh hudng thir hai,
chiing lai la nhung ddi tugng
dugc ehii y dac biet. Diln dat
theo he thdng thuat ngir ciia
Ferdinand de Saussure, ed thi
ndi,
di theo hudng thir nhat,
nha nghien eiiu xem xet ldi
ndi nhu II sir vat chat hda cac

luat le ca'u triic ciia ngdn ngir;
theo hudng thir hai, su ehii y
CLia nha nghien ciiu lai nhim
vao cac binh dien ky hieu ed
su venh lech vdi eau true ngdn
ngir. Ne'u hudng thii nhai dugc
thuc thi trong sieu ky hieu
hgc,
thi hudng thir hai tat ye'u
se din tdi su ra ddi ciia mdn
ky hieu hge van hda. Sir ra ddi
ciia ky hieu hgc van hda - mgt
bg mon khoa hgc ed nhiem vu
khao sat su tuong tac giifa cle
he thdng ky hieu cd ca'u triic
khac nhau, khim pha sir venh
lech, khdng ddng bg tu ben
trong eiia khdng gian ky hieu
hgc,
nghien cii'u sir ein thiet
phai hilu biet nhieu ngdn ngit
van hda va ky hieu hge - se
gdp phin quan trgng lim thay
ddi cae quan niem ky hieu hgc
truyin thdng. Trudc hit, khai
niem van ban se phai thay ddi
ve CO ban. Nhtrng djnh nghia
khdi thiiy vl van ban - loai
djnh nghla thudng nhin manh
ban chat thdng nhat eiia ky

hieu, hoac su thdng nhat
khdng thi chia tach ciia cac
chire nang trong mdt ngir canh
van hda nhai djnh, hay nhiing
phlm chai khic nao day - diu
ed y mud'n ndi mdt each kin
dao hay cdng khai, ring van
ban la m6t phat ngdn trong
mgt ngdn ngu bat ky nao dd.
Quan niem ay 16 ra ngay su
khilm khuyei ciia nd khi phai
xem xet khai niem van ban
tren binh dien ky hieu hgc van
hda. Ngudi ta da phat hien ra
ring, mgt thdng bao nao dd de
ed the dugc xem la mdt vdn
bdn,
ft nhai, nd phai cd hai lln
dugc ma hda. Ching han, mgt
thdng bio dugc xem la mdt
dgo ludt khac vdi doan mieu
ta trudng hgp pham tgi hinh su
nao dd d chd th6ng bao ay vira
thudc ngdn ngtf tu nhien, vtra
thudc ngdn ngu phap luat, bdi
Sd319
Thang 1-2011
ik
THE GI6I VAN HOA
le,

trong trudng hgp thir nhai,
th6ng bao ay se slp xep mgt
chudi ky hieu cd nhirng y
nghla khac nhau, cdn trong
trudng hgp thu hai, doan mieu
ta lai td ehiie ky hieu cd ddi
chiit phirc tap vdi mdt y nghla
duy nhai. Cung cd thi ndi nhu
the vl cac van ban thugc loai
kinh khdn nguyen.
Trong trudng hgp nay,
cung nhu nhilu trudng hgp
khic,
qua trinh phit trien eiia
tu duy khoa hgc da lap lai
I6gic phit trien ljch sir ciia ban
than ddi tugng. Bdi vay, cd thi
gii djnh: vl mat ljch sir, mgt
phat ng6n trong ng6n ngit tu
nhien liic diu la cii khdi
nguyen, eai thii nhat, vl sau,
nd chuyin vao mdt djnh thiie
ed tfnh diln pham, dugc ma
hda bang mdt ngdn ngti thir
hai nao dd, tiie la bien thanh
van ban. Su hgp nhat cle djnh
thiic nao dd vao mgt van ban
thugc trinh tu thii hai la giai
doan diln ra sau. Khi cae van
ban dugc lien kit lai vdi nhau

trong nhiing ngdn ngir hoin
toan khic nhau, vf nhu lien ket
mgt djnh thu'c bang ldi vdi mdt
ddng tic
11
nghi, nhung trudng
hgp nhu the se lam nay sinh
mdt y nghla cau triie dac biet.
van ban thude trinh tu thit hai
cd dugc nhd kit qua ay se
dung nap trong ban than nhilu
van bin ngim dugc phan bd
tren cting mdt ngudng ding
cap bing nhtrng ngdn ngir
khic nhau va khong lan ludt
lln nhau. Su xuat hien eiia cac
van ban thugc loai dien le,
nghi thuc, trd diin se din tdi
viec hgp nhlt cac dang ciia
tie'n trinh ky hieu hda khac
nhau vl nguyen tic va kit cue
la din tdi sir xuai hien nhtrng
van dl phire tap eiia sir chuyin
ma, cLia tfnh tuang dugng, ciia
nhtrng chuyin djch cic diem
nhin, eiia sir hgp nhat cac
gigng khic nhau trong mgt
chinh thi van ban duy nhat.
Vl mat sang tao, budc tie'p
theo se la sir xuat hien cle van

ban nghe thuat. Vat lieu da
gigng dieu se tim dugc su
thdng nhat bd trg bing each tu
phdng thuat trong ngdn ngii
ciia mgt nghe thuat cu the.
Ching han, viee biln nghi ll
thanh ballet bao gid cung keo
theo viec chuyin djch toan bd
van ban ngim vdi nhitng eau
true khac nhau sang ngdn ngir
vii dao. Ngdn ngii vu dao dugc
truyin dat bing dieu bd, ddng
tac,
ldi ndi, tilng reo hd va ban
than cae dieu mtia ma trong dd
chiing dugc tang cudng vl mat
ky hieu hgc. Tfnh da ca'u triic
dugc gitr lai, nhung nd gin
nhu bj gdi chat trong ldp vd
bgc da cau triie eiia thdng tin
trong ngdn ngtr eiia mgt nghe
thuat cu thi. Cd the nhan ra
dilu dd rat rd trong dac trung
the loai ciia tilu thuyet, mdt
thi loai ma vd bgc, thdng tin
bing ngon ngir tu nhien, che
da'u, gdi chat ben trong mdt
cudc tranh luan ctrc ky phiic
tap,
dly mau thuin ciia nhitng

thi gidi ky hieu hge hit siie
khac nhau. Qui trinh phat
triln tie'p theo ciia cle van ban
nghe thuat mdt mat nhim tdi
viec nang cao tfnh chinh the
va sir khep kfn ngi tai, nhung
mat khic, lai tang cudng tfnh
da tap ky hieu hgc d ben trong,
tfnh mau thuin eua tac phlm,
phat trien trong dd nhiing van
bin ngim tuong phin - cau
triic cd xu hudng tu trj, tu tiie,
tu man ngay cing ldn. Su dao
ddng trong trudng thudn nhdi
ky hieu hgc da tgp ky hieu hgc
dang tao ra mdt trong so
nhiing sinh dao ciia qui trinh
tie'n hda ljch sir van hgc. Giifa
nhiing binh dien quan trgng
khac eua nd, cin nha'n manh
sir cang thing giira xu hudng
lien ket - biln ngtr canh thanh
van ban va xu hudng phan ra -
bie'n van ban thanh ngtr canh.
Trong qua trinh ay, quan diem
eiia ngudi dgc va ciia tac gia
cd the khdng triing khdp: noi
ma tie gii nhin thay mdt van
ban toan ven duy nhat, thi
ngudi dgc lai cd thi xem dd

mgt tap hgp cac truyen vtra va
tieu thuyei va ngugc lai. Ljch
sit timg biei nhtmg trudng hgp
vl su tie'p nhan mgt tac phlm
nao dd ciia ngudi dgc chju su
chi phdi bdi danh tieng eiia an
phlm da edng bd nd, nhtmg
ciing cd nhtrng trudng hgp,
dieu dd ching cd chiit y nghla
gi vdi doe gia.
Nhtrng mau thuin van hda
ljch sir phiic tap ed thi lam cho
khuynh hudng nay hay
khuynh hudng khac ndi len.
Nhung ea hai khuynh hudng
a'y vin hien hiru tilm tang
trong timg van bin nghe thuat
vdi sir canh tranh cang thing
phiic tap ciia chiing.
Sang tao ra tie phlm nghe
thuat la danh dau mdt giai
doan mdi vl chat trong viec
phiic tap hda cau triie cita van
Sd319
Thang
1-2011
VAN HOA NGHE THUAT MIWC MCpai
ban. Mdt van ban da tang va
tap chiing vl phuang dien ky
hieu hgc se khdng cdn la mdt

thdng tin so gian chuyin ttr
ngudi phat tdi ngudi nhan, ma
ed kha nang gia nhap vao cac
quan he phii:c tap vdi ca ngir
canh van hda bao bgc quanh
nd, lln cdng chiing dgc gia.
Tim dugc kha nang ket tu
thdng tin, van ban chiem hifu,
sd die ky lie. Ddng thdi, nd cd
dugc phlm chat ma Heraclite
ggi la ldi tu ldn len. O giai
doan lam phirc tap hda cau
triic a'y, van ban cd dugc
nhiing phlm chat ciia mdt td
chirc trf tue: nd khdng ehi
chuyin tai mdt thdng tin dugc
dua ttr ben ngoai vao dd, ma
lam thay ddi thdng tin va tao
ra nhtrng thdng tin mdi. Trong
nhtrng dilu kien ay, chirc nang
giao tie'p xa hdi ciia van ban se
trd nen dae biet phirc tap. Cd
thi khai quit chiic nang ay vao
nhtrng qua trinh nhu sau.
Giao tie'p gitra ngudi phat
va ngudi nhan. Van ban thue
hien chtfc nang thdng bao,
chuyen ttr ngudi dai dien
thdng tin tdi cir tga.
Giao tie'p giiia cir tga va

truyin thd'ng van hda. Van ban
thuc hien chire nang cua ky ire
van hda tap thi. Vdi tu cich
a'y, mdt mat nd cd dugc kha
nang bd sung lien tuc, mat
khac nd danh thiic mdt loat
binh dien ciia thdng tin dugc
dua vao dd va mdt loat binh
dien khac tam thdi bj lang
quen hay bj quen hoan toan.
Giao tilp ciia ngudi dgc vdi
chfnh ban than minh. Van ban
- dieu nay dac biet quan trgng
vdi cac van ban truyin thd'ng,
cd xua, mang tfnh each luat
cao do - khdi ddng nhirng binh
dien nhan each eiia ca nhan
ngudi tie'p nhan. Trong qua
trinh giao tie'p nay eiia ngudi
nhan thdng tin vdi ban than
minh, van ban thuc hien vai
trd eiia nhan td trung gian giiip
tai tao nhan cich eiia ngudi
dgc,
lam thay ddi sir tu djnh
hudng ca'u triic ciia ea nhan va
trinh do ket ndi gitra nd vdi
cac eau true sieu van hda.
Giao tie'p giiia ngudi dgc
vdi van ban. Bgc 16 nhiing

thugc tfnh trf tue, van ban ed
td chirc eao khdng cdn la nhan
vat trung gian trong hanh vi
giao tilp. Nd trd thinh ngudi
ddi thoai binh ding cd trinh do
dgc lap eao. Nd cd the hoat
ddng nhu mgt td chitc trf tue
ddc lap, gitr vai trd tfeh cue,
khdng le thude trong ddi thoai,
ca vdi tie gia (ngudi giri), lln
ngudi dgc (ngudi tiep nhan).
Vl mat nay. In du thdi xua
ddm dgo vdi sdch hda ra cd y
nghla sau sic.
Giao tie'p giira van ban vdi
ngtf canh van hda. d) trudng
hgp nay, van ban hoat ddng
trong hanh vi giao tiep khdng
nhu mdt thdng tin, ma nhu
mgt chii the, mdt ngudi tham
gia cd dil quyin nang ciia
ngudn coi hay la ngudi tiep
nhan th6ng tin. Quan he gitra
van bin vdi ngir canh van hoa
ed thi cd tfnh each In du khi
van ban dugc xem la vat thay
the cho toan bd ngQ canh ml
nd cd gia trj tuong duong
trong mdt tuang quan cu thi,
hoac ed tfnh hoan du khi van

ban trinh bay ngtr canh nhu
mdt phin nao dd - la eai ehinh
thi.
Han nira, vi ngtr canh van
hda 11 hien tugng phire tap va
khdng ddng chat, nen mdt van
ban ed thi tham gia vao nhung
quan he khac nhau vdi nhirng
eau true ting bac khac nhau
eua nd. Cudi cting, cac van
bin, nhu nhimg td chitc ed
djnh gidi va mang tfnh dn djnh
eao,
thudng ed xu hudng
chuyin ttr ngQ canh nay sang
ngQ canh khac, va dilu nay
thudng xay ra vdi nhung tac
pham nghe thuat cd tudi thg
gin nhu trudng ciru: khi
chuyen qua ngu canh van hda
khic,
chiing hanh xir nhu mgt
ngudi cung cap thdng tin dugc
chuyin sang mdt hoan canh
giao tie'p mdi, chiing kfch hoat
trudc tien nhQng binh dien
tilm an trong he thd'ng ma
khda ciia minh. Sir chuyen md
cua chinh bdn thdn cho phu
hgp vdi hoan canh nhu the lam

Id ra su tuong ddng giQa hanh
vi ky hieu eiia ca nhan va van
ban. Bdi vay, mdt mat, vi gan
gid'ng nhu mdt the' gidi van
hda vl md, van ban trd thanh
hien tugng cd y nghla quan
trgng han chfnh ban than va sd
die nhung dac dilm ciia mgt
md hinh van hda, mat khac, nd
cd khuynh hudng thuc hien
mdt tu each ddc lap tuong tu
nhu mdt ea nhan tu quye't.
Van dl giao tiep giQa van
ban vdi sieu van ban se la
trudng hgp dac biet. Mdt mat,
van bin cl biet nay ng trong
quan he vdi ngQ canh van hda
CO thi giu vai trd ciia mdt
(Xem tiep trang 60)
U,
so'319
Thang
1-2011