Tóm tắt luận án tiếng anh: Quan hệ chính trị an ninh, kinh tế giữa Nhật Bản và Mỹ từ năm 1951 đến năm 1960.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
VINH UNIVERSITY

HOANG THI MAI HUONG

POLITICAL, SECURITY AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN
JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES FROM 1951 TO 1960

Major: World History
Code: 9229011

ABSTRACT OF PhD THESIS IN HISTORY

NGHE AN - 2022


THE WORK IS COMPLETED AT VINH UNIVERSITY.

Thesis Advisor:
1. Assoc. Prof. PhD. PHAM NGOC TAN
2. Assoc. Prof. PhD. VAN NGOC THANH

Reviewer 1:

Reviewer 2:

Reviewer 3:

The thesis was defended in front of the University-level Doctoral Thesis Examination
Board at Vinh University
At.......... on ……………………, 2023

The thesis can be found at:
- National Library of Vietnam
- Information Center - Nguyen Thuc Hao Library, Vinh University


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PREFACE
1. Reasons for choosing the topic:
The relationship between Japan and the United States has a long history and has
experienced many ups and downs. Since the mid-nineteenth century, the United States has
"opened up" Japan and forced it to sign unequal treaties. Since then, Japan has become an
important stopover for the United States in Asia. Japan gradually struggled and gained
more equal rights in its relations with the United States during the Meiji era. During the
first half of the twentieth century, Japan and the United States were essentially rivals in
terms of finding markets and expanding influence in Asia-Pacific. During World War II,
the two countries became direct rivals on the battlefield. After the war ended, Japan was
defeated and the United States was entitled to occupy Japan on behalf of the Allies.
On September 08, 1951, the San Francisco Peace Treaty was signed, opening a
new page in Japanese history. Accordingly, the state of war between Japan and the
Allies ceased from the date of entry into force of the Treaty. On the same day, the U.S.Japan Security Treaty was also signed, marking a turning point in the relationship
between Japan and the United States. With these two treaties, the relationship between
the two countries has entered a new stage. On January 19, 1960, the two countries
continued to sign the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United
States and Japan, marking the consolidation of the alliance relationship.
The alliance relationship between Japan and the United States was formed in the
context of the Cold War entering a tense period, the United States - Soviet Union
relationship has turned into a confrontational relationship, the international and
regional situation is very complicated. Therefore, this relationship is deeply influenced

by the international situation, and at the same time, it clearly shows the calculation of
the national interests of each country.
The relationship between Japan and the United States in the 1951-1960 period
holds a very special position in the history of the two countries' relationship. This is
the period that opens a new page in Japanese history when the country ends its
occupation and is treated equally in international relations. This is also a period of
complicated and tense international developments. Therefore, the establishment of an
alliance relationship between Japan and the United States is considered an inevitable
result of the impact of subjective and objective factors. The establishment,
strengthening and consolidation of the alliance between the two countries not only
serves the goals and interests of each country, but also lays a solid foundation for the
bilateral relationship in the following period. During the 1951-1960 period, the U.S. Japan relations were fully developed, but political-security and economic relations
were the most prominent and important areas.
Therefore, the study and clarification of the political - security and economic


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relations between Japan and the United States in the 1951 - 1960 period is necessary
work, has scientific and practical significance:
In terms of a scientific point of view: A study of political-security and economic
relations between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960 will clarify the influencing factors,
the current situation of the bilateral relationship, evaluate its results, limitations, impacts
and characteristics. Through studying the issue, it is possible to see the movement of the
relationship between the two countries in the context of the Cold War and the calculations
of each country.
The study of the U.S. - Japan relations in the 1951 - 1960 period will contribute
to explaining the success of Japan, and at the same time better understand the US global
strategy in the complex international context at that time.
In terms of practice: On the basis of the relationship established in 1951, the

Japan-US alliance has basically always been consolidated and developed although
facing many difficulties and challenges. Up to now, has been one of the solid alliances,
and both countries still play an important role in each other's policies and is a typical
international relation.
With the above reasons, we selected the topic: " Political-security and economic
relations between Japan and the United States from 1951 to 1960" as the topic of my
PhD thesis in World History.
2. Object and scope of study
Object of study
The study object of the thesis is the political - security and economic relations
between Japan and the United States from 1951 to 1960.
Scope of study
In terms of time: The time that the thesis focuses on study is from 1951 to 1960.
The author identifies the opening milestone as September 8, 1951 - the date of signing
the San Francisco Peace Treaty and the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, creating a
fundamental change in the relationship between Japan and the United States. The
closing milestone is January 19, 1960 - the date of signing the Treaty of Mutual
Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan. This event represents
the consolidation of bilateral relations between the two countries, Japan and the United
States.
However, in order to ensure the continuity and system, the thesis also mentions
the U.S. - Japan relations in general in the period before 1951 as well as makes
assessments and comments on the relationship between the two countries in the later
period.
In terms of space: The main study space of the thesis is Japan and the United
States. However, because the political-security and economic relations between the
two countries in the 1951 - 1960 period took place in a very complex international


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context, under the great influence of many factors in the region, the thesis has
mentioned the Asia - Pacific region at different times.
In terms of content: The thesis focuses on studying the bilateral political - security
and economic relations between Japan and the United States in the 1951 – 1960 period.
Because these are the most important and prominent fields, expressing the nature of the
relationship between the two countries in this period. The political-security relations
mainly revolve around the formation and deployment of the alliance relationship
between the two countries. The economic relations focus on the field of trade and
investment. In the thesis, the author does not study the political - security and economic
relations between the two countries in multilateral forums but the multilateral forum is
only approached from the perspective of reference, supporting the clarification of
bilateral relations between the two countries.
In addition to the limitations of time, space and content mentioned above, other
issues are not within the scope of study of the thesis.
3. Study objectives and tasks
3.1. Study objectives
The objective of the thesis is to restore the relationship between Japan and the United
States in the field of politics - security and economy in the 1951-1960 period. From there,
evaluate the achieved results, limitations and impacts of the relationship for each country
and region; and at the same time, draw the characteristics of the political, security and
economic relationship between the two countries in the 1951-1960 period.
3.2. Study tasks
The study tasks of the thesis are defined as:
- Firstly, analyze factors affecting the political-security and economic relations
between Japan and the United States in the 1951 – 1960 period.
- Secondly, analyze process and main contents in the political-security and
economic relations between Japan and the United States in the 1951 – 1960 period.
- Thirdly, evaluate and comment on the political-security relationship between
Japan and the United States in the 1951 – 1960 period. In which, focus on clarifying the

achieved results, limitations and impacts on each country and region; characteristics of
the relationship.
4. Material sources
Original documents: Including treaties, agreements, cooperation agreements;
joint declaration between the two countries; statistical reports on relations between the
two countries of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan and the United States;
Speeches and addresses of the leaders of the two countries are collected in documents
or published in newspapers, official websites...
References: Including monographs, reference books in English, Japanese and
Vietnamese on the U.S. - Japan relations and related issues; doctoral theses, master theses


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at home and abroad related to the U.S. - Japan relations; scientific articles in Vietnamese
and English published in domestic and international journals; proceedings of scientific
conferences with contents related to the topic; news pages of official websites of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan and the United States, articles published on highly
reliable websites at home and abroad...
5. Methodology and research methods
5.1. Methodology
The topic applies and masters the viewpoints of dialectical materialism,
historical materialism of Marxism - Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought; applies the
perspective of the Communist Party of Vietnam on international relations issues to
study the U.S. - Japan relations.
5.2. Research Methods
The thesis mainly uses specialized research methods, which are historical
methods and logical methods. The historical method aims to reproduce the political security and economic relations between Japan and the United States in the 1951 – 1960
period from a historical perspective. The logical method helps the author to analyze,
view and objectively evaluate the relationship.

The object of the thesis is in the field of international relations, so the author
applies many specialized research methods in international relations such as synthesis,
comparison, analysis, interpretation, etc. With these methods, the political-security and
economic relations between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960 are placed in the
context of international relations and are reproduced objectively and evaluated in a
multidimensional, scientific way.
Moreover, the object of the thesis is also in the field of economics. Therefore,
the author has used a number of research methods specialized in economics such as
statistics, comparison tables, charts, qualitative, quantitative, deductive, inductive... to
clarify the content of economic relations between the two countries Japan and USA.
6. Contributions of the thesis
This is the first work in Vietnam focusing on the study of the political - security
and economic relations between Japan and the United States from 1951 to 1960.
Therefore, the contributions of the thesis are:
- Systematically, honestly and objectively restore the political - security and
economic relations between Japan and the United States in the 1951 – 1960 period.
- Focus on analyzing and clarifying the influencing factors (under three levels of
the world, region, country and individual), the process and specific content in the
relationship between Japan and the United States in the political - security and economic
field in the 1951 – 1960 period. On that basis, draw assessments and comments on the
relationship.
- The Japan- the United States relations in general, the political - security and


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economic relations between the two countries in the 1951 – 1960 period in particular is
a typical relationship in international relations after World War II, associated with an
extremely complex world context. Up to now, the alliance between the two countries
has been constantly strengthened and is considered one of the most sustainable alliances

in the world. The content of the thesis will contribute to clarifying the nature of the
relationship.
- The thesis systematizes and supplements new documents on the political security and economic relations between Japan and the United States from 1951 to 1960;
is a useful reference for researching, teaching and studying Japanese history, American
history, two countries' relations and international relations in modern times .
7. Structure of the thesis
In addition to the preamble, conclusion, references, the content of the thesis
includes 4 chapters:
Chapter 1. Overview of the research situation.
Chapter 2. Factors impacting on politics - security and economics relations
between Japan and the United States from 1951 to 1960
Chapter 3. Status of political, security and economic relations between Japan
and the US from 1951 to 1960
Chapter 4. Commentary on political, security and economic relations between
Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960


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Chapter 1
OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION
1.1. Research works related to the topic
After approaching and studying the research works related to the thesis topic of
both foreign and Vietnamese scholars, we pointed out the specific content that the
typical works mentioned, from which we drew the following observations:
- Overseas, the relationship between the two countries Japan and the US has
drawn the attention of many researchers and achieved certain results. However, most
of these works had a scope of research which is too long in terms of time, mainly
focusing on the period during and after the Cold War. Political - security and economic
relations between Japan and the US in the period 1951 - 1960 were little studied, or

just a content in the overall work of the authors. According to the documents accessible
to the author, it can be affirmed that there has been no systematic study on "Politicalsecurity and economic relations between Japan and the United States from 1951 to
1960".
- In Vietnam, there have been a number of studies on Japan-US relations.
However, those works mainly refer to the Japan-US relationship in a general way,
integrated in works on international relations in the region and the world. In addition,
there is also a work that selects a very long research period, during the Cold War period.
It can be affirmed that, so far in Vietnam, there has not been any in-depth and
comprehensive research on the political, security and economic relationship between
Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960.
- Summarizing the research results of foreign and Vietnamese scholars, we find
that most of the research works on Japan-US relations have a very long time range,
mainly during the entire Cold War period or after the Cold War. There has not been so
many research works on the period 1951 - 1960. Some works focus on specific
political, security or economic content but lack in-depth and systematic works on
political - security and economic relations between the two countries in the period 1951
- 1960. It can be said that the political-security and economic relations between Japan
and the US from 1951 to 1960 as a separate research object have not been thoroughly
studied. In terms of content, the published works have not solved the following
problems:
+ The factors affecting the political-security and economic relations between
Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960 have not been deeply and comprehensively
deepened and comprehensively. Those factors have not been fully evaluated at all
levels: world, region; national and individual. At the same time, there has not been an
adequate analysis of the impact of important regional and global events occurring at
the same time. That affects the perception and evaluation of the relationship between
Japan and the US within the time period that the thesis researches.
+ The current situation of political, security and economic relations between
Japan and the US in the period 1951 - 1960 has not been clarified because this period
is only a short period of time within the scope of research of most of the published

works. Moreover, most researchers have not taken a multi-dimensional approach (both


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clarifying the process and delving into specific issues) in the bilateral relationship
between Japan and the US (1951 - 1960).
+ The works that we have access to are of researchers from many different
countries, published at different times so there are different perspectives, ways of
seeing and evaluating the problem. Some authors are still heavy on ideological issues;
some overemphasize the approach from the Cold War perspective while others are
more inclined to see it from the Japanese or American side... That leads to unbiased
and unscientific judgments. In particular, the nature of the relationship between the two
countries in this historical period has not been clearly defined.
- The results of studies abroad and in Vietnam on the relationship between Japan
and the US are an important reference source for us to develop the thesis. At the same
time, they help us develop ideas, content and choose appropriate research methods. In
terms of content, it is the basis for restoring the current situation of political, security
and economic relations between Japan and the US (1951 - 1960). On the other hand,
these results contribute to helping us have a multi-dimensional perspective when
evaluating research subjects; make objective and scientific judgments about the results
and limitations, the impact of the Japan - US economic and political relations (1951 1960) as well as draw out the characteristics point of this relationship.
1.2. Dissertation issues to focus on solving
On the basis of selectively inheriting the research results of domestic and foreign
scholars, supplementing new sources of material, the thesis poses the following
problems to focus on solving:
Firstly, present and analyze deeply and fully the factors affecting the politicalsecurity and economic relations between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960. The
factors mentioned in the thesis includes: international and regional situation; Japan-US
relations before 1951; Japan's situation and Japan's foreign policy towards the US; the
US situation and US foreign policy towards Japan; the role of individual Japanese and

American leaders.
Second, systematically and comprehensively present the status of politicalsecurity and economic relations between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960; clarify
the progress as well as the core contents of the relationship between the two countries
in the above fields.
Third, on the basis of research results on the current situation of political,
security and economic relations between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960, some
comments are drawn about this bilateral relationship. The comments focused on the
following aspects: achieved results, limitations; impact on each country, region and
internation; characteristics of the relationship between the two countries in the above
fields.
Fourth, absorbing research results on the political-security and economic
relationship between Japan and the US from 1951 to 1960 that have been published,
the thesis will analyze and evaluate objectively to determine the true nature of the
relationship between the two countries. The cross-cutting scientific issue that the thesis
wants to clarify is: the Japan-US relationship is a close allied relationship on the basis
of mutual exploitation, in which the US takes advantage of Japan to implement its


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global strategy whereas Japan took advantage of the US to focus on economic
development.
Chapter 2
FACTORS IMPACTING ON POLITICS - SECURITY AND ECONOMICS
RELATIONS BETWEEN JAPAN AND UNITED STATES FROM 1951 TO
1960
2.1. International situation and Asia-Pacific region
2.1.1. The formation of Bipolar World Order and Cold War
World War II ended, “Yalta Bipolar Order” was formed. Before the alliance of
the Soviet Union and the United States, Japan could not avoid great impacts. That is the

condition for Japan-US relations to change rapidly. In 1947, the Cold War was born and
was quickly pushed to the climax with the rapidly increasing level of confrontation. The
Cold War not only changed the US policy towards Japan, but it also changed the nature
of the Japan-US relationship, from an occupation relationship quickly to an alliance
relationship.

2.1.2. The development of the Soviet Union, the socialist system and the national
liberation movement in the world
The development of the Soviet Union and the formation and development of the
world socialist system were one of the reasons for the establishment of the Japan-US
alliance, and the more socialism developed, the tighter the relationship between the two
countries. The development of the national liberation movement in the world caused the
influence of the US, in particular, and the capitalist faction, in general, at risk of gradually
narrowing. Therefore, the US wanted to turn Japan into an “outpost” to prevent communism
and national liberation movements in the Asia-Pacific region.
2.1.3. The birth and development of the People’s Republic of China
The birth of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 marked the expansion of
socialism from Europe to Asia, becoming the world system. This event dealt a strong
blow to the US policy of “containment” and had a great influence on Japan-US relations.
In the 1950s, the People’s Republic of China implemented the policy of “Nhất biên đảo
(being prone to one side)”, leaning heavily towards the Soviet Union to oppose the US.
The birth and development of the People’s Republic of China with an increasingly
important role in the international arena turned this country into a force that competes
with the US and has a direct impact on Japan. Therefore, the US used Japan as a tool to
restrain the People’s Republic of China.
2.1.4. Korean War and Vietnam War
During the Korean War, Japan played an important role as a rear of the US,
effectively becoming the US’ bastion in the Asia-Pacific to directly prevent the
Communism from spreading from North Korea to South Korea. This war made Japan’s

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already important place in the US’s global strategy become more important. It is also part
of the reason why the Japan-US alliance was born and developed soon. Besides, the
Vietnam War was also a factor affecting Japan-US relations. In particular, when the “red
wave” spread in Asia and the People’s Republic of China was born, Vietnam had a special
position in preventing communism influence in the Asia-Pacific that the US implemented.
2.2. Japan-US relations before 1951
2.2.1. Japan-US relations before 1945
Japan-US relations before World War II experienced many ups and downs, from
inequality at the end of the Tokugawa period, to a period of cooperation for mutual
benefit in the Meiji period, then to a tense relationship since Japan’s rise to power,
becoming a regional power, finally ending with confrontation in World War II. Japan’s
defeat in World War II has created a new turning point in Japan-US relations. The
relationship between the two countries in this period is the historical basis for Japan
and the US to establish bilateral relations in the next period.
2.2.2. Japan-US relations from 1945 to 1951
After the Second World War, the two parties ended the relationship of confrontation
and war, and replaced it with the relationship of occupation and being occupied.
Simultaneously with the occupation of Japan, before the changes of the world situation and
the calculation of interests, the US completely changed its target towards Japan, helped and
supported Japan more for Japan’s economic recovery and development. The change in US
policy towards Japan has made rapid changes in the Japan - US relations, laying the premise
for the development of Japan - US relations in the following period, firstly in 1951 - 1960.
2.3. Japan’s situation and Japan’s foreign policy towards the US (1951 - 1960)
2.3.1. Political, economic and social situation of Japan (1951-1960)
After signing the treaty with the US, Japan had many changes. In terms of politics,
Japan’s political scene varied with constant cabinet changes, only relatively stable during
the rule of Yoshida Shigeru and Kishi Nobusuke. Meanwhile, political forces and the

masses were constantly struggling, mainly opposing the signing of the Japan-US
Security Treaty. Regarding economics, Japan had a very rapid development, gross
national product increased higher than Western capitalist countries. Socially, people’s
living standards are improved due to the impact of economic development.
2.3.2. Japan’s foreign policy towards the US (1951 - 1960)
Due to the profound impact of the Cold War, and the relationship between the two
countries in the period 1945-1951, Japan sided with the US. Choosing and developing
relations with the US was the most “suitable” for Japan at that time. From 1951 to 1960,
in general, Japan relied and depended on the US. Japan’s policies had a profound impact
on the comprehensive relations of the two countries, including political, security and
economic relations.
2.4. US situation and US foreign policy towards Japan (1951 - 1960)


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2.4.1. Political, economic and social situation of the US (1951-1960)
In terms of politics, in the period 1951-1960 in particular, the US political
situation had little change compared to before. In the United States, there was still a twoparty system in power. Economically, the United States was the world’s most powerful
superpower in all aspects. In terms of society, in general, the American people’s
democratic freedoms were limited. The life of a large number of working people in the
United States faced many difficulties, the rich-poor divide became very serious. Conflict
in the the US society was acute.
2.4.2. US foreign policy towards Japan (1951 - 1960)
In the period 1951-1960, the policy that the US implemented towards Japan was
an alliance policy, a part of the US global strategy. In order to implement that policy,
the US contributed Japan’s economic recovery and development. These policies had a
great impact on the relationship between the two countries, which was an important
condition for the relationship between the two countries to become closer.
2.5. Roles of Japanese and American leaders

2.5.1. Nobusuke Japanese Prime Ministers Yoshida Shigeru and Kishi
Nobusuke
During the period from September 8, 1951 to January 19, 1960, prime ministers
Yoshida Shigeru, Hato Yama Ichino, Ishibashi Tanzan, and Kishi Nobusuke took turns
assuming power in Japan. Among those prime ministers, Prime Minister Yoshida
Shigeru and Prime Minister Kishi Nobusuke played prominent roles in leading the
country and in Japan-US relations.
Yoshida Shigeru (1878-1967) was a member of the Libertarian
Party, serving as Prime Minister of Japan for two periods: From May 1946 to
May 1947 and from October 1948 to December 1954. Yoshida had a great influence
on Japan-US relations in the period 1951 - 1960. It was the stable rule and appropriate
policy that helped Japan overcome the difficult period, creating the foundation to bring
the country to the stage of “miraculous” development. It is worth noting that Yoshida
received the trust of the US Government.
Kishi Nobusuke (1896-1987) served as Prime Minister of Japan from February
1957 to July 1960. He was considered “the one who established and consolidated the
post-war political institution that Prime Minister Yoshida initially built” and influenced
Japan-US relations. During more than 3 years as Prime minister, Kishi always strived
to improve relations with the US in a more equal way, Kishi carefully prepared policies
to enhance Japan’s position in the international arena, including even with the US.
2.5.2. US Presidents Harry Truman and Dwight David Eisenhower
H. Truman was the 33rd president of the US, ruling from 1945 to 1953. The
highlight that had a profound impact on the United States and Japan-US relations was the
“Truman Doctrine” based on the foundation of “Containment Policy”. Truman was the


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one who changed the policy towards Japan after World War II from “defeating” to
“recovering”, from enemy to ally. During the period 1951 - 1953, at the end of his second

term, Truman actively promoted the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty, the JapanUS Security Treaty, etc., to establish an alliance between the two countries, increase
Japan’s dependence on the United States. It can be said that the development of relations
between the two countries at that time bears the imprint of Truman.
Dwight David Eisenhower was the 34th president in American history, ruling
from 1953 to 1961. Japan-US relations in the period 1951-1960 took place almost
entirely during Eisenhower’s rule, therefore, Eisenhower had a great influence on the
practice as well as the development direction of the relationship between the two sides.
Eisenhower inherited and developed Truman’s U.S. policy toward Japan. Under the
direction of Eisenhower, the US signed a series of agreements on security, defense,
administration, finance, and trade, etc. with Japan. Especially, under President D.
Eisenhower, the two countries signed the Security Treaty in 1960, marked the
consolidation and development of relations between the two countries, laying the
foundation for bilateral relations to continue to develop in the following period.


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Chapter 3
STATUS OF POLITICAL, SECURITY AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS
BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE US FROM 1951 TO 1960
3.1. Political-security relations
3.1.1. The development of political-security relations between Japan and the
US (1951-1960)
Since the early 1950s, the world situation, especially in Asia, has become very
complicated, which has caused rapid changes in the relationship between Japan and the
US. The United States wants to make Japan an ally that plays a key role in its global
strategy in the Asia-Pacific. To achieve that goal, first of all, the US advocates signing
a peace treaty with other countries with Japan.
Under the manipulation of the US, on September 8, 1951, at the San Francisco
Conference, 49/52 participating countries signed the San Francisco Treaty with Japan.

The treaty stipulates: "The state of war between Japan and the Allied countries shall
cease on the date of entry into force of this Treaty". The treaty is the legal basis for the
US to sign further bilateral treaties with Japan and turn it into an important military
ally of the US in the Asia-Pacific. Only 5 hours after the San Francisco Treaty was
signed, also on September 8, 1951, the US and Japan signed the Japan-US Security
Treaty. The most important thing in this Agreement is to regulate the deployment of
naval, land and air forces of the United States in Japan. Despite mixed opinions, both
treaties were quickly ratified by the Japanese Congress and the US Senate. The San
Francisco Treaty and the Japan-US Security Treaty opened the door to the close
relationship between Japan and the US, marking the official establishment of the
alliance relationship between the two countries.
On February 28, 1952, in Tokyo, Japan signed an Administrative Agreement
with the US to specify the issue of regulating the stationing of US military forces in
Japan.
To strengthen the alliance, the leaders of the two countries have promoted highlevel diplomatic activities. In November 1954, Japanese Prime Minister Yoshida
Shigeru visited the US and held talks with President D. Eisenhower. The two sides
affirmed that the spirit of friendly cooperation is characteristic of the relationship
between Japan and the US. In June 1957, Japanese Prime Minister Kishi Nobusuke
visited the United States. Mr. Kishi Nobusuke and US President D. Eisenhower
discussed many important issues of mutual concern, including the issue of the 1951
Security Treaty. In January 1960, the delegation High-ranking officials of the Japanese
Government led by Prime Minister Kishi Nobusuke visited the US. This visit takes
place in the context of international changes, the situation in Japan also appears many
issues that need attention, especially when the anti-American movement of the


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Japanese people is on the rise. The two sides took time to discuss the international
situation and review the Japan-US relationship, and believed that the partnership and

cooperation between the two countries continued to be consolidated.
On January 19, 1960, in Washington, the two countries signed the Japan-US
Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty (commonly known as the 1960 Japan-US
Security Treaty). In essence, the Japan-US Security and Cooperation Treaty in 1960 is
an adjustment of the Security Treaty signed by the two countries in 1951 to suit new
circumstances. It is the result of the actual relationship between the two countries over
the past decade, as well as the adjustment to the wave of struggles of the Japanese
people and political parties. The signing of the Japan-US Security and Cooperation
Treaty (January 19, 1960) represents a new development in Japan-US political and
security relations.
3.1.2. Political-security relations between Japan and the US in specific matters
(1951 - 1960)
3.1.2.1. Korean War
North Korea is particularly important to Japan's security as well as to US policy in
Asia. During the Korean War (1950-1953), Japan-US relations were shown to be very
close, which can be said to be a new development in the relations between the two
countries. When the war broke out, Japan was then dominated by the US, almost like an
ally of the US (even though no bilateral security treaty had been signed yet) and was
essentially a US base, thus whether wanted or not it was dragged into the war, caught up
in the confrontation between the US - Soviet Union and the US - China. Japan became the
most important US base, a place to gather weapons, combat forces, logistics, and fuel for
US and UN troops. The relations between the two countries during the Korean War were
to carry out the US’ global policy above all, but on the other hand to ensure the security
of Japan. For Japan, this war has had a very profound effect, like a "divine wind" to
comprehensively change the state of Japan. It was also the basis for the US to strengthen
its policy by signing a peace treaty and a bilateral security treaty with Japan to strengthen
Japan's defense capabilities and stay ready to deal with threats similar to the Korean War.
3.1.2.2. US military bases in Japan
Building US military bases in Japan is the primary concern in the politicalsecurity relations between Japan and the US during 1951 - 1960. It was a matter that
has been discussed even before the US ended its occupation in Japan. The San

Francisco Peace Treaty, the Japan-US Security Treaty, and the Administrative Treaty
provided a sufficient legal basis for US troops to station permanently in Japan. Japan
lost its right to maintain its own army, instead the US was allowed to station troops in
Japan to ensure Japan's security. In fact, this is the formalization of US troops’ presence
in Japan as well as the complete security dependence of Japan on the US, creating
Japan’s signature characteristic - a "one-legged giant".


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According to the agreements between the leaders of the two countries, the US
was given 612 bases and areas, of which 300 areas can be used indefinitely, the US
army also received 18 other areas to conduct military drills and 35 airports and other
harbours, factories and military hospitals. Military bases on Japanese soil played a huge
role in US policy in the Asia-Pacific. These bases not only maintain the US’ safety in
Japan, but also play a support role for other US military bases scattered throughout the
islands in the Asia-Pacific region.
3.1.2.3. Japan's rearmament
The 1946 constitution forbade Japan to maintain armed forces and wage war.
However, due to the plans of the US and Japan, the Japanese armed forces were
gradually re-established. From 1950, right after the outbreak of the Korean War,
General Mac Arthur asked the Japanese Government to establish a Reserve Police
Force (Keisatsu yobitai) consisting of 75,000 people armed with modern war
armaments such as: aircraft, tanks, warships... thus began the rearmament of Japan.
In fact, despite the lack of legal basis, Japan has already received military aid from
the United States ever since 1950. From 1952 to 1954, the US and Japan signed two
agreements on leasing ships. In addition, the Japanese navy also received a significant
amount of other equipment in the form of non-refundable aid. In 1955, the US again
provided military aid to Japan’s air force (air defense force). It can be seen that the US’
military aid was mainly for the rearmament of Japan. In essence, rearmament of Japan is

also an effective way to increase US power and to strengthen the Japan-US alliance.
3.2. Economic relations
3.2.1. Development of Japan-US economic relations in 1951-1960
With the US’ progressive support in the years after World War II, especially the
economic reforms, the Japanese economy has transformed rapidly. In particular during
the Korean War, Japan's economy entered a period of "miracle" development thanks to
US military purchase orders and associated services. The US’ inflows of "special income"
into Japan, as well as US aid during the Korean War, have allowed Japan's economic
indexes to rise rapidly. During this period, the two countries signed various economic
agreements such as the Agreement on Cooperation, Trade and Navigation (April 2, 1930),
Agreement on Economic Measures (March 8, 1954) Japan - US Investment Guarantee
Agreement (March 8, 1954)... During high-level talks, the leaders of the two countries
also discussed a lot regarding bilateral economic cooperation, affirming the priority of
developing Japan - US economic relations... While deploying bilateral economic relations,
the US plays an important role in the Japanese economy; the US had actively assisted
Japan in joining economic organizations such as the General Treaty on Tariffs and Trade,
World Bank, International Monetary Fund.
Economic relations between Japan and the US during 1951 - 1960 were
influenced by the alliance between the two countries. The Japan-US Security Treaty has


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created a "nuclear umbrella" for Japan to protect its own national security, allowing the
country to focus on economic development. That was one of the reasons for Japan to
achieve "economic miracle" during this period.
3.2.2. Areas of economic relations
3.2.2.1. Trade relations
During the period 1951 - 1960, trade relations between Japan and the US had
achieved multiple results and continuously developed. First of all, the two countries

have regularly introduced measures to promote exports and carry out import-export
activities.
In the trade relations between the two countries, US’ exports to Japan every year
are always higher than the reverse and the value constantly increases: from $601
million in 1951 to $1,319 million in 1957 and $1,447 million in 1960. Meanwhile, in
the opposite direction, the value of exports from Japan is still modest but does increase
continuously: from $205 million in 1951, to $718 million in 1957 and $1,149 million
in 1960. In trade relations with the US, Japan is in the deficit, although the imbalance
is reducing year by year. Among the import-export relations between Japan and other
regions of the world, the trade relations between Japan and the US are much more
prominent. This demonstrates the close trade relation between Japan and the US as
well as the importance of the US to the Japanese economy. However, trade relations
between the two countries also face various difficulties. Trade conflicts manifest in
several industries, the most severe of which is in textile industry.
3.2.2.2. Investment relations
On April 2, 1953, the United States and Japan signed an Agreement on
Cooperation, Trade and Maritime Affairs, which stipulates the privileges of the United
States in investing in Japan. Therefore, in the period 1951 - 1960, while foreign direct
investment to Japan was not much, US direct investment in Japan still increased every
year. It was only 19 million USD in 1950, but increased up to129 million USD in 1955,
and 254 million USD in 1960. However, direct investment in Japan was quite low
compared to total US investment abroad. The reason for this situation is that in addition
to direct investment, the US also gives Japan a large amount of aid and other special
orders for US military operations here. In fact, the total amount of money that the US
invests in Japan is very large. From 1953 to 1960 alone, all accounts, the United States
poured more than $4 billion into the Japanese economy.
US investment in Japan during this time was distributed in many fields, focusing
mainly on important fields such as mining, oil extraction, manufacturing, electronic
technical equipment, soft drinks. water, public services, etc. Direct investment and all
the money spent by the United States in Japan are both meant to restore and develop the

Japanese economy and strengthen Japan's role in US security policy in Asia - Pacific.
Since 1951, Japan has paid attention and started to invest abroad. However,


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Japanese investment in the US in the period 1951 - 1960 was still very modest. Because
this is the time when Japan must focus on domestic economic recovery, investment
activities have not been prioritized.
Chapter 4
COMMENTARY ON POLITICAL, SECURITY AND ECONOMIC
RELATIONS BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE US FROM 1951 TO 1960
4.1. Results and shortcomings of the Japan - US political, security and
economic relations during 1951 - 1960
4.1.1. Results
First, the two countries have managed to establish a solid political-security
alliance. Various political-security matters between the two countries have been
developed, demonstrating the solid foundation of the alliance. Most notable were
during the Korean War, the US military base construction in Japan and Japan’s
rearmament. It can be said that, although there are still certain obstacles to resolve, the
Japan-US alliance during 1951-1960 was one of the most solid alliances in the world.
Second, economic relations between Japan and the US are in constant
development. Although not as prioritized in politics-security, the economic relations
between Japan and the US during 1951-1960 had achieved outstanding results. First of
all, the two countries have agreed to sign various agreements on economic cooperation.
In particular, during 1951-1960, Japan and the US had promoted trade and investment
relations. The results of economic relations between Japan and the US during 1951-1960
had become one of the driving forces for the two countries to further cooperate, together
becoming the world's highest and second highest developed economies.
Reason: First, the US’ consistent domination policy over Japan following the US’

trajectory toward its global strategy. Second, Japan’s wish to develop relations with the
US. From 1951 to 1960, Japan had relied on the US to ensure its security and focus on
economic development. Third, impacts from outside factors: The support of capitalist
countries, i.e. allies of the US in terms of both political - security and economic aspects.
4.1.2. Shortcomings
First, this political-security relation still has several shortcomings. It is an
lopsided relationship, demonstrating Japan's excessive dependence on the US. In
addition, Japan-US relations face various obstacles and challenges.
Second, economic relations between Japan and the US (1951 - 1960) did not
correlate with the alliance between the two countries. In particular, trade relations have
developed, but the scale is fairly minor, with multiple challenges, the balance is tilted
in favor of the US. Besides, the investment relation is one-sided, consists mainly of
US’ investment in Japan.
Reason: First, the US is a superpower with the higest political and economic


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potential in the world, fully capable of influencing and forcing Japan to depend on its
policy. Second, Japan lacks sufficient power to establish equality in relations with the
US. Third, due to the impact of external factors: The tense international situation, most
prominently with the US-Soviet conflict and the volatile regional situation (the
formulation and development of the People's Republic of China, Korean War, Taiwan
issue, etc.).
4.2. Impact of political, security and economic relations between Japan
and the US during 1951 - 1960
4.2.1. For Japan
First, the political-security relations between Japan and the US have helped
Japan to ensure its security and expand its foreign relations. The political-security
relations with the US have helped Japan to stay completely assured of national

security. The US will handle any outside attack into Japan and also riots inside
Japan. Thanks to its relations with the US, Japan can develop relations with Western
capitalist countries, i.e. close allies of the US.
Second, the political-security relations between Japan and the US make
Japan somewhat lose its own independence and self-reliance. Japan's excessive
dependence on the US has made it seem impossible for Japan to deal with external
security threats on its own. In fact, Japan's foreign policy is also influenced by the
US, which is the price that Japan has to pay for relying on the US to ensure its
national security.
Third, the political-security and economic relations between Japan and the
US have enhanced the rapid development of the Japanese economy. The economic
impact on Japan was probably not accounted for in the US's original plan, the
political-security alliance has had a profound impact on the Japanese economy,
allowing this nation’s economy to change rapidly. In particular, the Korean War
became a strong push for the Japanese economy to develop rapidly, like a "divine
wind" to the Japanese economy. Regarding external affairs, the Japan-US relations
have created favorable conditions for the Japanese economy to penetrate directly
into the world market. Also, with the help of the US, Japan has been given favorable
conditions to join and expand its relations with international financial institutions
such as the World Bank, IMF...
Fourth, the political-security and economic relations between Japan and the US
have created disturbances in Japanese society. Japan-US relations (1951-1960) have
had a strong impact on Japanese society, leading to protests of all social classes. The
movement that erupted strongly was primarily directed against the "San Francisco
Treaty System", against the US construction of military bases and against the "too
obvious" pro-American policy of the Yoshida cabinet.
4.2.2. For the US


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The Japan-US relations have allowed the US to consolidate its power and
smoothly deploy its global strategy in the Asia-Pacific. The establishment of alliance
with Japan has allowed the US to partially realize its global strategy, preventing the wave
of communism in the Asia-Pacific. Close relations with Japan during 1951 - 1960 had
created the basis for the US to easily carry out its policy.
Economic relations between Japan and the US have expanded the trade and
investment market for the US, contributing to the development of the US economy.
Economic relations between Japan and the US during 1951-1960 had had an impact on
the US economy, although not as great as the impact on Japan. With Japan relations,
the US has more markets to export and import goods, US capitalists have more
investment opportunities, contributing to the development of the US economy.
4.2.3. For the region and the world
Political-security relations between Japan and the US have consolidated the
Yalta Bipolar Order in the Asia-Pacific. During 1951-1960, fierce competition
between the two poles took place in the Asia-Pacific region. Therefore, the US has
been trying to create influence in this region, by strengthening its alliance with Japan.
Agreements between the two countries, in particular Japan's permission for the US to
use military bases and station troops in Japan, have made the political situation in the
region always in a state of high tension.
Political-security and economic relations between Japan and the US have changed
the correlation of forces between capitalist and socialist systems. The fact that Japan allied
with the US in the Asia-Pacific has strengthened the capitalist system led by the US. It
also changed the balance of power in this region. Japan's close alliance with the US in
Asia has brought disadvantages to socialist countries and increased the power of the
capitalist system in terms of economy, security and military.
Political-security and economic relations between Japan and the US had had an
impact on the Cold War. After the US launched the Cold War, the world situation
became increasingly tense. The establishment of Japan-US alliance had an impact on
the Cold War. If Germany is considered an "outpost" in Europe, then Japan is

considered an "outpost" in Asia for the US to fulfill its containment goal. The Soviet
Union had to deal with the siege from two sides, Germany in the West, Japan in the
East, just like in World War II. This relation had made the Cold War more prominent
in Asia.
4.3. Characteristics of Japan - US political - security and economic relations
during 1951 - 1960
First, the political-security and economic relations between Japan and the US
(1951 - 1960) have clearly demonstrated each country’s political schemes. In Japan US relations, both sides have clearly demonstrated plots and schemes for their own
interests. While the US took advantage of Japan to fulfill its main political and security