Báo cáo khoa học:Bàn thêm về người hiền tài trong quan niệm Khổng -Mạnh và ảnh hưởng của nó pot

NGHIEN cuu-TRAO
DOI
Ban them ve
ngiroi
hien tai trong quan niem
cua
Khdng
- Mgnh va anh
huong
cua no
a mpt
sd nuioc phuong
Bong hien
dqi
IRAN QUANG ANH*
N
ho
hpc
la
ddng cM'nh
cua
van
hda
cd
dai
Trung
Hoa,
nd da
gdp
phan lam nen
ti'nh

each, tam
ly con ngudi Trung
Qud'c
va anh hudng sau
rpng de'n
sir
phat trie'n van hda phuong
Ddng.
Trong
boi
canh toan cau
hda,
tir
thap nien
70
cua the'ki
XX
de'n nay,
chau
A
la
khu
vue
phat
trie'n nang dpng
nha't.
Khi
tim nguyen nhan van hda eiia
su
phat trie'n nay,

ngudi ta
dac
biet
chii
y
den vai trd cua
Nho
hpc.
Nho
hpc
la
trie't
hpc
cM'nh
tri
-
dao
due bao
ham nhieu npi
dung phong phii
va da dang, trong
dd
quan
die'm
eua
Khdng
tir
va
Manh tu
ve

van
de
tuye'n chpn ngudi
Men
tai
la mpt
trong nhirng
npi
dung giau
sue
sdng
va
dupe
quan tam trong the
gidi
Men dai.
1.
Quan niem cua Khong - Manh ve nguoi
hien
tai
1.1.
Khdi niem ngudi
Men tdi
Cach
day
hai
muoi
lam
the'ky,
Khong tu

da
quan
niem kha
ro ve
ngudi
Men va
sau
dd
dupe Manh tuke
thita,
phat
trie'n.
Thdi Dong
Chu,
ngoi vua dupe truyen
' Tmdng Dai hgc Kinh
te,
Dai hgc Da Nang
tu, khong cdn truyen Men nhu
thm
Nghieu
-
Thuan
nira. Ngoi bau
dirpc
nha vua truyen lai
cho
con ddng
trudng,
hoae chau ddng

trudng (chau
dich
ton),
che dp
dd gpi
la
che
dp
ton
phap.
Nhuvay,
non song xa
tac
tir
dd
khong
cdn
la cua chung tMen
ha,
ma trd thanh sd
hiru rieng eua mpt ddng
tpc.
Trong xa hpi truyen tu,
dm
nao
ciing
vay,
ne'u
trong
ddng

Tdn
that
Hoang
tpc
khdng du ngudi tai gidi de cai tri dan, thi
cac
vuong
trieu phong
Men
phai
diing mpt sdngudi tai
due
trong
tMen ha
vao
viee
tri
nude,
dd
la
nhirng "ngudi
Men".
Ngudi Men thuc chat la ke
si
trong tu
dan.
Hp
la
nhirng ngudi khdng
lam

quan hoae
chua
cd
cohpi
lam
quan. Do vay, hp thupc pham
trii
dan. Chu truong
tuye'n
chpn
va
sir dung
ngudi
Men
tai
trong tMen
ha
la
sir
the
Men
tu tudng than dan
ciia Khd'ng
- Manh.
Khac
vdi
nhiing ngudi
trong
Hoang
tpc,

ngudi
Men
la nhirng ngum phai dpe sach, hpc tap, thuc hanh li
nhac,
nhan nghia thuan
thuc
rdi mdi
ra
lam
quan.
Hp
la
nhirng ngudi
day
cong
tu chf luyen ren
mdi
trd
nen
Men
nhan tai
diic
dupe.
1.2.
Tieu
chi
tuyen chon ngudi hien
tdi
25
NGHIEN

cuu-
TRAO
DOI
Mdi thdi dai khac nhau,
tiiy
theo nhiem vu lieh su
ma gidi cam quyen dat ra nhirng tieu chf khac nhau
cho viec dao tao va tuyen chpn ngudi Men. Trong tu
tudng Khdng - Manh, tieu chf xuyen suo't ciia ngudi
Men la due va
tai.
Trong trie't hpc
co
dai Trung
Qud'c,
diic cd
y nghia
vupt ra ngoai pham vi con ngudi, nham
chi
"dieu tdt
dep,
cao ca, trong sang thuan khie't".
Diie
la tu
each
cao quy cua con ngudi, due lam dep dm minh va anh
hudng tdt de'n chung quanh. Tai d mpt con ngum la
nang
lue,
nd

ed
the dupe bieu Men mpt each toan dien
hoae timg
mat.
Ngudi
cd
tai nang Met xua't tren nhieu
Hnh vuc thudng qui Mem, hp thudng la vi nhan cua
mdi thm dai. Da
so'
ngudi tai nang thudng thien ve
mpt mat, mpt linh
vuc.
Trong nhirng mdn sinh tai gidi
nha't ciia Khd'ng tir, moi ngudi ciing chi cd mpt vai
nang
kMeu nhat dinh." Gidi an
ndi,
tir
lenh
cd
Te Nga,
Tu
Cdng;
gidi ve chi'nh tri
cd
Nhiem Hiru, Quy
Lp;
gidi
ve

van
hpc cd Tu
Du,
Tu
Ha"^.
Trong "Luan ngii" va "Manh tu", Khd'ng - Manh
chii
trpng ca tai va
diic
kM tuyen chpn va sir dung
ngudi Men. Trong sudt cuoc dm giao hda, dao luyen
ngudi Men tai, Khd'ng tu khdng phan biet sang hen,
qui tien, ma coi trpng ngudi tai
due.
Manh tu chu
truong: "Quy trpng ngudi cd due, tdn simg bac si phu
tuc la hang ed hpc thiic, cat dat ngum Men len vi trf
xiing
dang,
phong
chuc
phan
cho
ngudi tai
nang"^.
Nhu
vay, chi
cd
"quy due nM tdn
si",

khie'n"
Men gia tai vi,
nang gia tai
chiic"
thi
qud'c
gia
mdi
thinh
vupng.
Theo
Khdng - Manh, tai
diic
la nhirng tieu chf khdng the
thieu kM tuye'n chpn ngudi Men, trong dd cai
gd'c,
cai
coban
ciia ngudi hien la due. Chinh vi vay, dudng ldi
due tri chi phdi toan
bp tu
tudng Khd'ng
-
Manh. Manh
tu cho rang: "Ngudi binh thudng ma dupe thien ha,
can phai cd due ca nhu dng Thuan, ong
Vii",
va ngai
Trpng Ni (Khd'ng tu) la " bac thanh
diic"^.

Nhu vay
khdng ehi
vdi
ngudi Men tai, ma ngay ca bae thien tu,
bac thanh, thi
due vin
la cai bao
triim
len tat ca.
1.3.
Hinh thiic tuyen
chon ngudi
hien tdi
Khd'ng - Manh da de cap de'n mpt sd hinh thiic
tuye'n chpn ngudi Men, trong dd tien cu va cau Men la
hai Mnh thirc chii yeu.
Tien
cula
Mnh thiic tuye'n chpn ngudi Men coban
trong thm Khd'ng - Manh. Thdi Tam hoang, ngay
Nghieu, Thuan la nhiing bac thanh tai due mud'n ra
lam vua ciing phai thdng qua
tie'n
cii.
Ne'u khdng
dupe
tien
eu
tM
diu

la bae thanh ciing khdng the
trd
thanh
ngudi tri vi tMen ha dupe. Manh tu
ndi:
"Ngudi binh
thudng ma dupe tMen ha, can phai cd
diic
ca
nhu dng
Thuan,
dng
Vii;
lai niia, can phai cd bac thien tir tie'n
eu minh (dng Thuan da cd
diic,
lai dupe vua Nghieu
tien
cii-,
dng Vii
la ngudi Men, lai
dupe
vua Thuan tie'n
cu, nen hai dng ay mdi
dupe
lam vua). Bdi vay ngai
Trpng Ni dau la bac thanh due, nhung chang dupe su
tien cu cua thien tu, nen chang dupe thien
ha"^.
Nhu

vay, viec tien cu ngudi Men phai
do
ngudi
d
dia
vi
tren
cat
nhac,
chu khdng phai
do su
tuye'n chpn dan chu tir
dudi len. Do thm dai Khd'ng - Manh la thm dai tri vi
cua che dp quan chu, nen khdng the
cd sulua
chpn dan
chu
de
cat dat
ngudi
Men.
Dieu
dd
phan anh chu truong
tieii
eu
ngudi Men
vin
cdn
dd'i

lap vdi
che
dp quan chu
quy
tdc.
Hinh
thire
tie'n
eu
ngudi
Men,
theo
Khd'ng tutra ldi
Trpng Cung
la:
"Hay
cii de
bat nhirng ngudi anh biet,
cdn nhiing ngudi anh khdng biet
tM
le nao ngudi khac
bd
hp"^.
Day la mdt bien phap diing dan, Men thuc,
kha thi.
Cimg vdi
Mnh thuc tien
cu,
Mnh thiie cau
Men

ciing
dupe su
dung
dudi
thdi
Khd'ng -
Manh.
Hai
dng
la nhiing
bae thanh va a thanh cua Nho gia, la nhirng trang
Men
nhan quan
tii:Met
xuat.
Cac bac
thanh nay thudng
xuyen dupe eac vuong trieu mm ra yet Men de nghe
nhiing
ldi cM giao
sang sudt tren nMeu linh vue nham
tang them su hung thinh cho cac trieu dai. Khd'ng tii
da timg chi giao dd'i vdi vua Canh Cdng nudc
Te,
vua
Dinh Cdng nudc
Ld,
vua Linh Cdng nudc
Ve
Manh

tu ciing da timg chi giao dd'i vdi cac vua Luong Hue
vuong, Luong Tuong
vuong,
Te Tuyen vuong, vua Muc
Cdng,
vua Van
Cdng,
vua Binh Cdng " Luan
ngii''
va
"Manh tu"
vin
cdn ghi lai nhung ldi giao hoa thang
than, sau sac cua Khd'ng - Manh, dd la su the Men
diing khi cua
cac
bac thanh nhan xua.
1.4. Vai
trd
vd muc dich
ciia viec
tuyen chon vd sit
dung
ngudi
hien tdi
1.
Luan
ngd,
Nguyin Hien Le
ehii djeh va

gidi
thieu,
Nxb Van
hgc,
H,
1995,
tr. 180.
2. Thugng Manh
td,
Doan Tmng Cdn
djeh,
Nxb
Trf Diic
Tong
Tha,
SaiGon,
1950,
tr.101.
3. Ha Manh
td,
Doan Tmng Con
djeh,
Nxb
Trf
DUc Tong Tha,
Sai Gdn,
1950,
tr.
97.
4. Sdd,

tr.
99.
5. Luan
ngu,
Nguyin Hien Le chu djeh
va
gidi
thieu,
Nxb Van
hgc,
H,
1995,
tr.
212.
26
NGHIEN
cuu-TRAO
DOI
Trong "Luan ngii" va "Manh
tu", Khd'ng
-
Manh khdng chi xac
dinh tieu chi cua viec tuye'n chpn
ngudi
Men,
ma cdn khang dinh vai
tro,
muc dfch cua viec sir dung
nguoi
Men.

Tuyen chpn va su dung ngudi
Men tai la qud'c sach cua nhieu
qud'c gia
trong
lich
su, nd
gdp
phan
quyet dinh su tdn tai, hung thinh
cua mdi
trieu
dai.
Ong
NgMeu,
dng
Thuan la nhirng bac Men tai dupe
tie'n cu lam vua gdm thau thien
ha da lam nen thm dai hoang
Mm
cua Trung Hoa each day tren bdn
ngan
nam.
Tuye'n chpn va su dung ngudi
Men tai cd tac dung va sue manh giao due to ldn. Bdi
vay, Khd'ng
tu eho
rang: "De bat ngudi chi'nh true len
tren ngudi
cong queo tM
nd

cd
the kMen
cho
ngudi cong
queo
hda ra
cM'nh
truc"^.
Quan die'm nay
cd
ngudn gde
tir
trong
lich sir
Trung
Qud'c:
kM dng
Thuan
dupe
thien
ha de bat dng Cao
Dao,
kM
dng
Thang len lam vua de
bat
dng Y
Doan da lam cho nhirng ke bat nhan
sp
ma

xa lanh. Dd la
sue
manh cua viec tuyen chpn va su
dung diing ngudi Men tai.
Tuye'n chpn va
su
dung diing ngudi Men tai se gdp
phan thuc Men cd hieu qua dudng ldi
due
tri do Nho
gia de xudng. Bdi vi ngudi Men tai thudng phat tich
noi thdn da, tir tang
ldp
binh dan trong thien ha, nen
hp la ngudi hie'u dan va
cd
the benh vuc quyen lpi cua
dan hon ai he't.
Cac
bae Men tai la
su ke't
tinh trf tue cua mpt dan
tpc,
cd khi la eua ca mdt thm dai. Do vay, hp cd kha
nang chi giao sang sudt giiip ngudi cam quyen khdi
lam lac, dac biet la trong nhirng budc ngoat ciia lich
sir. Trong thdi ky Xuan Thu - Chien Qud'c, Khd'ng -
Manh la bie'u tupng cho nhiing ngudi hien nhan Met
xuat nhu
vay.

Vdi tri tue quang bae uyen tham, hai
dng
da nMeu lan giao hda
ve
dudng
ldi
tri
nude,
ve dao
due nhan
Man
cho
nhirng
bac
quan vuong
cac
nudc Ld,
Te,
Ve,
Trau,
Dang,
Viet
nhirng
ldi
chi giao sau sac,
thang than.
Muc dich ciia viec tuye'n chpn va su dung ngudi
Men tai, xet den
ciing,
la nham tang cudng sue manh,

the
lire
va cung cd dia vi thdng tri cua giai cap cam
a
sdd,
tr.
207.
quyen.
Bdi vi
ngudi Men
kM
phuc
vu
trong gudng may
cua giai cap thd'ng tri, da
sd turbo
lap trudng giai cap
xua't than, chuye'n
sang lap
trudng giai cap cam quyen.
Mat
khac,
trong tu tudng
ciia Khd'ng -
Manh,
viec
tuye'n
chpn
va sir dung ngudi Men
ciing

nham muc dfch cung
cd
quyen
lire
cua giai cap quy tpc phong
Men.
Dieu dd
phan anh
suthong
nha't va mau
thuIn
giira lap trudng
quy tdc va tu tudng than dan, giiia che dp truyen tu
ciia nha Chu vdi chu truong ehinh tri ngudi Men cua
Khd'ng-Manh.
2.
Anh
hudng ciia
van de tuyen chon va su
dung ngudi hien tai
a
mot
so nudfc phuong
Dong
hien
dai
Khdng phai mpi
tu
tudng eua mpt hpc thuye't nao
dd deu

cd
y nghia Men dai, ma cM
cd
nhirng tu tudng
mang tfnh nhan
loai,
mang tinh chat chung eua nMeu
thm dai, nhieu giai cap, nhieu dan tdc mdi cd y nghia
Men dai. Cac dan tpc, cac giai cap cd the tim thay
nhiing hat
nhan hpp
ly trong
tu
tudng
dd
de gan
lpc,
ke
thua, phat trie'n thanh cai eua dan tdc, giai cap, thm
dai minh. Chii truong tuyen chpn va su dung ngum
Men ciia Khd'ng
-
Manh mac
dii cd
nhirng han
che
ta't
ye'u, nhung van
cd
nhirng

ye'u td
ti'ch
cue
nha't dinh. Do
vay,
viec ke
thua nhirng tinh hoa
tu
tudng
Nho hpc
ndi
chung, chu truong tuye'n chpn va su dung ngudi hien
tai
ndi
rieng
la
vain de
can tMet
ddi vdi cac nwc
phuang
Ddng Men
dai.
27
NGHIEN cuu-TRAO DOI
Dua tren nhiing phuong thirc ke thira van hoa
truyen
thdng,
xa hpi
phuong
Ddng Men dai da

tiep
thu
nhirng
gi
trong quan niem cua
Hiong - Manh ve viec
tuyen chpn va su dung ngum Men? Co the ndi Nhat
Ban la nudc dau tien
d
chau
A
chiu anh hudng
rd
net
tu
tudng
nay cua Khong
-
Manh.
"Chi'nh quyen Minh
Tri da
thanh
cdng dang ke
trong viec thu
tieu
he
thd'ng
dang
cap.
Lan dau

tien
hp
tMet lap mdt
he thd'ng giao
due Men dai va su dung nhirng ngudi td't nghiep dai
hpc ed
nang
lire
trong linh
vuc cai
tri,
bat
chap
ngudn
gd'c gia
dinh
ciia hp"l Tu tuong Khd'ng - Manh
da dupe
nang len d
trinh
dp
mdi trong tinh than dan
tdc
Nhat
Ban,
gdp
phan
dem lai su
thanh
cdng to ldn

trong qua
trinh phat trien
cua da't
nudc.
Dd
la
tinh
than
dpe
lap,
tu chu, tu cudng va tinh than hiep si cua con ngudi
Nhat
Ban.
0 Singapore, Ly Quang Dieu la mdt nha quan ly
timg
trai,
cd
nhieu kinh nghiem trong
viec dao tao
va
su dung nhan tai de quan ly dat
nude.
Ong ludn coi
trpng
vai
trd cua nhan
tai,
su
dung ngudi
thuc tai de

dieu
hanh cdng viec
va cd che dp dai ngd xiing dang dd'i
vdi
cac
nhan tai
Met
xua't.
Die'm chung cua Nhat
Ban,
Han
Qude,
Dai Loan,
Singapore
la khuyen
kM'ch va
thu nhan nhan tai tir
nudc ngoai
den.
Day
la
sir
the
Men tu
tudng cau Men
trong xa
hpi Men
dai,
la
con

dudng
riit ngan
qua trinh
dao
tao nhan
tai,
dem
lai
Meu
qua kinh
te-
xa hpi
rat
cao.
0 Dai
Loan trong
thap men
90,
mdi nam ed
khoang
6.000
nguM tu
nudc
ngoai
de'n
lam
viec.
Phan ldn hp
la nhiing ky su, can
bp

quan
ly dupe dao
tao
coban d
My. Cdn
d
Singapore, dng Ly Quang Dieu ndi rang:
"Nude
ta
vdn dupe hudng che dp td'i hue
qud'c,
nhan tai
ciia chiing ta de'n
tur
Malaixia,
Thai Lan, Inddnexia.
May ddi
nay Singapore
la
trung
tam giao due cua Ddng
Nam
A.
Nhieu ngudi da
d
lai dinh
ctf'^.
Dao due
tu than,
sir

trau
ddi
nhan each cua ngudi
Men tai trong tu
tudng
Khd'ng
-
Manh de lai dau an
dam net dd'i vdi nhirng nha quan ly d Trung Qud'c,
Singapore, Nhat Ban, Viet Nam Bac Hd la Men
than
tieu
bie'u
nhat
cua sutu dudng dao due
dd.
Nhan
7.
Mlehio
Mirishlma: Tai sao Nhat Bin thanh cong? Cong
nghe phuang Tay va tfnh each
Nhat
Bin, Nxb Khoa hgc xa
hgi,
H,
1991,
tr.
33.
8. Tuyen 40 nam
chi'nh

luan cua Ly Quang
Dieu,
Nxb CTQG,
H,
1994,
tr.
234.
9. Ding Cgng sin Viet Nam:
Van
kien Dai hgi dai bleu toan
qude
lan
thtiX,
Nxb CTQG, H,
2006,
tr.
277.
dan Viet
Nam,
nhan dan the gidi kinh trpng Cu Hd
bat dau tir su
b'nh
trpng
y
thiic tu than nay de kinh
trpng
nhan
each cM'nh
tri.
Tieu

chuan
tuyen chpn ngiroi Men
ciia Khd'ng
-
Manh
la tai va due, trong dd
dure
la
gd'c,
la
co
ban.
Bac Hd
quan niem tai va due deu can thiet, bdi vi
"cd
tai ma
khdng cd due la ngudi vd
dung,
ed due ma khdng ed
tai
thi
lam viec gi ciing
khd".
Do
vay, tieu
cM'
co
ban cua
ngudi
can

bd,
theo
Bae Hd
phai la ngudi tai
due
song
toan, la ngudi "vira hdng, vira chuyen". Ke thira tu
tudng Hd CM
Minh,
Dai hpi Dang toan
qud'c lan
thiiX
da
xac
dinh:
"Dang
phai
cham lo xay
dung,
ren luyen
dpi ngii can bp, dang vien cd du ban linh chfnh tri,
pham chat, tri
tue
va
nang luc
hoat
dpng thuc
tiin
de
hoan thanh nhiem

vu.
Phai tao su
chuye'n
bien thuc
su va ddng bp trong cdng tac can bp tren ta't ca cac
khau danh gia, qui hoach, dao tao, bdi dudng, Man
chuye'n, bd tri,
sur
dung va cM'nh sach. Dac biet coi
trpng xay dung dpi ngii can
bp
chu chdt, trpng dung
nhan
tai"^.
Thuc Men ehu
truong
cua
Dang,
thanh
phd Da
Nang
trd thanh mpt die'm sang trong
viec
"rai tham
dd"
de
chieu
Men
dai
si,

trpng dung nhan tai
va
da dat
dupe
nhiing
ket qua
budc
dau.
Cd
the
ndi,
van de dao tao va
sur dung
ngudi
Men
tai
d
mdt
so'nudc
phuong
Ddng Men dai mang
dau an
nhirng tinh hoa van hoa nhan loai tir xua den nay,
trong
dd
tu tudng cua
Khd'ng -
Manh
ddng vai
trd rat

quan
trpng.
Khdng mpt
dan
tpc nao cd
the phat trie'n
dupe kM hp
xem thudng truyen
thdng.
Chinh cai truyen
thd'ng cua dan
tdc va
nhan
loai se
tao
tien
de
cho
qua
trinh phat trie'n ciia dan
tdc ay
trong tuong
lai.
Tai lieu tham khio:
1.
Luan ngu; Nguyin Hien Le ehu djeh
va
gldl
thieu,
Nxb

Van
hgc,
H,
1995 tr 180.
2. Thugng Manh
td,
Doan Tmng Con
djeh,
Nxb
Trf
Ddc
Tong
Tha,
SaiGon, 1950, tr.101.
3. Ha Manh
tu,
Doan Tmng Cdn
djeh,
Nxb
Trf
Ddc Tdng Thd,
Sal Gdn,
1950,
tr.
97.
4.
Sdd,
tr.
99.
5. Luan

ngd,
Nguyin Hien Le chu djeh
va
gidi
thieu,
Nxb Van
hgc, H,
1995,
tr.
212.6.
Sdd, tr. 207.
7. Mlehio Minshima: Tai sao Nhat Bin thanh cong? Cdng
nghe phuang Tay va tfnh
each
Nhat Bin, Nxb Khoa hoc xa
hgi,
H,
1991,
tr.
33.
8.
Tuyen
40 nam
chi'nh
luan cua Ly Quang
Dieu,
Nxb CTQG,
H,
1994,
tr 234.

9. Ding Cgng sin Viet Nam:
Van
kien Dai hoi dai bieu
to^n
qude
lan
thdX,
Nxb CTQG, H,
2006,
tr. 277.
28