Sj o. oTX
E
1,1-
l+
ISSN: 2354-0753
Tap chl Giao duc (2022), 22(231, 11'17
DAy Hec vAr Li vCI SU'HO rRq cuA THi NGHIEM
vi pntcncrrpN rnut qulx Nnlu puAr rntin
niNc
r-Uc crAl
ewBr
vAN
or cuo
HQC sINH
Nguy6n Thi Lan Nggc'i,
Duung Dfc Gi6p
tTruong D4i hgc Girlo duc - Dai hqc Quii gia Ha N6i;
rTruong Dqi hac Su pham - D4i hgc Hu€
+Tac gia hAn h9 c Email: lonngoc2806(@gmail.com
Article history
ABSTRACT
Received: 0 I /9/2022
Accepted: 301912022
Published: 0511212022
In teaching Physics, the exploitation of experiments can be conducted in
Keyvords
and is one of the ten core competencies to develop for high school students.
This sody proposes the process oforganizing Physics teaching with the use
ofa combination ofexpedments and visual aids in dre direction ofdeveloping
students' problem-solving capacity, which is illustrated through teaching the
topic "Determining magnetic force due to a uniform magnetic field acting on
a cufi€nt-carrying conductor" (Physics I I ). Teachers' effective combinatiom
ofexperiments and visual aids in teaching Phlsics would promole students'
passion and intercst in discovering new knowledge, and solving problems in
Problem solving, experiment,
visual aids, Physics
nrany different directions, in which combining with visual aids is considered
an effective direction. Problem-solving capacity is one of the important
competerrcies which rnany advanced education systems in the world aim io'
their study and their life.
l. Md.tiu
ng trong ho4t dQng nh{n thtrc cua nguoi hoc nh6m ki6m tra
rinh duntdin cua m ttruc, tiem Jrme sg tlung Jin nong suy lu{ur vi kitin thtrc, Blrip nguo hoc vdn dung tri thuc
viro rhuc tiEn (Luong Thi Le Hing. 2013). Trong d4y hqc vit li. thi nghrQm lir phuong tiqn cua ho?r ding nhan thuc.
giup HS plxAn tich d6i nrong. thu rtlip th6ng tin cin nghi€n cuu. phin trch k6t qua tl€ tidp tuc nghiCn.cuu ho{c kidm
Thi nghi€m lir mQt trong nhirng phucmg tien quan
tro.
chung kiiin thrrc, ki6m tra ki6n thtc vdt li de tluqc kh6i qu.lt hoa nr li rhuydt, gop phdn tich crc viro hoqt d0ng nhan
thuc cua HS, ki6m chfng sF dtng ddn trong suy lu{n vi nhtnq ki6n thuc mi ciic em thu. nhan duqc.
Hqc rap phai li mQt hoat tlQng nhan thrrc xuit phrit nr nhu ciu $rii quytit vin dA cu thii. Dd c6 nh4n thrrc khoa hoc
vn kiiln thui khoa hqc, can c6 vAn ttd thuc tiEn (Phan Anh Tii, 2014). Trong hoqt dQng nhan thuc, thi ng}iQm v.a
phuong tiQn tr.rrc quan duo. c x6y dpg kh6ng phdi chi dd rut ra li thuyCt (dinh luiit) mi con d6 xuit ra cic.gid thuydt
thay hq qLr.i cua li thuy6ty. hdm tra bing thuc nghifm vi k6t qud cua no ld tinh chinh xic cua mE gid thuyCt. li thuyet
nao tt6, hoqc dr|n d6n viQc tlEt ra mdt gie thuydt moi. Do v6y, thi nghiQm ve phuong tipn tr.trc.quan
quan treng trong.viec nAng cao hiQu qua day hgc. Droi tldy, sau khi tlua ra khrii ni€m vi c.lc bi6u hiPn cua ndng lUc
giai qryiliu6n aC.NLGQVD), chung t6i dA xuit quy trinh day,hqc J6t li voi su h6 trq cua thi nghiQm vi phuong
xu6t duo. c minh ho,a thdng qua day hqc ki0n thrrc
ti$n trg quan nhnm ph6t triiin NLGQVD cho HS. Quy trinh
{6
*Xic tlinti tu.c nr do tu tnrong tl€u uic dung l6n mQt tlo4n diy din
co ddng dien" (Vat lf I I ).
qui
crinr2. K6t
nghi6n
2. I . Nins lut si,ni quyir udn di vd cdu ttu cia ndng lm giiii quy& viin iti
vA, ;a ii ft"g ihai mi d tt6 c6 sv mdu thuin ho4c c'6 khoamg cich gifra thtrc ri! voi mong mu6n (Lucmg Th te
Hing,20l3). Kmlik vi Rudnick (1987) quan niQm ring giriiquyiit v6n di chi qrui trinh mA mQt ce nhan sir dung ki6n
thrrc, ki ning vd hi6u bii:t de c6 de d6p tmg tloi hoi cua nh[ng tinh hu6ngth6ng quen thuqc dang g4p phai. OECD
(2003) dd chia.nho qua trinh giai guydt vin de tnanh O grai doan:
lilu ;ll dEi - .Md te v'in d6: - Bi€u diEwin d6:
- Giai quy6t vdn d6l - Phrin.dnh vi phuong dn gidi quyilt van dlil: - Giao ti6p v€ phuong dn girii quy€t vdn d6. Vifc
grrii quyiit thanh cdng cec vin dd trong hgc tip vi trong cuoc sdng doi hdi nguoi hgc phai c6 NLGQVD. Theo Jensen
d6i trong K ndng
(2007), NLGQVD thuong dugc ti€p c{n theo ti6n trinh
4rii quy€t vi.n d€ vi tlugc xem ld su chuy€n
giai
quyiit
vin
qurl'
dd aOi hOi c6c ki
quA
quy6t
giai
Eong
trinh
vin
ad;
mai
tlo4n
ftinh-giai
cua HS sau khi ririn hanh
nlng chuy€n biQt, c6 li6n quan mnt thiiit voi giai do4n tlo.
ll
VJE
Tap chi Giiio duc (2022),,22(23\, 11-17
ISSN: 23540753
Tri cic quan di6m tren, co rhii hiiiu. giai quy€t vin dd ta mqt gul tdnh, trong d6 nguoi hqc x6tr dinh duo. c vin dd
cdn gidi quy6t, lua chgn duoc mar giei pluip rdi ru da gidi quyiit mQr vdn di moi la vd d.lnh gi6 nhtng gr xiy ra:
NLGQVD.h neng lq.c van dpng mQt c6ch linh hoar, sdng t?o nhEng kii5n thric, ld ning vi kinh nghi6m thgc fln cua
bdn th.en de giei quy€t mQt van dC, tinh hu6ng nao tl6 khi gip ptr,ii.
Theo Chuong trinh gi6o 4rc ph6 thdng 2018, NLGQlr'D thufu nh6m ning luc chung. gin liin voi nnng luc sriLng
t4o (Bd GD-DT, 2018). Dua tren hing md rri vd c6c bi6u hiQn cua NLGQVD;ua 86 CO-OT lZOtSy, tneo inti,ng tOi,
NLGQVD c6 cic thanh ti5 voi chi sd hanh vi tuong (mg sau:
- Pkit hi(n viJrieu vin da: HS pher hiQn tlntr trufingiO vin aC, xdc dinh, tim hidu giai thich cric thdng tin vi trinh
.
biy
su am hr6u vdn d€.
- DB x*it, lqa cho. n giai pkip giai quy6t vin d,i: HS tii:n hanh thu thip, $ip x6p, itrlnh gi6 thdng tin, sau tl6 kiit ntii
th6ng tin vii ki6n thtrc tE c6; xdc tlinh crlch thrrc, chiiin luoc giai quyet vin daj; rhdng nhdt sich thuc rhi6r lip khdng
gian vin tl6.
- I4ii? kii hoach. da xuit vi thyc hign gidi phrip: HS thi6r ldp.tiiin.ninh thp hi€nl biiit b6 sung. xac tllnh cich su
dqng ngu6n lgc; sau tl6 thlrc hiQn vn trinh bay gini phip cho vin dd; b€n c4nh tl6, HS cin t6 chuc vi duy oi hoat
tlQng nh6m.
- Drmh $riL, ph,in aoh gini pkip: HS tiinh gi6 gini phip tl6 thW hien; phan rinh
oic gia hi giai phrip; xic nhfln
,
ki6n thtrc, kinh nghiQm thu tluqc vi kllii qu6t hoa cho nhtng Vin ai nrong t.u.
C6c mrrc d6 bi6u hi6n cua NLGQYD cua HS duqc chung t6i [inh bay chi tiiit trong hing duoi iliy (xem hiurg I ):
B,
t. Mlr
biiu hi€n NL
VD aia HS
,i
Ntrng
hlc
thirnh t6
Bi6u hifn hinh vi
Chi s6
hlnh vi
Mrirc
I (l ttiSm)
Khdng ph6t
Phdt hiQn
tinh hu6ns
c6 vin d€
(PHl )
Ptnit hi$n
vi hi6u
uin
aC
Xric tljnh,
rim hicu vd
giii thich
uic thdng tin
(PH2)
hJQn
ilugc . tinh. hu6ng
c6 vin d€ trong
hqc t{p, kh6ng
Mft
2 (2 .ti6m)
M{rr 3 (3 ili6m)
Phin tich tluoc tinh
Phin tich duoc tinh
Phin tich
gp,
tinh hu6ng trong
guQc s6ng cu
hu6ng hgc t{p, cuQc
s6ng; bi€t t.u. phqt
tl€: biCttu ptxit.hien
hiQn ra tlucrc vdn
cuft
hu6ng trong hgc
rong
phrit . hiQn tlugc
vdn tl6 cin nghidn
ra v6n tl€, dlt v6n tl6 ttat vin tli nhuns
nhrmg chua pluit ph6t bi€u vAn tl6
criu
bi6u
Kh6ng .>r.lc . tllnh
tlugc v6n tl€ cin
tim hi€u vd kh6ng
Xrlc tljnh tluqc v5n
dd cin tim
giei thich
thich aic thdng tin
gidi thich cric thdng
tin li€n quan nhrmg
li6n quan
chua
Hiilu tluqc vin da
nghidn cuu. nhmg
nghi€n cuu
du@
oic th6ng tin li€n
Mrirc 4 (4 di6m)
tluc
v6n tl6
hi6u
nhung chua girii
chua tl6y du
X6c dinh ilugc v5n
de ciin dm hi6u vi
tliy dt
hqc Qp,
tluo.
c
trong
s6ng cu th€:
bi6t nr oh6t hi6n ra
vAn tl6; tlSt vin tl6;
phet biiiu vin cl6.
Xric ttnh tluqc
van (le can nm
hiiiu vi gini thich
tdt cec th6ng tin
li6n quan
quan
Trinh bay sg
am hi6u v6n
dAeH3)
oe xuir
lpa
cho. n
giei ph6p
grei
Kl6ng am
hii5u
vrin dd nghi&r cuu
Thu thAp,
Kh6ng thu thip,
sip x6p,
sep x€p, tinh gi6
tfuqc thdng tin
d6nh gid
th6ng tin
(TLl )
clycl
vAn tl6
K6t n6i
thdng tin voi
Kh6ng k6t
n6i
th6ng tin voi ki€n
thtc <15 co
chua ph6t bi€u tluoc
vdn dE
Hi6u duoc v6n
vi
bi6u duo. c v6n
d6
Hiiiu tluor vin tld,
ph6t
cl{t ttuqc ./6n de
<16
vi
phrit bi€u tluo. c
vin
tl6 tl6
Thu thip, xi9
tllnh tluqc vi bi6t
Thu th6p, xla tlinh
dugc vi biet tim
hidu c5c th6ng tin
Thu thip, xic tlinh
du.gc vi bi6t tim
hieu cec th6ng tin
cua han th6n
voi Sn
vA
Kiit ru5i thdng tin
voi ki6n thrrc tE c6
K€t ndi thdng tin
voi ki€n thric tla co
luin voi hn
Kilt nrii thdng tin
voi ki€n thuc rli
li€n quan d6n vin
li0n quan tliln v6n
co lten quzln den
tim hi6u crlc thdng
tin c6 li€n quan
c6 li€n quan tl€n co li€n ouan d6n d6n v6n tl6 d sich
v6n tl€ nhtmg d vin <16 d srich girio gido kho4 tai liQu
muc hnh nghiQm khoa vi thdo lu$n tham khdo kh6c
t2
th6ng qua thdo
VJE
T?p chi Gi6o duc (2022).22123), 11-17
ISSN: 2354-0753
tl6 nhtmg d mirc tl€ d slch gi6o khoa vin de t *n giao
kinh nghiQm cua vi thio luAn voi bqn khoa, tai li€u tham
kiiin thrrc dn
c6 (TL2)
khao, tmo d6i voi
ben than
b4a...
X6c tlinh
chiiin luqc
Kh6ng xic tlinh
iluqc crich thuc,
glar quyet
chi6n luqc
v6n dd
quy6t vin tl6
crich thric.
girii
Xric tlinh c6ch thric
giai quylit vin tl6
nhrmg chtra . c6
chi€n luqc cu th€
X6c tlinh crich thric
Xic tlinh
gad quylt V5n d€ ve
thrrc, chiiin .lu
gi6i quyet vdn dC
nhan[ vlng t4o
c6 chi€n luqc
nhmg chua sing
crlch
teo
(rL3)
thong , nhlt cich
Th6ng nh6t
qlLch thrrc
thi6t lap
khdng gian
v6n tl6
Kh6ng thi5ng.nh6t
c6ch thic thi6t lio
.\
,
khdng gian vdn d6
*mc thi6t lip kh6ng
gian v5n tl6 nhmg
chua hgp
li
thiing .nhit
crlch
thrrc
chua silng tao
mot criah eing tao
Ldp dw. c k6.hogch
tjp
(Tr.4)
T.hict
llp
ti6n trhh
thlrc hiQn
Llp tluqc
Chua
lip tluqc
k€
hoach
giii
to?ch
k€
quy€t
vin
d€.
Th6ng nhdt crich
lip ktdng
gian vin tl6 nhmg
thrrc thi6t
dQ
Ani quydt ven
tl6. Th1rc hiQn
k€
thi6t
. l{q
kh6ng gian vin dd
kc
iltrg.c
hoagh d9 s4i
quyCt van .16.
hoach d6c hp Thgc hiQn kii
chra tliy tlt, nhmg chra sing hoach
Thuc hi€n k6 hoach
(LKl)
nhrmg
cdn lung tung
sing tao ho{c hqp
tao
li
rap k6
ho4ch,
86 sung, xric
dlnh oich sir
xuit
dung ngu6n
dA
vi thuc
giei
ph.ip
hiQn
lrc (LK2)
Thgc hiOn
vd trinh bny
gai
p.hip.
Kh6ng bi6t c6ch
b6 smg,
xic tllnh
cich sri
dpng
Bii:t cach bo sung,
x6c tlinh c6ch sir
dqng ngu6n
thit
ngu6n
chua
sri
lvc
mOt
ao
duo. c
Thgc hi6n vd trinh
bny tluo. c .gini ph6p
cho vin tl6
Thqc hiQn vi trinh
bay gidi ph6p cho
vin tl€ mot cdch
sing t4o
Bi6l caah t6 chirc va
Td chric vd duy tri
duy tri hoqt
hoat
Thuc hi0n
duo.c.
hqp
cho vin dE
nhung
luc
nhmg chua trinh
bay rd ring . girii
Khdng trinh bay
cho vAn il6
cdch
c6ch sing
nhtmg chua
ph6p
Bd smg, x6c ilinh
dung
cich su dqng ngu6n
sing t4o
ngu6n lgc
giii
lgc
Bd sung, xic dinh
sg
li
ph6p cho vdn
(LK3)
T6 chuc vi
duy tri hoat
clQng
nh6m
(LK4)
Damh gle
giai phep da
thqc hiQn
(DGl)
Denh
gra phen
enh
$ei ph6p
6nh v€
cec gi6 tri
PhriLn
gt6i ptt
ip
(DG2)
XAc nhrAn
ki6n thirc,
kinh nghiQm
Kh6ng bi6t
criah
t6 chuc ho?t dQng
nh6m
Bi6t c6ch td chric
ho4t
nhrmg chua duy tri
tlup
hoqt
tlQng
nh6m
mQt crlch dQc
vi sAng tao
Giem s6t duqc toan
Gi6m
dQng
nh6m
sit tluqc
mQt phin ki!
CiiLrn
ho4ch nhrmg cdn
Iung tung
Kh6ng phdn 6nh
tlugc c6c g gidi
pltip
Kh6ng bi6t xic
nh4n h€n thuc,
kinh nghiQm thu
duo.
c
Gi6m slt tluqc kt:
ho4ch nhung cdn
lung tung
Phdn 6nh duo. c c6c
gidi ph6p nhung cdn
Iung tung
X6c nhin kiiin thrrc,
kinh nghiQm thu
ilugc nhrmg cdn
Inng tung
l3
bQ
kii hoach nhmg
chua
lim chri ilugc
kti hoach
PhiLn
fuh v6 cic gini
ptttip nhmg chua
ldm cht tluqc gini
l{p
sit
duo. c
toan bO kii ho4ch
vi li,rn cht dtro. c
kii hoqch
Phin ffi vd oic
girii phip vd lnm
cht aic gidi ph6p
ph6p
X6c nhan ki€n thrrc,
hnh
Xric nhdn
ki6n
nghiQm thu
tluga nhrmg chtra
ldm chri tluo. c gidi
thrh, kinh nghiQm
thu dugc vA lam
phap
hoach
cht gr6i ph6p,
k6
E
ISSN: 2354-0753
Tap chi Gi6o duc (2022],,22(23), 11-17
thu tlugc
(DG3)
Kh6i qu.it
h6a cho
nheng v6n
dC
tuong hr
Khdng kh6i qu.it
h6a cho nhtng
vin dA tuong tu
(DG4)
BiCt khei qulr h6a
cho nhtng v6n tl0
tuong t.u nhmg
chua pht hqp
Kh6i qu.lt h6a cho
nhirng vdn tl6 tucmg
tu nhung chua drlnh
gri duop gini ph6p
Kh6i qu.lt h6a cho
nhtng v6n tl6
tuong t.u vd van
dung cho c6c tinh
hu6ng moi
voi X ld tdng sri di6m md HS tlat
- 30 < X < 40: Ning lqc Trung binh; - 15 < X < 30: Ning luc Thap.
22. Thi nghiQm vd plr,nrng riQtt 4Ec qwn,tong dgy hgc
. . . . ^ -r ' v6,n di
Thi ng}igm c6 rie su dqng rrong hlu h6t c,ligiaiaoin fnac nhau cua ti€n trinh d4y.hoc: nr khdu tld xlut
nghien cuu girii quy6t uin ae. ninl tiri* ki6n thuc. kr- ning moi, c[ng c6 ki6n thuc. hdm tra drinh giri ki€n thric. ki
,ing, tC *ao-cuu ftj. Trong giai tto4n tl6 xu'it v6n d,i nghiCn cri'! rhi nghiQm tao di6u ki4n cho HS nhanh ch6ng fi6p
cinLuc ti6u nghi€n cuu tli6ng qua viQc quan sdt hiqn tuong var thu thap s6 [Cu tu thi nghiQm. Trong giai do4n hinh
thanh ki6n thtc moi, thi nghiQm cung cip c6c so lidu ldm co so de khdi qu,it h6a, ki6m chung gii thuy6t hoflc c6c hQ
qu6 logic cua gi6 thuy6t, t aO niri,ln*,n ki6n thuc mor. Trong giai ttoan cring ci5 ki6n thrrc, K ning cho HS, thi
nghiQm khdng nhtng ki6m tra kitin thtc, ld ndng, K xio mi cdn d6mh gi6 ttuo. c khi neng tU luc, sing tao cua HS
trong qu.l trinh thf nghi€m (Tr.in Huy Hoang, 2008).
Phuong tien tryc quan duop coi ld tip hqp c6a sU v{t, hi6n hrorlg, ki hieu, m6 hinh, hanh d0ng miu vi loi n6i,
n6n chung li nhimg dlrng crr duo. c nguoi'day vn nguoi hqc st dung truc tiiip trong qtr.i trinh day hoc nhem tlAm bno
su linh hQi kiiin thtc moi, ph6t tri6n cric ndng lgc tri tue. Phucmg tiCn truc quan trong d4y hqc c6 th6 phan thdnh 2
nLO., gdrn' - I.lhOrn c6c pliuong tiQn np quan truyin thiing, thucmg duqc drmg phd biiin trong nhd tnrong nhu: cic
vdr thiirrong doi song vd ki thuit: cd. it iili Ui tfri ngfuem auqc Oung aii t6n trantr ttri nghifm. cdc mo hinh vdt chit
nhu: md hinh mdy bi6n thti. mo hinh dQng co di€n. md hinh mdy phrit diQn....: bring, tranh anh. bieu bang vir. cac bt t
v€ sin; - Nh6m c6c phuong tiQn nghe, nhin g6m: + Kldi mang th6ng rin nhu: Phim hoc tip, phim tltn chi€u, phim
nhua phim huyCn hintr, cac Mng hinh, ma CO, fiu DVO, diu VCD, aic phin m€m d4y hgc,,grdy.bong trong tl6 c6
ndi dung, Folie m?ru....: - Khtii chuydn 6i th6ng tin. nhu: Mdy vi tffi. mdy chr6u qua ddu mdy chreu da chric ning.
tldn chi6u, ti vi, diu video, m6y chi€u phim,... (V[ Ti0n Tinh, 2017).
Vat li li mdn khoa hoc thuc nghiCm. Do viy, thi nghiQm vi phuong ti€n tnrc quan c6 vai tro quan aQng trong
d4y hqc n6i chung vi day hoc mdn Vnt li n6i ri€ng.
Z.i. Qrry t hn agy nqc Vg ti vdt s{ nA trg ciia ihi nghilm vd phrmng tiQn tryx quan nhim phdt triin ndng try
gi,ni qryh viin .li cho hpc sinh
D.ra tdn cec nghi6n cuu vC NLCqVO, thf nghiQm vi phuong tiQn tn:c quan cua_c6c tic git Phan Anh Tei (2014),
Nguy6n Ngqc Tuin vd cQng su (2020). Tnin Huy Hodng (2008). chung t6i dA xu'it quy tdnh day hqc Vat li thdng
by*_Yy,, . .
qua st dung thi nghiem ve phuong den tru- c quan nhnm phrlt tri6n NLGQVD cho HS qoT
"1"
- Btrtc 1: Phdn tich nAi dung ctin phiii hctp rhi nghiim vd phrmng riQn tnp quan. A bvbc.niry, GV t6 chrrc tinh
huflng c6 v6n d6, lga chgn cric phuong rifn, thi6t bg day hqc pht hgp trong day hoc (GV c6 th6 cho HS quan s6t hi6n
tuqn;, doan phim thi nehiQm, tLi nghi6.m, bai 4p vat li ho& th6ng qua nhtng hi6u bii:t, knh nghiem de tich liv rlusrc
fi hudc). S;u d6, HS hoat ttdng, t.u lgc ph6t hien v6n dc odm vi€c c5 nhdn, lim vigc theo nh6m), G] lrla c.ho. n ki
thuat di: td chric cho HS hio c6o vi thrio luAn tnrdc lop. Tir ket qud b6o c6o, thdo lu{n phrlt hi€n vin <16 cin gi6i
quy6t. GV huong din HS ptuit bidu vin
- Bugc 2: Di 1u& vdn di va lra chon giai phap giai quydt fin dd. Giai doan niy co nhieu co hOi ptttit tri6n
ndng luc thanh tii "Dd xu6t, lua chgn giai phep erai quy6tvin tli" cho HS. Cq th6, rong giai doqn nay, GV lua
chgi phuong ph6p va K thuit day hqc pht hqpiho itS dC xuit cac giei ph6p nhim giai quySt v6n de wa phet
bieu. HS hotr d6ng q luc gini quy6t nhiQm vu (theo cd nhin hodc nhom nhd). GV lua chgn ki thuat to ch&c cho
HS b6o c6o vi thio luan tru6c lop. Tri kilt qrui b6o c6o, rhdo lurin, GV huong dln HS de xuit cec giai ph6p giai
quytit v6n tl6, sau d6 lga chon giiii ph6p pht hqp. Trong giai tlo4n niy, HS c6n: - Ph6n tich vin il€, lim rd mdi li6n
h9 grta c6i da bi6t ve cdi phdi tim; - XAy drmg c6c gia thuyet (dua ra du tlo6n cdu tra loi v6 v6n tl6 dit ra bnng
nhidu crich kh6c nhau: theo con duong suy tu6n li thuy6t hay theo con tludng quan s6t. kh6i qu6t thuc nghi6m);
- Lua chgn gi:ii pli6p thich hqp (thuong thi
sE
lga chon gidi phrip suy lu{n li thuytit, niiu kh6ng thi
tludng quan srit khrii qu6t thuc nghiQm).
l4
sE
chgn con
VJE
Tap chi Gi6o duc (2022),22\23), 11-17
ISSN: 2354-0753
- Bw3 3; Thy hi€n giai phap. GV chuydn giao nhi€m vu cho HSlAp.k6 hoach lhgc hiQn giai phrip dd chon d€
giai quydt vin d6. HS hoat ddng tu lrc thgc hiQn gi6i pt#rp dd gidi quy6t vdn il€ (oirhdn hoEc theo nh6m nhd), vin
hinh md hinh (ki6n thrrc tli bi€t, gid thuy6t), rut ra k6t hain logic v€ aii c6n tim: thi€l kC phucmg an thi nghiQm. ti€n
hanh thi nghigm, thu thep ve xt li c6c de li€u cin thiilt, mr ra k6r luan vC crii cin tim. Thdng qua giai doan nay s€
gitp HS pluit tri6n duqc neng lqc thanh t6 I{p k€ hoach vi thtrc hi€n gidi ph6p.
- Brrtc 4: Rit ra kd /aain. D€ ki€m n-a tinh tlung tlen vi phi hgp gita k6t lqin c6 tluqc nho suy luan li thuyel (m6
hinh h$ qu,i logic) voi k6t luAn c6 duqc hr d[ liQu thyc nghiQm (md hinh. xic,nhin), GV tij chric cho HS b5o c.io vd
[xi6 hr?1. N6u k6t qun thi nghiQm phy hqp voi gia thuyet (hC qLr^n) da cE xuit hay n6u ket qui thi nghi€m pht hgp
voi ket qui tim duqc tu sO lieu li thuyet, kA qui nay sC Ed thanh ki6n thtc vit li moi. Khi kh6ng c6 qr plt hqp grfa
hai k6t lu{n niy: Xem qu6 trinh thyc thi thi nghiCm tl6 tiim bio c.ic di€u kiQn cua thi nghiQm hay chua; n6u qu.l trinh
th1rc hien thi nghiem tli ddm bdo cric diiu kiQn cua thi nghiem thi xem l4i qu.i trinh vdn hinh m6 hinh x*it phat. Nilu
qu.i trinh vdn hinh m6 hinh kh6ng niic sai lim thi sc din toi pllii b,5 sung, sua di5i m6 hinh xuit phar, rh{m chi ptr.ii
thay m6 hinh moi. Tir d6, GV chinh xic h6a, bd sung, th€ ch6 h6a ki6n thuc vdt li moi.
- Btrtc 5: Dinh gid, cing c6, vdn d4ng. Trong giai tloan niy, GV grao nhiQm ru cho HS ttrlnh gi6, hoin thiQn
qu.i trinh girii Cuy€t vdn tl€, thrio luin v6 c6c kdr qui thu tluqc vd dAnh gia. HS ho?t rlQng, qu luc dinh gi6 qu,l trinh
girii quy€t v6n dd dpa tren ktit qui thu tluoc D5ng thoi, HS vdn dung,ki6n thtrc v6r li moi vio tinh hu6ng tuong tu
de giai thfch ti€n do6n c6c sq kiQn vd xem xdt sV pht hqp gita li thuyiit vi thrc nghi€rn gqi I HS pkit hiQn c6c v6n
de cen giei quy€t tiCp theo.
2.4. Dqy hAc kiin thit 'X.ic finh lW tt do tt ttntrng itiu xtc tlqtng l n mpt tlogn d.6y din c6 dbng ifiQn" (VQt
li 1l) vdi sy hd try cria thi nghiflm v,i phuvng tiQn tryc quan rtiin phdt rriin ndng lm gidi quyh vin d cho
hgc sinh
Vdn dung quy trinh day hqc da dC xuit o ti6u muc 2.1 o n€n, qu.i trinh day hqc kiiln thric "X6c tlinh luc tu do tu
truong a!'u r,ic dung l6n mdt tloan diy din co dong tli€n" l Vdt li I I ) voi su h6 no cua thi nghidm vd phucmg ri(n r4rc
quan nhnm phlt triCn NLGQ\ID cho HS g6m alc giai tlo4n sau:
- Bmc I ; Phdn tich npi dung cAn phji hqp thi nghiqn va phwng fien hlt quan. D6 xdc tlinh tu truong diu tac
dung l6n tloan diy din mang ddng tli6n, chung t6i sri dqng thi nghiQm tt{t driy din co ddng tliin chay qua gita hai
nhinh cua nam chim hinh cht U. Ph6n tich nhtng thi nghi6m c6 li6n quan d6n n6i dung dqy hqc cil phali hqp thi
nghiQm vi phucmg ti€n t4rc quan.
D6i voi thi nghiem niy, khi c6 ddng iti6n chay qua trong thoi gian ngin s€ g6y ra mdt sii kh6 khen, ching han
nhu thi nghi€m di6n ra nhanh n€n HS sd kh6 quan sit dugc viQc d,iy d6n c6 bi biiln dang hay kh6ng. Vi viy, chung
t6i ph6i hqp thi nghiQm voi smartphone vi chi6u l6n tivi, lam chdm qud trinh. $rip HS thiy rd duo. c hi6n tuong
xdy ra. Tt tl6, rut ra tlugc c6c k6t lu4n. Cai tiCn ho6c dau tu moi cric thi€t bi thi nghi€m vd phuong tiQn qrc quan
n6u c6n. Ti€n hinh thi nghiem tru6,c vA ki0m tra Kcic dgng cU thf nghidm c6 the sri dung vi thay thd nhtng dqng
cu d6 h6ng.
- Btrtc 2.: D€
xuh vdn di vd l{a chgn gia.i plyip giai qu.yA viin dri. Giai doan ney girip HS ph6t tridn neng luc
thanh t6 "De xgit llra chon giii ph6p gidi.quyilt vind6" cho HS. Cu thii, GV ti6n hantr thi.nghiqm vi tuc rtr ric dung
l€n tloan d.iy din mang ddng di€n vi chiiiu l6n tivi; y€u ciu HS quan s6t thi nghiQm vn Bit ngd khi tt6ng khoa K thi
tloqn d6y din c6 dong tlidn b1 l6h sang m6t b6n.,GV.n6u ciu hoi: "Khi rl6ng kh6a K, hien tuong gi xdy ;? Vi sao?";
HS n€u vdn
- Btrtc 3: Thtr hi,n giai phdp. dV ,[n nu*, tal ,t i nghigm vi luc tu tric dung l6n do4n d6y dan mang dong di6n
ti lai hien tucmg d6. Dga vio hinh dnh quan sdt dugc. CV y€u ciu HS lirn viec theo nhOm. pmn tictr trign
tuqng d€ rut ra ket quri. GV tlinh huorg cho HS suy ra mdt h€ qua nr ktlt qui gidi quy6t vin tli o tren. N6u a co
khung diy hinh chit nhat dtrt song song voi cim ung nr gita hai nhlnh cta nam chdm hinh ch[ U. Khi cho ddng rlign
cfuy qua, trangttllicua khung diy sE thaytl6inhuth6 nio?. GV cho HS thao luan nhom ale tim cau tre loi. HS cho. n
hd qui kiiim chrimg: Khung d6y hinh cht nhat dAt song song vrii luc cdm img fi B- gita hai nhinh nam chim hinh
cht U khi c6ddng tliQn chay qua thi khung d6y se quay. GV tlinh huong HS h6m chung h€ qu.i t€n bing suy luin
li thuy€t vi bang thuc nghiQm.
vd m6
.+ Suv_tu
gidng ngiu luc sE lirn cho khur:g diy quay.
+ Kidn chvng bing thg nghi(m: (l) GV titin hanh thi nghi€m v6 lgc tu F tric dung l€n khung d6y din mang
ddng tli€n gita hai nhinh nam chim hinh chir U ldm khung ddy quay; (2) HS quan s.it rut ra ker luan.
t5
VJE
Tap chi Gieo duc (2022),22(231, 11-11
+ Phit hqp giiia
gita hai
nh6Lnh
suy
ISSN: 2354-0753
lwjn li thuyd vd th.ut trghigm: HS
riltn
dtgc kiit lu{Ln: KhLrng d,iy din mang dong diQn quay
nam ch6m hinh cht U.
- Btm.c 4: Kir lwin kiin rhtrr'. A gpai tloan, nny. CV y€u ciu HS so s6nh hai krlt qu.i ki6m chrmg. K6t qrd ki6m
chrmg bnng suy lufn li thuydt pht hqp voi k6t qu.i h6m chrmg bdng thyc nghiQm, loai b6 f ki6n khung dny drmg
y€n. Sau 116 di d6n kiit lqAn: Lyc nr do nr tnrong ddu tlic dqng l6n m$t tlo4n dAy din c6 ddng tlign ch4y qu4 c6
phuong ru6ng goc voi phuong crim rmg O d vi phuong cua ddng tliQn. Chi6u cua lyc tu tlup. xric tlinh theo quy tic
ban tay tnii. Ti€p theo, GV y6u cnu HS nhin xdt v€ phuong vi chi€u cua lp nr tl6i voi m{t pheng chua ddy dAn. GV
nhin x6t cdu trd loi cua HS vi hoin chinh k€t luin: Lp tu do nr tnrong tl6u ric dung l6n m$t ilo4n driy din c6 dong
,,
tliQn, c6 phuong w6ng goc voi m6t phing chra dAy dAn vd duong strc tu. Huong cua nJ trucmg
humg cua dong
vi
diQn I
hucmg cua trrc F tAo ttrantr mOt tam di4n thuian.
5 : Cing c6 vd vQn dyng. Ciai dqn nay phet tri6n cec chi s6 hlinh vi nhu: Drinh gi6 qiei /xip da thuc hiQn;
Phdn
hiQu qul cua oic gini ph6p; ki6i qu.it h6a cho nhtng vAn tl€ nrong tu, qua tl.6 g6p phin hoan thiQn nang
thanh t6
- BuOc
lp
ffi
nh6m trinh. bay. Sau
ciu HS thi€t k€ clc thi nghiQm tlon gian li6n quan tl€n c6c nQi dung y.ra IAc.
2,5. KAt qui thqrc nghiQm sr phgm ilinh gU nnng 4.r gi,ni quyAt frn ift cia hqc inh
V{n d\mg quy finh day hqc ki6n thuc "Xic tllnh luc tu do tu nuorg tl6u tic dung l6n mQt doan diy din c6 ddng
di€n" vri,i su h6 trq cua thi nghiem vA phuong tren truc quan vio day hec cho 2 nh6m HS kh6i I I d Tn:ong TIIPT
Thuin H6a vi TIIPT Nguyen ointr Ctrliiu rinh l-hua ]ihi€n Huti ni* n9" ZoZUZOZ I . D: dtuh gili muc dQ ph6t tri6n
cua NLGQVD cua HS thu tlugc sau qrui trinh d4y hqc, chung tdi sti dung phuong phrp chgn ngiu nhi€n l0 HS cua
lop I.lA2, Truong Tr{PT Thuin Hoa, TP. Huii, tinh Thtra ThiCn Uuii tlii tiiin hanh quan *it, thu th{p vi xt li th6ng
tin dd tlua ra nhtng nhnn dlnh v€ qu.i trinh giai quy6t vin tli m6i US. rcri AO, vd t fCqVO cua HS truoc TNSP thu
tlugc nhu sau (xem hing 2):
hian cia NL
VD cia HS tnbc TNSP
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hanh ki6m tra quri trinh gire,i quyit vin tii cua HS qua vi€c theo d6i su tuong tAc, chia sd th6ng tin vi mrrc tlQ hoan
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Nhu viy, muc dQ bi6u hien cua 10 HS c6 su ti6n bq. so voi tnrsc khi-TNSP nhung chra.n6i t$i. Cu th6: Bi6u
hien I.{LGdVD khi klllm ptui l6p kii hoach girLi quyrit v6n di va giai quy& v6n dd, hlo c6o k& qu.i cua HS tE tlup
ning l€n rorQt. KCt qru thu ttuqi cfo tniy, vifu pttit nidn NLGQVD cua HS trong day hoc Vat tf th6ng qua ph5i
hgrp thi nghiQm vd phuong tiqn tgc quan & mang lei ket qui kha quan. Khi tric
crlc US aEu t6n UO. trong troc A.p mOn Vat f, NLGQVD iua HS tliu il4t muc cao hon so vdi truor khi TNSP. Didu
nay chtmg t6 buoc tliu, quy tdnh t6 chtc day hqc Vit li theo huong pMt triiin NLGQVD cua HS th6ng qua st dgng
ph6i hqp thi nghiCm vi phuong tiQn tgc quan nlli chrmg t6i ttEa ra c6 tinh khi thi.
3. K6t
h$n
NLGQVD ld^mOt ning lyc quan trqng, can_hinh thinh vA ph6t trii3n cho HS trong d4y hqc Vft li d THPT. Van
dung quy trinh t6 c-hrrc day hqc Vit li voi sU h6 trq cua thi nghiQm vi phuong lrQn t4rc quan vdo d4y hqc mQt nQi
dung cp th€ budc tliu cho thiy, NLGQVD cua HS tli c6 nhirng buoc phit tri6n. Trong qu6 trinh d4y hgc Vit li,
GV cin 6p dung linh hoat c6c phuong pluip d4y hqc trong qu.i trinh sri dtng quy trinh niy nham gifp HS ti6p cin
vin dA theo cic c6ch khrlc nhau, y6u thich m6n hqc, g6p ptrin UOi auong }.II-GQVD cho c6c em vd nAng cao hiQu
$ri 4y
hqc.
;lt8ffiTtftT
chwng trinh gido dyc phii th6ng - Chmng rrinh dng th€ @nhdnh kdm theo rh6ng tu d
3Z20l8f[-BGDDT ngny 26112/2018 cua B0 tnrcmg B0 GD-DT).
Jensen, T. H. (2007). Assessing mathematical modellittg competency. Mathematical Modeling (ICTMA l2):
Education. Engineering and Economics.
Knnik, S., & Rudnich J. A. (1987). Problem solving: A hondbak for teachers. Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 7 Wells
Avenue, Ne*,ton, Massachusetts 021 59Luong Th! LQ Hdng (2013). T6 clnk hoqt cl6ng nhin tlnk cho hpc sinh trong dqy hac chnrng ,"Ti.truvng" vd "Cdnt
thg diPn tt " VQt li I I nng hqc ph6 th6ng theo hrrtng pluit tri6n nang lw giai quydt vdn dA voi sr h6 tq cia
,ru? vi tinh. Luin rfur ti6n si Khoa hoc gi6o duc, Tnrong Dai hqc Su pham - D4i hqc Hu€.
Nguy6n Nggc Tuin, Bti Thi H.anh, Tren Trung Ninh (2020). Da. y hgc Hoa hqc dai cuotg theo m6 hinh "Ltl,p hgc
tLio ngugc" nhim pllit triiin ndng lp $rii quy6t vin dC vd sfurg t4o cho sinh vi6n oic tniong tlai hgc Ic thuft.
Tqp chi Gido d.tc,488,18-23.
OECD (2003). The PISA 2003
knowledge and shlls
assessment
frameunrk: Malhemolics, reading, scienre and problem solving
lqt gidi quydt vdn dO da hgc sinh tong foy
Lu{n 6n ti€n si Khoa hoc gi6o duc, Truong Dai hqc Vinh.
Phan Anh Tai (2014). tuimh gid ndng
/drg
.
lop I I tnmg ha phd
i
a1ru st d4ng thi nghi|n vdn sr h6 W ctn ruiy
tinh tong dqy hy mOt s6 kiAn
Co hpc vd NhiQt hpc trung hoc phij th6ng Lu4n rin tiiin si Khoa hqc gi6o dqc, Truong Dai hOc Vinh.
Trin Huy Hoang (2008). NghiAn
rkk
h.oc Todn
Usinxki, K. D. (1995). nirn li hpc gido duc. )O(B Hi NQi.
Vn Tiiin Tinh (20.17). Si dang phwng tiqn trrc quan trong dqy hqc mir sij khlii niim hod hx co bdn o tning tnng
hpc co sd nhdm phdt tri6n ndng lqtx th.ut nghiQm cho hgc sinh Lufn 6n ti€n si KIoa hoc gi6o duc, Tnrong Dai
hgc Su pham
Hi NQi.
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