Báo cáo " Các hình thức của quyền lực trong quan hệ quốc tế." pot

CAC
HE^H THlfC CUA
QUYEl^
LlJC
TROMG QUAJV
HE QUOC TE
PGS.
TS. Hoang
KhSc
Nam
Khoa Qudc te hoc -
Dgi
hoc Khoa hoc Xd hot vd Nhan vdn
Quyen luc cd nhieu hinh thirc khac
nhau. Mdi hinh thirc quyen luc lai cd nhirng
dae diem khac nhau, hien dien trong thirc
tien khae nhau va tae ddng tdi quan he qude
te (QHQT) theo nhii'ng
each
thire khdng
gidng nhau. Cac hinh thirc nay dugc phan
dinh theo nhii-ng
each
phan loai khac nhau.
Cd nhieu
each phan
loai quyen
lire
trong
QHQT
va

deu dugc
xay
dung tren mdt tieu
chi nao dd. Mdi each phan loai cd mdt y
nghia
iing
dung nhat dinh trong nghien ciru
va thuc tien QHQT. Cac each
phan
loai nay
dem lai nhirng hinh thirc quyen
lire
khac
nhau. Dudi day la mdt sd
each
phan loai dd.
1.
each
phan loai thu nhat dua trin cff
sff thffi gian. Cach phan loai
nay
ed y
ngliTa
dac biet quan trpng trong xay dung chien
lirgc
dai han cho su phat
trien sire
manh tdng
hgp
ciia

minh ciing nhu trong quan he vdi
cac
ddi tac. Theo each
nay,
quyen
lire
dugc
chia
lam
hai loai:
- Quyen
lice
thuc tgi (Actual Power)
hay cdn dugc gpi la quyen
lire
boat ddng
[Operational Power) la quyen
lire
hien ed
thire nhu
lire
lugng quan
sir,
tdng thu nhap
qudc
dan
thirc te, trinh dp khoa hpc-cdng
ngbe, sd lugng dan cu, dien tich lanh thd
-
Quyen lice

tiem ndng (Potential
Power)
la
kha nang se cd quyen luc tang len
trong tuong lai dua tren su phat trien
ciia
nliii'ng
nang
lire
nao dd nhu kha nang phat
trien ban ve quan
sir,
kha nang tang trirdng
ve kinh te Vi du, su phat trien kinh te cua
Trung Qudc hien nay dang duge nhieu ngudi
coi la quyen lue tiem nang ve ea chinh tri va
quan
su. Tuong tu, kha nang cdng nghe va
tai ehinh
eiia
Nhat
Ban
ciing cd the dem lai
tiem nang cudng qudc quan
sir
cho nude
nay.
Viee hoaeh dinh chinh
sach
ddi ngoai

hay ke ca phat trien trong nudc deu ddi hoi
phai cd tu duy dai ban va tam nhin chien
luge,
vi the phai tinh den
ca
hai loai quyen
luc
nay.
Quyen lue thuc tai cd tinh ngan ban
hoae trung ban, cdn quyen
lire
tiem nang cd
tinh dai ban. Viee tinh den ca hai loai quyen
lire ap
dung trong tim hieu khdng
chi
cae ddi
tac
ma cdn ve chinh minh. Hai loai quyen
lire
cd quan he vdi nhau. Quyen luc thuc tai
la CO
sd cho quyen
lire
tiem nang, trong khi
quyen
lire
tiem nang neu dugc thii'a nhan thi
lai
la

su hd trg true tiep cho quyen
lire
thuc
tai.
Tuy
iiliicn,
vice .\a)
dung
qu)
cn luc qudc
gia phu thude
vao
nhieu yeu td khac nira chir
khdng phai chi
dira
tren quyen
lire
thuc tai.
Vi the, mdi quan he giira ehimg chi la tuong
ddi.
Trong lich sir, cd vd sd trudng hgp
quyen
lire
thuc tai manh nhung sau lai trd
20
NGHIEN
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(126).2011
thanh yeu hoac nguge lai ma

sir
hung thinh
va suy vong
ciia
cac cudng qudc la nhirng vi
du eua dieu
na\
2.
Cach phan loai
thii
hai
dim
trin hinh
thifc
biiu hiin
ciia
quyen
lire.
Cach phan
loai
nay
giup dem lai
cai
nhin
toan
dien trong
hoaeh dinh chinh
sach va sir
quan tam tdi
nhirng dieu kien cu the trong thuc thi chinh

sach. Theo do. quyen
lire
ed hai loai:
- Quyen lue hieu hinh (Tangible
Power) la nhirng ngudn quyen
lire
mang tinh
vat chat cd the sd dem dugc. Vi du, sd lugng
quan dpi va vii khi,
san
lugng kinh te, tai
nguyen
- Quyen luc vd hinh (Intangible
Power)
la
nhirng ngudn quyen
lire
mang tinh
tinh
than
khdng sd dem dugc. Vi du, tai nang
lanh dao, tri tue, uy tin, y ehi tinh than,
sir
iing
hd
ciia
qudc
te,
Trudc kia, quyen
lire

dugc do dac
va
tinh den
chii
yeu
la
loai quyen
lire
hiru hinh.
Day
la each
nhin phien dien bdi quyen
lire
vd hinh ciing
la
mdt sire manh vira cd y
nghTa thuc tai, vira cd y nghTa tiem nang.
Trong lieh sir, khdng thieu nhiing cude xung
dot
ma
ket cue ke thang
la
ngudi ed
siic
manh tinh
than Idn
ban trong khi quyen
lire
hiru hinh kem ban. Trudng hgp chien tranh
Viet Nam

la
mgt vi du dien hinh. Ngudi Viet
Nam da ehien
dau
va ehien thang bang tu
tudng dan tdc, tinh than yeu nudc, ldng qua
cam va sir
lanh dao diing dan. Bdi the, hien
nay
cac
yeu td tinh than thupc quyen
lire
vd
hinh da ngay cang duge md rdng
va
bd sung
vao thanh td
ciia
quyen
lire.
Hai loai
qu\-en
luc nay cd
sir gan
bd
\-a
bd sung cho nhau.
Quyen
lire
hiru hinh

la
ca so de phat trien
quyen
lire
vd hinh, cdn quyen lue
\d
hinh lai
ed y nghTa bd trg
rat
quan trpng
\a
nhieu khi
cdn la ddng
lire
cho quyen luc hiiu hinh.
Dang chii
y, vai trd
ciia qu\-en lire
\'d hinh
dang cd xu hudng tang len trong QHQT hien
dai khi viec sir dung chiing thuan
Igi
ban qua
eae
phuang tien thdng tin dai chiing, trong
khi viec sir dung mdt sd quyen
lire
hiiu hinh,
nhu
lire

lugng
quan sir
chang ban, khdng cdn
de dang nhu trudc.
-
-
• •'''-'
3.
each phan
loai thir ba dura trin linh
virc
hoat dpng. Ngudi ta cd the chia quyen
lire
theo nhiing
ITnh \-uc
eu the khac nhau
nhu quyen
lire
chinh tri, quyen
lire quan
su,
quyen
lire
kinh te, quyen
lire
van hoa Cach
phan
chia
nay
giup tim hieu mat manh hay

mat yeu, sd trudng hay sd
doan ciia ea ban
than chu the
va
ddi
tac
quan he, giiip chon
lira
uu tien ehinh sach, cdng cu thuc bien
\a
ITnh
vuc quan he.
each phan
loai
nay
khdng chi ed y
nghia trong xay dung quyen
lire
qudc gia
ma
cdn
ca
trong
hoaeh
dinh chinh sach
va
thuc
thi chinh
sach
trong thue tiln QHQT. Mac

dii
cac qudc gia deu mong mudn cd dugc sire
manh tdng hgp, nhung thudng do ngudn
lire
ed ban nen phai ed ehgn
Ipc va
uu tien nhiing
loai hinh quyen
lire nao
dd
ma
minh cd the
manh
va phii
hgp vdi xu the phat trien chung
ciia
the gidi. Viec tim hieu
cac
loai hinh
nay
ciing can thiet trong quan he vdi timg ddi
tac
cu the khi ddi
tac
ciing ed nhiing loai
quv
In
^le
hinh thiie
eiia quijeu

lue 21
luc manh yeu khac nhau. Viec dimg sd
trudng ddi phd vdi sd
doan
thudng dem lai
ket qua tich
cue
hon. Trong nhirng
van
de cu
the cimg vay, khi phai lua
ehpn cac
quyen
luc thirc thi cho
phii
hgp vdi hoan canh va
sir
viee,
viec ehpn lua
quyen lire
thirc thi khdng
phii
hgp cd the la
Igi
bat cap hai. Va cudi
cimg, cac loai quyen luc
nay
deu cd gia tri bd
sung cho nhau va cd the
sii

dung thay the
cho nhau trong nhieu trudng hgp.
4.
each
phan loai thir tu dua trin
phiim
vi ben trong hay ben ngodi ciia mdi quan
hi quyin
lire
giiia cdc
chii
thi
QHQT.
Cach
phan loai nay giiip xac dinh duge quyen
lire
ma mdi ben cd trong quan he vdi nhau. Nd
cd y nghia dang ke trong viee phan tich
quyen
lire,
so sanh
lire
lugng va hoaeh dinh
chinh sach. Theo
each
nay, quyen luc dugc
chia lam hai loai:
i
- Quyen
lite tieang

ddi (Relative
Power) la quyen
lire ciia
cac
chii
the dugc
dat trong
sir
so
sanh
true tiep vdi nhau. Vi
du, A cd quyen luc tuong ddi so vdi B khi ed
uu the ve nang
lire
nhung lai khdng cd quyen
luc tuong ddi khi sue manh thua kem C.
- Quyen
lice
ca cdu (Structural Power),
theo Susan Strange, la "Quyen
lice
quyet
dinh cdc viee se dugc ldm nhu the
ndo.
Id
quyen luc dinh hinh nen khung khd trong dd
cdc nhd nudc quan he vdi nhau, quan he vdi
nhdn ddn vd quan he vdi cdc cdng ty xuyen
qudc gia. "' Ndi each khac, dd
la

kha nang
tao ra hoac tac ddng den nhimg yeu td thupc
CO
cau ben ngoai bao quanh
nidi
quan he do.
Co can
nay
lai chi phdi
sir lira ehpn
cua mdi
ben va quan he quyen luc giira chimg. Cho
nen ed dugc quyen
lire
co cau thi cd kha
nang dieu tiet nhat dinh tdi hanh vi cua
ngudi khae.
Giira hai loai quyen luc nay cd
mdt
sd
diem khac nhau
dang
ke. Quyen luc tuong
ddi
xuat
phat
til'
ITnh virc
QHQT va chiu anh
hudng nhieu

ciia
cbu nghTa hien thuc. trong
khi quyen
lire
co- cau xuat phat
tii'
ITnh
vuc
kinh te chinh tri qudc te
(IPE).
Quyen
luc
tirong ddi dugc nhin nhan dudi lang kinh cua
each tiep can
dira
tren eae bd phan
ciia
quyen
lire
qudc gia, trong khi quyen luc co cau
dugc hinh thanh qua
each
tiep can quyen
lire
cd tinh quan he va
each
tiep can quyen luc
CO cau. Ve mat lich
sii',
trudc kia, quyen

lire
trong QHQT
chii
yeu la quyen
lire
tuang ddi
va
dugc ap
diing
nhieu trong quan he song
phuong. Quyen luc co eau xuat hien mudn
ban ciing vdi su phat trien
ciia
quan he da
phuong
va
he thdng qudc te va mdi trudng
qude te. Khi dd, quyen
lire
co can mdi dugc
van dung vao de dieu ehinh cac quan
he
quyen
lire.
Trong thuc te QHQT, cd nhieu
qudc gia ed quyen
lire
tuong ddi, nhung
chi
mdt sd it cudng qudc cd kha nang dat dugc

quyen
lire
co
eau.
-:. •
•
^ ••
Tat nhien hai loai quyen
lire
nay cd tinh
tuang hd vdi nhau. Quyen lue tuong ddi la
dieu kien
can
de dem lai kha nang cd dugc
' Susan Strange. Stales and Market, 1994.
Din
theo
Graham Evans & Jeffrey Newnham, The Penguin
Dictionary of International Relations. Penguin Books.
London 1998, p.
519.
22
NGHIEN
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CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03
(126).2011
quyen
lire
co cau. Nguge lai, quyen
lire

co
cau cd the lam cho quyen luc tuong ddi tang
len hoac giam di. Cac hpc gia
IPE
da dua ra
bdn
CO
cau rieng re nhirng cd quan he vdi
nhau cua
qu}cn
luc trong QHQT la: 1/ Co
cau tri thirc
tire
la quyen
lire
anh hudng den
tu tuong cua ngudi khac; 2/ Co cau tai chinh
tiic
la quyen
lire
ban che hoac tao dieu kien
cho ngudi khac tiep can dugc tin dung (sau
na}'
da cd su bd sung them co eau thuong
mai);
3/ Co- cau an ninh dinh hinh trien vpng
an ninh
ciia
chiing; 4/ Co can san xuat tac
ddng tdi co- hdi ed duge cude sdng tdt ban

ciia
ngudi san xuat va ngudi tieu dimg.
Viee ap dung
each
phan loai nay cd the
hiru ich trong nhieu trirdng hpp. Vi du trong
quan he giira qude gia
va cac
chu the phi
qude gia nhu cdng ty xuyen qudc gia (TNC)
chang ban. Khi so sanh nang
lire
kinh te
(quyen
lire
luong ddi) thi cd nhiing TNC cd
vdn va doanh thu
Idn
hon GDP
ciia
nhieu
qudc gia nhung lai khdng cd quyen luc co
cau nhu qudc gia. vi the ma
sir tir
tri, kha
nang
lira
ehpn
va
vi the quyen

lire
trong quan
he qua lai la khac nhau. Hay vi du khac hay
dugc de cap den trong quan he giiia
cac
qudc
gia la trudng hgp My vdi mdt sd cudng qudc
dang len. Nhieu ngudi cho
rang.
My cd
quyen
lire
tuong ddi giam
siit
so vdi mdt sd
nudc nhung van cd nhimg ngudn
Idn
lao
ciia
quyen
lire
co
eau
cho nen cd the van giir
duge vai trd
ba chii
hien nay.'
, ,,: ,,
5.
each

phan loai thir nam
dim
trin
sir
kliac biet giua nhan thiic vd
thirc
tiin. Day
la each phan loai kha phd
bien
Irong chinh tri
hpe va dugc Knorr
(1973)
dua vao nghien
ciai
QHQT. Cach phan loai nay ed y nghTa
kha
Idn
trong viec ket hpp giira nghien ciru
va
van dung, giiia ly luan vdi thuc tien va
giira nhan thirc
va
hanh ddng. Theo
each
phan loai nay, quyen
lire
dupe chia ra lam
hai loai.
- Quyen
lice

dugc nhdn thiec
(Perceived Power) hay cdn dugc gpi la
quyen luc dugc ngam hieu {Implicit Power)
hoac quyen lue gia dinh la quyen luc dugc
nhan biet qua nghien ciru
va
danh gia bang
con dudng tu duy nhan thirc. Vi du. su cho
rang quyen
lire eiia
nudc nay nudc kia la nhu
the
nay
nhu the ng.
- Quyen
liec
thuc lien (Real Power)
hay cdn duge ggi
la
quyen
lire
dugc bieu
Id
{Manifest Power) la quyen luc da dupe the
hien trong thuc tien bang nhiing hanh vi
cii
the va cd nhiing ket
qua
rd rang trong thuc
tien.

Khac
vdi loai quyen
lire
tren, hinh thirc
quyen
lire
nay dugc nhan biet bang nhirng
hanh vi quan
sat
dugc trong thuc tien. Vi du,
ket qua
ciia
mdt cude chien tranh vdi ngudi
thang ke thua rd rang.
Thuc ra, day khdng phai
hoan toan la sir
phan loai
ma
chi nham phan biet quyen
lire
" Martin Griffiths, Terry
OCallaghan
& Steven C.
Roach, International Relations: The Key concepts,
Routledge,
New York 2007, p. 260.
'
Martin Griffiths, Terry OCallaghan & Steven C.
Roach, Sdd, p. 260.
. _ _ ^

(^ie
hinh thiie
eiia quijen
lii'e
23
thirc te va quyen
lire
dupe nhan thirc vdn
nhilu khi hay chenh nhau. Va
sir
khdng
triing nhau nay de dan den sai lam trong
lira
chon chinh sach va cdng
cii
thirc hien. Hay
ndi each khac, quyen
lire
gia dinh thudng
khac vdi quyen
lire
thuc tien do van de nhan
thirc va thilu thdng tin. Gia dinh ed the dung,
ed
thi
sai. Gia dinh ed the chi phan
anh
dugc
mdt phan thu'c tien hoac ddi khi lai vugt
qua

thuc
tien.
Gia
dinh cd
tii-
hai phia: tir minh va
tir ngudi khac, va hai gia dinh nay hoan
toan
cd the khdng gidng nhau. Viec thuc thi
quyen lue phu thude
vao
nhieu yeu td khac
ma nhieu khi kbdng nhu chimg ta gia dinh.
Cd quyen
lire
gia dinh chua chae da thuc thi
du'p'c quyen luc thuc tien. Chinh vi vay,
trong gidi hpc gia QHQT da cd tranh luan la
quyen
lire
gia dinh ed phai la quyen
lire
khdng hay quyen luc se chi la quyen
lire
khi
dugc thuc thi trong thuc tien, tuc la bang
nhii'ng hanh vi cd the nhan thay dugc. Tuy
nhien, ciing cd trudng hgp quyen luc duge
nhan thirc van ddng vai trd nhu quyen
lire

thirc tien khi quyen luc nay dugc tat ca cae
ben thira nhan
va
vi vay nd van phat huy tae
dung trong thuc tien.
Cude tranh luan ve vi the hay quyen lue
ciia
My
va
Trung Qudc hien nay la mdt
trudng hgp ve quyen
lire
dugc nhan thirc
va
quyen luc thuc tien. Trong khi quyen
lire
sd
mdt
eiia
My cd su
gan
nhau tuong ddi giiia
hai loai quyen
lire
nay thi ddi vdi trudng hpp
eiia
Trung Qudc, cac y kien cdn khac nhau
xa. Mdt ludng y kien cho rang Trung Qudc
dang thach thue dia vi sd 1
ciia

My, ludng y
kien thir hai cho rang kha nang nay la cd the
cd trong tuong lai khdng xa. cdn ludng y
kien thir ba thi cho rang kha nang do la
khdng the.
6. Cach phan loai thir sau
dim
trin khd
niing tiin cong hay phdng
thii ciia
quyen luc
qudc gia. Cach phan loai nay giiip danh gia
dugc kha nang
tac
ddng khac nhau cua qudc
gia nay tdi qudc gia kia, tir dd cd the doan
dinh xu hudng va phuong thirc tac ddng
ciing nhu de dua ra ddi sach
phii
hop. Theo
each phan loai
nay,
quyen
lire
dupe chia lam
hai loai:
- Quyen luc tdn cdng (Offensive
Power)
la
kha nang

eiia
mdt qudc gia budc
mdt qude gia khae phai hanh ddng theo y
minh. Quyen
lire
tan cdng dugc xay dung
cbu yeu dua tren uu the ve quan
sir.
nhat la
cac vii khi tan cdng.
- Quyen lue phdng thu (Defensive
Power) la kha nang chdng lai
sir
cudng bach
ciia
mdt qudc gia
khac.'^
Quyen luc phdng
thil cd dugc nhd cd cac yeu td dia ly nhu dia
hinh, vi tri, thuan
Igi
va nang
lire
quan
sir
phuc vu cho viec phdng
thii.
Day la each phan loai do Henry
Kissingger dua ra. Chiu anh hudng
ciia

chu
nghTa hien tbirc va bdi canh qudc te xung dot
khi dd,
each
phan loai nay thien nhieu ve
Henry A. Kissinger,
Refections
on Power and
Diplomacy, E. A. J. Jonhnson edit, The Dimensions of
Diplomacy, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore
1964.
Dan theo Nguyen Manh Hung, Bang giao cpidc
te nhap
mon.
Hoi Nghien cuu Hanh chanh, Sai Gon
1971,
tr. 78.
^
Henry A. Kissinger, Sdd, tr. 78.
24
NGHIEN
CQU
CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03
(126).2011
nang luc quan
sir
ban la cac nang
lire
khac.
Cd le vi the ma hien nay

each
phan loai
eiia
Kissinger khdng dugc sir
diing
nhieu.
•fuy nhien
each
phan loai nay cd it nhat
hai ban che. Thic nhdt. nd thien nhieu ve
nang luc quan
sir
ma it tinh den cac nang
lire
khac
eiia
qudc gia ma van cd the dugc sir
dung de budc mdt qudc gia khae phai
hanh
ddng theo y minh. Vi du, hien nay My va
nhieu nudc dang
sii'
dung
cac
nang
lire
kinh
te va ngoai giao de ep CHDCND Trieu Tien
va
Iran

tir bd quyen
lire tan
cdng
ciia
minh
bang
vii
khi hat nhan. Vi the, khi ap
dimg
each phan loai
nay
nen tinh den cac nang
lire
khac nira ben canh
lire
lupng quan
sir.
Thic
hai, tuong ddi khd phan biet rach rdi quyen
lire
tan cdng va phdng thu
ciia
mdt qudc gia
tren phuang dien
quan
sir.
Da phan vii khi
deu cd
ca
hai chirc nang tan edng va phdng

thil.
cac
yeu td dia ly thuan
Igi
cho phdng
thil
ngay
cang it y nghTa khi vii khi ky thuat
cao ngay cang nhieu. Vi the, kha nang
tan
cdng hay phdng
thii
dudng nhu phu thude
vao
y dd trong
dau cac
nha lanh dao ban la
vii khi va dieu nay lai
cang
khd
xac
dinh, dd
la chua ke each tinh
toan
lay kha nang tan
cdng thay cho phdng
thii.
Hien nay, Trung
Qudc dang phat trien cac loai vii khi hien dai
va

tuyen bd rang de phdng
thii,
nhung nhieu
ngudi khdng he nghT nhu vay. Nhin chung,
ddi vdi nhirng nude nhd, mdi lo ngai la nhu
nhau khi
cac
nudc
Idn
phat trien vii khi
tan
cdng hay phdng
thii.
Mac
dii
vay,
each phan
loai
nay
ciing cd
the ap dung nhat dinh trong thuc tien va
nghien ciru QHQT.
NIU
qudc gia ed quyen
lire
tan edng, nd cd the gay ra nhirng de dpa
an ninh, nghi ngd va lo ngai cho qudc gia
khac.
Til' dd, tinh trang ludng nan ve an ninh
va

nhii'ng phan
u'ng
nhu chay dua
vii
trang.
lien minh, kiem che, ngan chan cd the se
xay
ra. QHQT se de cang thang khi tat ca cac
ben deu ed quyen
lire
tan cdng. Ngugc lai,
neu qudc gia chi cd quyen
lire
phdng thu,
nhirng hien tupng tren se khd xay ra ho-n.
Cd the each phan loai nay da dem lai
ggi y cho
cac
nha
Chii ngliTa
Hien thire khi
de ra
Chii
nghTa Hien thuc tan cdng va Chu
nghTa Hien thuc phdng
thii.
7.
each
phan loai thir
bay dira

trin
phwffng thirc thire hiin quyin luc. Day la
each
phan chia xuat hien chua lau nhung
hien nay dang dugc sir dung kha nhieu. Cach
phan chia
nay
giiip hieu them thuc tien
QHQT hien nay ca ve nang
lire
lan phuang
each
sir dung nang
lire,
theo dd, quyen luc
dugc chia
lam
bai loai:
. ^
:u<\n
- Quyen luc cicng (Hard Power) la kha
nang ep budc
chii
the khac thuc hien dieu
minh mudn cdn
ehii
the kia khdng mudn
bang
lire
lugng quan su hay bang trimg phat

kinh te nhu bao
vay,
cam van
- Quyen luc mem (Soft Power) la kha
nang dimg
anh
hudng thuyet phuc
chii thi
khac
lam
theo y minh hay theo Joseph Nye
la
kha nang
anh
hudng tdi ngudi khae thdng
qua su hip din. Anh hudng hay
sir
hi;
.ign
ed
thi
duge tao ra bdi uy tin ehinh tri,
j-ip
(?fft
hinh thiie
eiia qiiqen
lue
25
lire
phat triln kinh tl eao, sire cudn

hiit
ve
van boa tu tudng,
va
nhieu khi bao gdm
ea
kha nang ve quyen luc cimg. ,, .,.•,
'^^VM
Trong lieh sir, quyin
lire
dugc sir dung
trong QHQT phin
Idn la
dang quyen
lire
cii'ng vdi rit nhieu
each
thuc khae nhau nhu
chiln tranh, ran de, ngan chan, de dpa sir
dung vii
lire,
phong tda, bao vay,
cam
van
Trong thdi hien dai, quyen luc cirng van la
cai
gi dd ed tinh phd bien. My
la
nudc dien
hinh trong viec sir dung quyen

lire
cimg khi
dimg
lire
lugng
quan sir
de ep bude Nam Tu
trong cude chien tranh Kosovo nam
1999,
ep
budc Taliban d Afganistan nam 2001, ep
budc Iraq nam
1991
va
2003
Quyen luc mem
chii
yeu la
san
pham
eiia
thdi hien dai. Nhat Ban
la
mdt vi du ve
viec tim each xay dung cho minh quyen
lire
mem bang sire manh kinh te to
Idn,
vai trd
nudc

chau
A duy nhat trong G-7,
va
nhimg
cd gang
boa
binh nbu boa giai xung dot qudc
te d
Campuebia,
tham gia cd tinh toan vao
cac
chien dinh gin giii
boa
binh cua Lien hgp
qudc,
Nhat
Ban
ciing tim
each
gia tang
anh
hudng van hda
ciia
minh theo hai con
dudng
la
phat buy
cac
gia tri van hda truyen
thdng

ciia
minb ra the gidi, tiep thu thanh tuu
van hda tir ben ngoai de xay dung
cac
gia tri
mdi
va
pbat trien nen van hda
ciia
minb.
De hieu rd ban ve
sir
phan loai dang
dugc sir dung phd bien
nay,
cd the tham
khao bang dudi day ve
sir Idiac
nhau giiia hai
loai quyen
lire
nay.
Sy khac nhau giua quyen
luc
cung va quyen lye mem
;. ••
i
.
1
[.

•
. .
,
•
Phieffng
tiin sii dung
quyin
lire
Cdch thirc sii dung
quyin
lire
Tam ly cua doi
tirffng
bi
tdc dpng
Y
chi cua doi
twffng
tiip nhan
Quyen luc cung
Cdng eu hiru hinh
Ep budc, ap dat
Sghai
Trai vdi y mudn
Quyen
luc
mem
Cdng cu vd hinh
la
ehu yeu

Thuyet phuc
Tin tudng
Y mudn thay ddi
u^ jmiij
Vf;
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26
NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03
(1261.2011
Cach phan loai thir
ba\-
dang dugc sir
dung kha nhieu trong nghien cim QHQT
\-a
dugc coi la thich hpp de phan anh xu hudng
su dung
qu\-en lire
dang
tha\'
ddi trong
QHQT.
Tu\'
nhien. trong
\an
de
na\
chiing
tdi cd ba nhan xet:
Thir nhdt:
Qu\-en lire
mem khd dugc su
dung hieu qua trong thuc te neu khdng cd
quyen

lire
ciing. Tren thuc te. cac cudng
qudc
\di
uu the
\ugt
trdi
\c
quyen
lire
cimg
nhu My, Phap, Trung Qudc ciing dang la
nhirng nudc cd kha nang phat
hu\-
anh huong
\an
hda. gia tri \a uy tin ra QHQT nhieu ban
la nhiing nudc khdng cd
dii qm'en
luc cimg
cho
dii
cd mdt nen
\an
hda
rue
rd nhu Kn
Dd.
.A.i
Cap,

H\
Lap
7"/?;?
hai: Viec sir dung thuat ngir "quyen
luc mem" ddi khi cd dung y
tm'en
truyen
nham xoa diu
sir
phan irng cua
cac
nudc
\ira
va nho trong trat tu the gidi mdi ma
sir
phan
chia nudc
Idn-nirdc
nhd van cdn manh me.
cae cudng qudc
\an
ddng \ai trd chi phdi.
sir
cudng quyen
\an
phd bien trong QHQT.
Khdng it trudng hgp cac cudng qudc thudng
sir dung
qu\-en
luc cirng sau khi su dung

quyen
lire
mem khdng thanh cdng va dimg
sir
khdng thanh cdng cua
quN'en lire
mem de
bien minh eho viec su dung quyen luc cimg.
Thic ba: Tren thuc te.
cac
qudc gia it khi
sir dung rieng re mdt loai quyen luc nao do
ma
thudng la cd sy ket hpp hay
lira
ehpn linh
boat
tiiy
trudng hpp cu the. My la dien hinh
cua
sir
ket hgp quyen luc cirng \-a mem khi
su dung ca
\\
the chinh tri lan
sire
manh
quan
su, ca ddn
ba\

kinli
te lan bao
\a\
\a
cam
\-an
kinh te, ca
tu\-en
truyen gia tri dan chu
\-a
nhan quyen lan trimg phat
sir
N
i
pham,
Vi the, vao nam 2004. trong cudn sach
Soft Power: The Means lo Success in World
Politics. Joseph
N}e
- ngudi dua ra khai
niem. quyen
lire
mem - da bd sung them thuat
ngir quyen
lire
thdng minh {Smart
poMer).
Theo dng.
qu}-en
luc thdng minh la nang luc

ket hpp quyen
lire
cirng
\a niem
trong mdt
chien
luge
thang
Igi.
Viec dua ra khai niem
quyen
lire
thdng minh cho thay ke ca trong
thdi dai
nga\-
na\
chi
su dung
qu\en lire
mem khd dem lai thanh cdng ma can cd su
ket hgp vdi qm'en luc cu'ng. Hien
na>
nudc
My. dudi thdi Tdng thdng Obama. da
tu}
en
bd di theo each thirc cua qm'en
lire
thdng
minh.

Tdm
Igi,
viec phan dinh
qu\
en
lire
thanh
cac
hinh thirc theo nhieu each phan loai cho
tha\-
quyen
lire
trong QHQT la mdt hien
tugng da dang \-di nhieu dac
diem,
sac thai
khac nhau. Nhirng dac diem, sac thai
na\
cd
the dem lai nhirng uu the
ha\-
ban che khac
nhau
\a
tac ddng tdi chiing ta cimg khac
nhau. Vi the, chiing cd the dugc ap dung
rieng re trong tirng trudng hpp hay tinh
hudng cu the de lam ndi rd dac diem
ha}
sac

thai
nao
dd. Dieu nay la can thiet ca trong
nghien eim lan thuc thi
qu\-en
luc trong
QHQT.
Tuy nhien,
cae
each phan loai tren
chi
mang tinh tuong ddi va cung cd the dugc su
dung
kit
hpp
\di
nhau. Vi du.
qu\lr
luc
cimg dugc
xay
dung dua tren
qu\-en
luc
. _ an
sir.
kinh te
va
thudng la
qu\en lire

thuc
ui.
^ie
hinh thiie
eiia qiiijen
lue.
27
quyen
lire
hiru hinh, quyen
lire
tuong ddi,
quyen
lire
tan cdng, Quyen
lire
nay thudng
cd tinh
thii'c
te hon la gia dinh. Trong khi dd,
quyen luc mem dugc xay dung dua tren mdt
sd loai hinh quyen
lire ITnh
vuc nhu chinh tri,
van hoa va thudng bao gdm ca quyen
lire
tiem nang, quyen
lire
vd hinh, quyen
lire

ca
cau Quyen luc mem ciing thien ve quyen
lire
gia dinh ban la thue te.
Tai lieu tham khao
•!i;ri
1.
Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse &
Beth A. Simmons, Hanbook of International
Relations. Sage Publications, London, 2005.
2.
Graham Evans & Jeffrey Newnham,
The Penguin Dictionary of International
Relalions". Penguin Books, London, 1998.
3.
Joshua S. Goldstein, International
Relalions, Longman, New York,
1999.
4.
Martin Griffiths, Terry OCallaghan &
Steven C. Roach, International Relations:
The Key concepts, Routledge, New York,
2007.
5.
Conway W. Henderson, Quan he
qudc te budc vdo the ky
XXI
- Xung
dpi
vd

Hgp tdc, Khoa Qudc te hpc, Trudng
DHKHXH&NV, Ha Ndi, 2000.
6. Nguyen Manh Himg, Bang giao qudc
te nhap mdn, Hdi Nghien cim Hanh chanh,
sai
Gdn, 1971.
7.
Ly ludn Quan he qude te, Hpc vien
Quan he qudc
tl.
Ha
Ndi, 2007.
8. Joseph S. Nye, Public Diplomacy and
Soft Power, The ANNALS of the American
Academy of Pollitical and Social Sciences,
616,
March 2008.
9. W. Phillips Shively, Power and
Choice: An Introduction to Political Science,
Mc Graw-Hill, Boston,
2003.
I 111 )
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