Luận văn giải pháp thúc đẩy xuất khẩu hàng dệt may việt nam sang thị trường mỹ

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GIAI PHA1» TIHJC DAY XUAT K11AU

HANG DET MAY VIET NAM
SANG TIII TRUONG MY
•

•

---- 0O0---CHUYfiN NGANH: QUAN TRI KINH DOANH THUONG MAI
MA SO: 5.02.05

V

LUAN
VAN ' THAC
SI KINH TE
•
•

NGUOl HUONG DAN KIIOA HOC:

PGS.TS. HOANG DUC THAN

Th s WJ
Ha Nai - 2001


MUC LUC
L0I Md DAU

CHUONGI

1

NHUNG van de cd ban ve thi truOng hang det may my

VA TAM QUAN TRONG TRONG XUAT KHAU HANG

4

DET MAY VIET NAM VAO THI TRUING MY
1.1

NHLfNG THAY DOI TRONG QUAN HE THUONG MAI VIET - MY VA

NHQNG CO HOI THACH THUC DOI Vdl VIET NAM...................................

4

1.1.1

Tien trinh pliat trien quan he Viet - My nliirng nain qua.........................

4

1.1.2

Nhurng van de co ban cua Hiep dinli thirong mai Viet - My.....................

7

1.1.3

Nhurng co hoi va thach time ddi voi Viet Nam khi thirc liien Hiep dinli

Thirong mai Viet - My......................................................... ............................

11

1.2

KHAI QUAT VE KINH TE MY VA THI TRUONG HANG DET MAY MY....

15

1.2.1

Khai quat ve kinh te My..................................................................................

15

1.2.2

Thi trirong hang det may My............................................................................

18

1.2.3

Cliinli sacli thirong mai cua My ddi voi hang det may xuat khau vao My....

33

1.3

TAM QUAN TRONG CUA XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY SANG

THI TRUONG MY...........................................................................

36

1.3.1

Vi tri cua xuat khau hang det may trong nen kinh te qudc dan nude ta

36

1.3.2

Trien vong cua thi trirong My ddi voi xuat khau hang det may cua Viet Nam

38

1.3.3

Y nghia cua xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam sang thi trubng My......

40

1.3.4

Loi the cua Viet Nam ddi voi xuat khau hang det may sang thi trubng My

42

CHUONG II

PHAN TICH THUC TRANG XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY

*45

VIET NAM VAO THI TRUING MY
2.1

2.1.1

THUC TRANG SAN XUAT VA XUAT KHAU CUA NGANH DET MAY
VIET NAM...........................................................................................................

45

Tong quan ve nganh det may Viet Nam........................................................

45

tlibi gian qua..........................................................................................................

60

2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4

2.2

PHAN TICH TINH HINH XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY VIET NAM

SANG THI TRUONG MY..................................................................................

65


2.2.1
2.2.2

Thuc trang quan he thuong mai gi&a Viet Nam va My............................ 65
Thuc trang xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam sang thi trubng My

nhung nam qua......... ,.............

71

2-2.3

Chinh sach cua My doi vOi hang det may xuat khau cua Viet Nam vao My

77

2.3

HET LUAN DANH GIA VE THUC TRANG XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY
CUA VIET NAM SANG THI TRUONG MY, NHUNG VAN DE DAT RA 82

CHO NGANH DET MAY VIET NAM

2.3.1

4<
2.3.2

CHUONG III

3.1

Danh gia thuc trang xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam sang thi
trubng My nhung nam qua..................................... .<................................ 82

Nhung kho khan..........................................................................................

83

Nhung thuan loi............................................................................................. 87
Nhung van de dat ra doi voi nganh det may Viet Nam trong xuat khau
hang det may sang thi trubng My.............................................................. 89

GIAI PHAP THUC DAY XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY
’
96
VIET NAM SANG THI TRUONG MY GIAI DOAN 2001 - 2010
CHIEN LUOC XUAT KHAU CUA NGANH DET MAY VIET NAM TRONG

NHUNG NAM TdI........

96
96

3.1.1

Quan diem dinh huong...............................................................................

3.1.2

Muc tieu chien luuc 2001 -2010........................................... .................... . „ 98

3.1.3

Dinh huOng xuat khau hang det may Viet nam sang thi trubng My.......

3.2

GlA I PHAP THUC DAY XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY VIET NAM

3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.3

103

SANG THI TRUONG MY..................................................................................

104

Giai phap nghien cuu thi trubng va co hoi xuat khau....................
Giai phap day manh xuc tien thuong mai va cac bien phap ho tru khac

104
10 7

Giai phap bao dam san pham phu- hup voi yeu cau cua thi trubng My.Giai phap ve to chuc, quan ly nhbm tao ra hup luc trong xuat khau

109

hang det may sang thi trubng My.....................'.........................................

116

NGHIEN COU NHUNG DIEU KIEN DAM BAO CHO NGANH DET MAY
XUAT KHAU CO HIEU QUA SANG THI TRUONG MY...............................

n8

3.3.1

Doi moi co che, chinh sach vi mo cua Nha nuoc.......................................

118

3.3.2
3.3.3

Thu hut va su dung hieu qua von dau tu cua nganh det may Viet Nam
Kien nghi voi cac doanh nghiep xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam..........

124
128

........................................................................................................................

137

KET LUAN
PHU LUC


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BANG NHTNG CHIT VIET TAT

AFTA

: Asean Free Trade Agreement

ASEAN

: Association of South - East Asian Nation

ATC

: Agreement on Textile and Clothing

BEMs

: Big Emerging Markets

BTA

: Bilateral Trade Agreement

Cat

: Category

CBI

: Caribbean Basin Initiative

CBO

: Congressional Budget Office

CIF

: Cost, Insurance, Freight

EU

: European Union

FDI

: Foreign Direct Investment

FOB

: Free on board

FTC

: Federal Trade Commission

FTAs

: Free Trade Agreements

GATT

: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GDP

: Gross Domestic Product

GSP

: General System of Tariff Preferences

HS

: Harmonized System

HTSUS

: Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United Stales

JIS

: Japan Industrial Standard

ISO

: International Standard Organization

ITC

: International Trade Commission

ITCB

: International Textile and Clothing Bureau

L/C

: Letter of Credit

MFA

: Multifibrc Arrangement

MFN

: Most-Favored Nation

MIA

: Mising in Action

NAFTA

: North American Free Trade Agreement

1


NTR

: Normal Trade Relations

ODA

: Official Development Aid

POW

: Prisioner of War

TMQ

: Total Management Quality

T/T

: Telegraphic Transfer

VAT

: Value Added Tax

VCCI

: Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry

VINATEX

: Vietnam National Textile and Garment Corporation

WB
WTO

: World Bank
: World Trade Organisation


LOI m3 DAU

1. Tinh cap

cua d
Qua lrinh hoi nhap va loan cau boa dang nhu mol “guong xoay” cuon cac
nen kinh le cua cac quoc gia vao mol lral In kinh le lrong do viec lim ra cac loi lhe
va giai bai loan so sanh de xac lap vi lhe lren lrudng quoc le luon la van de dal ra
doi vdi lung quoc gia. Bdl dau lb lhdi ky doi mdi cach day chua day hai lhap ky,
Viel Nam chung la dang lung budc lhuc hien qua lrinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai
hoa dal nude, chuyen dich co cau nen kinh le hudng manh vao xual khau.

Van kien Dai hoi Dang Cong san Viel Nam lan lhu 8 neu ro: “Day manh
xual khau, coi xual khau la hudng uu lien va la lrong diem cua kinh lC doi ngoai...
Dieu chinh co cau lhi lrudng de vua hoi nhap khu vuc vua hoi nhap loan cdu, xu ly
dung dan loi (ch giua la vdi cac doi lac ”.|7-9l)|
Nhu nhieu quoc gia khac vao nhung giai doan dau cua qua lrinh cong nghiep
hoa, nganh del may Viel Nam lbng budc khang dinh vai lro quan lrong lrong nen
kinh le quoc dan. Ben canh viec cung cap hang hoa dap Ung cac nhu cau cho lhi
lrudng lrong nudc, nganh del may con lao dieu kien md rong lhuong mai quoc le.
Dong lhdi, vu'a la nguon lhu hul lao dong, giai quyel cong an viec .lam, vua lao
nguon hang xual khau co gia lri cao, nganh del may se la nguon lhu hul ngoai le
gop phan lao da cho nen kinh le' cal canh.
•
Vdi liem nang cua mol quoc gia co loi lh've xual khau hang del may, van de
lham nhap va phal lrien cac lhi lrudng moi, co dung luong lieu lhu ldn hien dang
dal ra cho cac doanh nghiep del may Viel Nam nhung kho khan va lhach lhuc.
Diem lai mol so cac lhi lrudng ldn nhu Nhal Ban, EU, Dong Au, co lhe lhay hang
del may Viel nam da co mal va dang cung cd dan lung budc vi lri cua minh. Tuy
nhien hang del may Viel Nam dang gap nhung kho khan khong nho lrong viec day
manh luong hang xual khau va de lim duoc loi ra cho bai loan lhi lrudng lieu lhu lhi
hudng can lhiel nhal la khai lhac de lham nhap cac lhi lrudng moi lrong do My la
mol lhi lrudng day hua hen va co liem nang nhal.
Tiem nang hop lac kinh le - lhuong mai giua Viel Nam va My la lo ldn.
Cung vdi viec ky kel Hiep dinh Thuong mai giua Viel Nam va My, quan he lhuong
mai Viel - My da budc sang lrang mdi. Vi vay, viec xem xel kha nang lham nhap
cua hang del may vao lhi lrudng My, mol lhi lrudng co dung luong lieu lhu vao loai
ldn nhal lhe gidi da lru nen ral cap bach. Tuy nhien, ben canh nhung lhuan loi se co

I

khong it kho khan va thach (hire, ddi hoi khong chi sir nd luc rat Ion cua cac doanh
nghiep Viet Nam ma can co str ho tro tich cue tir phia Nha nude de cd the tiep can
va day manh xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam vao thi trudng nhieu tiem nang
nhirng cung 1dm chong gai nay.
Chinh vi vay, trade thirc tidn va tinh cap tliiet cua van de, tac gia da lira chon
de tai: “Gia’i phap thilc day xuat khau hang det may cua Viet Nani sang
thi trudng My ” lam de tai cho luan van Iliac sy cua minh.
2. Muc dicli nghien cuu cua Luan van

+ Nghien ciru nhirng co so cliung cua thi trirong det may My va co hoi cho xuat
khdu det may Viet Nam vao thi trudng My.
+ Phan tich, danli gia thirc trang xuat khau cua hang det may Viet Nam noi chung
va xuat khfiu vao thi trudng My noi rieng. Nhirng van de dat ra cho nganh det
may Viet Nam ddi voi xuat khfiu hang det may vao thi trirdng My.

thi trudng My.
3. Ddi tuong va pham vi nghien ciru

Ddi tuong nghien cuu cua luan van la thi trudng det may My ddi vdi nganh
det may xuat khfiu cua Viet Nam. Nghien cuu nhirng dac trung cua thi trudng nay
va sir thSm nhap, phat trien ciia xuat khfiu hang det may Viet Nam tren thi trudng

4. Phuong phap nghien cuu

Luan van sir dung cac phuong phap nghien ciru nhu: phuong phap plum tich,
so sanh, tong hop. Bang each phan tich ly giiii tinh hinh va nhirng tliay doi trong
nganh det may ciing vdi nhirng danh gia va kel luan ban dfiu ve thi trudng xuat khfiu
tiem nang, luan van luan giai nhirng noi dung can de cap.

2

5. Nhung dong gop cua Luan van

Mot la, nghien cuu, phan tich va dua ra mot so danh gia ve thi trubng xuat
khau tiem nang - thi trubng My cung nlitr cac quan diem va qui dinh trong chinh
sach thuong mai cua My doi voi hang det may xuat khau Viet Nam.
Lam ro dac diem va yeu cfiu cua thi trubng det may My va nhung lqi the, han
che cua Viet Nam khi thuc hien Hiep dinh Thuong mai Viet-My doi vbi linh virc
xuat khau hang det may.
Hai la, phan tich, danh gia ve thuc trang va kha nang xuat kluiu hang det may
Viet Nam; nhung ket luan budc dfiu khi nghien cuu xuat khau hang det may Viet
Nam sang thi trubng My, nhung van de dat ra doi vbi nganh det may Viet Nam.
Ba la, dua ra mot so giai phap nliam thuc ddy xuat khtiiu hang det may vao thi
trubng My trong thbi gian tbi.
6. Ket cau cua Luan vail

Ngoai phan mb dau, ket luAn, danh muc tai lieu tham khao va phu luc, luan
van duoc ket cau lam 3 chuong:

CHU’ONG I:

NHUNG VAN DE C0 BAN VE THI TRlTONG DET MAY MY VA

TAM OUAN TRONG CUA XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY
VIET NAM SANG THI TRUING MY

CHlTOlNC II: PHAN TICH THUC
TRANG
XUAT KHAU HANG DET

MAY
•
•
•
VIET NAM VAO THI TRUING MY

CHUONC III:

GIAI PHAP THUC DAY XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY
VIET NAM SANG THI TRUING MY GIAI DOAN 2001 - 2010

3


CHlTONG I
NHUNG VAN DE CO BAN VE T1II• TRUONG HANG DET
MAY MY VA
•
TAM QUAN TRONG TRONG XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY
VIET
NAM VAO THI• TRUONG MY
•

1.1

NHLTNG THAY DOI TRONG QUAN HE THUONG MAI VIET - MY VA
NHUNG CO HOI THACH THL/C DOI Vdi VIET NAM

1.1.1 Tien trinh phat trien quan lie Viet - My nhung nam qua

Nhin lai chang dudng licli sir lrong quan he Viet - My nhung nam qua cho
thay quan he Viet - My da trai qua nhieu bien dong va co nhung budc thang tram.
Cuoc chien tranh giua hai dan toe da liii xa 25 nam va quan lie giua hai nude cung
da cd khong it thay doi. Sau nhieu lhap ky chien tranh lanh cung vdi lanh cam van
ve kinh le, trudc bdi canh cua xu the hoi nhap va loan cau hoa, lion bao gid het, Hoa
Ky va Viet Nam deu thay rang da den luc ngoi vao ban dam phan va di den ky ket

Hiep dinh thuong mai song phuong va dich quan trong la trao cho nhau toi hue
quoc. Bdi day se la chia khoa md ra cho ca hai quoc gia nhung tiem nang to ldn

trong quan he thuong mai song phuong. Khi do, Viet Nam va Hoa Ky cd the tiep can
va bo sung cho nhau ve co cau hang hoa, dicli vu....
Hoa Ky cd the tim thay d Viet Nam mot thi trudng tiem nang ve buon ban va
dau tu vdi nguon lao dong re, cd trinh do giao due co ban, cac nguon tai nguyen

phong phu, dieu kien chinh tri-xa hoi on dinh...va vdi mpt vi tri chien luqc d Dong

Nam A. Qua do, Hoa Ky se cd dupe mot thi trudng de cd the tang cudng sir anil
hudng cua minh trong khu virc. Con doi vdi Viet Nam, se tim thay d Hoa Ky mdt
thi trudng cd sue mua vao loai ldn nhal the gidi vdi nhu efiu kha da dang va phong

phu, mot thi trudng cong nghe hien dai va tri thuc quan ly tien tien; cd y nghia dac
biet doi vdi viec dfiy nhanh lien trinh cong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa d Viet Nam.

De hieu rd them v£ mdi quan he giua hai quoc gia, can ngupc dong licli sir de
diem lai nhung net clnnh trong lien trinh phat lrien quan he thuong mai Viet - My.
Quan he Viet - My liinh thanh va phat trien lrong bdi canh cua mot the gidi
ddy bien dong vdi nhieu str kien licli sir. Nam 1945, khi nudc Viet Nam Dan cliii
Cong hoa dupe thanh lap dem lai cho ngirdi dan Viet Nam tieng noi va quyen tu do
cua ngudi dan mot nudc doc lap thi My da chdi tir de nghi thiet lap quan lie ngoai

giao vdi Viet Nam. Tiep do, lo so cai ma My va phuong Tay goi la “lluim hoa epng
4


san” dupe khoi day tir Cach mang Thang mudi va dang Ian nhanli sang cac chau
luc khac Iren the gidi tir Chau A, Trung Quoc, Bic Trieu Tien va Viet Nam, tdi
Chau My la Cu-Ba.., My da giup Phap trong giai doan cuoi cua cuoc chien tranh

Dong Duong hong xoa di mam song cua mot nirdc cong hoa non tie. Chien thang

Dien Bien Phu licli str (1954) buoc Phap rut khoi Viet Nam song vfln chua lam lui
tan dupe am muu can thiep sau hon cua My vao Viet Nam va sau sir kien Vinh Bdc
Bo 5/8/1964, My mb long chien tranh pha hoai ra Mien Bdc Viet Nam, bat dau
nhirng trang den tdi nlia't trong licli sir nude My, lien hanh cuoc chien tranh xam
luoc Viet Nam. Song My da khong ludng trudc duoc nhirng kho khan khi phai ddi
dau voi mot dan toe anh hung trong cuoc chien tranh phi ngliia nay. “Tft ngay dau
lien cho den ngdy cuoi cung, ngOdi My deu duoc don tiep nong liau” tren chien
trudng Viet Nam voi nhirng that bai lien tiep cua quan dpi My va nguy quan Sai

Gon khong chi tren chien trudng ma con tren ban dam phan. Va cai ngay ma nhirng
thiet hai ve vat chat va Ian song phan ddi chien tranh buoc My chinh thuc rut quan
khoi Viet Nam cung da den. Nam 1973 da danh dau cham het cho sir can thiep cua
My vao Viet Nam hong co dupe “san sau” cd lam quan trong chien luoc trong

chinh sacli toan cau cua My tai khu vtre Chau A - Thai Binh Duong. Ngay sau do,
My tuyen bo thuc hien chinh sacli bao vay cam van vdi Viet Nam, day quan lie cua
hai nude vao con dudng be tac.
Nhieu nam sau chien tranh, tien trinh binh lliudng hoa quan he ngoai giao

cua hai nude tuy diem ra mot each chain chap song khong pluii khong co nliung

budc tien dang ghi nhan. Nam 1977, sau khi khong plni quyet chong lai viec gia
nhap Lien Hiep Quoc cua Viet Nam, My da thay doi chien luoc vdi Viet Nam. Voi
thien chi tir phia My, hai nude da budc vao dam phan de binh thudng hoa quan lie.
Tuy nhien viec dam phan da gap pluii nhieu can trb xuat phat tir su phan ddi trong
Quoc hoi va Chinh plni My. Cho tdi nliung nam 90 cua the ky, chinh quyen My bid

dau quyet dinh tim each tiep xue vdi Viet Nam de noi lai dam phan binh thudng hoa

quan he (18/7/1990). Ke tir do, quan lie Viet-My cung lien tuc co nhirng lien bo.
Ngay 9/4/1991, Chinh phu cua Tong thong G.Bush da dua ra “Ban lo trinh”

gom 4 budc cho lien trinh binh thudng hoa quan he Viet -My, lfin dau tien cong
khai chinh thuc chinh sacli cua My vdi Viet Nam.
Ngay 21/11/1991, Thur trirdng Bp Ngoai giao Le Mai va Tip ly ngoai trudng
Hoa Ky ve Dong A-Tliai Binh Duong R.Solomon dam phan dau tien ve binh thudng

hoa quan he hai nude tai New York. Nam 1992, da cd 3 cuoc gap cap Bp trudng
Ngoai giao va 5 kin My cir dac pliai vien Tong thong den Viet Nam de xiic lien giai
quyet van de POW/M1A cung nhu ndi long quan lie cang thang giua hai nude.

5


Chinh v'l the, vfl'n de POW/MIA da duoc cai thicn io ret va chmh quydn Bush da cd
nhidu ndi long hon nua nlitr: cho pliep ban hang thuong mai nhfim dap ling nhu cau

co ban cua con ngudi sang Viet Nam va ndi long cac han che doi vdi cac to cliiic
phi chmh phu vien tro nhan dao cho Viet Nam, cho phep cac cong ly dien thoai,

dien tin My thiet lap he thong lien lac ve tinli true tiep giua My va Viet Nam, cho

phep cac cong ty My khoan thu tim dau, cho phep ky ket cac hop dong va md van

phong dai dien tai Viet Nam. thue ngudi lam viec, len ke hoach tien hanh cac boat

dong nghien cuu klui thi, cac khao cuu vd cong nghe va ky thuat vdi dieu kien tat ca
cac giao dich lam an chi duoc pliep thuc hien sau khi lenh cam van duoc bai bd.
Sau khi len ndm chinh quyen (1993), Tong thong My Bill Clinton cung tan
thanh va tiep tuc thuc hien “Ban 10 trinh” cua chinh quyen G. Bush. Ngay 2/7/1993,

Tong thong My tuyen bd khdng ngan can viec to chiic tai chinh quoc te ndi lai vien
tro cho Viet Nam. Va de cac cong ty My cd mot phan loi ich trong cac khoan vien
tro nay, Tong thong cho phep cac cong ly My tham gia dau tluiu cac dir an duoc cac
Co quan tai chinh qudc te tai tro cho Viet Nam, cho phep cac cong ly dich vu My

dao tao, day nghd cho cac cong nhan Viet Nam cho du lenh cam van vAn tiep tuc bi
duy tri (14/9/1993). Day la nhung ndi long tlii'r ba trong tien trinh xoa bd cam van
doi vdi Viet Nam cua chinh quyen My. Trong khi do, cac doanh nhan My ndng
long muon nhanh chong duoc lam an vdi Viet Nam va ho la dong lire chinh thuc
ddy xoa bd cam van.

Cuoi cung, ngay 3/2/1994, can cu vao nhung ket qua ro rang trong viec giai
quyet cac trudng hop POW/MIA va dua vao cudc bd phieu tai Thuong Nghi vien
My, Tong thong B. Clinton da tuyen bd bd lenh cam van ddi vdi Viet Nam va de
nghi hai nude md co quan lien lac. Ngay 26/5/1994, hai ben da dat duoc thoa thuan

md co quan lien lac d thu do hai nude.
Ngay 28/1/1995, Viet Nam va My tuyen bd chinh there md co quan lien lac d

My va Viet Nam, md ra mot trang mdi cho quan lie Viet - My, giai toa duoc nhung
trd ngai ldn nhat cho hon hai muoi nam cang thang trong quan lie ngoai giao. Tiep

do, quan he kinh te, thuong mai cua hai nude da cd nhung cliuyen bien tot dep.
Nliieu doan ngoai giao cap cao cua My da tdi Viet Nam. Cac dai bieu thanh vien
cua nhung doan ngoai giao nay da cd nhung nhan dinh tien bo ve quan lie kinh te
ddi vdi Viet Nam, va da gop phan thuc day tien trinh binli thuong hoa quan he hai
nude lien len nhung birdc moi.
Ngay 11/7/1995, quan lie ngoai giao cap dai su giua hai nude chinh there
duoc thiet Dp sau lion hai muoi nam gian doan vdi tuyen bd cua Tong thong My B.
Clinton. Ngay sau do, Thu trudng Ngoai giao Le Mai doc ban tuyen bd cua Thu
6


luong nudc CHXHCN Viet Nam hoan nglienh quyet dinh cua Tong thong Hoa Ky.
Nhu vay, nhd vao nd luc chung cua hai nudc cong vdi sir ling ho cua ban be quoc te,
mot chuong hoan toan mdi da md ra, hudng loi quan he huu nghi, hop lac, binh
dang va cung cd loi (ch thuc sir cua moi nudc cung nhu vi hoa binh, thinh virqng
trong khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong va tren the gidi. Thang 8/1995 Viet Nam

va Hoa Ky khai truong Dai sir quan tai Washington va Ha Noi. Ngoai trudng Hoa
Ky W. Christopher lan dau tien lham Viet Nam. Thang 4/1997, Bo trudng Tai chinh
Hoa Ky Rubin tham Viet Nam, ky thoa thuan ve xu ly no cua chinh quyen Sai Gon
vdi Bo trudng Tai chinh Nguydn Sinh Hung. Ngay 27/6/1997, ngoai trudng Hoa Ky
Albright tham Viet Nam va cung vdi Bo trudng Ngoai giao Nguydn Manh Cam ky
Hiep dinh v6 thiet lap quan lie quyen tac gia. Thang 11/1997, tai cuoc hop cap cao
APEC tai Canada, Hoa Ky ling ho Viet Nam vao APEC. Mol sir kien quan trong
trong quan he giua hai nudc, ngay 11/3/1998, Tong thong Clinton lan dau tien liiyen
bo mien ap dung Dao luat bo sung Vanik-Jackson doi vdi Viet Nam (Dao luat ngan
cam buon ban vdi ke thu-1964).
Tiep den la mol loat cac budc tien kliac trong quan lie Viel-My de di den di
den mot budc ngoai cd y nghia quan trong lrong quan lie thuong mai giua hai nudc.
Ngay 13/7/2000 (tire ngay 14/7/2000 gid Viet Nam), tai Washington, Bo trudng

Thuong mai Viet Nam va Dai dien lhuong mai Hoa Ky da chinh there ky Hiep dinh
Thuong mai song phuong. Hiep dinh lhuong mai dupe ky kel da md ra mot trang
mdi trong quan he thuong mai giua Viet Nam va My, la co so quan trong cho vice
thuc day va phat trien cac quan lie kinh le giua hai quoc gia.
1.1.2 Nhung van de co ban cua Iliep dinh thuong mai Viet - My

Sau 4 nam kien tri vdi tinli than vira hop tac, vira dau tranh, qua 11 vong dam
phan, cuoi cung, duqc phep cua Bp Chinh tri va Thu tu'diig Chinh phu, ngay
13/7/2000, Bo trudng Bo Thuong mai Viel Nam da ky Hiep dinh thuong mai vdi
Dai dien thuong mai My. Sau 16 ky, Tong thong Bill Clinton da tiep doan va chinh
thuc cong bo viec ky Hiep dinh thuong mai Viet My (day la lan dau tien Tong
thong My tiep mol doan Viet Nam d Nha Trfing). Trong di6n van chao inlrng, Tong
thong My da phat bieu:
tit qua kbit cay dang, cluing la se gieo nhitng hat giong

cho titcmg lai. Day la mol buVc licit sir lrong qua lrinh binh ihitdng hoa, hoa hop va
han gdn nhiing vet th awng lrong dan cluing hai quoc gia”m. Phat bieu nhau str kien
nay, Thu tudng Phan Van Khai da nhau dinh: “Trong nhitng nam qua, moi quan he
nay dd co nhung bitdc phat trien dang khich le, lay vay, van clufa hoan chinh, ky kei
Hiep dinh lhuong mai ddnli dau viec hoan tat qua trinh binh thu'bng hoa quan he
thuong mai giita hai mroc”i21i.
7


nhan, truyen thong van hoa khdc nhan va cd trinh do phat trien kinh te, xa lidi khdc
nhan, song quy luqt cua licit sit, xu the cua thdi dai va mong muon cua nhan dan

hai mtac da khieii quan he Viet-My tra nen than thien han, da den luc cluing la Id
ban cua nhau”.m

Mat khac Hoa Ky dang tien vao thien nien ky thu* ba o dinh cao sue manh
cua minh (cudng quo'c kinh te va quan sir manh nhat co Iqi fell chinh tri va kinh te
toan cau, nam vi tri chu dao trong quan he quo'c te, dSn dau the gidi trong hau khdp
linh vuc quyet dinh sir tien bo cua nen van minh) nen trong qua trinh dam phan, My
thudng hay gay sire ep ddi vdi Viet Nam. Tuy vay thuc te dam phan da cho thay
chinh viec kien tri dam phan theo tu ludng ky Hiep dinh la viec lam hai ben cung cd
loi, va chi cam ket nhung gi phii hop vdi Iqi ich cua Viet Nam, da giup cluing la cd
duoc mot Hiep dinh tuong ddi binh dang vdi My.
Vdi 7 chuong, 72 dieu va 9 phu luc, Hifip dinh thuong mai Viet - My la mot
Hiep dinh toan dien mang tfnh thuc chat ve kinh te, gom cac linh vuc: thuong mai
hang hoa, quydn so huu tri tue, thuong mai dich vu, phat trien quan lie dau tu, giai
quyet tranh chap...

Bang 1.1: Tom tat ndi dung Iliep dinh Thitong mai Viet Nam - Hoa Ky
Cac chirong

Ndi dung de cap

So dieu khoan

Pliu luc

4 phu luc

Chuting 1

Thuong mai hang hoa

9 didu

Chi/cing II

So huu tri tue

18 dieu

Chuting III

Thuong mai Dich vu

11 dieu

2 phu luc

Chi/dng IV

Quan lie Dau tu

15 didu

2 phu luc

Chuting V

Tliuan Iqi hoa kinh doanh

3 dieu

Chuting VI

Minh bach va Quydn kliang cao

8 didu

Chuting VII

Dieu khoan cliung

8 dieu

(Nguon: Vu Plidp luqt Dau tit mtac ngoai - Bo Tlutang Mai. 812000)
y nglna cua Iliep dinh Thuong mai

Hiep dinh thitong mai Viet - My tqo nen tang phap ly cho quan lie thuong
mai hai nitoc phat trien, phii hop vdi mong muon cua thuong nhan va nhan dan hai
nude. Qua Hiep dinh, hai nude thong nliat duoc phuong phap, budc tiep can, nguyen
tSc dieu chinh quan he thuong mai giua hai nude, tao dung moi trudng phap ly on
dinh, thong tlioang cho cac doanh ngliiep hai ben hop tac, dau tu phat trien quan lie
kinh te.
8


Bao trum len Hiep dinli la nguyen tdc thirong mai khong phan biet do'i xtr.
Nhd nguyen tdc nay ma hang hoa, dich vu cua Viet Nam se duoc hirdng quy che
To'i hue quoc(MFN), co the tham nhap tren thi trirdng My mot each tuong do'i binh

dAng. Chung ta moduoc mot thi trirong Ion cho hang xuat khau Viet Nam.

Hop tac vdi My - mol nirdc cd trinh do klioa hoc cong nghe tien tien vao bac
nlia't the gidi se la each tot nlia't de Viet Nam cd the hoc hoi, tiep thu kinh nghiem

quan ly tien tie'll va cong nglie cliuyen giao cua My. Ngirqc lai, cac doanh nghiep
My tim th ay d Viet Nam mot thi tnrdng nidi, cd ngudn lao dong re, cung vdi nhieu
co hoi lam an hap ddn. Khong nhirng the', buon ban Viet - My se tao co hoi mo rong

duoc thi trirdng buon ban vdi cac nirdc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong cho ca hai phia,
tao them nhieu cong an viec lam... Cd the noi day la “cudc clioi" ma ca hai ben
cung cd Iqi.
Hiep dinli thuong mai Viet-My la nliung cliuyen dong tat yeu cua quan he
doi ngoai Viet Nam dong thdi Id nliung tin hieu quan trong de cac doanh nghiep
nirdc ngoai noi chung, doanh nghiep My noi rieng hy vong va yen tdm khi xac
dinh lam an Idu ddi tai Viet Nam. Bdi tir nay Viet Nam se phai tich circ cai tien va
ddi mdi de cd moi trudng kinh doanh lanh inanli, kliuyen khfch dau tu, tao san choi
binh dang cho cac doanh nghiep.

Do Hiep dinli thuong mai duoc xay dung tien co so cac nguyen tdc, chudn
muc cua WTO nen xet ve mat ky thuat. sau khi ky ket Hiep dinli thuong mai VietMy, Viet Nam da dap ung duong nliien cac yeu cau can ban cua WTO, se giam di
dang ke cac kho khan trong tien trinh cam ket va thirc hien cam ket de sdm trd
thanli thanh vien WTO. Vi vay cd the noi ky diroc Iliep dinli thirong mai voi My Id
biroc di co y nghia chien hrqc va khong the thieu duoc cua Viet Nam trong tien
trinh trd thdnh thdnh vien ctia WTO, the hien quyet tdm chit dong hoi nhap cua

Viet Nam, mang lai loi ich, hoa binh trong khu vuc.
Qua Hiep dinh cd rat nhieu cac chudn muc va nguyen tdc dieu chinh boat
dong thuong mai, ddu tu, so huu tn tue... giua hai nude duoc xay dung, khong chi

thuc day kinh te Viet Nam cliuyen ddi ntqnh lion sang nen kinh te thi trudng mo
ma con cd tac dung thuc day chung ta thuc hien khan trirong cac chuong trinh
dang trien khai nhu cai each hdnh chinh, ddi mdi doanh nghiep Nhd nude, dieu
chinh co cdu san xuat, xay dung nen kinh te nhieu thdnh phan, minh bach hoa
phap luqt chinh sacli.

9


Hiep dinh thuong mai Viet My la budc di licli sir trong qua trinh binh thuong
hoa, hoa giai va han gdn giua hai dan toe, thuc dfty qua trinh hoi nhap cua Viel Nam
vdi cong dong quoc te, tang cirbng mau dich giua hai nudc, cho pliep tang nhanh

kim ngacli trao doi hang hoa, dich vu cua Viel Nam khong chi vdi My va vdi tat ca
cac nudc khac. Hiep dinh nay khong chi dam bao lqi fell cua hai nudc Viet Nam va
My ma con la mot dong gop tich cue cho hoa binh, on dinh, hop tac de phat trien 0
khu vuc va tren the gidi. My cung danh gia Hiep dinh nay la budc tien quan trong
cua Viet Nam tham gia vao WTO va kliang dinh tich cue ting ho Viet Nam gia nhap
to chuc nay.
Thuc hien dirdng loi doi ngoai doc lap, Itr chu, da phuong hoa, da dang hoa
quan he, den nay, Viel Nam da ky ket hiep dinh thuong mai song phuong vdi grin
60 quoc gia, co thoa thuan MFN vdi hen 70 quoc gia tren the gidi. Tuy nhien, theo
danh gia cua cac nha chuyen mon, cho den nay, Hiep dinh Thuong mai Viet - My
la hiep dinh mang tinh chat tong the va bao quat nhat. Hiep dinh nay khong chi de
cap den thuong mai hang hoa ma con chiia dung ca nhung dieu khoan ve thuong
mai dich vu, dfiu tu va so huu tri tue. Day cung la hiep dinh dfiu tien Viet Nam dam
phan tren co so cac nguyen tfic cua To chufc Thuong mai the gidi (WTO). Hiep dinh
nay dua tren nhung nguyen trie ton trong doc lap, chu quyen, khong can thiep vao
cong viec noi bo cua nhau, binh dang va cung cd lqi, dong thdi phu hop vdi thong le
quoc te va cac nguyen trie cua to clitic Thuong mai The gidi (WTO), co tinh den
thuc te Viet Nam la mot nudc dang phat trien d trinh do thap, dang trong qua trinh
chuytm doi co che kinh te va dang hoi nhap vdi n6n kinh te khu virc va the gidi.
Doi vdi cac thanh phdn kinh te d nudc ta, viec ky ket Hiep dinh Thuong mai
Viet-My se tao dieu kien cho cac doanh nghiep md rong quan lie thuong mai, de
tirng budc hang hoa Viet Nam tiep can mot thi trudng ldn, dong thdi cung doi hoi

nhung co gang rat ldn trong qua trinh nang cao liieu qua san xuat kinh doanh. nang
cao siic canh tranh cua hang hoa, cua doanh nghiep va nen kinh te. Phat buy cao do
noi lire cua ca dan toe gSn vdi tan dung moi nguon lire ben ngoai, cluing ta chu
dong hoi nhap kinh te khu vuc va quoc te de phat trien nhanh va ben virng, day
manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dal nude, xay dung mot nen kinh te doc lap tu
chu, theo dinh hudng xa hoi chu ngliia.
Hiep dinh Thuong Mai Viet Nam va Hoa Ky dirqc ky ket, them mot cluing
minli hung lion cho ket qua doi mdi cua cluing la, minh cluing cho clni truong dung
dSn cua Dang ta: “Viet Nam muon la ban cua tat cd cac nudc trong cong dong the
gidi, phan dau vi hoa binh, doc lap va plidt trien". Viec ky Hiep dinh Thuong mai
mdi chi la budc dau hoan tat qua trinh binh lhuong hoa quan he hai nudc, pliia trirdc
con la con dudng quanh co, kliiic kliuyu, cd ca hop lac va daii tranh. Nhung vdi y
10


chi ttr cudng din toe, xay dung nen kinh te doc lap tu chu trong qua trinh hoi nhap
kinh te quo'c te, chung ta quyet tarn lam het sue minh de phat trien quan lie hai nude

theo huong tich cue, tien co so ton trong doc lap, chu quyen cua nhau, binh dang,
1.1.3

Nhung co hoi thach thuc ddi vdi Viet Nam khi thuc hien Hiep dinh

Thuong mai Viet - My

Nhung effhoi khi thuc hien Hiep dinh Thuong mai
Nhu chung ta tha'y, Hoa Ky la mot nude co 279 trieu dSn va la mot thi trudng
co sue mua rat ldn vdi nhu cau da dang va phong phu. Cd the ndi day la thi' trudng
rat hap dan va cd nhieu tiem nang ddi vdi cac nude Iren the gidi.
Viec thuc hien Hiep dinh Thuong mai tao dieu kien tliuan Iqi cho cac doanh

nghiep Viet Nam tun kie'm cac co hoi kinh doanh moi tren thi trudng My, md long
thi trudng xua't khfiu, phat trien quan lie vdi cac ddi tac My. Ben canli do, cac doanh
nghiep se cd dieu kien de tiep can vdi nen kinh te tri thdre phat trien, qua do hoc hoi
them duoc nhung kinh nghiem trong quail ly va kinh doanh.
Dieu d£ nhan tliay la khi Hiep dinh Thuong mai Viet Nam - Hoa ky duoc
phe chuan va cd hieu lire thi co hoi mdi ddi vdi Viet Nam la hang xuat khau duoc
huong thud suat uu dai (Toi hue quo'c-MFN), hang hoa xuat khau vao thi trudng My
vdi muc thue trung binh hien nay khoang 30-40% se giam xuong muc lliue MFN
trung binh 3%. Dieu nay se tao co hoi rat Ion cho viec tham nliap cua hang hoa Viet
Nam vao thi trudng My, trong do cd mot so mat hang xua't khau cd tiem nang nhu
hang det may, giay dep, nong san....
Ben canli do, Hiep dinh con tac dong den dfiu tu trong nude va dau tu nude
ngoai. Nhd cai each kinh te theo liirdng tu do, on dinh, phii hop vdi cac tieu chuan
quo'c te, ve dai han, von dfiu tu trong nude va dfiu tu nude ngoai se duoc thu hut
nhieu hon, nang luc san xuat cac mat hang dat chat luqng xua't khau se tang len.
Dac biet la kha nang thu hut ngay cang nliifiu cac nha dfiu tu My, thuc ddy dfiu tu
kinh doanh tai Viet Nam de tai xua't ve Hoa ky thong qua viec tranli thu Iqi the ve
thue, lao dong re va cac quan he ban hang, kenli phan phoi san cd trong nude.
Hiep dinh khong chi md ra trien vong xuat khfiu hang hoa, dich vu cua nude
ta sang thi trudng My, ma Viet Nam con cd the nhAp khdu nhung trang thiet bi efin
thiet, tiep nhan va cliuyen giao cong nglie, qua do gop plifin thuc day su phat trien
cua nen kinh te Viet Nam. Trong dieu kien moi trudng kinh te khu vuc ngay cang
duoc cai thien, tiep tuc da phuc hoi sau killing hoang, viec thuc hien Hiep dinh
Thuong mai cd tac dong tich cue de nen kinh te Viet Nam lay lai duoc tdc do tang
trudng kha, md ra mot chu ky pliiit trien mdi, thuc dfiy xuat khfiu.

11


Cac chuyen gia vu Au-My va Vien nghien cuu thuong mai tliuoc Bo Thuong

mai dua ra du bao kha lac quan, nam 2001, tong kim ngach xuat nhap khau hai
chieu Viet Nam- Hoa Ky co the se dat 2 ty USD, trong do xuat khau cua Viet Nam
vao thi trudng Hoa Ky se dat 1,2 ty USD. Hiep dinh Thuong mai dupe thong
qua se la co hoi rat ldn cho Viet Nam trong nhung nam tdi tap trung vao bon nganh
xuat khdu mui nhon: Thuc phdm che bien, Det may - da, Thu cong My nghe, Phan
mem(san phdm cong nghe thong tin).1311 Nhu vay, nhirng mat hang ma hien nay ta
dang co lpi the va cd the the tang lion nua kim ngach xuat khdu vao thi trudng Hoa
Ky la giay dep, hang det may, thirc plidm che bien, thu cong my nghe. Rieng ddi
vdi hang det may, khi Hiep dinh Thuong mai dupe Quoc hoi My phe chuan, cac
muc thue suat uu dai (MFN) cho nhom hang nay dupe ap dung se lam thue suat
nhAp khdu trung binh cua hang det may Viet Nam giam tir 3 den 4 lan, day se la co
hoi rat thuan lpi de ddy manh xuat khau hang det may sang thi trudng Hoa Ky.
Sau mot so nam, khi co cau san ph dm xuat khdu co dieu kien chuyen doi dan,
nang cao ty trong cac san pham cd gia tri, kim ngach xuat khau se tang len.
Du doan xu hudng phat trien xuat klidu cua Viet Nam sang thi trudng Hoa ky
thdi gian tdi, gom 3 giai doan nhu sau:
Nam 2001 - nira dau 2002: kim ngach xuat khdu tang manh nhd tan dung uu the ve
thue suat giam.
Nam 2002 - 2004 : tdc do tang cua kim ngach co chieu hudng giam do anh hudng
cua cac chinh sach bao ho, dac biet la viec My ap dung han ngach hang det may.
Nam 2005 trd di: kim ngach tang vung elide do Viet Nam da van hanh nen kinh te
theo cac nguyen tac chung cua thuong mai quoc te, co cau san xuat va mat hang xuat
khdu dupe cai thien, cac mdi quan lie ban hang dupe lilnli thanh va md long.

(Nguon: Vu chinh sach Thiamg mai da bien-Bd Thirong mai -2000)

12


Nhitng thach thitc doi vdi Viet Nani

Ben canh nhung co hoi va thuan loi, viec thuc hien Hiep dinh chac chdn
khong phai la con dirdng bang phang ma chung ta co the bang qua mol each dC
dang.
Viec ky Hiep dinh Thuong mai khien ndn kinh te Viel Nam tham gia vao
mot luat choi chung vdi nfin kinh le toan efiu va cung phai doi mat vdi sir canh tranh
toan cau, canh tranh trong tirng khu vuc va tirng nganh hang. Thi trudng hang hoa
the gidi se chi phoi moi boat dong cua thi trudng truyen thong.
Hiep dinh Thuong mai Viet-My mb ra nhieu co hoi kinh doanh cho cac
doanh nghiep Viet Nam, nhung nd cung mo dirdng cho hang hoa va dich vu cua My
vao Viet Nam, do do, ap lire canh tranh lrong nudc se lang len. Trong viec cuoc
canh tranh nay, chi rieng viec han che ve co hoi nSm bat thong tin cung du lam cho
cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam yeu the lion cac doi tliii My.

ldn, dai han. Tren there te vai nam tdi, Viet Nam chua the tap trung dupe klioan von
can thiet nay, chua ke den tinh lilnli dau tu nudc ngoai dang pliuc hoi chain chap
sau thdi gian killing hoang tai chinh trong khu vuc. Khong nhung the, neu cd dau tu
mdi thi trong nhung nam dau ty le khau hao von ldn cung lam lang gia thanh san
pham, lam giam sue canh tranh.
Cac san pliam mui niton hien nay cua Viet Nam sang Hoa ky la giay dep, det
may, va nong san. Trong thdi gian tdi cac san plidm nay cung duoc ky vong la lam
tang manh kim ngacli xuat khau. Tuy nhien, cac doanh nghiep se gap khong it kho
khan trong tiep can thi trudng, dac biet la khi pliia Hoa ky ap dung han ngacli doi
vdi hang det may va duy tri han ngacli time quan doi vdi hang nong san. Doi vdi
mat hang hai san, thuc ra co hoi mdi khong nhieu vi chenh lenli giua mire time
MFN (0%) va time pho thong (1,7%) la khong dang ke. Tuy nhien, van de dat ra la
chat luong va viec dam bao cac tieu cliuan quoc te (My) ve ve sinh an loan cung
nhu hang loat cac tieu chuiin kiem dinh rat chat che cd lien quan. Day cung la mol

ta khong the dd dang mo long lhi phan do cac kho khan ve kha nang tiep thi, tiep
can mang lirdi phan phoi...Ve mat lam ly, de tao dupe quan he kinh doanh ben

vuiig cung doi hoi thdi gian de cac doi tac tin luong ldn nhau, tien hanh giao dich
gia tri ldn.

13


Mat khac, thi hieu tifiu dimg cua khach hang von quen vdi san pham cua cac
nude khac, khong dP gi cd the thay doi ngay duoc trong khi hang Viet Nam chua
hap dfin ve gia ca cung nhu chat lirqng mot each vuqt troi.
Ngoai thuong mai hang hoa, Hiep dinli song phuong con de cap mol each
toan dien den cac linli vuc khac theo nguyen tdc co ban cua thuong mai quoc te, dac
biet la van de bao ho so him tri tue. Dieu nay cung cd ngliTa la Viet Nam se pluii
tuan thu nghiem ngat cac tieu chudn bao ho so huu tri tue neu trong Hiep dinh till mdi
cd the xuat khdu sang Hoa ky. Yeu efiu nay khong the dP dang dat duoc trong thdi gian
ngan nen chinh Hiep dinh cung cho phep thdi gian qua do 1 - 3 nam.
Theo thu tuc, Hiep dinli can pluii duoc Quoc hoi Hoa Ky thong qua mdi cd
hieu luc. Nhieu kha nang phia Hoa Ky se thong qua sau cuoc bau cut Tong thong.
Hon the nua, viec Quy che NTR pluii dupe xem xet, gia han hang nam cimg vdi
viec Tong thong gia han viec mien ap dung luat Vanik-Jackson cung it nhieu anh
hudng tdi tain ly cac nha kinh doanh.
Ve mat khach quan, thi trudng My, sau nhieu nam lien giCr vung toe dp tang
trudng, cd xu hudng chung lai. Theo du bao cua Ngan hang the gidi (WB), tdc dp
tang trudng GDP cua My se giam tir 3,8 nam 1999 xud'ng 2,9% nam 2001. Theo du
1

bao cua Uy ban ngan sacli Quoc hoi My (Congressional Budget Office-CBO): tdc
do tang trudng GDP cua My trong nliung nam tdi se dat trung binh 2,3%. Dieu nay

phan nao se anh hudng tdi sire mua cua thi trudng noi chung.

Ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep xuat khilu Viet Nam, vice thuc hien Hiep dinh
Thuong mai trong nliung nam tdi day se md ra nliung co hoi rat ldn, nliung khi
tham nhap thi trudng My, cac doanh nghiep se gap pluii su canli tranh gay grit cua
cac ddi thu canli tranh tren thi trudng My. Sau khi Hiep dinli Thuong mai dupe
Quoc hoi hai nude phe cliufin, lo trinh cua Hiep dinli dupe thuc hien, se cd nhieu
nha dau tu cua My va cac nude khac cd mat tai Viet Nam, khi do cac doanh nghiep
Viet Nam se them phan kho khan vi pluii canli tranh vdi cac ddi thu manh ngay
chinh tai “san nha”, nhu theo ldi ong Vu Khoan-Bo trudng Bo thuong mai: “Hiep

dinh ThuUng mai Viet-My Id ca hoi song khong the cd ngay nliitng trail mua vang
cho cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam... Cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam khong nen ngoi did
ma can chii dong tham nhap thi trudng Hoa Ky, tim hieu ban hang, ddi tdc, nhu

can, luqt phap, tifdd day manh xuat khau, tranh thu dan tit, cong nghe nguon".1241

14


1.2

KHAI QUAT VE KINH TE MY VA THI TRUONG HANG DET MAY MY

1.2.1 Khai quat ve kinh te My

Gidi tliieu khai quat ve nitoc My
Hop chung quo'c Hoa Ky la mot trong nhung quo'c gia co dien tich ldn nha't
the gidi (9,4 trieu Km2), dan so 279 trieu ngudi (so lieu thong ke nam 2000), dung
thu 4 the gidi ve dien tich va ve so dan. Nude My gom cd 50 bang, trong do cd 48
bang ke nhau tren luc dia Bdc My, mot bang Alasca nfim tach rieng o phia bdc
Canada, bang Hawaii d giua Thai Binh Duong. Phia Bfic va Nam giap 2 nude

Canada va Mehico. Phia Dong va Tay giap 2 dai duong ldn la Thai Binh Duong va
Dai Tay Duong.
Nude My la mot nude da cluing toe. Trong tong so dan My cd 84,1% la
ngudi da trang; 12,4% la ngudi da den va 3,5% la ngudi da vang va ngudi Indian
ban dia. Hien cd tdi 75% dan My song d thanh thi. So' dan song bang nong nghiep
chiem 2,9%, cong nghiep 26,9%, dich vu 70,2%. [Phu luc 5]
My la nude cd nguon tai nguyen thien nhien kha phong phu. Nhieu loai
khoang san ton tai vdi tru luqng ldn. Cho den nay My vAn la mot trong nhung nude
ddng dau the gidi ve khai thac khoang san, dac biet la khai thac dau va than da. Day
la yeu to rat thuAn Iqi cho su phat trien cua nen kinh t£ My, nha't la trong thdi ki dau
cua giai doan cong nghiep hoa.
Hoa Ky la mot quo'c gia tre. Duoc phat hien va bat dau khai thac each day
khoang 500 nam, gianh doc lap nam 1776 va cho tdi tan nam 1864, thdi diem cua
cuoc noi chien, Hoa Ky vAn la quo'c gia san xuat va xuat khdu nong san la chu yeu.
Sau nam 1865, Hoa Ky bat dau vuon len trd thanh mot nude cong nghiep phat trien,
duoi kip va vuqt Anil, Phap, Dire trd thanh cudng quo'c so' mot the gidi ve kinh te
den tan ngay nay.

Nen kinh te My Id mot nen kinh te ldn. De dap ung nhu cAu cua mol nen
kinh te nhu the, My da va se tiep tuc phai nhap khfiu mot so luqng ldn nguyen lieu
tir nude ngoai de phuc vu cho guong may san xua't khong Id cua nd, cung nhu nhap
khfiu cac mat hang lieu dimg de phuc vu cac tang Idp dan cu cd nhu efiu da dang,
song san xuA't trong nude vi chuyen mon hoa vao cac nganh mdi hien dai cho thu Iqi
nhuan cao hon da khong chu trong tdi nua.
He thong luqt phap cua My. My la mot trong so' ft nude tren the gidi (Anh,
My, Canada..) duy tri he thong phap luat bat thanh van (Common law). Goi la luat
bat thanh van vi cac qui pham luat khong duoc soan thao va tap hop mot each he
thong trong cac bo luat ldn nliir trong he thong luat thanh van (Civil law), ma hinli
thanh dAn dAn thong qua cac quyet dinh va ban an cua toa trong thuc tifin xel xii
(goi la cac an 16).

15


He thong phap luat My ngay nay, lrong do co phap luat thuong mai, rat do
so. Co gia tri phap ly cao nhat la Hien phap (Hien phap soan th nam 1787 sau da
duoc thay doi bo sung nhieu). Dudi do la cac bo luat cac sac lenh cua chinh phu, an
le cua toa an toi cao. Do la chua ke den he thong luat va qui dinh, nghi quyet cua
cac tieu bang. Qui mo do so va phuc tap cua he thong luat la mot trong nhung ly do
giai thich tai sao My co rat nhieu luat su. Cac cong ty va cac ca nhan hau nhu deu
phai co luat su rieng, mac du chi phi tra cho luat su kha cao, nhung nhu vay se giup
ho han che bdt nhung rui ro trong cong viec lam an cua minh.

Bank gia ve tinh kinh kinh te My nhung nam gan day
NguOi ta goi the ky XX la the” ky cua nudc My boi ngay th dau the ky, nudc
My da noi len nhu mot cuong quoc manh nhat ve kinh te va quan su. Trong boi
canh khung hoang cua cac nudc Dong Au, su sup do cua Lien Xo, khung hoang tai

chinh sau sac o Nhat ban va cac nudc Chau A nhung nam gan day, toc do tang
truong khong cao va that nghiep ldn o Chau Au, nudc My noi len dong vai tro la
nguOi “dau tau” va la nguOi “on dinh” nen kinh te the gidi.
•>

Nam 2000, theo du bao cua Uy ban ngan sach Quoc hoi My (Congressional
Budget Office-CBO), GDP cua My udc dat tren 9000 ty USD. Phat bieu tai hoi nghi
cac nha lanh dao kinh doanh My to chuc o New York ngay 18/10/2000, Bo truong
tai chinh My cho biet Chinh phu My vAn khang dinh chinh sach dong USD manh co
loi cho nen kinh te My va Chinh phu khong thay doi chinh sach nay. Theo AFP
ngay 19/10/2000, Bo thuong mai My cho biet tham hut thuong mai trong thang 8 da
giam 7,1% xuong con 29,44 ty USD so vdi 31,69 ty USD cua thang 7.
Bang 1.2: GDP va muc do tang trudng GDP hang nam cua My

( Don vi: ty USD)
1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

GDP

5672,6

5809,3

6374

6710

7200

7600

7881,2

8759,9

9256,1

% GDP

0,7

1,7

2,6

3,7

3,0

2,4

3,7

3,5

3,8

(Ngudn: Bao cao tong the quan he kinh tt'thuang mai Viet Nam - Hoa Ky,

Vu A u My - Bo Thuong mai Viet Nam.)
Nen kinh te My lien tuc tang truong trong 10 nam lien vdi toc do cao. Nam
2000 udc tinh muc tang truong kinh te la 4%; nam 2001 du bao tang truong se
cham lai nhung vAn dat duoc muc 2,8-3%. Nhu cau va tieu dung ca nhan tai My vAn
giu o muc cao. Dieu nay se gop phan giup cho nen kinh te Bac My tiep tuc phat
trien dong thOi tao da duy tri su phuc hoi kinh te o Chau A cung nhu tang san luong

tai Tay Au. Tuy nhien, nhu IMF da canh bao, su phuc hoi cua nen kinh te the gidi
16


cao vao linh vu'c cong nghe thong tin- linh virc chu chot cua nen “kinh te mdi” (new
economy) nhirng viec gia cac cd phieu tai My (nlia't la gia co phieu cong nghe cao)
bi day len qua cao so voi gia tri thuc te khong pluin anh dung muc tang trudng lqi
nhuSn trong tuong lai.
Chi tien
Cac nude

x.

Cac nen kinh
te phat tri6n
My
Nhat
Due

% GDP

% Chi so gia tieu

%Ty le that

dung

nghiep

1996

1997

1998

1996

1997

1998

1996

1997

1998

2,7

3,0

2.4

2.4

2,1

2,1

7,3

7.1

7.0

2,4
3,9
1,4

3,7
0,9
2,2

3,5
0,0
2,5

2.9
0,1
1,5

2,3
1.7
1,8

2,0
0,9
1,6

5.4
3,3
10,4

4,9
3,4
11,5

4,5

3.6
11.4

(Nation: The World Economic Outlook, 1998.)

Cd the tha'y nen kinh te My hien dang la nen kinh te phat trien cao va on dinli
nhat tren the gidi. Trong khi 40% the gidi roi vao tinh trang kliung hoang, nhieu nen
kinh te manh gap kho khan nhu Nliat Ban dang dinh tie vdi tdc do tang trudng hang
nam tir 0% den 1% hay EU dang pluii ddi mat vdi tinh trang that nghiep cao thi
nhirng con so neu tren cho tha'y rang nen kinh te My dang d giai doan rat hung thinli
va on dinh. Nen kinh te nay dang la sir ket hop giua tdc do tang trudng, nang suat
lao dong cao, lam pliat va that nghiep tlia'p dong thdi cd thang du ngan sacli.

Nen kinh te My trong mot thap ky qua da lien tuc phat trien nhd quan diem

de quan su, dat uu tien nhirng van de trong nirdc len tren nhirng van de ngoai nude,
dac biet coi trong phat trien kinh te ddi ngoai, dung hoa giua thi trudng tir do va bao
ho mau dicli.
Noi dung chu yeu cua “Chien luoc pliuc hung kinh te Hoa Ky” do Tong
thong My Bill Clinton khoi xirdng thong qua cac “Chuong trinh kinh te tron goi 5
nam 1993-1998”: “Ke hoach kich thich lang trudng kinh te ngdn han”, “Chuong
trinh kinh te 5 diem” du chi tdi 17 ty USD cho 4 nam phat trien cac nganh ky tliuat
cao nliiim khoi pliuc kha nang canli tranh cua hang hoa va cong nghe My tren thi
trudng trong va ngoai nude.

17


Co the ndi nhung ket qua md My da dat difcfc trong thap ky qua bao gom
nhung ndi dung co ban sau:
- Thuc day sir khoi phuc va tang trudng kinh te thong qua cac bien phap vi
mo, nhu gia tang dfiu tu, dac biet cho linh vuc cong nghe, on dinh lai suat
thap, dao tao lai nguon nhan lire.
- CAt giam tham hut ngan sach thong qua viec ell giam chi tieu, giam bien
che, bai bd mot so co quan nha nude.
- Dly manh xuat khdu thong qua viec tang cudng sire ep nliam md long thi
trudng cac nude ma My coi la “thi trudng cac nude khong tu nguyen”,
nha't the hoa thuong mai khu vuc Bite My, toan cau hoa nen thuong mai
the gidi.
- Dieu chinh chinh sach cong nghiep va chinh sach klioa hoc ky thuat cua
My theo hudng giam dan ty trong cong nghiep che tao, uu tien cho cong
nghe ky thuat cao (vu tru, sinh hoc, thong tin...).
Qua nhung phan tich ve linh hlnh kinh te My tren day, cluing ta cd can cu de

khang dinh rang toe do tang trudng cao va on dinh cua nen kinh te My trong mot
thap ky qua da dang va se la dieu kien thuan Iqi cho sir phat trien thanh cong cua
nen kinh te My trong tuong lai.
Ben canh do, chung ta cd the tha'y io My la mot thi trudng khong 16, tuong
doi thong nha't ve “ van hoa tieu dung ” so vdi nhung thi trudng Ion khac, (Theo Bq
Thuong mai Viet Nam, muc lieu dimg cua ngudi My cao gfin gap hai lan ngudi
Nhat va bang 1,6 lan ngudi cliau Au), do da dang ve chung toe nen nhu cau cua dan
cu cung rft't phong phu; vdi sire mua ldn va da dang ve thu nhap, co the ndi My la
mot dia chi ly tuong cho cac nude tren the gidi trong quan he buon ban.
1.2.2 Thi trudng hang det may My

<

Dac trung thi trudng det may My
Kha nang san xuat:

Mac du ra ddi muon hon cac nude Chau Au va Chau A, nhung co the ndi
Hoa Ky da nhanh chong tao cho minh mot vi the dang ne ve trinh do phat trien kinh
te tren pliam vi toan the gidi, ca trong linh vuc nong nghiep va cong nghiep. Hoa Ky
co nhung viing trong bong noi tieng cho san luqng va nang suat cao, dap ling duoc
nhu cau san xua't trong nude va xuat khdu.
Det may la nganh cong nghiep dung thu 10 trong cac nganh cong nghiep lai
Hoa Ky, thu hut tdi 1,4 triCu ngudi lao dong trong nhung nam 1970. Tuy nhien, hon
hai thap ky qua do nhung thanh tuu cua klioa hoc cong nghe da gop phan giai
phong sdc lao dong con ngudi nen so luqng lao dong trong nganh nay giam nhanh
18


chong. Hoat dong trong nganh cong nghiep det Hoa Ky tiep tuc giam trong ca nam
1999 va viec giao hang cua cac nha may det giam sut lien tuc trong nira dau nam

2000 bdi su canh tranh 6 at bang gia cua hang nhap klifiu tir Chau A. Chi so gia san

xuat giam tir 124,8% nam 1998 xuong con 122,7% nam 1999. Loi nhuan sau thue
nam 1998 dat 2,1 ty USD, nam 1999 bi lham hut 60% chi con 0,9 ty USD - lhap
nhat tir nam 1995 trd lai day. Chi phi cao va loi nhuan giam lam cho so cong nhan
cung giam theo, tir 598.000 ngudi nam 1998 xuong 562.000 ngudi nam 1999.
Nhung con so thong ke nay cho thay nganh cong nghiep det may Hoa Ky khong
con phat huy duoc loi the so sanh nhu trudc kia bdi chi phi san xuat cao, chi phi
nhan cong ton kern. Do do nang lire san xuat cua nganh cong nghiep del may
Hoa Ky dang thu hep dan trong nhung nam gan day.
Kha nang xuat khau:
Mac dii luon dung dfiu the gidi ve nhap khfiu hang det may, nhung Hoa Ky
chi xuat khdu hang det may vdi tri gia 18 ty USD nam 1997, 17 ty USD nam 1998
va 8,63 ty USD vao 6 thang dfiu nam 1999. Tham hut mau dich v6 hang det may
cua Hoa Ky so vdi cac nudc khac tren the gidi khoang 32,2 ty USD nam 1997, gan
40 ty USD nam 1998 va 22,5 ty USD trong 6 thang dfiu nam 1999.
HinIt 2 : Mqu dich ve hang det may tir nam 1990 - 1998.

Ty USD

“ Xufit khau

Nhap khdu

Thfim hut

(Nguon: US. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census,
International Trade Administration.)

19