giải phẫu răng ứng dụng

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2021Chủ biên: TRẦN NGỌC QUẢNG PHI

GIẢI PHẪU RĂNG ỨNG DỤNG

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PHẦN I

ĐẠI CƯƠNG

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ĐẠI CƯƠNG VỀ GIẢI PHẪU RĂNG

MỤC TIêU

1. Trìnhbàyđượcphạmvivàlĩnhvựcmơnhọcgiảiphẫurăng.2. Trìnhbàyđượckháiqthệrăngvàcấutrúccơquanrăng.3. Nhậnthứcđượctầmquantrọngcủamơnhọcgiảiphẫurăng.4. Vậndụngđượcphươngpháphọcgiảiphẫurăng.

1. KHÁI QT Về MƠN HọC GIẢI PHẪU RĂNG 1.1. Phạm vi môn học giải phẫu răng

1.2. Các lĩnh vực giải phẫu răng

1.2.1. Giải phẫu so sánh răng

7ҩWFҧFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWFy[ѭѫQJVӕQJÿӅXFyUăQJ7X\QKLrQUăQJPӛLORjLFyPӝWÿһFÿLӇPNKiFQKDX&iFORjLFjQJJҫQJLӕQJQKDXWKuKӋUăQJFNJQJJҫQWѭѫQJÿӗQJ6RViQKKӋUăQJFiFORjLNKiFQKDXFKRSKpSÿiQKJLi[XKѭӟQJWLӃQKRiYjVӵWKtFKӭQJYӅKuQKWKiLYjFKӭFQăQJFӫDFiFORjLWURQJQKӳQJÿLӅXNLӋQP{LWUѭӡQJVӕQJNKiFQKDX6RViQKKuQKWKiLKӋWKӕQJQKDLFzQFKRSKpSÿiQKJLiQKӳQJҧQKKѭӣQJFӫDEӝUăQJÿӃQKuQKWKiLYjSKiWWULӇQFӫDWRjQEӝKӋWKӕQJVӑPһWFNJQJQKѭÿһFÿLӇPEӋQKOêKӋWKӕQJQKDLӣQJѭӡL

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<small>4 H</small>

1.2.2. Cổ nha học

1.2.3. Nhân học răng

1.2.4. Pháp nha

2. SƠ lƯợC CƠ QUaN NHaI VÀ CÁC HỆ RĂNG2.1. Cơ quan nhai

2.2. Đặc điểm tổng quát các hệ răng

%ӝUăQJQJѭӡLW\WKHRJLDLÿRҥQJӗPKӋUăQJVӳDKD\UăQJWҥPWKӡLO~FFzQQKӓYjKӋUăQJYƭQKYLӉQEҳWÿҫXPӑFYjWKD\WKӃFiFUăQJVӳDWӯO~FViXWXәL*LDLÿRҥQWӯViXWXәLÿӃQPѭӡLKDLWXәLWUrQFXQJUăQJFyFҧUăQJVӳDYjUăQJYƭQKYLӉQJӑLOjJLDLÿRҥQUăQJKӛQKӧS

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<small>i cng gi i h răng</small>&iFUăQJFyKuQKGҥQJNKiFQKDXW\WKHRFKӭFQăQJ&iFUăQJFyFKӭFQăQJFҳQYj[pQҵPSKtDWUѭӟFJӗPUăQJFӱDYjUăQJQDQKÿѭӧFJӑLOjUăQJWUѭӟF&iFUăQJFyFKӭFQăQJQKDLQJKLӅQWKӭFăQQҵPSKtDVDXJӗPUăQJFӕLQKӓYjUăQJFӕLOӟQFzQJӑLOjUăQJVDX&iFUăQJWUѭӟFYjUăQJFӕLQKӓFyPӝWFKkQULrQJUăQJFӕLQKӓWKӭQKҩWKjPWUrQWKѭӡQJFyKDLFKkQ5ăQJFӕLOӟQOjUăQJFyQKLӅXFKkQWURQJÿyUăQJFӕLOӟQKjPWUrQFyEDFKkQYjUăQJFӕLOӟQKjPGѭӟLFyKDLFKkQ7X\QKLrQUăQJFӕLOӟQKjPGѭӟLFNJQJFyWKӇFyEDFKkQKRһFEӕQFKkQ

 5ăQJ QDQK Fy WKkQ UăQJ JҫQ JLӕQJ UăQJFӱDFӝQJ WKrPSKҫQFKyS WDPJLiF SKtDWLӃS[~FQKDL0һWQJRjLUăQJQDQKFRQJOӗLQKLӅXKѫQVRYӟLUăQJFӱD&KkQUăQJQDQKGjLQKҩWWURQJFiFUăQJÿһFELӋWOjUăQJQDQKWUrQÿҧPEҧRFKӭFQăQJKѭӟQJGүQWURQJFiFYұQÿӝQJUDWUѭӟFYjVDQJErQFӫDKjPGѭӟL

 5ăQJFӕLQKӓFyWKkQUăQJGҥQJKuQKNKӕLOұSSKѭѫQJYӟLPһWQJRjLJҫQJLӕQJUăQJQDQKQKѭQJFkQ[ӭQJKѫQYjP~LUăQJtWQKӑQKѫQ0һWQKDLUăQJFӕLQKӓJӗPKDLP~LQJRjLYjWURQJ5ăQJFӕLQKӓWKѭӡQJFKӍFyPӝWFKkQWUӯUăQJFӕLQKӓWKӭQKҩW

KjPWUrQFyKDLFKkQ <small>Hình 1.1. ăng nh i n h tr n hi (nguồn: Wheeler’s dental anatomy, physiology and oclcusion, Saunder, 10 ed, 2015).</small>

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<small>6 H</small>

5ăQJ FӕL OӟQ Fy NtFK WKѭӟF OӟQ QKҩW WURQJ WҩW Fҧ FiF UăQFӕL OӟQ WKӭ QKҩW Yj WKӭ KDL Fy NtFK WKѭӟF Yj KuQK GҥQJ tOӟQ WKӭ ED WKD\ ÿəL UҩW QKLӅX 0һW QKDL UăQJ FӕL OӟQ FyVR YӟL FiF UăQJ NKiF WKtFK ӭQJ YӟL FKӭF QăQJ QKDL QJKLӅQ

+Ӌ UăQJ VӳD JӗP Fy KDL PѭѫL UăQJ PӛL KjP JӗP EӕQ UăQJ FJLӳD Yj KDL UăQJ FӱD ErQ KDL UăQJ QDQK Yj EӕQ UăQJ FӕLWӯ NKRҧQJ ViX WKiQJ WXəL ÿӃQ ED PѭѫL WKiQJ WXəL +uQKVӁ ÿѭӧF WKD\ WKӃ GҫQ EӣL FiF UăQJ YƭQK YLӉQ WѭѫQJ ӭQJ WViX WXəL ÿӃQ PѭӡL KDL WXəL &iF UăQJ VӳD WUѭӟF Fy ÿһF ÿLӇYLӉQ WѭѫQJ ӭQJ QKѭQJ NtFK WKѭӟF QKӓ KѫQ QKLӅX 5ăQJ FӕLYӟL UăQJ FӕL OӟQ YƭQK YLӉQ WKӭ QKҩW FzQ UăQJ FӕL VӳD WKWLӃS JLӳD UăQJ FӕL QKӓ Yj UăQJ FӕL OӟQ YƭQK YLӉQ

<small>Hình 1.2. ăng a h tr n hi răng ci răng nh i n </small>

<small>(nguồn: Wheeler’s dental anatomy, physiology and oclcusion, Saunder, 10 ed, 2015).</small>

3. SƠ lƯợC CẤU TRÚC CƠ QUaN RĂNG 3.1. Sơ lược cấu trúc răng

5ăQJ Oj PӝW FҩX WU~F Fy QKLӋP

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WURQJ Oj PӝW ORҥL P{ OLrQ NӃW ÿһF ELӋWWӫ\ UăQJ 0ӛL UăQJ JӗP SKҫQ QK{

YjR WURQJ PLӋQJ SKӫ EӣL PHQ UăQJJӑL Oj WKkQ UăQJ Yj SKҫQ QҵP WURQJ[ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ SKӫ EӣL [r PăQJ JӑLOj FKkQ UăQJ 0HQ Yj [r PăQJ UăQJSKkQ FiFK QKDX EӣL Y QJ QӕL PHQ [r

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<small>g răng</small>

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<small> răng</small>

<small>ng răngh răng</small>

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<small>i cng gi i h răng</small>

7KkQ UăQJ SKkQ ELӋW OjP KDL ORҥL Oj WKkQ UăQJ JLҧL SKүX Yj WUăQJ JLҧL SKүX Oj SKҫQ EDR SKӫ EӣL PHQ UăQJ QKѭQJ WKkQ UăQJ OkPYjR WURQJ PLӋQJ Fy WKӇ FKӍ JӗP PӝW SKҫQ WKkQ UăQJ JLҧL SKүX KRJLҧL SKүX Yj PӝW SKҫQ FKkQ UăQJ &KkQ UăQJ QҵP WURQJ [ѭѫQJ ə U[ѭѫQJ ə TXD KӋ WKӕQJ Gk\ FKҵQJ JӑL Oj Gk\ FKҵQJ QKD FKX

3.1.2. Ngà răng

1Jj UăQJ QҵP QJD\ GѭӟL PHQ UăQJ ӣ SKҫQ WKkQ UăQJ Yj GѭӟL OӟS [rFKkQ UăQJ FKLӃP WӍ OӋ FDR QKҩW WURQJ FiF P{ FӭQJ 7KjQK SKҫQ Y

KӳX Fѫ Yj QѭӟF FKӫ \ӃX Oj FiF WLQK WKӇ K\GUR[\Fѫ FKtQK FӫD QJj Oj FROODJHQ GҥQJ VӧL 7URQJ QJj UăQJ KӋ WKӕQJ ӕGj\ FӫD QJj FKӭD QKӳQJ QKiQK EjR WѭѫQJ NpR GjL FӫD QJX\rQ EjR QJjOӟS QJj 1Jj UăQJ NK{QJ FӭQJ QKѭ PHQ UăQJ QKѭQJ WtQK ÿjQ KӗL FDRGzQ FӫD OӟS PHQ ErQ WUrQ

3.1.3. Tuỷ răng

7ӫ\ UăQJ FҩX WҥR EӣL P{ OLrQ NӃW ÿһF ELӋW JӗP PҥFK PiX WKKX\ӃW 7KjQK SKҫQ P{ OLrQ NӃW JӗP FiF VӧL OLrQ NӃW WӃ EjR VӧLQҵP ӣ UDQK JLӟL YӟL QJj 7ӫ\ UăQJ QҵP WURQJ PӝW NKRDQJ JLӟL KҥQ EJӑL Oj KӕF Wӫ\ +ӕF Wӫ\ JӗP KDL SKҫQ WѭѫQJ ӭQJ YӟL WKkQ UăQJ Y3KҫQ WѭѫQJ ӭQJ YӟL WKkQ UăQJ Fy GҥQJ NKRDQJ UӝQJ JӑL Oj EXӗQJYӟL FKkQ UăQJ Fy GҥQJ ӕQJ KҽS JӑL Oj ӕQJ Wӫ\ ӔQJ Wӫ\ WK{QJ YӟLQKLӅX Oӛ QKӓ ӣ FKyS FKkQ UăQJ JӑL Oj Oӛ FKyS 7KҫQ NLQK PҥFK PYjR FXQJ FҩS FKR Wӫ\ ÿL TXD Oӛ FKyS ÿӇ YjR EXӗQJ Wӫ\ 0ӛL UăQJ FyӕQJ Wӫ\ WKu Fy WKӇ Oj PӝW KRһF QKLӅX ӕQJ W \ Vӕ OѭӧQJ FKkQ UVӵ UҩW SKӭF WҥS Yj Fy WKӇ Fy FiF GҥQJ QKѭ VDX GҥQJ PӝW ӕQJ Wӣ FKyS Yj GҥQJ ED ӕQJ Wӫ\ ӣ FKyS 0ӛL GҥQJ OҥL Fy QKLӅX ELӃQ WKVӕ WUѭӡQJ KӧS FzQ Fy QKӳQJ ӕQJ Wӫ\ SKө WiFK UD Wӯ ӕQJ Wӫ\ JҫQ3.2. Sơ lược cấu trúc bộ phận nâng đỡ răng

%ӝ SKұQ QkQJ ÿӥ UăQJ JӑL Oj QKD FKX EDR JӗP [r PăQJ UăQJ Gk[ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ Yj QѭӟX UăQJ

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<small>8 H</small>3.2.1. Xê măng răng

;r PăQJ UăQJ Oj OӟS PӓQJ JҫQ JLӕQJ QKѭ [ѭѫQJ EDR EӑF FKkQ UăQJYӏ WUt WK{QJ WKѭѫQJ Wӯ WXӹ UD QJRjL EDR JӗP Oӛ FKyS ÿӇ FKRWKҫQ NLQK FKL SKӕL WXӹ UăQJ Yj QKӳQJ Oӛ WXӹ SKө QҵP UҧL UiFPăQJ UăQJ NKRiQJ KRi NpP KѫQ VR YӟL QJj QKѭQJ QKLӅX KѫQ [ѭѫQJKӳX Fѫ QѭӟF ;r PăQJ UăQJ WLӃS [~F YӟL PHQ UăQJ ӣ Yӏ WUPHQ [r PăQJ 7ҥL Y QJ QӕL PHQ [r PăQJ PHQ Fy WKӇ SKӫ OrQ[~F KRһF NK{QJ WLӃS [~F 7UѭӡQJ KӧS OӟS PHQ Yj [r PăQJ UăQJ NK{QY QJ QJj ErQ GѭӟL QJX\ Fѫ Jk\ r EXӕW NKL NK{QJ ÿѭӧF QѭӟX FKH3.2.2. Dây chằng nha chu

5ăQJ EiP GtQK YjR [ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ QKӡ PӝW P{ OLrQ NӃW ÿһF ELӋW O1KyP Gk\ FKҵQJ QKD FKX FKtQK OLrQ NӃW UăQJ YӟL [ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ Oj QPăQJ UăQJ YjR [ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ FzQ JӑL Oj Gk\ FKҵQJ WUHR 1JRjL UDÿL Wӯ [r PăQJ UăQJ YjR QѭӟX UăQJ Yj Wӯ [r PăQJ UăQJ EăQJ TXD YiFK[r PăQJ UăQJ NӃ FұQ +uQK 1Kѭ Yұ\ Gk\ FKҵQJ QKD FKX JӗPQѭӟX Gk\ FKҵQJ OLrQ UăQJ Yj Gk\ FKҵQJ [ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ

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<small>Hình 1.4. tr c ch ng nha ch tr c t ng át ch ng nha ch tr c các ch ng nha ch ng c ch ng gai n ch ng ng thc nh ch ng n</small>'k\ FKҵQJ [ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ FҩX WҥR EӣL QKӳQJ Ey VӧL FKҳF NKӓH SQKyP NKiF QKDX WKHR KѭӟQJ VҳS [ӃS FӫD FK~QJ JӗP Gk\ FKҵQJ Fə GFKҵQJ FKpR Yj Gk\ FKҵQJ FKyS 1KyP Gk\ FKҵQJ Fə EiP Wӯ UăQJ ÿӃQ PYj QKyP Gk\ FKҵQJ QJDQJ NӃ WLӃS FKҥ\ WKHR KѭӟQJ QJDQJ 1KyP GkNKRҧQJ FKLӅX GjL FKkQ UăQJ Yj FKҥ\ WKHR KѭӟQJ FKpR NKR1KyP Gk\ FKҵQJ FKyS WRҧ NLӇX Uҿ TXҥW Wӯ FKyS UăQJ ÿӃQ [ѭѫQJ əEiP PӝW ÿҫX YjR [r PăQJ UăQJ Yj ÿҫX NLD YjR [ѭѫQJ ə &iF ÿRҥQ Y LOj VӧL 6KDUSH\ +uQK

7URQJ NKRҧQJ QKD FKX QJRjL WKjQK SKҫQ FKtQK Oj Gk\ FKҵQJ FNLQK PҥFK EҥFK KX\ӃW F QJ QKLӅX ORҥL WӃ EjR NKiF Yj WKjQK SKFiF Ey VӧL 7KҫQ NLQK FKL SKӕL Gk\ FKҵQJ QKD FKX EDR JӗP WKҫQ

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<small>i cng gi i h răng</small>NLQK Wӵ FKӫ &iF VӧL WKҫQ NLQK FҧP JLiF WKX QKұQ FҧP JLiF ÿDXFҧP iS OӵF FӫD Gk\ FKҵQJ QKD FKX UҩW WLQK WӃ QJD\ Fҧ QKӳQJ WÿѭӧF JKL QKұQ 7KҫQ NLQK Wӵ FKӫ Oj FiF VӧL JLDR FҧP FKӏX WUiFKFӫD PҥFK PiX WURQJ Gk\ FKҵQJ QKD FKX

'k\ FKҵQJ QKD FKX NK{QJ FKӍ QHR JLӳ UăQJ WURQJ [ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ PKҩS WKX OӵF QKDL WiF ÿӝQJ OrQ UăQJ 9DL WUz KҩS WKX OӵF FKӫ \ӃXSKD WKL[RWURSLF JHO WURQJ Gk\ FKҵQJ QKD FKX &KҩW JHO Qj\ Eu.KL Fy WiF ÿӝQJ OӵF JHO FKX\ӇQ VDQJ GҥQJ OӓQJ Yj WKRiW TXD FiFtrong phần xương ổ răng JL~S KҩS WKX OӵF &KtQK Vӵ KҩS WKX OӵF QKDWUӑQJ WURQJ YLӋF EҧR WӗQ UăQJ WURQJ VXӕW TXi WUuQK KRҥW ÿӝQQKDL FKX\ӇQ WKjQK OӵF FăQJ WUX\ӅQ TXD [r PăQJ UăQJ Yj [ѭѫQJ ə U[ѭѫQJ Yj [r PăQJ 6ӵ SKiW WULӇQ FӫD [r PăQJ UăQJ Yj [ѭѫQJ VӁ NK{QFy WiF ÿӝQJ FӫD OӵF

3.2.3. Xương ổ răng

;ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ Oj FҩX WU~F [ѭѫQJEDR TXDQK FKkQ UăQJ FҩX WҥR EӣL KDLSKLӃQ [ѭѫQJ FӭQJ Yj OӟS [ѭѫQJ [ӕS

FӭQJ ErQ WURQJ Oj [ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ FKtQK

GDQK SURSHU DOYHRODU NӃW QӕL UăQJ TXDKӋ WKӕQJ Gk\ FKҵQJ QKD FKX FzQ JӑL OjSKLӃQ FӭQJ KD\ Oi FӭQJ ODPLQD GXUD3KLӃQ FӭQJ Fy QKLӅX Oӛ QKӓ QKѭ PҧQKVjQJ FKR PҥFK PiX Yj WKҫQ NLQK ÿL TXD1KӳQJ Oӛ Qj\ Fy ÿyQJ YDL WUz TXDQ WUӑQJWURQJ Fѫ FKӃ KҩS WKX OӵF JL~S JLҧP WҧLOӵF WUrQ UăQJ WURQJ TXi WUuQK QKDL 3KLӃQ[ѭѫQJ FӭQJ ErQ QJRjL Yj [ѭѫQJ [ӕS Oj

[ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ QkQJ ÿӥ VXSSRUWLQJ DOYHRODU 1KLӅX WUѭӡQJ KӧS[ѭѫQJ QJRjL Yj WURQJ iS ViW QKDX NK{QJ Fy [ѭѫQJ [ӕS FKHQ JLӳD;ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ Oj FҩX WU~F Fy NKҧ QăQJ GӉ Eӏ WLrX KXӹ KRһF WiLKD\ FiF FKҩW KRi KӑF WUXQJ JLDQ VLQK UD WURQJ FKX\ӇQ KRi GR KRÿӝQJ OrQ TXi WUuQK WLrX [ѭѫQJ Yj WҥR [ѭѫQJ FӫD [ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ FzQPRGHOLQJ Yj WiL FҩX WU~F UHPRGHOLQJ [ѭѫQJ ÿѭӧF YұQ GөQJEҵQJ FiFK Vӱ GөQJ OӵF JL~S GL FKX\ӇQ UăQJ ÿӃQ Yӏ WUt PRQJ PXӕQ 7[ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ VӁ WLrX GҫQ WKHR Fҧ FKLӅX FDR OүQ FKLӅX QJDQJ3.2.4. Nướu răng

Ӣ UăQJ ÿm PӑF KRjQ WRjQ WURQJ PLӋQJ QѭӟX UăQJ Oj SKҫQ QLrP PTXDQK Fə UăQJ Yj PӝW SKҫQ [ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ +uQK WURQJ ÿy N

VXEPXFRVD FKHQ JLӳD QLrP PҥF Yj PjQJ [ѭѫQJ ӣ SKҫQ [ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ

<small>ng răng</small>

<small>Hình 1.5. c c tr c răng ng răng ăng tr ng ng ng răng</small>

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<small>10 H</small>

EDR SKӫ [ѭѫQJ ə UăQJ ӣ PһW QJRjL ÿѭӧF SKkQ FKLD WKjQK KDL SKҫQQLrP PҥF GtQK +uQK 1LrP PҥF GL ÿӝQJ GR Fy OӟS P{ OLrQ NPҥF Oj OӟS GѭӟL QLrP VXEPXFRVD FzQ QLrP PҥF GtQK WӭF QѭӟX UQLrP 1ѭӟX UăQJ JӗP QѭӟX GtQK GtQK FKһW YjR P{ FӭQJ ErQ GQѭӟX YLӅQ WѭѫQJ ӭQJ Eӡ YLӅQ PһW QJRjL PһW WURQJ Yj JDLUăQJ +uQK

1ѭӟX UӡL KD\ QѭӟX YLӅQ EDR SKӫ TXDQK UăQJ Fy FKLӅX FDROj ELӇX P{ YӟL ÿӍQK Oj YLӅQ QѭӟX 0һW iS TXDQK UăQJ WҥR QrQQѭӟX .KH QѭӟX EuQK WKѭӡQJ Fy ÿӝ VkX PP WѭѫQJ ӭQJ FKEiP GtQK YjR UăQJ EҵQJ EiP GtQK ELӇX P{ Yj EiP GtQK P{ OLrQ NӃWPӝW WKӇ EiQ OLrQ NӃW KHPLGHVPRVRPH Yj ELӇX P{ QѭӟX WҥL Y

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<small>nhai n</small>

PP Oj \ӃX Wӕ TXDQ WUӑQJ WURQJ ÿLӅX WUӏ QKD FKX Ӣ PPҥF NKҭX FiL ÿӅX Fy ELӇX P{ VӯQJ KRi EDR SKӫ Yj UDQK JLӟL JLӳD QFiL NK{QJ U} UҩW NKy SKkQ ELӋW WUrQ OkP VjQJ 6ӵ NKiF ELӋW JLFiL Oj QѭӟX NK{QJ Fy OӟS GѭӟL QLrP QKѭ QLrP PҥF NKҭX FiL FKӍ [iF4. VaI TRị VÀ Vị TRí MƠN HọC GIẢI PHẪU RĂNG

*LҧL SKүX UăQJ QJKLrQ FӭX ÿһF ÿLӇP KuQK WKiL EuQK WKѭӡQJ FӫPӕL WѭѫQJ TXDQ FӫD FK~QJ YӟL QKDX &iF ÿһF ÿLӇP KuQK WKiL EDR

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<small>i cng gi i h răng</small>

ÿLӇP NtFK WKѭӟF KuQK GҥQJ UăQJ Yӏ WUt EuQK WKѭӡQJ FӫD FiF UăWUөF UăQJ WKHR ED FKLӅX NK{QJ JLDQ WѭѫQJ TXDQ FiF UăQJ WUrQJLӳD KDL KjP YӟL QKDX

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5. PHƯƠNG PHÁP HọC GIẢI PHẪU RĂNG

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5.1. Trực quan và khám phá

5ăQJ Yj Eӝ UăQJ Oj PӝW WKӵF WKӇ NKiFK TXDQ &iF QKj JLҧL SKQJKLrQ FӭX FiF FҩX WU~F ÿһW WrQ« [k\ GӵQJ QrQ P{Q KӑF 9LӋF KӑF WEҵQJ FiFK Wӵ PuQK TXDQ ViW FiF UăQJ Wӵ PuQK NKiP SKi Wӵ P{ WҧWUѭӟF NKL ÿӕL FKLӃX WjL OLӋX KӑF WұS VӁ JL~S ÿiQK JLi ÿѭӧF NKJL~S JLҧP WKLӇX WK{QJ WLQ FҫQ QKӟ Yu PuQK ÿm NKiP SKi ÿѭӧF PӝWÿӏQK .KiP SKi ÿѭӧF FjQJ QKLӅX VӁ JL~S YLӋF KӑF FjQJ KLӋX TXҧ KѫJLi WUӏ EҵQJ KjQJ QJjQ OӡL QyL GR ÿy FiFK WӕW QKҩW Oj VѭX WұSYҽQ ÿӇ KӑF 1ӃX NK{QJ Fy UăQJ WKұW WKu Vӱ GөQJ UăQJ P{ KuQK WTXDQ ViW KuQK YӁ UăQJ WURQJ DWODV 9ӟL UăQJ WKұW Fy WKӇ VÿѭӧF QKӳQJ FҩX WU~F QKӳQJ FKL WLӃW OӗL O}P WUrQ UăQJ 0ӝWGөQJ UăQJ WKұW Oj ÿҧP EҧR SKҧL WLӋW WU QJ UăQJ WUѭӟF NKL VOk\ QKLӉP EӋQK Fy WKӇ [ҧ\ UD

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<small>12 H</small>

5.2. Đối sánh và đặt vấn đề

1KӳQJ QpW WѭѫQJ ÿӗQJ Yj Gӏ ELӋW JLӳD FiF UăQJ FҫQ ÿӕL FKLӃXQKyP UăQJ .KL ÿӕL ViQK FҫQ OұS EҧQJ VR ViQK ÿһF ÿLӇP JLӕQJ QKFiF UăQJ 7UrQ Fѫ Vӣ VR ViQK Yj ÿӕL FKLӃX WKӱ WuP TX\ OXұW YӅFiF ÿһF ÿLӇP KuQK WKiL FҫQ SKҧL ÿһW FkX KӓL Oj WҥL VDR 7ҥL VWKӃ" 7ҥL VDR JLӕQJ QKDX Yj WҥL VDR OҥL NKiF QKDX" 9LӋF ÿӕL VVkX YҩQ ÿӅ KѫQ Yj JL~S Fy FiL QKuQ KӋ WKӕQJ NKL KӑF

5.3. liên hệ và suy luận

/LrQ KӋ ÿһF ÿLӇP KuQK WKiL YӟL FiF FҩX WU~F TXHQ WKXӝF VӁOLrQ KӋ QKӳQJ P~L UăQJ YӟL QKӳQJ ÿӍQK Q~L Yj WUNJQJ QKѭ QKӳQJQ~L FzQ UmQK Oj QKӳQJ GzQJ VXӕL FKҧ\ GѭӟL WKXQJ ONJQJ +uQKWKiL Yj FKӭF QăQJ Fy WKӇ VX\ OXұQ ÿһF ÿLӇP FKӭF QăQJ GӵD WUrQOXұQ FҫQ GӵD WUrQ Fѫ Vӣ TXDQ ViW VR ViQK ÿӕL FKLӃX Yj ÿһWGөQJ FiF ORҥL KuQK Vѫ ÿӗ Wѭ GX\ QKѭ EҧQ ÿӗ NKiL QLӋP FRQFHSW

PLQG PDS ÿӇ JL~S KӋ WKӕQJ KRi NLӃQ WKӭF Yj WKҩ\ Vӵ OLrQ KӋOLrQ KӋ JLӳD ÿһF ÿLӇP FҩX WU~F Yj FKӭF QăQJ &NJQJ Fy WKӇ OLrQUăQJ YӟL FiF P{Q KӑF NKiF QKҵP KLӇX U} WtQK ӭQJ GөQJ FӫD JLҧL SK

<small>Hình 1.7. inh họa hng há học ng cách i n h</small>5.4. Thực hành

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7KӵF KjQK W{ PjX GӵD WUrQ DWODV EjL WұS Fy KuQK GҥQJ JLҧL SKFKѭD FK~ WKtFK KuQK +ӑF YLrQ VӁ W{ PjX Yj FK~ WKtFK KuQK WUrKuQK JӧL QKӟ Fy FҩX WU~F KuQK SKtD WUѭӟF Yj FK~ WKtFK ӣ PһW VD

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<small>i cng gi i h răng</small>

YLrQ VӁ ÿӕL FKLӃX SKҫQ FK~ WKtFK KuQK SKtD VDX OѭQJ WKҿ ÿӇ NLYӅ FiF FKL WLӃW JLҧL SKүX 9Ӂ KuQK Oj WUӵF WLӃS YӁ FiF FҩX WUEuQK GLӋQ NKiF QKDX ĈӕL YӟL UăQJ VӁ YӁ KuQK WKHR EuQK GLӋPһW QKDL 9Ӂ KuQK JӗP YӁ QKDQK Yj YӁ FKL WLӃW YӟL W{ EyQJ ĈUăQJ WKҥFK FDR Yj ÿLrX NKҳF ViS YӟL FiF Nӻ WKXұW NKiF QKDX ĈLFҩX WU~F UăQJ WKHR NK{QJ JLDQ ED FKLӅX WKHR ÿ~QJ NtFK WKѭӟF W

7KӵF KjQK NK{QJ FKӍ JL~S WiL KLӋQ Yj FӫQJ Fӕ NLӃQ WKӭF JLҧL SUqQ OX\ӋQ WtQK FҭQ WKұQ WӍ PӍ WURQJ WKӵF KLӋQ FiF WKDR WiFYLӋF KRjQ WKLӋQ FiF Nӻ QăQJ WURQJ ÿLӅX WUӏ QKD NKRD VDX Qj\

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