Quy trình giải đoán ảnh tương tự ppt




MỞ BÀI
 !"#$% "&'( )  * "+
,"+'- ./0 1 2&!$"345"678! 5 
9451*&:;1<!"&=)72>/+ >?
>? '->"6;>1@(!;A!"@ -BCD&/0 1
/;"&"- 8;& &>1E F<!1E >1E :F
'GF H!41E 14$!4"'IDG /G4"&$J1K '
FFF<4%78!/&L8FM$; <!1K &: 8 %F&:
%F *(!7NN(!ODPM4'FFFG$% <4%1!
? "+ D:7QRG$% <!FFF'"+ 
 Q4 E? 'S/&;1G$% TU',*
NG$%  * DQ4 E V& R<!*NTU'=W'GF
H>$L!>14 X-F1> % $+Y&&1 !LFVL&FV/F! &!F>14"&
7; CD % )<!FFF4Z!D/;"&
 8="&$J1K C"- % V&(4 )L![
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NỘI DUNG
1.Định nghĩa về ảnh:
- ]Z'L8 H;!6<!/G  H &\/Q"#"-T
"+> &^ G /0 1Z_'&2 LU7N"Z'  8/
L@D
2. Định nghĩa về ảnh tương tự:
 `]  8'$9"-' A 5F1&: 5?4>Z HTV1
8 %F>Z?F"EL&:1 !4"X'5 N*>NF .
14$!4 * D
3.Nguyên tắc giải đoán ảnh
`;  "&  5 45 K X (  F # (!  $S 8
;L!"M4[

a. Đọc ảnh:
`POZ'5(!"%/;59": <!L8/G  ?4
"- 51E a Q4 V&1N"<!"&>;1
"&/% 9/6/8"!"&DPM4'1E M? (! O>ZLbF
&"&G7;": 591E 707/ ."M4
TM478)!Z!"&<!'&2 $EDc"O31$S[
 W1F ? A); 5 *(!/;G7;L8/G
5D
 d"+L8/G  5> )1":   8!A!L8/G >
TM478)!Z!"&/7eD
 )1/T"+!": (! O?  % F"-LU
7N"H"&D
b. Phân tích ảnh:
`&$S4>"&LbOA": &(! O
"H"LM/&"&/! DA": (! O"Z !4"X Q4
V& .'f/8&!O>1N"FN/NB["+!?  O"E7@
/'SFF<<!"? >"g59/6 8/G  )'2' "%'&2 8/G >L8
FM$@,; 2LU7N"? &'&2M4 3B,h$S4>$
7e % ,"-TM478>/;&!& &L!"ZLb"-78! 5
": "#"-TM478 5$7eD
c. Phân loại:
`!"#TM478$7eQ& & 5 &/Q"&>
78! 5Lh<!":  5$7e>"& %FM'&2/
T%F2& .& &!Dd"+& &Z":   8
!DQ4 V& .!1/;FM'&2Lb"- 8;"HL!&&
"-6 % .& @ ."ZD
d. Suy đoán:
- !FM'&2/ ! Z15$; > %L4"&!
 5451* Q4 V&"#"!"%/;": 5 V& 4% D;L4
"&4"-78! 5":  &% -F/S;1/ ';

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GF"- .59 SDPM4'"&(! O"HF&/;
&L  8 %&"3Z"+SD
4. Phương pháp xử lý bằng mắt:
@ NF 1E   /8 & "Z>  ! $@  A 7 $!4 L& L&>
&A!FOL!&&A7NF"6Z"EF<$5/"E
F<7ODPEF<$5%1&ij67/"EF<7O%1&
kij6EDZ"EF<41 !1S(!L "-; -'GF H
<! ."*>"Z'Lh"H"&/b$"3"+!)D
R9/&1@ &2"E/"E!& 51: "? "#"-NF/&1 !
T"+"- &2"E/"E!&"H1 5 &* E;FD
`PM4'FFFTU7N .'M/&"%!4Z/e%11E /! l(!
O &/;TU'>"& * /0 1= ';/, N/14$!4CD
`cFF<4%78!/&L8FM$; <!1K &: 8 %F&:
%F *(!7NN(!ODPM4'FFFG$% <4%1! 
? "+ D:7QRG$% <!FFF4'"+  Q4
E? 'S/&;1G$% <!TU',*NTU' *
D
`Q4 E V& R<!*NTU'='GF H>$L>14 X
-F1> % $+Y&&1 !LFVL&FV/F! &!F>14"&7; C1 % )<!
FFF4Z!D
a. Tỷ lệ ảnh hàng không
m';!' mL@<! 5814/S6!&NF=)D\CD
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Hình: WTV1'GF H= VV&L&FVC
)$H70!/1: Fn!<!/Q"? "-NFD
* 9  m';L![
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1[eL@ m';
!$[67"&2&L  5
qr[67"&2&L & 8"+!
! * 9 5 ! ?4 J % 5 8 14   'S / "E !& 14$!4
s ) m';'SD
b. Sai số vị trí điểm trên ảnh hàng không.
+ "H1 5*+h<!L!L@L![
Sai số vị trí do ảnh bị nghiêng
&'NF14$!4$+5 ) ? "H1 5Lb$+7+"
L&/S/+ "<!ZD2A"H1!<!5> m';,
!D: >14$!4$!4 5"O!"7* HA""E!&
V&("+>5 &1E 4%$!4> m';,$+ !4"XD!L@/+ 7&
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Phương pháp nắn ảnh hàng không:
K*"H"!/6)%/*Z<!/Q 8"+!D
PHK *> !Z H7Q 14 K=)DC&:
FFF"3D4K3114%/1)D-FK
"? ' 5F1Zw"H1"#$%  &2"E"-FM$@"6 5D)w
"H1 4 5 F1 "# $+ T5 7+> 5  % '5 1  F '1 % & "H

J1" &2"E"#$% / V&" m';D
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P:  F1 /& 14 K / % F1 '5
1D"A"H1Q 5* Q
!D1E ; @ &14> !5F1
(!'2&:T&!4F1/D/BL!&&"H1Q
5 Q !D ! "Z "G4@  '2 $J 
"s>"H 46 . F1L!?4D /G4
"#"-KD!&"Z'!" V&
m';"#&D
S "M4 5 1x  F Z w "H1 "#
$%  O!"E> f!' 1:  "? FZ w "H1 
9"#$%  &2"ED4!4"H@"H1
&'S"&"2h1: "? > !t@1E
/ "H1 h " / h @ 7 $!4D  /) /G4 h
1: "? tT"+"H1@%D
 "H1l '2 T "+ $J F FF !1
D
&FFF !1> 51xZ1E "H1*L!';D.
"ZST? F  ."H14"%"H1"6*L!';D"Z !Z
HT"+/+ 1: $J<!"+!/G $JFFF!&EZDP@/S
"H1! )"H1*L!'; Q/S"H1>5 !78!/&"H1
t"H'GF'S !1D
Phương pháp đoán đọc ảnh hàng không
P&"O*f!'G72/G Z 51: "?  *(!
"#NFDP&"O"-!'1!'&2[
y P&"O"+!)'"HFN/N&*  'GF$"3"+!)D
y P&"O451*J11N"FN/N&(ML8> Xz>

"+!? B
P& "O   *> % %  &Fl )!$%  %  "- E
7 &5T1& 8"+!D
W"&"O*78!/&4% @L![
y ? (!O<!/G g
y 8FM$@L<!$Z"Vg
y ? )O<!/G g
y GF1eD
WNF> S 5 !4"X { V& m';)72/eA
45D8!/& S/)72<!/G "H"&G!/G Z 5D
| 51: "? /G !Z"EF(!!>/)/G4)
/G "G12 ! 5>n2L*l>3!&B Z1"V>
"1l1T12 >"* *1T1 KB
LK/"E"G12 <!"? "!&F}F !FM'&2"? % -F/S(4
"+'G FM$@ 8/G D!FM NF> !Z HF ; F?
2&1: "? >B
)  /; "& "O  FN E /& "6 ; NF> ?  '-
45/G ';7Q&/;NF/> )"E^ G NF/D
Các phương pháp vẽ địa hình bằng ảnh hàng không
PH /b "+! ) $J  *>  !  9 7N F
FFL![
Phương pháp lập thể: cFF4 % &Fl>/)78! 5
Lh'%'MGZ"EF< .kij !Z H'GF1*)'GF HDV&F
FF4> !97N!FFF[
~Phương pháp vi phân[""319/b 8 %F 5>l"E!&
"H1(! O"-"&$JFFF %F &Fl78! V&
NFD
~Phương pháp toàn năng: ""319/b 5?478!/&1*)
'GF H &*!D4 &RLb 2&! S1K  !1E 1*)'GF HD
Q1E 7NN5"H/b""319 &*!'5?4/ !Lb

Z$)"3D
Phương pháp tổng hợp: cFF% -FLU7N$)"3/S/;
"&/b$XL& 8"+!D
Phương pháp số hóa trên nền ảnh: c FF LU 7N 14 (}  
L!V(}  >(} $) "3 &:F1/& 14/ "H % * 
'GF$"3 514/ D
II. Qui trình giải đoán ảnh tương tự:
1. Xây dựng chìa khóa giải đoán:
•"&F% -F/S"6 ! 8"+!D
;"6 ! 8"+!FTM478Z!"&/H1 !"ET<!
% ("&D
WZ!"&' GF-FS7eF"&!ZG
$% "@ - 5DWZ!"&$!&31/)D
W&"&"- 'GF$h45!"&Z;1D
; @? Z!"&F'&2 .% ($; Z HG
"- .A"&!D
1.1 Các dấu hiệu giải đoán:
a. Kích thước =L€VC[W S<!1E
"@ - &1E $9'1E 1 m';D
P      S  <!  1N  5  /S    "@
- &1E $9'*/;(!
Ox -&/;"& 8 H"ZD

k
b. Hình dạng =!FVC[  "6  GF  "%
)72>? /"$!&(!
<! 8 H5$; D)72Z H'"
1@? 70FM$; &*/;"&D
c. Bóng =&7&•C[' Fx
- &/;"&/)ZZ H?F

)/61: 5/"E!& "@
A! 8 HF&/;FM$; A!
8 H 707D45 F
$ZZ Hh"%/;"&
8 H>7&"Z 8 H &/Q$ZLb
G72/Q$5D

d. Cường độ màu =&VC[' 
F$7Q"HFM$; A! 8 H
!D8 !4"X/6"E1&
F}FFM$;  F)72>
? >H1eD


e. Màu sắc =&'&C[<!"@ - 51=‚CF&
"&Z HFM$; "-6"@ -Z":"H1"E1@! 5
 K"VDX-F1 &!7L! 'T!'=r'VC>T!'N=•VVC/
"s=ƒV7C H;Z1$'[ 8/G  .13"%1"s>ST!'
24"%T!'Le1>"?  @"'EZ1 KD
„
f. Cấu trúc =VT VC["6GF"%L8
LKFT%F/ L@<!L8 !4"X"E1
&1E /QT"+ 51E D? 
36$!&31"E1'@1"@11
19T1 !4"X"E E  &1E /Q
s> &?  ZL8$%"X D
?       '  %  (  <!
A$61: "3? $JFn>"3
$J>"3sDE  8 H 5$61: *
$JFn/? *"3"6% (

LbT? ;? 36D? ' 
F(! O? "HFM$; "@ -
5ƒ!7!
…
Ảnh màu sai (False color)
Ảnh màu giả (pseudo color)
Ảnh màu thật (True color)
Ảnh giả (pseudo color)
g. Kiểu mẫu =c! VC["6GF"%L8LKF
T%F*!<!"@ -Z H) ?4
aD8'GF'2Z G  8<!"E1/
?   8!Lb 2&!1E H1eG
7270FM$; DM4Z 3M4 V&
/"F@ &"* +/SA*
n"6":'A/7N"H)/6
H1eD

h. Mối quan hệ =qL&! &C["6:F"%(!;A!"@ -G
72! E/Q'MG1N 5"!T} "%D )G72"@
-ZTV1T} "% 8 H'MGLb?F * F&/;G72
"-707D

2. Các yếu tố địa kỹ thuật:
a. Địa hình: P+!)&F}FG
$% L$E4% @ 5="3
$J>"3> 61L*>$#$H/D/DDC ."Z
"+S &FM "&D
b. Thực vật: WH 8/G >19"E
F  H<!'&2 8/G 't +&
4% @ 857SZ>": $; ''&2"? >

19"E†1=H"ELM18&L1>
? '-SCD/G4H 8/G '
7?;(! O"HFM$; "@ -D
c. Hiện trạng sử dụng đất: PM4'
4% @" &FM > .H
12L*L@&$% [2"+!)>6
"/19"EVF< 8/G >
        ƒ? 612'SL*L@
"-T%F/&Z1$[
`WHM4"! >"K %
`WH*12/Q"3$J
`WH* s! !/Q'U!>/l1M
‡
`HL&L&5&!12> 1 L!4 ',D
 PM4,/.!'1N 5/.!'
7?; &"&$J1K D
;  2  LU  7N  "?    ?F
A  *    (!  O  "H  T
"+"@ -D
d. Các dạng xói mòn: : K !=)72V#C!"@/S
"? "!D
e. Hệ thống khe nứt – hình dạng:  *L@V9 "-TV1T} 
"&'[S>1G "E>)72>"E'SD; @'V!1V Z H'5(!
"%H"9 #4>V"9 'S<!"9D
f. Tổ hợp tất cả các yếu tố giải đoán:&( )"&>&/;
FM 4% @5'IlTV1T} L8 GF-F &*!<! .Z14%
@D8 X-F"ZZ H 2&51E 72!41E H"+!) ."ZF
"&Z H;t/'&2$sAL!LZ '1'e'1&/;"&M!&
"ETD
3. Khoanh vùng:

a. Phương pháp và đặc điểm:
 cFF&!/QlZ 5O'/QFM$@>7Q"Ht
*!FM$@<!1E "@ ->; -&"Z[1E '&2 8/G
!4"E/G >"? 4/D/DDQ4 E/&":"H1FX$%; - &F21
/FM$@<!1)Z H''5 N>EKF=/QFM$@$RC!4
12=/Q 3$*CD
 cFF&!/Q=/QFM$@C7Q"H$H701E ;
-&"ZF  H 51E 7; *'S>FM$@<!; -
'FM >F  H N1>FM$@*"6KF 5'# X1
tZh ./Q? "+DP:"H1$<!FFF4'&!
/Q E; -!Z H*6!>TVb!&:V
!D
 PH&!/Q> !/b!S$!&$O; -"Z$J"E74<!
} D!"Z7Q1>}  &:;!4/%  5; -/&&!
\i
/QDA&!/Q1!S*a 5 8"+! )t } >
/b;&:/%  5"@ -1*/b!S; -D

b. Một số đối tượng khoanh vùng:
`Khoanh vùng tuyệt đối['&!/Q1&&!/Q"Z !* ?4
; -T? ;':F'2hD
` Khoang vùng tương đối[6&!/Q<!; -"Z"-F  H
':F'2h6D
` Khoanh vùng mở[$"3Z7; s7; &!/Q;
-D
` Khoanh vùng đóng[$"3Z7; 'S/8Z; -
"-&!/QD
\\
Các hình thức biểu hiện khác nhau của phương pháp vùng phân bố
Bản đồ kinh tế Nam bộ sử dụng phương pháp vùng phân bố

4. Gán thuộc tính theo chú giải:
5. Số hóa:
  )4H  8L!L@"-O'L@Z!$!&31_$S
$[
` ! \   8   F  U=FTV'C"- O' !1e
=L!1F'CD
` 4H"X?F"EL'5 N9/S .FTV' 1E L@45A
2O'( )'- UZ!D

\_
6. Thành lập bản đồ chuyên đề:
r"345"6"- 'GF$J4H"@ -"&'5$
"3Lh"#†$+ SD
45"@/S$"3Lh[
 m';$"3 -FD
 ; @ O!"EFQ-F/S1N"TM478$"3D
 *  5$"3Lh"- H;$J1LD












cFF4H"@ -"&'5$"3Lh[

 !/b[% ("&"-": '5$L/$"3Lh"-": '5
5L!&&"+!/G  Q!D!"Z 8; !& !/bA"@
-/b'5$"3LhD
\
 %(!O["&"-%'5$"3Lh *(!; @
(!OD
 U7N'S%*/*[WI'S*/* 5/ 5$"3LhD!
"Z4H"@ - & 5 .*'5$"3Lh 2* 9D
 U7N % $+"&[LU7N % $+"&/b;"2"H  2&'2
1*)NF/ 8;4H/b *(!1*)"ZD
KẾT LUẬN
rJ/;LU7N &* 'GF$"3>1E m G 1Sˆ'-ˆ"#
"-T'GFDN"<!m G J1T"+) H> S//+ <!1E
L8/G !4; -$J"&"2 5L8/G !4; -"Z1E 
8 %FD!Z HFM$; "-A!"+'-/S*'-D:7Q"+!
'-"- 8" 5 &'+LU>/&"%4!47el"-LU7N
&/1N"": $; =&!Om"R $;  &7!L8>59/6
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TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO
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