Tải bản đầy đủ (.docx) (86 trang)

BÀI GIẢNG QUẢN LÝ CHẤT LƯỢNG SẢN PHẨM

Bạn đang xem bản rút gọn của tài liệu. Xem và tải ngay bản đầy đủ của tài liệu tại đây (932.56 KB, 86 trang )

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC GIAO THÔNG VẬN TẢI
Bộ môn Kinh tế bưu chính viễn thông
__________
BÀI GIẢNG
QUẢN LÝ CHẤT LƯỢNG SẢN PHẨM
Hà nội – 2012
LỜI NÓI ĐẦU

 
!"#$%&'(  )!*+"",$
-./ 0  "12"
-3&)!*"4 5 6789:*;
<5 724 7")=>%?@A =B
, *C"D)-E)9=9:*;+  0?6
78 $%$?914 $7A8:%&
">=-F678+ *79:*;,%GH
I*18%& ?914  9I9:*;
74F-
 J?92D6789:*;7"7"*:
 D%1678">:7@678)CI
">:7@&7 )<I,G!1K"57@
678L1, *-
M:7@6787"3 L1,GF"H N
O'( -I:DF94=9I"<)9=6$
D:6+ >:7@678-.=9I8DF94,,4D":7"
"7L!*LF LIF"P1">:7@!:Q
RS5,2QM:%, + &J4LT 3'!:-
I:!8@??*+ I" L:FL
F L!*"78"$-
I:
CHƯƠNG 1



CHẤT LƯỢNG VÀ QUẢN LÝ CHẤT LƯỢNG
1.1. Vai trò của chất lượng và quản lý chất lượng
1.1.1. Vị trí của chất lượng trong môi trường cạnh tranh toàn cầu
U"? !*F V 
I17, I, *WX(Y""!1Z
""+$> L+ 678-JI*1=6+
%&IX(0" [D 678"),+ >:7@-
(" II",7"I"1 I"I5
=86*9:*;?678I*18
+ L-
(5I>= N,2 """> 
""\!D:)9:S6K" D=:"
? 4]L^72"9:*;""2,8DFI
>= -E)9:*;?8_)>= 89:S6_)
>= I"8DIF"-
"? ?)9=V$D:9 P
` aK"%&2,6*2">=-
` bI4]I*$ ,%!=)
 678 IO-
` a=3^&")c*-
` .I">:%X()$-
` .?92D0N + %&+-
` RI"Nd6788*-
'K7@,F6780_")3G4  I
3IX(!e I>= -.I"9:S6"*5*="
I"" ?>72 L9:*;?678 I:8*7@
[L$F-.)4 "0"9]_F4]D_>
3"*4""7-f2*I+ Ra.( 0*g*I"
9:S6?:I*18"" + I"<4

 784 -
J=I *I'( I^722F3
N7"K ? #7492*^-(^31)C5F
h
(%&9:*;f:S69:*; f:*;
4678
RI"
3*:^
?+\?? ?I*3*7"^722
92#74914 -
(!S"? IX(*:292> 
5678*:?!1/c$6678-
1.1.2. Một số nhận thức không đúng về chất lượng
iI *I678[ 7"$)^&C7"
I1-j"$)K&F," FL>= ""> 
56789:*;"L -a=374 e6"
FIX(?*-j")I17KI>=
 ?*IDd74):6S 6789I>=
 *I-k/c"76*,:I"7"7"3,l,"K=
I *I-
EVI!1+ &F,678_I *I
C +-',2 "I9:*;II678#m
"+ 6nVmJcSc n7")57@)?># "3
,l -.$9_7!*I*"4)+ a)D:&F, ?+
:_4]&F,-
_4765 6789:*;_I *I
??'( 7"I"9:S6!1 +!e9 7
678"78e,678#74-
Thứ nhất, chất lượng cao đòi hỏi phải có chi phí sản xuất lớn.
J57"> 9 7*D6-J> L7"*:86

7884,2"I>IK9:S64-aK
-
9$^+ >IK"-
Hình 1.1 : Quá trình sản xuất hiện đại
 6788K" 4,2 F>:
 F1%&-f ?IH9]_"9:
*;2G3> >IK9:S6-'^72" 4
o
F1 9]#74:I6789:*;-'
*!"Sp7@+3*:^[*e I"9]7"$)7
X(:"5 678-$2:I>IK9:S6
9]*g*:I*e9:S6-2016789:
*;"" *e9:S6"":-
Thứ hai, tập trung vào chất lượng sẽ làm giảm năng suất
M "7">:+ &q"IX( 6789:*;
WR.fY7"*$1,69I678-(" > "
""3N*8*-M:7@678*:#*$57"/
 [76*N[ 7"e-(5 678"967"3
5H "ND9 -
Thứ ba, thường quy lỗi về chất lượng cho người lao động
.I">:7@&??>#>7B678g7",@1!*>I
7"g+ 35-F>:F10r <F
stu7B*4678Sg7"7B+ &>:7@-.35r%
I9 7B9 &>:7@07"=I9 P
` J"4!*6\&7 )>K9:S6"
9p,GD%-
` a,HL7" D%+
*$D% "97 )-
` .6*LI*$ II>:3
"r>IK-

Thứ tư, cải tiến chất lượng đòi hỏi có đầu tư lớn
23""!-("S_I?D%r>
%)*6789:*;-$9_!6\!0
I*18F9:S6678?8:I&4
!16789:*;.vw('&F;? I>IK
9:S6&,K7!7 )-J"3*:7>I"r
^d?I>:7@=92 ">5+ 704"92^!
+ "D).vw.('-
Thứ năm, chất lượng được đảm bảo do kiểm tra chặt chẽ
'D:6R.fr7"*5749:*;4"34678
D:54) 3:V5 8678-(?
II678384,2F3> R.f-
1.2. Chất lượng và đặc điểm của chất lượng
1.2.1. Quan điểm mới về sản phẩm dưới góc độ kinh doanh
x
J=8F1+ >:7@6787"9:*;,!*:?
!1/c"+9:*;-#> + I"m
 !"#
$%" #&'()#*#+",-
(?!9:*;"VF3!7!1
+  EI"I"I" !9:*;8> 
)0$3r7"9:*;/!6"ND ^I
,%G-
./&0#%12$3"4#5#"4#6#7'""
0#67"0#8"#9:/&/;"5%<"+5%
5=#:0#4>#-
a ,%G8 "I?9 P
` X%G7F> "e5"D:y
` X%G7F> ,7%!
` X%G7F> "4679?91d#

` X%G7F> 33 Ly
X%G" *I4]""? N> L
B-
f:*;I*1+ &F,3>  )e9 
5P
` )e3,GW*1+ 9:*;Y-)e"?7F
3,Ge2+ 9:*;7"I%9p,G+ 9:*;-
)e"*G)"D:664+ 9:*;F
!7"349:*;-
("9:S6&KI3D=3 )e"
&F,?K)e">
% 9:*;-
` )eG:W*+ 9:*;Y-)e"6?
78? """_F> L7"9:*;
6*,H&F,-)eG:r292S6
?92*S/F,9:*;-)e"*G)"> 
+ 9:*;e9:*;V$,I
H0D ??>#"%F,VD7"I,%G
"9 DI">:I*%B8\!D:
"9:*;y.I)eG:""_FVD
z
d 0
TI:
T " I
.I,%G"9 DI"
> L7"9:*;6*,H&F,
:4 9:*;-
1.2.2. Chất lượng và các yếu tố ảnh hưởng
-?%""89@
.6787")*4*14*"&&V*I7A

24)+ K-#=89p,GI678?A
I -
J1F?)+ &9:S69:*;6787"IL*:7"
I*1I>%WF;6789:*;Y"I,I
"V 8I"6*!-
J=I"678*:8> he 4P
` .6787"!*8*IrFe\! I%
9p,G+ I9:*;-
` .678*:8*eI:-
` .678*:8cD_F,G-
a ?%A II 678-1
 6785{<Pm.6787"1*8*+ 9:*;D_
F+ &F,-n
#b-v-.9DPm.6787"92*8*Fn-
1>=F;? |f}D)F;|f}sotw!
"%A 0  %A 6788 9=I>= 6*
!PmA9@$2%<B+25
C()%#*#)@=$7D"~-
J%A F0r <6$D:=7Z6+ 6788
D<92d 0-'K+ &F,7"6 ,4*1
4*FI6788#A )-
kZ"7"?678/ 3Dd> I=PI:
I,%G"9 DI"K1 "" II)"
*I+ 5F*S/I"3&DI"y
[NdF0K"I6788*WM 7
 7Y-.I=+ 6788*8FK-

Hình 1.2 : Các yếu tố của chất lượng tổng hợp
$-A%6#7>69@
• (?I=DF"

` .e9I+ ("
.678%I)4]D_Ie9I+ ("
P.e9Ie9I*II""+74
9:*;e9IS6!*;y
` K)*I+ 6
J?72 L)1678*8*%&
"9:S63> 4)F1%&*:SI
%8:: I+ &F,-
.6787")4+ D:59:S6FK)
6789:*;*:*8*:*g*"92*I
+ "D)-
` K)*IRa.(
(" Ra.(0" _")72789:S62*-
X?678+ D6q9:*;"Cc7"D%>
%D_92*IRa.(-
` .$>:7@
F$9_)=7!*I*V]>%"I
)"I*I*7@€("" #,ZV
]I + "9:S6<D:>78+
&F,-
21>:7@"678I$> >:
7@"I4) I9I?)_*4
<)FeIX(3[I5 
6789:*;-
` .I=)? S0)
s
.6789:*;7"9I*1SI%
-":G-X?> ee"9:*;
 74B&B,5)CI -E)9:*;_
$"87"?678_$I74386*

!,92ID=? S0)-
• (?I=DFX(
` K)\+ )C>:7@"5F-
(!1+ L678"Ie9I678+ X(
` .$9_!6\!3-
` MK>:7@9:S69:*;-
` .678I="
` E3&7"PE3&!63&9 ""
3&? X(-
1.2.3. Đặc điểm chất lượng
` .6788D_92d 0-()9:*;K7@
,"?3I*1838%&6*
!K?D%7"678gV,K)3
4 9:*;??64-J5e7")V
> L7"$9_I">:7@S5,278, -
` X6788D_92d 0"73 
#& #3 "9p,G-'K!
*:%qS#Sg74IF678-
` RI678?I*,GL2?7""?
!6,%G)1)>IKV)&-
` RII678+ )=8*:S#SgIVe
678?7F> FG-')+
749:*;IF=9:*; V9]I #
71 ? 2% 7@*y
` .?92*5D 678"6*678-
.6*6787"*;6* 14%I=8?
19p,G?92>%I F
678-.6*678*::92ID0%V8
[ !IF678-
1.2.4. Yêu cầu chất lượng


J?2S#Sg"II8%&=)749:
*;G8")!*8*IF678-.IF"
?8*::,,4%78 %e=IVe+ 9:
*;-
J=7"IF678*:*:I+I08
3D= NN;+ I""IFS0)-
.1"F6780SI%I""S5,2F
IF;A!9:*;=WrF678Y-
J=)9:*;F678*:8"I?rF
6789 P
` (?rF3,G
v ^IrFe+ 9:*;I39=\
!+ 9:*;V9p,G "-J57"?
rF> L6&8"9:S6)0
I"-
` (?rF3
v ^IrF349:*;-.rF"*:
I92!78>:9p,G9:*;,V3#
74-
` (?rF;?
(?rF"*:I: 7c*,HID)
*!+ 9:*;-
` (?rF;\
(?rF"V:8:+ 9:*;-‚=
;\?7"D:5+ 9:*;VD ?+ 9:*;
P,I"9cH0y
` (?rF3IWƒY
(?rF"=>  &F,9:
*;" 9:*;3&-

.GP
„92*8*+ 9:*;IV5c
4+ &F,-
„92*8*+ 9:*;V597@+ &
F,-
„92*8*+ 9:*;9p,G"3
&-
` (?rF
t
> e">:9p,G9=N&9:
*;-
1.3. Quản lý chất lượng
1.3.1. Khái niệm quản lý chất lượng
.I> >:7@6788*I""7FG
""+$D:68**14*+ 6678*::92
*8*92 + 3&, -
#1>=F;? |f}P
E#9@2C0#'4%B
%&" #/%"8!"8$'%$"8%
9@5"%9@$9@/%""69@-
a4%678!*"SI%GF678S5,G>
KI*")I^72?7F> 2G
F-
R9I678!*"9p,GI\!"4)I*
I*1IF678-
J:D:6787"I4)?4?=<#747N
<9:*;0I*1+IF678-
.:678!*"5 :2IF6
78-
J4)>:7@6784>:I*1+Ie9I6

78,X( d 0F:7FG*:2F
1K678-EGeS5,2K6789:*;<
SI%)I+?=I=:_678[7/
F1%& 9:*;=q9=+ 9:*;-
.K678_K-h-

Hình 1.3: Chu trình chất lượng
[K678 6=:D"I678 3:>
[=K)IF7O"*:S#Sg"D)I=:
_678)I="^D)-
1.3.2. Các nguyên tắc quản lý chất lượng
F# GHIJ;/5%
X(*G)"I"+ KK!*:84"
$7 + L3rI*1"N8F:928+ L-
.6789:*;,I"II">%-.IrF678
9:*; 74I%I"7"I"d 0*:7"
GL5+ X(-
.6788%D_I"7")=78*g*X(
?:7A%&,KI"-J2=Fc"
X(*:2IG9 P
` K8+ I"Q
` 38"X(-
` J7&1)d 0+ I"73?"):
I>:-
` U5,2">:7@=I=> I"-
F# GKIL56+)
a4)6789]3?>:3?92 +
704-j04X(*:r4"  S5,2I

784"ID*I*)e9I4"92 

+ L5F"I4)678-
J2Fc"704X(*:P
` 7!*78GF"Ie9I678X(
` (F? N%e+ :D:678_6:I6*X(-
 >L&D<I4L+)")
^&*:2%I-
` TI,G"4"67L&6678
` T5:1C"[ !92??*+ L&
F# GMIL"+N"/" 
.&7"^72> L6+ BX(-"3
:678*G)+"K)\7N
K3+ 72787 )-'K!X(*:4
&7 )8L!*D^,…5 K)
"2"\-
R8)+I"FX(9]P
` XI!3I:>I6
` e2KI$):5 6785 
I%I"-
` (5 7N2"*5F-
F# GOIE#P0#%1
MIK7"!*8*I4)?7F> V$I7H 
D"" -E)>IK87"?@A
I%+  *:7$"-X("+ >I
K9 74e7" + >IK?""D)I>I
KX(9]7!*")47>IK-'K!>:7@
4)+ X(267">:7@I>IK"=> 
/-
J2Fc"X(*:P
` UI%ZI>IK"=>  I>IKK2
"ID[>IK-

` UI%ZI>:7@[>IK-
` R9II="9IID>IK%*
&rI9 7-
F# GQIR"6SP87
h
(0KD"_* 3:D"I678#
[=:_678)IF7O"*:S#Sg
I=)I?="^D)*=8*"N I=-
J2Fc"X(*:P
` UI%)=I>IK
` j!*6/+ =4GF)I?>:6-
` UI%=7F7H  I>IK+ =-
` .:7FG=3> 7&II-
F# GTIA""6" &
.:7FG[ 7"GF^&Ce7"*$
4GF678-.:678?"#[
DdV:L-
J2Fc"X(*:P
` b:7":_"GF&2+ LD)
*!I5X(-
` TI,G"4["FX(I3G*$
*I*:7FG-
` [ !"5LI:
F# GUIE#6: 5"8
EL>%7F> 678*:,2 F*5e,
73-'II72 L*$I>%*:,2
"78, I>IKL">:+ I
>IK?-
J2Fc"X(*:P
` j2 LI*$*I*!*Sp7@3:D:3

8eSI!,l9p,G-
` J  I>%""),2 F>:Sp7@3
8*":,+ &704-
F# GVIW%"0#88@%
X(4,2I=> 8*I)D)"8*IDF
"-.I=> )D)</;8*I&92
74":I*1 -.I=> DF"^
> "6*I"=II$9_"4y
J2Fc"X(*:P
` UI%"72 L=IS5,2I=> 
` . 9O3
` b=8* :9:*;>IK-
1.3.3. Các chức năng của quản lý chất lượng
-J9@
o
a4%6787"4)SI%GF678"I*$
^72"ID*I*48GF678-
(),14%678^P
` UI%I""V+ I"-
` UI%GF678>I"e9I678-
` UI%F6789:*; D)*!
-
` a4%I>IK?:d 0IF6
789:*;-
$-?"%9@
R9I6787"I>IKI4) eI*<:
D:6789:*;*:/#F0V -
(G++ 9I678D ^P
` 1I4)4 I9:*;I*1IF6
78-

` JII2IF678_[5[D)
*!-
` f9I67821;*I9 7-
` "I4)c*G
-A""6/"89@
J?7""D)4)< 6787F1 $-.:"
"6788"#I9 P
` †*,G3!7
` a"9:*;"I,%G‡#
` .:I>IK<:I!-.3+
:"678^P
` UI%G:"678-U5,2,2I"

` "7!*3I?+:2,2I6*L
^72L?""G-
` J"4)FeI5F""=,2I
1.3.4. Đặc điểm của quản lý chất lượng
-E#9@" 0#69@"
J4 9:*;?678I">:7@7"&?
678-
j"&?678A 7"/*L?8!1/c
+3-f ?L*:8"467?8\
:>I6-
x
M:%,2 F59]*g*&9p,G:*I
9I4"-
$-A9@;65="@"#S;6
JV"*:I+"678"78e,678 
74-.6787"3G>:65 724 + 9:
*;-(292> 567878!9]-

.6789:*;7"=> 5"+ I"L>%
9:*;-.678C7",6"X(?=I"-
b$56787"*:8704 *:8>I
"2_L6*L5FX(-
-E#@:D
M:7@678/LI,>IK$7">:-'K!
>:7@678e8_74I340> 
[>IKK F5:_678-F$9_K
ID*I**N[ 3IF5?7V*74-
:-X""Y#956"6B5%
J57"5?+ F 678(!D:wR |9 ˆ -.5
?"\9"35_I*5S_@18<I"
3r7"& 9:*;+ X("%&"N7"\
9357"_ 49:S6*-[?L 3
3I*1F678&7"_
 49 -f2Nd*:=Sp&_ 49:S6*
I"D)&35*:III5-
P-E#9@;;"5%
M:7@678*:8"_6:I 4>IK9:S6
4"=7"I"& "9p,G9:*;+ X(-
M:7@678*:"7" I9:*;I*1
+6+ I"-6:L4)7F> >:7@6
78*:8"@A 7"*:I*1+ I"-
Z-[$="/\:&%=&LWA]L""WPA^
M:7@678*:,2 F$9_!**5e"9p,G3-3
*:eSI%*&+"?78? 8-
F$9_3!*8I">:7@&9p,GI3G
9I>IKD<=Ffb
z
CHƯƠNG 2

CÔNG CỤ VÀ PHƯƠNG PHÁP QUẢN LÝ CHẤT LƯỢNG
-- Các công cụ kiểm soát quá trình bằng thống kê (SPC)
--- Khái niệm kiểm soát quá trình bằng thống kê
R9I>IKD<=F7"I*,G*$*I*=F
!*KD"*5eI,7)I/ceSI"%*&
<#,Z9I:>IK4)+ )$%)1
D<I:eD)+ ?-
R9I>IK7"K3)>IK4)"?
 9:*;= -f2D)"?,F
5)I$= ?)*" ?F5eP
`(?16PXDHF=?+ >IK/*G
)"I?D%3"I-v,F5
"7"2FDK&3*:r9p 9 -
`(?1 PXF53HFF5
VD,%&"&>:7@?!,4"*:K 9p 
<[ 9 9?*G*I9-(F5"?,D%
r3/F!7?9 9?I?D%d35 
I3/-
R9I>IKD<=F87"D)*!VD> L
"D)78>:7@678-†*,G9I>IKD<=
F/*I">:7@:>867F> 678P
`!*8*9=7,l,"-
`UI%86:>-
`bdI"!DIF5-
`j4DdIF5
`([ I9 7B-
`UI%8>::-
•
S F11,GI3G9I>I
KD<=F7"/*I$%1 ?N

!*%&-
#F;'( .'(|f}•ttowoP••zI3G9I
>IKD<=F*D6&89p,G:678D 
^3G8 7"h?KD"_D:--
Bảng 2.1. Các công cụ kiểm soát quá trình bằng thống kê
TT Công cụ Ứng dụng
Nhóm I - Công cụ và kỹ thuật dùng cho dữ liệu bằng số và không bằng số
 EH!*,7
!*97)I=?D1 Z
"2-
Nhóm II - Công cụ và kỹ thuật dùng cho dữ liệu không bằng số
 v^> 
T?*"?)9=787@> 
V6?7F> )+G-
h f9I#;1
f9I)>IKI>IK8[
!SI%I$):678-
o 630
UI%I:*I*?I6"I
$)":678-
x v^5>:
b5e"3DII=> 5>:-
4:>6[1
F5:*I*-
z v^K E3:>IK?>IK-
• v^5 v%=> +"I=8*"-
Nhóm III - Công cụ và kỹ thuật dùng cho dữ liệu bằng số
s v^9I
b5ePII92%+ >IK-
R9IPSI%"*:r)

>IK-
UI!PSI!92:+ >IK-
• v^)
KD"DF+ ,7-3,
,4K:I+ >IK-
M%5!*B72:-
t v^b‰kƒ}
KD"#12> L92??*+
[I>:-U*4I$)
-
 v^IS4 bI"SI!=>  !*9=7
?7F>  -UI%=> ,2e
s
 I!*9=7-
--- Một số công cụ kiểm soát quá trình bằng thống kê
H-_`##S:"8#
EH!*,77"DH8,!*"g*
I,7-(?/*!*,7)I2> 6>I"4
!78*5e-
.?9p,GH!*9=7P
`R 7@,9:*;D%:74-
`R %eI!-
`KF55 I!-
`R e8*7@+ ,59:S6-
`b/ 3 =-
`v:F@I"-
fp,GH!*,7"#zD9 P
` UI%GFG!*,7"WSI%6
*:Sp7@Y
`UI%,748GFWSp7@I6Y

h`UI%I*5e,7"&*5e
o`U5,2)DHg*,76*I3&
!*,7% & "I1!*,7-
x`pDH"D<!*"7)9=,7-
z`U#Sg74"9p DH6-
.? :H!*,7_D:-!*,7K
K*46-
K-L%P#]%/;"=1#^
f9I#;17""99II>IK9:*;I
>IK9:*;,H083!-
'D:699I;17"I1:678)I?
=?LD<IK$%1I7"""4
>:=$K"9 ?I*,G"$%1K-
•
R\!",99I>IK>IK,H08
3!K$):678-
f9I#1;8"#IDP
`UI%IG9;P.IG"9]7"Ve+ >I
K" + ??> 2*+ I"-
`UI%19;PJ?7"1083!7"
,H?7"=+4 + , *-
h`!*,7Pv ^I,7678>IK
I"-
o`1*5e,7P'*5e2*"7!*
IGF2=6-
x`7!*I;99IPUI%$):678,2 F
+ I""K)678+ I, *I-
.?,499I;9 5P
`f9I)D)7"9299I,l 1-
`f9IDF"7"9299II1I$2-

`f9I17"9299I1">IKI"
I -
`f9Ie4 7"),499IDF"D ^:99I
1>IK9:*;I=+4 -
`f9I>IK<SI%I>IK?>:6[
, *?I>IK$2-
`f9I>:4)/*, *II:4
 + K3> 99I9:*;-
`f9I78S#SgI14 + I, *I
> ?S5,278#74"3+ , *F%&-
`f9I>I7"I99I",4)+ , *-
M-R9=)
6307")\!3 F@7"D! 9
A9I4+ L&<4 "7"9Id), GI@6
-
_+ 6307"P
`E)&&D%4@_)?K48@
_$-
t
`Š_+ &"?8K"S5,2"",2
F@_+ &I-
`R?& "?@_9I4-
R\!9p,G\!630&^ 4P
`T 44 @_
` (&"*:3DIZ+I"F-
` ReL&  @_4$)L&8?
3reI@_-
` T746:I@_-
` T 47"9Id
`j"9Id[@+ I"F-

`6309]/3N@_"  -(?9]:
7!IIL@_72 L8)V)9=@_e8*6-
3&/:7!II82D<Dd*-.I
"FDd*[@_-
O-a"#30#8
v^> 7")3Gg*I3"?,2 FI
=> 2F ^4 /-.3G"&8,g*
I@:9992630-
j!*D^> 8"#ID9 P
`(F+F1#A )WF9],l7"I
"F+ ?%I5dY-
`T74""=I@I> I5VI6
?7F> FI*WB@F")*Y-
h`)7HI*"-
o`Tg*?I*?7F>  -
x`!*8*3[I*#?-
'e,GPU5,2D^> F+ I"=,%Gl
3$D:`J4=%"4,)-
vP.+F1PKFI"=,%Gl
3$D:WJ.JJXJY+ , *l3‰-
vPT74IF-
- T:I7c*VJ.J-
- e3eSI% ^^e+ 
, *l3-
h- J% ,4? *$1-

o- T:,%GJXJ-
x- k/c& 9p  92=-
z- & &7c*VJ.J>I75383DIZ"-
•- .678,%G4=% =-

s- J"tst&g,"& &+ I-
•- .678*+9?g-
t- a D%]4-
- .:IKD""*I"FI4-
- I)*GG+ 5F ,%5 I
, *l3")9=*GG =-
vhPTIFF"I*)7HI*)IH
F
voxPTg*?I*?7F> -
F$9_*F ?g*"h?8KD"_D:
9 P
Bảng 2.3. Phân nhóm các yêu cầu đối với dịch vụ viễn thông
TT Nhóm yêu cầu Tên các yêu cầu
 T: QoQ
 (5 678\! •Q•Qt
h (5 678*GG QhQxQzQsQQ
Q-a"#3
v^5)I?=I4)24
8GF=W74D^S5,278YV=> 
 +"I=4"+ ?W74D^*I"*Y-.I
@*I9[6308]"^%V!*8*74"D^
> ?8D"D^5rIcSe7FG"7-
I,GP
`K)I?=I78=48GF-
UI%*$*I*G"&7=:>6-
`b5eI1I"*+ =8"ID*I*
"GF7F> -
`KD"6)IZ"?e*G -
.IDS5,2D^5P
`.3D=Z""$:69]F1,,4)GF

eG-
`UI%I4Ge‹D*I*6*2GF-

`7!*D^D<V+3DFI-vF,Z
_4?:_2GF-b5I4Ge_
DF*:-
`J=4GeSI%I=4"‹D*I*6*
"I=‹D*I*6*h6*o U#B4Ge)G
F"*GKID*I*4GF"`D*I*6*-*G_
)D^1h1o
`b5IDF*:I=e"I=4"B4
Ge-
`U#Sg74D^#: *e [GFD*I*"[D*I*
GF:D:3?7BK-
'e,GP[D^> ?"D^5F+
I"678,%Gl3-
T-a"#30#]a"#3Yb%^
v^5>:7")3G89p,G9A"KD"=
>  )>:IF5"?g*74"F
5e"F5*G-J57")3G/*7FIF
55FD)6787")\!3 F@?
,K=I -
v^5>:?I,GP
`jF"*5*==> 5>:VD7"F57"
>IK8 "4>%-
`T/*:>6[1F5:*I*-
J%ZIF5Sp7@"123Sp7@<,K92
%":>IK-
`.?I,Ge2"467ID)\!"
 -

U5,2D^5>:"#ID9 P
`UI%ZrF678*:*5e-'rF678?
_DF*: 6"]CF[I> *:-
`UI%F5e7":_rF678
WF56*Y"D,lIF5e7FD^-
h`bID^D<7FF5_6**#
WF5*GYS> )F5e"D%/D<
ICFWIY=7F5e-*G7"!
=IF5_6*6*$WF56*hoyY-
h
Nguyên nhân cấp 1
Chỉ tiêu chất lượng
Nguyên nhân cấp 2
Nguyên nhân cấp 3
Hình 2.1. Biểu đồ nhân quả
o`f *I:SD^5>:?92 &
2*  7"?K )I+6IF
5:_rF678*5e-
x`j2 L"SI%IF5e:_76rF
678*5e-f ??FI4)!*9=
7B729IIF5?-
X43K5>:$D:8FD^K--
U-a"#3"61]$"#3#3^
v^K7"),4D^3:)>IKD<I9p,G
K:V@\!<3:+,N: + >IK-
v^K*g*P
`E3:>IK"-T/*&  Z>I
K> ?SI%39p :0"-
`.?I*I ^="+ 9 7GV-
h`v^K7"3G?I%$K"4I

5F>K-
j!*D^K#K29 P
`UI%92Dc/+ >IKF$9_> 9IF1
"D)>IK-
`UI%IDI5>IK-
h`7!*,2:D^K3:"D)>IK?-
o
(!
R I
.
vG>
(!
R I
bI
'!
'!
(&!
.6*!
R I
.
vG
vG
Hình 2.2. Biểu đồ tiến trình
(&p
o`U#Sg74,2:D^K&?7F> 
>IK?-
x`.:FD^>IK-
z`; 74D^K,2 F>IK2-
.?3:>IKDp*:> #D^KK-
V-a"#35"%

j"D^?)&5rI%DK+ >IK" 
&99F",&5D49IF"4
9I,+ >IK8SI%#=F-
v^9I7"3G*5DID),IF5
VD8!D 9IWDFD^9I7"
<"14Y HF=?>I
K-
v^9I692D)+ >IK9:S6VI*
9=)q& 6%-v^9I8,P
`X2III92%+ >IK-
`R9ISI%"r>IK-
`UI%92:+ )>IK-
x

×