nghiên cứu, đánh giá cảnh quan cho mục đích sử dụng hợp lý tài nguyên và bảo vệ môi trường tỉnh quảng ngãi bản tóm tắt tiếng anh

INTRODUCTION
1. The necessity of the subject
Landscape research and landscape assessment are scientific basis and important
research direction for using resources reasonably, layouting territorial space reasonably,
protecting environment which aim to the sustainable development. This research direction
has significant advantages, solving many problems that are existing in the use of resources
for socio-economic development of Quangngai province today.
Quang Ngai has great potential to develop a comprehensive economy. However, the
current status of economic development is not commensurate with the available potential.
Although exploitation of natural resources has planned, they have not been evaluated in
details and have not been focused on resources renewability, they have been left many
consequences: infertile soil, degradation, desertification, pollution, filled - estuaries
compensation, coastal erosion, ect. How to exploit, to use resources reasonably for
production? How to increase productivity and efficiency of economic sectors? And how to
assess the landscape units which are most appropriate to continue the expansion of the area
of rubber trees, the ability to expand its area? ect.
From reality above, the subject of "Landscape research and assessment for the
purpose of reasonable use of natural resources and environmental protection in Quang
Ngai" is aiming to contribute to solve the inadequaced problems in the exploitation and the
reasonable use of natural resources and environmental protection of Quangngai province
and a number of developmental orientations for rubber trees. All of them serving the longterm goal is sustainable development in Quang Ngai.
2. Objectives and tasks
2.1. Objectives: Researching and assessing Quangngai’s landscapes, clarifying natural
potentials and exploiting situations of natural resources of Quangngai are aiming to
establish the scientific basis for exploiting and using resources reasonably, protecting
environment towards the sustainable development.
2.2. Tasks
Task 1: Reviewing of the documents which are relating to the research, assessing
landscapes which are serving for the reasonable use of resources, environmental protection
and other documents relating to the research territory to form the theorial base for the subject.

1


Task 2: Analyzing factors established landscape, forming the Quangngai’s landscape
map at scale of 1: 100,000 , Binhson’s landscape map at scale of; 1: 50,000; Analyzing
structure of landscapes in order to clarify the natural classification rules in research
territories.
Task 3: Assessing landscapes and classification appropriate level of each landscape
kind for economic development of the province; rubber trees (in Binh Son) and proposing
directions of reasonable use of resources , environmental protection in Quang Ngai.
3. Scope of research
3.1. Scope of territory: The research territory is limited in the Quangngai province,
focusing on landward, not at sea and not at the islands of the province.
3.2. Scope of science: The thesis focuses on researching Quangngai’s landscapes (map
at scale of 1: 100,000) and assessing Quangngai’s landscapes with the level of kind for the
development of three sectors: agriculture, forestry and tourism; assessing Binhson
landscapes with the level of form for development of rubber trees (map at scale of 1:
50,000). Thesis also focuses on the consideration of climate resources, land, water and
forest resources. The measures for reasonable use of landscape units and environmental
protection have been proposed on results of landscape assessment and the unreasonable of
exploitation, using situation of natural resources of the province.
4. Protected arguments
Argument 1: General geographic approach and landscape approach in reseaching
Quangngai’s territory will clarify the diversified differentiation, but it is under the natural
rules and it is expressed through the differentiating features: one landscape system, one
landscape sub-system, one landscape type, three landscape classes, seven landscape subclasses, sixteen landscape categories and one hundred and thirty nine landscape kinds as
well as the ability and practical applying value for the development of the province.
Argument 2: Landscape analysis and assessment of research territory are the scientific
and practical basis in order to determine the preferred spatial organizing orientations for
developing agriculture, forestry and tourism in Quangngai province (landscape map at scale

of 1:100.000) and spatial distribution, ability to expand the area of rubber tree in Binh Son
district (landscape map at scale of 1:50.000).
5. New findings of the PhD thesis

2


Forming landscape map at scale of 1:100.000 for Quangngai province and at scale of
1:50.000 for Binhson district.
Determining the favorable level and the order of priority of landscape kinds for
agriculture, forestry and tourism in Quangngai, as well as ability to expand the area and
spatial distribution of rubber trees in Binh Son.
Proposing some orientations for using resources reasonably and protecting
environment, developing manufacturing sectors towards sustainability in Quangngai.
6. Scientific and practical significance of the subject
6.1. Scientific significance: Research results will contribute to improve the
methodology and research methods, assessment of natural potentiality towards synthetic
natural geography for a specific territory.
6.2. Practical significance: Research results will contribute to orient reasonable use of
natural resources, to layout reasonable producting space by the landscape units; support
planning workers to build the strategy for the socio – economic sustainable development in
Quangngai.
7. The basis of the thesis document
The thesis is implemented with the volume of rich materials, including scientific
works, the subject at all levels, the programs, the projects in which contain contents on
landscape research and assessment in nationwide, in the South Central Coast and in Quang
Ngai; works, Doctoral candidate's articles during the studying time for four years, the
materials obtained from the field ...
8. Thesis structure
The thesis is presented in 148 pages, including 24 figures, 29 tables. In addition to the

introduction, conclusion, references and appendices, the thesis consists of three chapters:
Chapter 1: Theoretical background of landscape research and assessment for the
purpose of practical applications
Chapter 2: Landscape characteristics of Quanngai province
Chapter 3: Landscape assessment of Quangngai province and some using
orientations
Detailed contents are outlined in Figure 1 and Table 1.

3


CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF LANDSCAPE
RESEARCH AND ASSESSMENT FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS
1.1. Overview the related works
1.1.1. In the World: Landscape research was conducted very early, research
contents have become more and more diverse and intensive. Results of landscape
assessments have served many different purposes.
1.1.2. In Vietnam: Synthetic natural geographical research in Vietnam began soon,
but the landscape study developed later. Basically, Vietnam’s landscape study followed the
schools of Russia (former Soviet Union). The Vietnamese landscape researcher creatively
applied to the practical conditions of our country. Each stage of development, works had
different names. In spite of, landscape research on different territorial ranges, works have
directed to the goal of exploitation and reasonable use of resource, territorial space for
socio-economic development and environmental protection.
1.1.3. In Quang Ngai: Landscape researchs in the Central Coast including Quang
Ngai have implemented pretty much, but landscape researchs for only Quangngai province
have limited. The works about Quang Ngai have focused in three main directions: Research
the each component of nature; research the natural condition synthesis, natural resources,
environment and disaster prevention; research the socio-economic activities, producting

models and the influences of human activities on natural landscapes.
1.1.4. General comments: The selected research direction of the thesis is necessary
for Quangngai. Want to exploit and use natural resource reasonably is essential to assess
the Quangngai’s potentials and strengths - the synthetic research on landscape opinion.
1.2. Issues related to research contents
In addition to the main issues are the landscape concept, the landscape research, the
landscape assessment, the thesis also refers to natural conditions, natural resources,
reasonable use of natural resources and environmental protection in landscape research and
landscape assessment.
1.3. Methodology and research methods
1.3.1. Research opinions: During the process of thesis performence, Doctoral
candidate has based on the opinions: The synthetic - systematic opinion; the territorial
opinion; the historical opinion; sustainable development opinion. In particular, the synthetic
- systematic opinion is key.
4


Chapter 1
To sum up,
To analyze the system

- The landscape research, assessment situation
- The contents relating to the subject
- Methodology of landscape research, assessment applied for research territory

Contents
Methods
Results

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

To conduct the fieldwords
To sum up,
To map, to analyze the space in GIS
To analyze the system

- To get experts’ opinions
- To assess landscapes

- To
To map, to analyze the space in GISsynthesize and to analyze the system
- To conduct the fieldworks

ristics of the factors that forming Quangngai’s landscapes of theDecentralizating favorable landscape
Map
- To propose reasonable use of resources and priority space to trees in Binhso
- The landscape assessment maps the economic forestry, tourism development in Quangngai; rubberdevelop produ
Landscape diversity of-Quangngai components forming the levels of each kind of landscape forfor agriculture,development of Quangngai Province;
- Quangngai’s landscape- map
-To propose environmental protection
Decentralizating favorable orientation maps for economic development. in Binhson.
- The spatial levels of each form of landscape for rubber trees
- Binhnon’s landscapes map
- To proposal development,
- The spatial orientation maps for the rubber tree development. expansion of rubber trees in Binhson.

Figure 1: Diagram of the structures, detailed contents, methods of implementation and results of the thesis
5

Table 1.Research contents and results of each chapter of the thesis
Chaper

The problems
(to research)

1

- Quangngai has not
synthetic
research,
assessment for each
landscape unit
- Quangngai has not
overall
developing
orientations on each
landscape unit.

2

3

Research
the
individual
components.
Research

the
synthesis in small
territorial units

- Advantages of
natural
conditions
and natural resources
have not been fully
released.
Socio-economic
activities have left
negative impacts on
environment.

Targets

Questions need to be
solved (hypothesis)

To understand the landscape
research and assessment
theories and apply to study
in Quangngai.

How to apply landscape
research and assessment
to research in Quangngai
in order to come up with
the

synthetic
using
orientations
by
Quangngai’s
landscape
units?

- To find the rules of natural
differentiation that covering
researched territorial nature.
- To understand the role of
each factor that creating
landscapes and differential
characteristics of Quangngai
with landscape map at scale
of 1:100.000) and landscape
map at scale of 1:50.000 in
Binhson.
- To identify natural
potentials for developing
economic sectors.
- Landscape changing rules
and
oriented
recommendations to use
resources reasonably and
protect
environment
at

production territories.

- Which do territorial
natural
landscapes
differentiate
by
geographical rules?
- Which do factors form
and effect the landscape
differentiation
of
Quangngai?
- How are Quangngai’s
landscape characteristics
showed?

- How to maximize the
advantages of the natural
conditions
for
socioeconomic development in
Quangngai?
How much rubber tree
area are expand and where
distribution
is
more
appropriate?

Documents
and research methods
- The references of
landscape research and
assessment theories in
the world and Vietnam.
- Synthesizing and
analyzing system.

- Databases (digital
maps), paper maps.
Synthesizing,
analyzing
system,
fielding, mapping, GIS.

- Plannings, plans,
targets for local socioeconomic development
Synthesizing,
analyzing the system,
assessing
the
landscapes;
GIS;
getting
experts’
opinion;
conducting
field surveys.

6

Results and discussions

Conclusions

- The development periods and trends,
landscape research anh assessment
situation in the world and Vietnam.
- Landscape research and assessment
methods were determined to apply to
the research territory.

Landscape
research
and
assessment
have
solved the problems
in Quangngai, which
is
the
essential
research direction for
Quang Ngai.

- Each element has a certain role for
the
generation of
Quangngai’s

landscapes.
- Synthesis effects of the factors
(nature, mining territory of the people)
to create landscape differentiation.
- Quangngai’s landscapes belong to 1
landscape system, 3 landscape layers, 7
landscape sub-layers, 16 landscape
categories and 139 landscape kinds.
Binhson has 48 landscape kinds and
107 landscape forms.

Quangngai’s
landscapes
have
diverse and complex
distribution but they
still
shows
the
general rule and
dominant forms of
exploitation and use
of nature

- Landscape assessing maps for
developing economic sectors of
Quangngai province and landscape
assessment maps for developing rubber
tree in Binhson.
- Quangngai has strengths for

developing agriculture, potentials for
developing forestry, advantages for
developing marine tourism and large
abilities for developing and expanding
the rubber tree.

Orientations
given
are in accordance
with the practical
situation
in
Quangngai.


1.3.2. Research methods: Doctoral Candidate uses traditional and modern
research methods of Geography, both method qualitative and semi-quantitative:
synthetic and system analysis method; fieldwork; map method, spatial analysis using
GIS tools; expert method and rural rapid assessment method; landscape assessment
method.
1.3.3. Steps of performance of thesis research: The process of performance of
the thesis is shown in Figure 2. It consists of three main stages: 1 - Preparation (to
define objectives, tasks and research methods; to process documents, data). 2 – The
performance of landscape research and assessment (to analyse factors formed
landscapes, to construct classification criteria system, to form landscape maps;
landscape assessment for developing the production and rubber tree). 3 - Proposed
orientations (to use resources and manufacturing space reasonably in the landscape
units CQ, to protect environment and to expand the area of rubber trees in Binh Son
district).
1.4. Landscape research methodology: The process of landscape research

needs to be defined the purpose, the object, the applied principles; to be built the
classification systems, to be formed the landscape maps and the research contents for
the selected territories.
1.4.1. Purposes and objects of landscape research
- The landscape research’s purposes: To clarify the diversity in structure,
function of landscapes; to find the landscape differentiating rules and some resources
by landscape units.
- The landscape research’s objects: are landscape units. Research objects with
landscape map at scale of 1:100,000 are landscape kinds, with landscape map at scale
of 1:50,000 are landscape forms.
1.4.2. Landscape classification system and the landscape map
The landscape classification system applied to the research territory consists of
eight levels. The order of levels and diagnostic criteria of each level are shown in Table
2. With the map at scale of 1: 100,000, thesis selected the basis unit is landscape kinds,
with the map at scale of 1: 50,000 is landscape forms.

7


3. Research results

2. Landscape research and landscape assessment

1. The preparation
Objectives,
tasks and
research
objects
Methodology
and research methods

Database

Figure 2: Schematic of implemented-steps process of the thesis (system approach process)
8


Table 2: Landscape classification system applied to Quangngai province
N
o

1
2

Classificatio
n levels
Landscape
system
Landscape
subsystem

Criteria
Radiated background, solar radiation energy decide temperature - humidity mode
depending on tropical, combined with continent-sized circulation system.
The interaction between terrain and the monsoon circulation, the redistribution of
temperature - humidity mode of the territory.

3

Landscape

type

4

Landscape
class

Huge terrain morphology arising characteristics, showing the rule of non-tropical
differentiation of nature.

5

Landscape
subclass

Divided within the class-level range, based on the terrain morphology characteristics,
expressed by high-belt differentiation.

6

Landscape
category

7

Landscape
kind

Characterized by correlative relationships between present plant communities and a
kind of soil.

8

Landscapes
form

Characterized by correlative relationships between present plant communities and a
combination of soil.

Vegetation types followed the arisen origin.

The types of terrain that arising with modern dynamic characteristics

The mapping process of landscape in the researched territory has been conducted
as shown in Figure 3
Terrain

Soil

Vegetation status
Climate data Hydrological data
khí hậu

Slope

Height
Terrain types

Water resources
Soil kinds climate classification

Plant overlays

Mechanical components
Soil thickness

Landscape map at scale of 1:100.000

Landscape map at scale of
1: 50.000

Figure 3: Diagram of the mapping process of the researched territory landscapes
1.4.3. The landscape research contents: The landscape research is landscape
formation and landscape analysis (analyzing the landscape structures, functions and
dynamics).
Applying the landscape research theory, the thesis demonstrated the diverse
differentiation of Quangngai’s landscapes. The differentiation follows the elevation
terrain, seasonal rhythm are covered characteristics of the natural of the whole province.
1.5. Landscape assessment methodology

9


1.5.1. Subjects of landscape assessment: are landscape units at different levels,
depended upon the purpose of assessment. Landscape assessment for the development of
manufacturing sectors in the whole province (landscape map at scale of 1: 100,000), the
objects are the landscape kinds. Landscape assessment for rubber trees in Binh Son
(landscape map at scale of 1: 50,000), objects are landscape forms.
1.5.2. Purposes, tasks, principles of the landscape assessment
Purposes: Determine the favorable level of each landscape kind in the whole

province for developing agriculture, forestry, tourism and determine the favorable level of
each landscape form in Binhson for developing and expanding the area of rubber trees.
Tasks: Assess the whole province’s landscapes and identify the most suitable
manufacturing sector to each landscape kind. In case, landscape assessment for rubber
trees: need to find the distribution that is most suitable for it in Binhson in order to bring
most effective.
Principles: The thesis applied the principle of synthesis, objectivity, relative
adaptation.
1.5.3. Nội dung và các bước tiến hành đánh giá cảnh quan
* Contents of the landscape assessment. According to Pham Hoang Hai, contents
of the landscape assessment are summarized in Figure 4:
Ecological characteristics of the works, industrial - technical characteristics of the manufacturing sectors
Characteristics of the natural synthesis units

Synthetic assessment
To determine the appropriate level of overall natural components the for specific practical objectives

To propose recommendations to the use of reasonable resources and environmental protection

Figure 4: Diagram of Essential content of synthesis assessment process
* The steps of the landscape assessment: Selecting, building the assessing criteria
system; building the scale and weighting grade for the criteria; Selecting the assessing
methods.
To score an assessment for the landscapes, the thesis used the average formula.
n
Xa = 1/n ∑ kiXi

In which:

(I)

i =1

10


Xa:

The general assessment score of the landscapes

ki:

The weight of the i – i th element

Xi:

The assessing score of the i - element

i:

The assessing elements, i = 1,2,3…n

Before assessing, the thesis had indentified the landscapes that contained the
limited elements for each economic sector (classified in group of the inappropriate
landscapes). Assessing the remaining landscapes and dividing them by 3 levels. The gap
of the points between the appropriate levels calculated by the following formula:
D − Dmin
∆D = max
M
(II),

In which:
Dmax: The highest general assessing score
Dmin: The lowest general assessing score
M: The level of assessment (M = 3)
The assessment of landscape forms for the development of rubber trees in
Binhson, the thesis is performed the following steps (Figure 5).
Subject, object for assessment
Object for assessment: landscape forms

Subject for assessment : rubber tree

Characteristics of the landscape forms

Ecological needs of rubber tree

Selected criteria for assessment
Standard table for separate assessment separateness of each landscape form
To assess
To assess synthesis of criteria by average method
Appropriate level decentralization of landscape forms
To check the results of the appropriate level decentralization of the landscape with rubber and to compare with the actuality

Figure 5: Contents and assessing process of appropriate levels of landscape forms for
rubber trees in Binhson District, Quangngai Province.
SHORT CONCLUSION OF THE CHAPTER 1
By studying the establishing history, the developing directions of the landscape
Science, the schools of landscape research in the world and these contributions of the
landscape Science in the current period, the thesis clarified: in the world, landscape
research was conducted very early, developed strongly after the Second World war. The
11

landscape research transferred the structural morphological research from functional
research, landscape dynamics. The landscape science has been applied in many fields. In
Vietnam, the landscape research has had significant progresses, has contributed greatly
to the socio-economic development, the reasonable use of resources, environmental
protection, territorial planning ... Our country’s landscape research has more and more
people to take part in, be applied to many fields, from major national programs to studies
in small territories. Landscape research have been conducted in nationwide.
Results of theoretical overview of landscape research and assessment are
scientific basis for Doctoral candidate that applied the theory to research in Quangngai:
building the classification system of landscapes, the conducted steps of landscape
research and identifying the scoring methods in the assessment of landscape kinds for
the development of agriculture, forestry and tourism; assessing landscape forms to find
out the most appropriate territorial units for development and expansion the area of
rubber trees; proposing some orientations to use some resources reasonably by landscape
units and environmental protection for Quangngai province.
Chapter 2. THE LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANGNGAI
PROVINCE
Quangngai’s area is: 5152.67 km² (1.7% of Vietnam’s area), including 14
administrative units. Quangngai is located in where the transition from the east of the
Truongson Mountains to the Bien Dong Sea. Quangngai’s landscapes have complex
differentiation, as a result of effects of the components that created landscapes.
2.1. Characteristics and roles of Quangngai’s landscape forming elements
2.1.1. Geographic location: Quangngai belongs to the South Central Coast,
which extends from 14º34’20”N to 15º25’00”N, from 108º06’00”E to109º04’35”E. Its
east side is adjacent to the Bien Dong Sea, with 130 km - long coastline and 6 major
estuaries. Quangngai’s geographic location decides the Nature in here is monsoonal
humid tropical nature.
2.1.2. Natural factors

2.1.2.1. Geology: The Quangngai’s geological structure is quite complex, various
rock composition (metamorphic formations, intrusive rocks, extrusive rocks, sediments),
strong intrusion of magma (in Binhson), many large faults… they had positive impact to
to the terrain, divided, the terrain, divided landscape classes and landscape sub-classes.
The complexity of the rock components formed many geomorphic units – soils, it
contributed to form many landscape units for Quangngai. The quite stable geological
activity therefore natural landscapes are less changed.
12


2.1.2.2. Topography and geomorphology: Quang Ngai’s terrain is lower from
West to East. Hills are accounting for three quarters of the territory. The group of
mountainous terrain (>300 meters, in the west) including medium mountains, low
mountains, valleys, low lands between mountains; hils (30 meters - 300 meters) consist
of low hills and high hills); deltas (<30 meters, near the sea) and the group of coastal
terrain. The low mountainous region with large area , therefore Quangngai’s landscapes
are tropical landscapes. Due to elevation and large slope (Sontay and Trabong
mountains), the processes of mountainside dominated, transported materials to plain
landscape classes. Quangngai’s deltas are quite low, the coastal are blocked by strip of
sand dunes, rainy season are often flooded, affect the natural landscape and economic social.
2.1.2.3. Climates: Quangngai has a typical monsoon tropical climate (no winter),
more rain in the fall - winter (September to December). The annual average temperature is
quite high (> 25ºC), little changed. P ~ 2000mm/year, increases from south to north, from
plains to mountains. The rainy season with 5 - 6 months, accounting for over 80% of the
annual rainfall, May and June have “Tieuman” rainning. Quangngai’s climates are divided
into 6 types. In Quangngai, heat - moisture mode decided to form a vegetation by arising
origin, The whole Quang ngai province is a landscape type. Seasonal rhythm of climates
promoted changes of landscapes through natural processes such as landslides, floods,
bank erosion, saltwater intrusion ...
2.1.2.4. Hydrology: Quangngai has 4 main basins: Trabong, Trakhuc, Ve River,

Tracau (Table 3). Hydrological mode has two seasons. The flood season lasts 3 months
(October, November, December), has 5- 6 floods / year, accounts for 70% of the annual
flow.
Unlike Central coastal provinces, Trakhuc River and Ve River in Quangngai have
the same estuary, due to the outer dunes made the estuary narrowed, filled and always
moved, it is difficult for draining floods in the rainy season. These rivers originate from
the western mountains flow to the east, transporting materials from mountain landscape
classes into plain landscape classes. In dry season, reduced flows, saltwater intrusion into
the delta
Table 3. Hydrological characteristics of some major rivers in Quangngai
Rivers
Trabong
Trakhuc
Ve River
Tracau

River length
(kilometers)
45
135
91
32

Basin length
(kilometers)
56
123
70,0
19,0

Basin width
(kilometers)
12,4
26,3
18,0
14,0

13

Basin area (square
kilometers)
697
3240
1.260
442


Quangngai’s diurnal tide is irregular. The salinity is about 32‰, it changes
seasonally. Big waves, especially storms, high waves from 1.5 to 2.0 meters, cause the
landslides in the coast, estuaries seriously.
2.1.2.5. Soils: Quangngai has 9 soil groups, 17 soil kinds. The major soil groups:
sandy soil groups (C), Alluvial soil groups (P), saline soil groups (M), convergent sloping
soil groups (D), eroded soil groups that bare stones (E), barren soil groups (feralit soil- F),
barren soil groups on the mountains (H), gray soil groups (X) and black soil groups (R).
The distribution of the soil kinds, contributed to the various landscapes of Quang Ngai.
At the same time, it dominated the mode of exploitation, the use of soil resources in The
province.
2.1.2.6. Creatures: “Quangngai has ever existed an evergreen tropical monsoon
raining forest vegetation, accounts for about three quarters natural area”. Natural
vegetation consists of: less affected natural forests; secondary forests; mangrove forests;

shrub grasslands; Vegetation impacted by humans including planted forests; crops.
Vegetation cover to protect the soil, to limit soil erosion, landslides on steep terrain.
Status of native vegetation has identified Quangngai that belongs to a landscape type of
monsoon raining tropical evergreen closed forest.
2.1.2.7. The natural processes and natural disasters. Quangngai is often strongly
influenced by natural disasters (storms, heavy rains, landslides, river erosions, floods,
droughts …). The great floods caused the serious losses about people and possessions,
environmental pollution after floods and natural landscape changes... In contrast, in the
dry season, desertification phenomenon increases. Salt water intrusion into estuaries,
coastal plains. The losses of environment have not been rated yet. The natural disaster
are proofs of the tight relationship between the components of formings landscapes in
Quangngai. The elements forming landscapes dominated each other, decided the
characteristics, structures, functions and the landscape changing dynamics according to the
laws of nature, without the impact of human.
2.1.3. The economic - social factors and the level of human impacts
2.1.3.1. Populations, labors and farming practices: Quangngai has large
population: 1.219.286 peoples (2010), accounting for 1.41% of the national population.
The average density: 237 people / km ² (2010), focusing mainly in the plain, making
great pressure on employment (40,000 agricultural workers unemployed in 2010).
Meanwhile, mountainous regions lack labors severely. In Quangngai, the majority of
ethnic people is Kinh people (87,44%), Hre people: 8,97%, Cor people: 2,23%, Cadong
people: 1,31%; Other ethnic peoples only account for 0.05% of the total population.
Each ethnic group lives on a terrain, their farming practices depend on natural
14


conditions. Human activities strongly dominated the landscapes, especially the human
landscapes.
2.1.3.2. Current status of economic - social development and resources
exploitation activities

Quangngai’s economic growth in recent years has been always high, reached
10.3% (the period from 2005 to 2010). The economic structure has shifted strongly
(Table 4). The pace of urbanization was slow (urban population accounted for 17.1% in
2010). When the urbans, economic zones have extended, the land using structure
changed. The area of agricultural land accounts for a small percentage but it converted to
exclusively using land. Environmental pressures increased. The constructions
(reservoirs, hydroelectric dams …) divided terrain, followed by a series of changes in
downstream after hydroelectric dams...
Table 4: Structure of the economic sectors in Quangngai through a number of
years
Year
Agriculture
Industry
Construction
Services
Total (%)

2000
40,2
- 23,0

200
5
34,8
29,9

200
7
29,9
36,0

200
8
29,3
38,1

200
9
25,1
43,0

201
0
18,6
59,3

36,8
100

35,3
100

34,1
100

32,6
100

31,9
100

22,1
100

2.2. Quangngai’s landscape characteristics
2.2.1. Analysis of horizontal structure of Quangngai’s landscapes
With a particular central coastal provinces, Quangngai’s nature both are affected
by the ocean - continent and affected by human activities. The natural landscape of
Quang Ngai has complex differentiation. The whole province belongs to the monsoonal
humid tropical landscape system, the monsoonal humid tropical landscape sub-system
without winter and a landscape type of monsoon raining tropical evergreen closed forest,
consists of 3 landscape classes, 7 landscape sub-classes, 16 landscape categories and 139
landscape kinds (Figure 6).
a. Landscape types: Located in the typical monsoonal tropical climate,
Quangngai’s creatures strongly developed. In medium mountain in the north of Trabong,
in the west of Sonha and Sontay, less trees that represent for the hot, humid system,
appeared many species of Fagaceae (De species), Lauraceae (Longnao), mitral pine
(Pinus merkusiana)… grew relatively pure, stongly developed, with evergreen status.
Characteristics of bioclimates decided Quangngai’s landscape type was monsoon raining
tropical evergreen closed forest.
15


b. Landscape classes: Quangngai has 3 landcape classes:
The monsoonal humid tropical landscape system
The monsoonal humid tropical landscape sub-system without winter
Monsoon raining tropical evergreen closed forest landscape type

Mountain landscape classes

Hill landscape classes

Delta landscape classes

Low
High hill sub-classes hill sub-classes High delta sub-classes delta sub-classes
Low
Valleys and the
Low mountain
Medium mountain sub-classes sub-classes valleys between mountains

3C

5C

1C

1C

2C

2C

2C

26 K

49 K

15 K

15 K

15 K

14 K

5K

Figure 6: Diagram of landscape classification system applied to the territorial
research
Mountain landscape classes: distributed in the west, with the height above 300m,
focusing the province's highest peaks of mountain. The strong dissected level, to
dominante is integrated denudated mountain blocks and ranges, tectonic denudated
mountain ranges. The processes of mountainside dominated: landslides, collapse,
moving, denudation - synthetic wash. The humid tropical climate, the medium mountain
areas have short cold period from 1 to 2 months, due to be affected by the height. This is
the upper part of the Trabong River, Trakhuc River, Ve River and Tracau River. The
further the East is, the wider valley expands, the ability of cavitation weakens, but the
process of erosion, runoff are still going strongly. Every change in here will affect the
lower areas. Mountain landscape classes are inhabited by the ethnic minorities Cadong
(Sontay), Cor (Trabong, Taytra), Hre (Bato, Sontay, Trabong, Taytra, Sonha)… Each
ethnic group has their cultivation methods and different using of slopes. Hill landscape
classes: with the height from 100 to 300m, the slope less than 20 º, is the transition from
the mountain landscape classes to the delta landscape classes. The climate of hill
landscape classes is similar to the climate of delta landscape classes. Feralit process is
typical, forming typical zonal soils. This is the landscape class which is exploited most
strongly. The vegetation of the human’s activities has developed. Main activity is
agriculture production. Delta landscape classes: with the height less than 300m, is a
narrow band in the eastern province. This landscape class has high annual average

16


temperature (> 25ºC). The fall - winter mode is clear (2000 - 2500mm/year). The further
south, the rainfall decreases, the length of dry season increases (Sahuynh: 1773,6mm, 3
dry months). Although it is difficult for cultivation but it is favorable for salt production.
The plains with fertile alluvial soil but large floods often occur in here. Periodic floods
created rhythms for delta landscape classes. Along with flood recovery, should limit
erosion, salinity and constant movement of sand dunes.
c. Landscape sub-clasess:
Quangngai has 7 landscape sub-classes. The differentiation of the sub-classes
within each class are shown in the table below.
Table 5: Differentiation of the height and the area between the landscape subclasses
Landscape classes

Medium mountain
Low mountain
Valleys and the
between mountains
landscape High hills
Low hills
landscape High deltas
Low deltas

Mountain
landscape classes
Hill
classes
Delta
classes

Landscape sub-classes

valleys

The absolute height
The area (km2) The area ratio%
(m)
> 900
91.200,75
17,70
300 – 900
235.424,85
45,68
< 75

28.352,43

5,50

100 – 300
30 –100
10 – 30
< 10

26.162,47
27.500,72
55.990,98
9.589,96

5,07
5,33
10,86
1,86

d. Landscape categories and landscape kinds:
Whole Quangngai province is divided into different 16 landscape-categories and
139 landscape-kinds. Belong to the mountain landscape class is 9 landscape-categories
and 90 landscape-kinds. The hill landscape class has 9 landscape-categories and 30
landscape-kinds. The plain landscape class has 4 landscape-categories and 19 landscapekinds. Of the 139 landscape-kinds, the N o11 landscape-kind accounted for the largest
area (26977.2 ha), the No39 landscape-kind has the most number of repetitions (39
plots). The feralit land (Fa) - landscape groups have the most complex differentiation.
In summary: Quangngai Province has 1 landscape type, 3 landscape classes, 7
landscape sub-classes, 16 landscape-categories and 139 landscape-kinds with 798
different plots. Quangngai’s landscapes had the varied and complex differentiation but
they still expressed the general rule: divided the west - east direction (mountainlandscape classes in the west, hill- landscape classes in the middle Province, deltalandscape classes in the coastal areas in the east ). The seasonal differentiation is the rule
which covering Quangngai’s natural besides the altitude-bell rule. The whole province
has the abundant heat – moisture background, a small section in the southeast (belong to
Ducpho) with short - dry periods but very stiff.
2.2.2. Functional analysis of natural landscape
17


According to landscape function concept is the benefits which human obtained
from the properties and processes of landscapes, the units of Quangngai’s landscapes
have been identified two functional groups: the natural functional groups: Flow
regulation, climate regulation (landscapes N0 1, 3, 6, 10…); protection and
environmental protection (watershed protection: landscapes N0 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11;
protection of coastal protection (landscapes N0 121, 122, 124, 125); the functional groups
of economic – society (forestry development and production agriculture – forestry

combination: landscapes N0 27, 29, 34, 36, 42, 62…; hilly agricultural development:
landscapes N016, 22, 32, 39, 81, 89…; agricultural productions and settlements:
landscapes N0 129, 132, 135…; production and development of industry and services:
landscapes N0 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 116, 119, , 115, 126…; salt production:
landscapes N0 123)…
2.2.3. Analysis of landscape dynamics
Located in the typical monsoon tropical climate, Quang Ngai received the volume
of abundant heat – moisture, the energy source of the natural process. The activities of
the monsoon to create seasonal rhythm for Quangngai’s landscapes. In addition to
seasonal rhythms, that are day and night rhythms. The impact of tidal and wave to form
temporary wetland landscapes during the day in the estuaries – coastal. The natural
dynamics to promote landscapes to develop in the law of nature without human impact.
Activities such as forest restoration, afforestation to increase biomass for landscape, to
limit the amount of soil being washed away in the Sontay Mountain, Trabong Mountain;
preventing blown sand, moving strip of coastal sand dunes, creating a balance for
landscapes, they are typical such as landscapes N 0 8, 12, 19, 121, 124… The
overexploitation, no pay attention on protecting the landscapes with high sensitivity to
make them deteriorated sharply (landscapes N0 60, 113 – grasslands, shrubs on eroded
lands made bare stones, gray soils). The natural elements and the territorial exploitations
of human are motivations to promote the development of the landscape, to create the
rhythms and trends for Quangngai’s landscapes.
2.3. Landscape features of Binhson district in Quangngai province
Binh Son district is adjacent to the sea, located in northeastern of Quangngai
province. The west of Binhson is the continuation of Trabong Mountain. Although
Binhson is the plain district but its landscapes are quite diverse. From the general
landscape map of the province, the thesis identified in Binhson to have 48 landscape
kinds. To continue dividing landscape kinds into landscape forms (the senior unit levels
are consistent with provincial landscape maps). Binhson has 3 landscape classes, 7
landscape subclasses, 9 landscape categories and 48 landscape kinds (compared with 139
18

landscape kinds of whole province) and 107 different landscape forms - could be seen as
the epitome of Quangngai province.
+ The mountain landscape classes occupied a small area in the western part of the
district. They have 3 sub-classes, 9 landscape kinds and 15 landscape forms.
+ The hill landscape classes had diverse and complicated classification. They
have 2 sub-classes, 3 landscape categories, 27 landscape kinds and 65 landscape forms.
+ The delta landscape classes formed on fairly flat terrain, small slope, which are
mined in annual crops. Differentiation of landscape classes are not too complicated as
the hills. They have 2 sub-classes, 3 landscape categories, 17 landscape forms.
SHORT CONCLUSION OF THE CHAPTER 2
1. Each element of landscaping in Quangngai has a certain role. The natural
factors determining the landscape formation by natural law, but the speed of change of
this landscape and human landscape formation need to mention the role of the human
activity.
2. Quangngai’s landscapes have diverse and complex differentiation, bearing the
stamp of human. Characteristics and distribution laws of the province's landscapes are
expressed through landscape maps. Quangngai belongs to monsoon humid tropical
landscape system, monsoon humid tropical landscape sub-system without winter,
covering the whole province is a landscape type of monsoon raining tropical evergreen
closed forest, including 3 landscape classes, 7 landscape sub-classes, 16 landscapecategories and 139 landscape-kinds. Binhson has 48 kinds and 107 landscape forms.
3. The diversity and complexity of the structure decided the function, changing
dynamics of landscapes. Functions of Quangngai’s landscapes include two main groups:
the natural functions and economic development functions. Abundant humid heat source,
the mechanism of the monsoon and the human activities are motivations to promote the
development of landscapes and to decide changing trend of Quangngai’s landscapes.
CHAPTER 3: LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT OF QUANGNGAI
PROVINCE AND SOME USING ORIENTATIONS
3.1. Landscape assessment in Quangngai province for development of

economic sectors
3.1.1. Landscape assessment for agricultural development
3.1.1.1. Indicator systems, scales and weighted grades
Agriculture production is directly affected by nature. For the purpose of
determining the extent of advantages of each landscape for tropical agricultural
19


development, reasonable layout of production activities in units of landscapes, we built
indicator system, weighted grades and scale of assessment for the agricultural sector.
Own evaluation results are shown in the following table:
Table 6: The separate assessment of indicators of landscape kinds for
agricultural production
No

Kinds of indicator

High advantage (A1)
≤ 3º
Pbc, Pc, Py, D, Rk, Fu
≥ 100cm

The levels of advantage
Advantage (A2)
3º - ≤ 8º
Fa, Fs, Xa, Pg
50 – 100cm

1 Slope
2 Kinds of soil

3 Soil thickness layer
Mechanical
4
average
heavy
components
Annual
average
5
2000 – 3000
1500 – 2000; ≥ 3000
rainfall
6 Cold months
0
1-2
7 Dry months
≤2
3-4
The status of using Agricultural production
Grasslands, shrubs on
8 and
(perennial crops, annual
land of Fa, Xa, Py, Pc
Vegetation
crops)

Less advantage (A3)
8º - 15º
Xg, Ba, C, M,
≤ 50cm

Light, rough
≤ 1500
≥3
≥5
Grasslands, shrubs
on land of C, Cc, M

3.1.1.2. Assessment and classification of favorable levels of landscapes for
agricultural development
Thesis identified 46 landscape kinds which were not favorable for agricultural
production (classified in the unfavorable level) and evaluation for 93 landscape kinds.
Applying the formula (I), (II) in Chapter 1 (page 9), the result of assessment and
classification of favorable levels of landscapes as follows:
Table 7: Classification of favorable levels of landscapes for agricultural
development
Levels

High advantage (A1)

56, 74, 75, 79, 80, 81,
Landscape 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,
kinds
88, 89, 90, 105, 116,
117, 118, 132, 135, 138

Average advantage (A2)
21, 31, 33, 38, 40, 44, 46, 48, 49,
50, 51,52, 54, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70,
73, 78, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104,
111, 112, 119, 120, 134, 136,

139.

Less advantage (A3)
5, 15, 17, 22, 30, 32, 39, 45, 59, 63,
76, 77, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,
99, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113,
114, 115, 121, 122, 126, 127, 128,
129, 130, 131, 133, 137

Due to hills which occupied three quarters of the natural area. The landscape area
is not favorable for the agriculture development in Quangngai accounting large ratio
56,9% (270.041,9 ha). The very favorable level for agriculture with area of 49415.78
hectares (10.5%); the average favorable level with area of 56482.53 hectares (11.9%).
The less favorable level with large area of 98.282 hectares (about 20,7%). Although the
area of favorable landscape kinds and very favorable landscape kinds for agriculture are
not large, Quangngai’s agriculture has many advantages for developing.
3.1.2. Landscape assessment for forestry development
3.1.2.1. Indicator systems, scales and weighted grades
20


Similar to assessment for agriculture, after selecting criteria and determining
weights, the thesis assessed criteria for forestry development, the results are shown in the
table below.
Table 8: The separate assessment of indicators of landscape kinds for forestry
production
The levels of advantage
Kinds of
indicator

No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

High advantage (F1)

Advantage (F2)

Evergreen closed forest,
Forest type - the
secondary closed forest,
use currentness
coastal forest
Medium mountain, low
Terrain forms
mountain, coastal high
plain
Slope
15º - 25º
Kinds of soil
H, Fa, Fu, Fs, Rk
Soil
thickness
≥ 100cm

layer
Mechanical
heavy
components
Annual average
≥ 3000
rainfall
Dry months
0

Less advantage (F3)

Grasslands - secondary
Planted forest, bamboo
shrubs, cultivation, annual
forest, perennial crops
crops
High hills, valleys and
Stretching low hills
valleys
between
mountains
25º - 35º
≤ 15º, ≥ 35º
Xa, C, Cc, D,M
Ba, Xg, E
50 – 100cm

≤ 50cm

average

Light, rough

2000 - 3000

≤ 2000

1- 2

3- 4

3.1.2.2. The result of integrated assessment and classification of favorable level
of landscapes for forest development
After defining the landscapes which were not favorable for forestry development,
the thesis assessed the remaining landscapes. Due to forest production was not limited
by the slope, the number of landscapes assessing for forestry (122 landscape kinds) were
greater than agriculture. Assessment and classification Results of favorable level as
follows:
Table 9: Classification of favorable level of landscapes for forestry development
Levels

Landscap
e kinds

High advantage (F1)
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8,
14, 15, 18, 19, 20,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
36, 38, 41, 42, 44,

53, 55, 57, 58, 61,
68, 69, 70, 71,

10,
21,
31,
47,
62,

11,
23,
34,
48,
64,

Average advantage (F2)
12,
24,
35,
50,
67,

Less advantage (F3)

5, 9, 13, 16, 17, 22, 30, 32,
33, 37, 39, 40, 43, 45, 46, 49,
51, 52, 54, 56, 59, 60, 63, 65,
66, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 88, 89,
90, 91, 92, 94, 96, 100, 103,
104, 111, 116, 117, 119, 120,

77, 78, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99,
101, 102, 105, 106, 107,
108, 109, 110, 112, 113,
114, 115, 118, 121, 122,
124, 125, 126, 127, 128,
129, 130, 133, 137,

Assessing results demonstrated Quangngai to have the potential for forestry
development. Landscape area are most suitable for forest production accounted for
47.8% (226,460.4 ha), average favorable level at 26.03%, is less favorable at 15.05%.
Only small part of the landscape area on the alluvial soil in the plain which prioritized
for food production, with rates of 11.8% (52 474 ha).
3.1.3. Landscape assessment for tourism development

21


Quang Ngai is known for many tourist destinations, beautiful beaches (Sahuynh,
Mykhe, Khehai…), many famous scenic spots (Thienan - National monuments in 1990)
- the ancients called “Thienan niem ha”, Chausa Citadel, Truongluy Citadel, Coluy
Monument…). Western mountains have many beautiful landscapes, abundant moisture rain mechanism, diverse tropical flora, cool climate. Furthermore, the Ca Dong, Cor,
Hre still have retained the traditional cultures with many nuances, attracting visitors to
find out the culture, sightseeing, convalescence ... Quangngai’s natural conditions are
favorable for the development of many kinds of tourism.
3.1.3.1. Selecting criteria and evaluation of tourism resources in the landscape
structure
After analyzing each kind of natural tourism resources (climate, topography, water
resources, beautiful scenery ...) and human tourism resources (historical – cultural
monuments, great economic works, festivals, traditional craft villages ...) in the landscape

structure, the thesis focused on assessing the role of natural elements for tourism, in order
to determine the favorable level of each landscape for tourism activities here. The results
of the separate assessment of criteria are as follows (Table 10).
Table 10: The separate assessment of indicators of landscape kinds for tourism
development
No Kinds of indicator
The
annual
average
1
temperature
2 Sunny hours
3 Annual average rainfall
4 The length of rainy season
5 Rainy days
The influence of hot, dry
6 westerly wind

7 Terrain types

8 Terrain forms
9 Slope
10 Biological resources

High advantage (T1)

The levels of advantage
Advantage (T2)

Less advantage (T3)

≤ 20ºC

20- 25ºC

≥ 25ºC

2200 – 2600
≤ 2000
≤ 4 months
Less

1800 – 2200
2000 – 3000
5 – 7 months
average

≤ 1800
≥ 3000
≥ 8 months
Much

No influence

Little influence

Strong influence

Basalt dome on surface of
wavy hills and hills in the

transition zone
Waterfalls,
beautiful
Beaches, golden sandy
springs, rocks, mountain
beach, sand dunes, low
peaks, hill peaks with
and flat hills
beautiful sceneries
≤ 8º
8 – 15º
Evergreen closed forest
Plantation
forests,
less affected, secondary
perennial plants.
closed forest
The plain terrain types

Types of Mountainous
terrain, mountains, block
of mountains
Slots, river valleys and
basins
between
mountains,
low-lying
plains, lagoons
≥ 15º
Bamboo forests, annual

trees
and
shrub
grasslands

3.1.3.2. The result of assessment and classification of favorable levels of
landscapes for tourism development by landscape units
Tourism resources are not distributed according to ways (in lines, points). From
the results of separate assessment of resources above, the thesis identified the favorable
22


levels of landscapes for tourism activities. Each unit of landscape has different favorable
flevels or tourism development. In general, landscape kinds belong to coastal and delta
landscapes classes are most favorable. Evaluation results are categorized as follows:
Table 11: Classification of favorable levels of landscapes for tourism
development
Levels
Point range.

Landscape
kinds

Advantage ( (T1)
3,2 – 3,8
106, 108, 111, 114,
116, 117, 119, 121,
122, 123, 124, 125,
125, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 132, 133,

134, 135, 136, 137,
138, 139.

Quite advantage(T2)
2,5 – 3,1
94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,
100, 101, 102, 103,
104, 105, 107, 109,
110, 112, 113, 115,
118, 120.

Less advantage (T3)
1,8 – 2,4
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,51, 51, 52, 53, 54,
55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,
68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93,

3.1.4. Synthetic results of assessing the each landscape unit for the
development of agriculture - forestry and tourism in Quang Ngai
From the assessment results above, the thesis divided the favorable level of
landscapes for each production (based on the points of landscape assessment) in details
in the following summary:
Table 12. Summary of the results of overall assessment of landscape kinds for
each production
Land
scap

e
kind
s
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

The results of
overall
assessment
F1
F1

F1
F1
F2
F1
F1
F1
F2
F1
F1
F1
F2
F1
F1
F2
F2
F1
F1
F1
F1

A0
A0
A0
A0
A3
A0
A0
A0
A0
A0

A0
A0
A0
A0
A3
A0
A3
A0
A0
A0
A2

T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3

T3
T3
T3

Lan
dsca
pe
kind
s
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

The results of
overall
assessment
F1
F2
F1
F2
F2
F1
F1
F2
F1
F2
F2
F1
F1
F2
F1
F2
F2
F1
F2
F1
F2

A0
A0
A2
A3

A2
A0
A0
A0
A2
A3
A2
A0
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2
A0
A2
A0
A1

T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3

T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3

Lan
dsca
pe
kind
s
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85

86
87
88
89
90
91

23

The results of
overall
assessment
F1
F1
F2
F2
F2
F2
F3
F3
F0
F0
F0
F0
F0
F0
F0
F0
F0
F2

F2
F2
F2

A0
A0
A2
A1
A1
A3
A3
A2
A1
A1
A1
A1
A1
A1
A1
A1
A1
A1
A1
A1
A3

D3
D3
D3
D3

D3
D3
D3
D3
D3
D3
D3
D3
D3
D3
D3
D3
D3
D3
D3
D3
D3

Land
scape
kinds
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114

115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126

The results of
overall
assessment
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F2
F3
F3
F3
F3
F2
F2
F3
F2

F2
F3
F3
F0
F3
F3
F3

A3
A3
A3
A3
A3
A2
A2
A3
A3
A3
A1
A1
A1
A2
A2
A3
A3
A0
A0
A0
A3

T1
T2
T1
T2
T2
T1
T2
T2
T1
T2
T1
T1
T2
T1
T2
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1


22
23
24
25
26
27
28

29
30
31
32
33
34
35

F2
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F2
F1
F2
F2
F1
F1

A3
A0
A0
A0
A0
A0
A0

A0
A3
A2
A3
A2
A0
A0

T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3

57
58
59
60
61
62
63

64
65
66
67
68
69
70

F1
F1
F2
F2
F1
F1
F2
F1
F2
F2
F1
F1
F1
F2

A0
A0
A3
A0
A0
A0
A3

A2
A2
A2
A0
A0
A2
A2

T3
3T
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3

92
93
94
95
96
97
98

99
100
101
102
103
104
105

F2
F3
F2
F3
F2
F3
F3
F3
F2
F3
F3
F2
F2
F3

A3
A3
A3
A3
A3
A3
A3

A3
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2
A1

D3
D3
D2
D2
D2
D2
D2
D2
D2
D2
D2
D2
D2
D2

127
128
129
130
131
132
133

134
135
136
137
138
139

F3
F3
F3
F3
F0
F0
F3
F0
F0
F0
F3
F0
F0

A3
A3
A3
A3
A3
A1
A3
A2
A1

A2
A3
A1
A2

T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1

3.2. Landscape assessment in Binhson for developing rubber trees
3.2.1. Ecological characteristics of rubber trees
Rubber trees are typical tropical industrial plants, they are suitable for
temperatures between 22-28 º C, rainfall of 1500 - 2000mm/year and rainy days: 100150 days / year. Rubber trees are referred the calm winds (light winds 1 - 2m / s). The
most suitable height for rubber trees in the tropics is less than 600m; the best kind of soil
is from basaltic red soil or yellow red soil on base magma to neutral soil, humus-rich
soil, porous soil, well drained soil.
3.2.2. Assessing the appropriate levels of landscape forms for developing rubber
trees in Binhson
Based on the ecological characteristics of rubber trees and natural differentiation
characteristics of research territory, the thesis selected landscape assessement criteria for

rubber trees, conducted decentralization of criteria and assessed separate criteria as
follows (Table 13):
Table 13. The separate assessment of criteria for rubber trees in Binhson
The levels of adaptation
No

Criteria

1
2

Absolute height (m)
Slope

High adaptation
(R1)
≤400
≤ 3º

3

Rocks

Not

Less

25 - 27ºC

23 - 25ºC; ≥ 27ºC

20 – 23ºC

1500 – 2000

1200 – 1500
2000 – 2500

< 1200mm
>2500

0

≤2

3–5

3-4
Fu, Fa

5 – 6; 2 – 3
Rk, Fs

6-7
Xa, D

4
5
6
7

8

The annual average
temperature
AnnualaAverage
rainfall (mm / year)
Number of months with
T <20 º C
Dry months
Kinds of soil

Adaptation (R2)
400 – ≤ 600
3- ≤ 8º

24

Less adaptation (R3)
600 – 700
8 - 15º
more, exposed original
stone


9

Soil thickness layer
Mechanical
components

10

≥ 100cm

50 – 100 cm

≤ 50cm

heavy

Average

Light

3.2.3. Results of landscape assessment for developing rubber trees
Table 14. Classification of favorable level of the landscape forms for rubber trees
Levels
Landscape
forms

High advantage (R1)
31, 43, 47, 49, 50, 62,
65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72,
73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 89

Average advantage (R2)
16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 32, 33, 39,
40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 51, 52, 55, 57, 59,
63, 69, 74, 79, 80, 88, 90.

Less advantage (R3)
17, 19, 22, 27, 53, 54,
56, 58, 60, 64

Results of landscape forms for developing rubber trees have identified the most
appropriate total area for rubber trees of 6861.2 hectares (accounting for 18.2% of the
Binhson district); the level of average advantage with 8316.9 ha (22.4%). Evaluation
results showing Binhson has great potential for expansion rubber trees area; Although
natural conditions in Binhson have not been optimal in the Southeast in Vietnam, it is
still sufficient to meet the growth needs and developments of rubber trees.
3.3. The exploitation orientations and reasonable uses of some resources
3.3.1. The proposed bases for orientations
3.3.1.1. The opinions in orientation: systematic - synthetic opinion; sustainable
development opinion, economic ecological system model with combination between
agriculture and forestry and sustainable cultivation on slopes; development towards the
production of goods.
3.3.1.2. The proposed grounds for orientations
Results of landscape research, landscape assessment of the thesis; branch
plannings and overall plannings of socio-economic development of the locality.
3.3.2. Some orientations for rational use of natural resources by the landscape
units and the prior spatial orientation to develop the production sectors
Some orientations for rational use of landscapes: To convert the forms of
production and land use; to combine development of multiple sectors per unit of
landscape; to take advantages and to invest in developing tourism. The results shown in
Table 15:
Table 15: Proposing the prior spatial orientation to develop the production
sectors in Quangngai
No
I
1

2
3
II

Prior spaces
The prior space to develop agriculture

Area (ha)
178.694

The prior space to plant perennials
The prior space to plant annual plants
The prior space to plant grass for livestock development
The prior space to develop forestry

25

55.648,8
113.587,4
9.687,1
258.664

Ratio %
34,68
10,8
22,0
1,88
50,2