khóa luận tốt nghiệp phân loại và phương pháp giải các bài toán chuyển động cho học sinh khá, giỏi toán lớp 5

LỜI CẢM ƠN

Th.S Bùi Thanh Xuân 
 



 8  



Sơn La, tháng 05 năm 2014
Sinh viên
Bùi Thị Lam
MỤC LỤC

MỞ ĐẦU 1
1.  1
 3
 3
 3
 3
 3
 4
CHƢƠNG 1. CƠ SỞ LÍ LUẬN VÀ THỰC TIỄN 5
1.1. Vai trò  toán 5
1.2.  6
 6
 
TT 8
 11

CHƢƠNG 2. PHÂN LOẠI VÀ PHƢƠNG PHÁP GIẢI CÁC BÀI TOÁN
CHUYỂN ĐỘNG CHO HỌC SINH KHÁ, GIỎI TOÁN LỚP 5 12
 12
 12
 12
2.2. 



 các  ,
5 13
2.2.1. Các btham gia 13
2.2.2. 2 

3 





 23
2.2.3.  28
2.2.4.  34
 39
 43
CHƢƠNG 3. THỰC NGHIỆM SƢ PHẠM 44
3.1.   44
 44
 44
 44

 44
 44
 44
 44
 45
 47
 47
 47
 48
KẾT LUẬN 49
TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 49






1
MỞ ĐẦU


1. Lí do chọn đề tài
 - xã
 
   
khô và

truy
g 
 

vô cù

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 
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2
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

, 
            

chu .
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     
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 
 
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
c 
t 
  



n




“Phân loại và phƣơng pháp giải các bài
toán chuyển động cho học sinh khá, giỏi toán lớp 5” 


3

2. Mục đích nghiên cứu
- Phicác bài toán
oán 5
- .
- .

3. Nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu

-  

.
-  
   các 
.
- .
4. Đối tƣợng và phạm vi nghiên cứu
-             
sinh khá, 
-  
  khá, 5
5. Khách thể nghiên cứu
Giáo viên khá,  T 8  4,

6. Phƣơng pháp nghiên cứu

 - quan sát





4
7. Cấu trúc của đề tài

ng 1. .


oán 5.
 .


5
CHƢƠNG 1. CƠ SỞ LÍ LUẬN VÀ THỰC TIỄN

1.1. Vai trò của giải toán trong quá trình dạy học toán



- 


- 


- 

 


Lưu ý














6


1.2. Mục đích, yêu cầu của việc dạy học giải toán chuyển động
 
- 

- ,  so sánh, suy

- ng và

- 

1.3. Phƣơng pháp chung để giải các bài toán
 

 









  . Thông
 


   




7

Tìm cách 
quy
là 




  





 

*  - tìm





Theo Cht trong
 trình

t






8



trí nà

- 

- 
- 
- 



1.4. Thực trạng việc dạy và học toán chuyển động cho học sinh khá, giỏi
toán lớp 5 ở một số trƣờng tiểu học.

Tu  cách

 .
 giáo viên:

T


giáo
viên




1 
10
10 
20
Trên
20


Cao

Trung


Khá
Trung
bình



8  4

7

3

2

2

3

4

0

4


3

0


9
t 
ta 
-  
trong sách giáo khoa, 


, .
- 
  Tuy


 
           




B



sinh


Khá
Trung bình


T

8  4
5A
25
10
15
0

0
5B
26
9
17
0
0

- Chúng  
 4 


 vào

10
làm  trong sách giáo khoa


 










11

TIỂU KẾT CHƢƠNG 1



 
               các

va 
 và 

  
  
  em
n cách phâ
 
sinh khá 

   
i
  khá,
 

12
CHƢƠNG 2. PHÂN LOẠI VÀ PHƢƠNG PHÁP GIẢI CÁC BÀI TOÁN
CHUYỂN ĐỘNG CHO HỌC SINH KHÁ, GIỎI TOÁN LỚP 5

2.1. Nội dung các bài toán chuyển động ở lớp 5 và một số kiến thức liên quan
2.1.1. Nội dung các bài toán chuyển động ở lớp 5
        


- 
- 

+ 

 
- 






2.1.2. Một số kiến thức liên quan

- 
- 
- 



- : s = v × t
- : v = s : t
- : t = s : v
v = s : t
t = s : v
s = v × t

13









 là m/giây.

-    


-  


-         

.
2.2. Phân loa
̣

i va
̀
phƣơng pháp giải các bài toán chuyển động cho học sinh
khá, giỏi toán lớp 5
2.2.1 Bài toán c một chuyê
̉
n đô
̣
ng tham gia
a. Kiến thư
́
c cần nhơ
́

- 

= :  (t = s : v)
= g

 





 



(


)
+ G





= 

n  

 



(

)
+ G

= 





+ 

+ 




(

)
- 

 = : 

 (v = s : t)
-  = 

 

 (s = v × t)



14
b. Các dng bi
4 :
- Dạng 1: 



















.
- Dạng 2:  












.
- Dạng 3: 






 1 


, 



.
- Dạng 4: 
c. V d
Bài toán1: 









45km/h 
12 

. N










35km/




40 . n B
* 

 - :
- 

1 



, bài toán thuc dng 1.
+  1 ô t

  







 ia



 , 
















40 
+ 

: s = 






= 

 


+ 






















.
+ 












: 

1 , 








2 




















. 


















a ô tô.
* 



:
- 







2 


: 45 : 35 =
9
7



15
- 

1  2 







. 
















9
7







7 








9 


:





:






:












:
40 : (9  7) × 9 = 180 ()
(180 = 3 

)
:
3 × 35 = 105 (km)


: 105 km
* 









gii:
- Ki, 




 



 .
- i :
.




 




40 : (9 - 7) × 7 = 140 ()
140 =
7
3




45 ×
7
3
= 105 (km)



: 105 (km)
Bài toán 2: 







 3 








10 








1 

. 


?
40 phút

16
* 

 :
+ 1 



, bài toán thuc dng 2.
+  AB. 



= v × t
+  



 3 





 
1 





















 








.

+ 













2 


















+ 10



a 2 v






2 















 












* 



:






: 3 + 1 = 4 (gi)















2 












nhau.  





3 : 4 =
3
4















:
4
3







4 








3 


:




:





:







:
10 : (4 - 3) × 4 = 40 (km/h)
:
40 × 3 = 120 (km)



: 120 km

10km

17
* 











:
- 

m tra,  



.
- C 





:










:
10 : (4 - 3) × 3 = 30 (km/h)
:
30 × 4 = 120 (km/h)


: 120 km.
Bài toán 3:
Bài 3a: 












 3 

41 
















 .
Khi xu







 6km/







5km/



 4km/h.  ? (
9km)
* 

- :
-  



, bài toán thuc dng 3.
-  3 

41 
 6km/



 4km/









5km/





9km.
- 

:
+ 







 , 











255 3 

45 
+ 


















221. 4 .





, 





.
* 



:




:




A
B
6 km/h
4 km/h
5 km/h

18




















.






1

:
60 : 4 + 60 : 6 = 25 ()





1



:
60 : 50 × 2 = 24 ()







:
25 × 9 = 225 () = 3 

45 















:
3 

45 phút  3 

41 = 4 ()


1





1 



:
25  24 = 1 ()
 4 
ngang











:
4 : 1 = 4 (km)


: 4 km
* 











:
- 

m tra,  

.

Bài 3b:  .  2




 : 1 



1 

 . 5 

15 








 1 





 10 


15 .
 . 



 3 km/






 5 km/

.
* Ph

 :
- ng tham gia và thuc dng 3.
- .

19
-  5 

15 
 

1 

, 




 10 

15 . 



 3km/

,
5km/

.
- 











: s = v × t. 









. 


















.
- 




= 

 



 






= 10h15p  1h  5h15p = 4 


+ 
3
5














 2 









.


, 
5
3
. 










lên d


.
* 



:






:




























10 

15  1 

 5 

15 = 4 













  1 

 1
 . 

2 



 2 










n ch.
A
C
B
(nhà)


20
 3 : 5 =
3

5





 , 







 2 









 . 

, 








5
3



:



 gian lên dc :


Thi gian xung dc :



:
4 : (5 + 3) × 5 = 2,5 (

)
:
3 × 2,5 = 7,5 (km)





: 7,5 km
* 









:
- 

m tra,  



 và các phép tính.
- 







.
:







:
4 : (5 +3) × 3 = 1,5 (

)




:
5 × 1,5 = 7,5 (

)


: 7,5 


Bài toán 4: 

































 . 







 60 km/

, 

40km/g

.  

2 






.



21
* 

 T:
- 1 



, bài toán thuc dng 4.

-  , 



60km/

, trong
1 





40 km/gi. 50 km/


- 











2 




2  
.
- 


















-  ?
* 



:
-  


 60 km/

. Nên lú

 




1 




1 : 40 =
1
40
(

) = 1,5 
- 





2km, 1

1, 






1 + 1,5 = 2,5 ()










1




2,5 : 2 = 1,25 ()
:
11,25 
i trong 1 

(hay 60 )







1 



:
60 : 1,25 = 48 (km/

)


: 48 km/


* 











:
- 


, 

 



và các .
- 

:
 



 



22
:

60
s
(

)





, :

40
s
(gi)


, 









:

60
s
+
40
s
=
2
120
s
+

3
120
s
=
5
120
s
(

)
2s 





2
:
2 × s :
5
120
s
= 2 × s ×
120
5 s
=
2 120
5

= 48 (km/


)


: 48 km/


c. Mô
̣
t số ba
̀
i luyê
̣
n tâ
̣
p
Bài 1: 











nh B. N




30km/








 1 











 . 



 20
km/






1 









. H








?
2: 














 30km/

.








 25 km/





2 











. .
3:  
3 

, 


















14km/


. 







 1 






. .
4:  1 



 1 

. 




25 km/








50 km/

. 








7,5 

. .